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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="keywords" content="Gateway, 记录">
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<meta name="description" content="Gateway服务网关Spring Cloud Gateway 是 Spring Cloud 的一个全新项目，该项目是基于 Spring 5.0，Spring Boot 2.0 和 Project Reactor 等响应式编程和事件流技术开">
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<title>Gateway | Ji`s Blog</title>
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<script>
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const loaded = function(){
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</script></head>
<div id="loading-container">
<p class="loading-text"></p>
<div class="loading-image">
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
</div><body>
<header class="navbar-fixed">
<nav id="headNav" class="bg-color nav-transparent">
<div id="navContainer" class="nav-wrapper container">
<div class="brand-logo">
<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<img src="/medias/logo.png" class="logo-img" alt="LOGO">
<span class="logo-span">Ji`s Blog</span>
</a>
</div>
<a href="#" data-target="mobile-nav" class="sidenav-trigger button-collapse"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i></a>
<ul class="right">
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>首页</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/tags" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>标签</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/categories" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>分类</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/archives" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>归档</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/about" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>关于</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/friends" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>友情链接</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/contact" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>留言板</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#searchModal" class="modal-trigger waves-effect waves-light">
<i id="searchIcon" class="fa fa-search" title="搜索"></i>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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Gateway
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<h1 id="Gateway服务网关"><a href="#Gateway服务网关" class="headerlink" title="Gateway服务网关"></a>Gateway服务网关</h1><p>Spring Cloud Gateway 是 Spring Cloud 的一个全新项目，该项目是基于 Spring 5.0，Spring Boot 2.0 和 Project Reactor 等响应式编程和事件流技术开发的网关，它旨在为微服务架构提供一种简单有效的统一的 API 路由管理方式。</p>
<h2 id="为什么需要网关"><a href="#为什么需要网关" class="headerlink" title="为什么需要网关"></a>为什么需要网关</h2><p>Gateway网关是我们服务的守门神，所有微服务的统一入口。</p>
<p>网关的<strong>核心功能特性</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>请求路由</li>
<li>权限控制</li>
<li>限流</li>
</ul>
<p>架构图：</p>
<p><img src="/gateway/image-20210714210131152.png" alt="image-20210714210131152"></p>
<p><strong>权限控制</strong>：网关作为微服务入口，需要校验用户是是否有请求资格，如果没有则进行拦截。</p>
<p><strong>路由和负载均衡</strong>：一切请求都必须先经过gateway，但网关不处理业务，而是根据某种规则，把请求转发到某个微服务，这个过程叫做路由。当然路由的目标服务有多个时，还需要做负载均衡。</p>
<p><strong>限流</strong>：当请求流量过高时，在网关中按照下流的微服务能够接受的速度来放行请求，避免服务压力过大。</p>
<p>在SpringCloud中网关的实现包括两种：</p>
<ul>
<li>gateway</li>
<li>zuul</li>
</ul>
<p>Zuul是基于Servlet的实现，属于阻塞式编程。而SpringCloudGateway则是基于Spring5中提供的WebFlux，属于响应式编程的实现，具备更好的性能。</p>
<h2 id="gateway快速入门"><a href="#gateway快速入门" class="headerlink" title="gateway快速入门"></a>gateway快速入门</h2><p>下面，我们就演示下网关的基本路由功能。基本步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>创建SpringBoot工程gateway，引入网关依赖</li>
<li>编写启动类</li>
<li>编写基础配置和路由规则</li>
<li>启动网关服务进行测试</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="1）创建gateway服务，引入依赖"><a href="#1）创建gateway服务，引入依赖" class="headerlink" title="1）创建gateway服务，引入依赖"></a>1）创建gateway服务，引入依赖</h3><p>创建服务：</p>
<p><img src="/gateway/image-20210714210919458.png" alt="image-20210714210919458"></p>
