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+# Java
+
+***
+
+#### Inheritance
+
+***
+
+Inheritance in java is when one class takes on the properties of another, which allows for hierarchical structuring of code, especially in [OOP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming). When referring to the relationships between classes, there are some important definitions to know.
+* A class that inherits another class is a *subclass*
+* A class that is inherited from is the *super class*
+
+**Note:**  A *subclass* cannot inherit more than one *super class*, but a *super class* can have unlimited *subclasses*.
+
+![A dog is an animal](https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/940852738546352142/1272809068561563765/image.png?ex=66bc5351&is=66bb01d1&hm=1cb502883221cdbe24d6ed5ece2979a43f1a646368d507892ce1a866eb0fbcc9&=&format=webp&quality=lossless)
+
+In the example above, `Animal` is the *super class* and `Dog` is the *subclass*. All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs. Therefore, `Dog` should inherit the properties of the `Animal` class. Let's see how this looks in code.
+
+```java
+public class Animal { // This is the super class
+    ...
+}
+
+public class Dog extends Animal{ // This is the sub class
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+The `extends` keyword is used to represent inheritance in java. So in the example above, we see the class `Dog` "extending", or rather, inheriting the properties of the `Animal` class. When a class inherits another class, it can use the *super class's* `public` methods.
+
+![A dog can do all of what an animal can do.](https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/940852738546352142/1272816238145310810/image.png?ex=66bc59fe&is=66bb087e&hm=e81149ccd92451e50217443f1ae57ef10cfc69775cd481cab832f017506b8259&=&format=webp&quality=lossless)
+
+**Note:** Anything with the `private` keyword cannot be inherited (cannot be accessed from a *subclass*).
+
+If you wish to access `private` fields within the *super class*, you can do so indirectly with *getter* and *setter* methods.
+
+To create a class that cannot be inherited from, we can use the `final` keyword, as demonstrated below:
+
+```java
+final class goDawgs { // This class cannot be inherited
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+Attempting to inherit a class with the `final` keyword will produce an error.
+
+##### Overrides
+
+Overriding allows you to rewrite public methods already defined and belonging to a *superclass*.
+
+**Note:** Overriding only works for public, non-static methods. To have a similar effect, you can "hide" the static method.
+
+When overriding a method, it is good practice to include the `@Override` annotation, as demonstrated below.
+
+```java
+@Override //Override annotation
+public void doStuff () {
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+##### Super
+The super keyword is important when referring to inheritance. It can be used to call a method from a *super class* (that has been overridden in the *subclass*). In addition, it can be used to call a constructor from the *super class*.
+
+Looking at this example, the first call of `graduate()` will refer to an overridden method located else where within the class. The `super.graduate()` will call the method located within the *super class* and **NOT** the overridden method.
+```java
+gradute();
+super.graduate(); // Calls the method located within the Super Class.
+```
+
+It is the same concept with constructors. Now, if we wanted to call the constructor of a *super class,* we can by using `super()`. This will in turn run the base constructor of the *super class*. To run other constructors, make sure to include the correct argument(s) and the appropriate construct will execute.
+
+**Note:** Constructors are never inherited. To use the constructor of a *super class*, you need to use the aforementioned `super()`.
+
+Additionally, if you do not write a constructor for a *subclass*, java will automatically create a no-parameter constructor which contains `super()`.
+
+##### Polymorphism
+
+When we have multiple different classes related together with inheritance, we can use polymorphism to allow them to interact. This is extremely useful when we want to add functionality to a program without altering the codebase. Furthermore, it allows flexibility with objects of multiple different types. We can define an object with the variable type of a *super class* but the object type of a *subclass*. 
+
+```java
+Car mustang = new Ford();
+```
+
+When we create variables like this, the only methods available to them are the ones defined in the *super class*. However, any overwritten methods in the *subclass* still have precedence when called. Let's say we have these two classes below.
+
+```java
+public class Car { // Super class
+    public void startEngine() {
+        ...
+    }
+    
+    public void eBreak() {
+        ...
+    }
+}
+
+public class Ford extends Car { // Sub class
+    @Override
+    public void startEngine() {
+        ...
+    }
+    
+    public void selfDrive() {
+        ...
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Now, if we run the code below this, we can understand how the scoping of *polymorphism* works.
+
+```java
+Car mustang = new Ford(); // Creates a Car object named mustang
+mustang.startEngine(); // Calls the overriden method located with the Ford class
+mustang.eBreak(); // Calls the method located within the super class
+```
+
+Despite mustang being the type `Car` it is assigned the methods of `Ford` that's shared with `Car`. If we try and run the code below, it will cause an error. This is due to the fact that the `selfDrive()` method is never defined in the *super class* `Car`. Therefore, the `Car` variable cannot call that method (despite its definition within `Ford`).
+
+```java
+mustang.selfDrive(); // This produces an error
+```
+
+We can look at this more abstractly with a chart.
+
+![A dog is an animal](https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/940852738546352142/1286787015290912931/image.png?ex=66ef2d4b&is=66eddbcb&hm=50cbf61957736c29ea4253155d66c40995bc06a68058c4b4dfdd6dbaf43034b0&)
+
+If we were to create a variable as such,
+```java
+Animal toto = new Dog();
+```
+
+then `toto` would be able to use the `sleep()` method and the overridden `eat()` method. Our `toto` would not be able to use the `fetchBall()` method.
+
+**Additional information on Inheritance, Polymorphism, and more can be found at the end of this manual.**
+
+#### Inner Classes
+
+***
+
+In *Java*, you can create a class within a class. This allows you to better maintain and structure code with foundational similarities. An additional benefit of inner classes is the ability to access attributes and methods of the outer class.
+
+Creating an inner class is just as simple as creating a regular class and is demonstrated in the code below.
+
+```java
+public class Company {
+    class CocaCola {
+        ...
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Note:** You can make inner classes private with `private` or static with `static`. Private classes cannot be accessed by outside objects. Static classes can be accessed without having to create an object of the outer class.
+
+An example of a `private` or `protected` class is shown below.
+
+```java
+public class Company {
+    private class CocaCola {
+        ...
+    }
+}
+```
+
+And an example of a `static` class is shown below.
+
+```java
+public class Company {
+    static class CocaCola {
+        ...
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Additional information on inner classes and more can be found at the end of this manual.**
+
+#### Recursion
+
+***
+
+Recursion is when a method refers to itself within the respective definition.
+For Example:
+
+```java
+public void toRecurse() {
+    toRecurse();
+}
+```
+
+Within the method