<p>引入依赖：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-xml"><code class="language-xml"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"><!--网关--></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>dependency</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>groupId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>org.springframework.cloud<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>groupId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>artifactId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>spring-cloud-starter-gateway<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>artifactId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>dependency</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"><!--nacos服务发现依赖--></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>dependency</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>groupId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>com.alibaba.cloud<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>groupId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>artifactId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>artifactId</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>dependency</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="2）编写启动类"><a href="#2）编写启动类" class="headerlink" title="2）编写启动类"></a>2）编写启动类</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-java"><code class="language-java"><span class="token keyword">package</span> cn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>itcast<span class="token punctuation">.</span>gateway<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> org<span class="token punctuation">.</span>springframework<span class="token punctuation">.</span>boot<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SpringApplication<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> org<span class="token punctuation">.</span>springframework<span class="token punctuation">.</span>boot<span class="token punctuation">.</span>autoconfigure<span class="token punctuation">.</span>SpringBootApplication<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token annotation punctuation">@SpringBootApplication</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">GatewayApplication</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
SpringApplication<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>GatewayApplication<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="3）编写基础配置和路由规则"><a href="#3）编写基础配置和路由规则" class="headerlink" title="3）编写基础配置和路由规则"></a>3）编写基础配置和路由规则</h3><p>创建application.yml文件，内容如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-yaml"><code class="language-yaml"><span class="token key atrule">server</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">port</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">10010 </span><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 网关端口</span>
<span class="token key atrule">spring</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">application</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> gateway <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 服务名称</span>
<span class="token key atrule">cloud</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">nacos</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">server-addr</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> localhost<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">8848 </span><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># nacos地址</span>
<span class="token key atrule">gateway</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">routes</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 网关路由配置</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">id</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> user<span class="token punctuation">-</span>service <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 路由id，自定义，只要唯一即可</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># uri: http://127.0.0.1:8081 # 路由的目标地址 http就是固定地址</span>
<span class="token key atrule">uri</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> lb<span class="token punctuation">:</span>//userservice <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 路由的目标地址 lb就是负载均衡，后面跟服务名称</span>
<span class="token key atrule">predicates</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 路由断言，也就是判断请求是否符合路由规则的条件</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> Path=/user/** <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 这个是按照路径匹配，只要以/user/开头就符合要求</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>将符合<code>Path</code> 规则的一切请求，都代理到 <code>uri</code>参数指定的地址。</p>
<p>本例中，将 <code>/user/**</code>开头的请求，代理到<code>lb://userservice</code>，lb是负载均衡，根据服务名拉取服务列表，实现负载均衡。</p>
<h3 id="4）重启测试"><a href="#4）重启测试" class="headerlink" title="4）重启测试"></a>4）重启测试</h3><p>重启网关，访问<a href="http://localhost:10010/user/1时，符合`/user/**`规则，请求转发到uri：http://userservice/user/1，得到了结果：" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://localhost:10010/user/1时，符合`/user/**`规则，请求转发到uri：http://userservice/user/1，得到了结果：</a></p>
<p><img src="/gateway/image-20210714211908341.png" alt="image-20210714211908341"></p>
<h3 id="5）网关路由的流程图"><a href="#5）网关路由的流程图" class="headerlink" title="5）网关路由的流程图"></a>5）网关路由的流程图</h3><p>整个访问的流程如下：</p>
<p><img src="/gateway/image-20210714211742956.png" alt="image-20210714211742956"></p>
<p>总结：</p>
<p>网关搭建步骤：</p>
<ol>
<li><p>创建项目，引入nacos服务发现和gateway依赖</p>
</li>
<li><p>配置application.yml，包括服务基本信息、nacos地址、路由</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>路由配置包括：</p>
<ol>
<li><p>路由id：路由的唯一标示</p>
</li>
<li><p>路由目标（uri）：路由的目标地址，http代表固定地址，lb代表根据服务名负载均衡</p>
</li>
<li><p>路由断言（predicates）：判断路由的规则，</p>
</li>
<li><p>路由过滤器（filters）：对请求或响应做处理</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="断言工厂"><a href="#断言工厂" class="headerlink" title="断言工厂"></a>断言工厂</h2><p>我们在配置文件中写的断言规则只是字符串，这些字符串会被Predicate Factory读取并处理，转变为路由判断的条件</p>
<p>例如Path=/user/**是按照路径匹配，这个规则是由</p>
<p><code>org.springframework.cloud.gateway.handler.predicate.PathRoutePredicateFactory</code>类来</p>
<p>处理的，像这样的断言工厂在SpringCloudGateway还有十几个:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>名称</strong></th>
<th><strong>说明</strong></th>
<th><strong>示例</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>After</td>
<td>是某个时间点后的请求</td>
<td>- After=2037-01-20T17:42:47.789-07:00[America/Denver]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Before</td>
<td>是某个时间点之前的请求</td>
<td>- Before=2031-04-13T15:14:47.433+08:00[Asia/Shanghai]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Between</td>
<td>是某两个时间点之前的请求</td>
<td>- Between=2037-01-20T17:42:47.789-07:00[America/Denver], 2037-01-21T17:42:47.789-07:00[America/Denver]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cookie</td>
<td>请求必须包含某些cookie</td>
<td>- Cookie=chocolate, ch.p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Header</td>
<td>请求必须包含某些header</td>
<td>- Header=X-Request-Id, \d+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Host</td>
<td>请求必须是访问某个host（域名）</td>
<td>- Host=<strong>.somehost.org,</strong>.anotherhost.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Method</td>
<td>请求方式必须是指定方式</td>
<td>- Method=GET,POST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>请求路径必须符合指定规则</td>
<td>- Path=/red/{segment},/blue/**</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Query</td>
<td>请求参数必须包含指定参数</td>
<td>- Query=name, Jack或者- Query=name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RemoteAddr</td>
<td>请求者的ip必须是指定范围</td>
<td>- RemoteAddr=192.168.1.1/24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Weight</td>
<td>权重处理</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="过滤器工厂"><a href="#过滤器工厂" class="headerlink" title="过滤器工厂"></a>过滤器工厂</h2><p>GatewayFilter是网关中提供的一种过滤器，可以对进入网关的请求和微服务返回的响应做处理：</p>
<p><img src="/gateway/image-20210714212312871.png" alt="image-20210714212312871"></p>
<h3 id="3-4-1-路由过滤器的种类"><a href="#3-4-1-路由过滤器的种类" class="headerlink" title="3.4.1.路由过滤器的种类"></a>3.4.1.路由过滤器的种类</h3><p>Spring提供了31种不同的路由过滤器工厂。例如：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>名称</strong></th>
<th><strong>说明</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>AddRequestHeader</td>
<td>给当前请求添加一个请求头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RemoveRequestHeader</td>
<td>移除请求中的一个请求头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AddResponseHeader</td>
<td>给响应结果中添加一个响应头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RemoveResponseHeader</td>
<td>从响应结果中移除有一个响应头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RequestRateLimiter</td>
<td>限制请求的流量</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="3-4-2-请求头过滤器"><a href="#3-4-2-请求头过滤器" class="headerlink" title="3.4.2.请求头过滤器"></a>3.4.2.请求头过滤器</h3><p>下面以AddRequestHeader 为例。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>需求</strong>：给所有进入userservice的请求添加一个请求头：Truth=itcast is freaking awesome!</p>
</blockquote>
<p>只需要修改gateway服务的application.yml文件，添加路由过滤即可：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-yaml"><code class="language-yaml"><span class="token key atrule">spring</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">cloud</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">gateway</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">routes</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">id</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> user<span class="token punctuation">-</span>service
<span class="token key atrule">uri</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> lb<span class="token punctuation">:</span>//userservice
<span class="token key atrule">predicates</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> Path=/user/**
<span class="token key atrule">filters</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 过滤器</span>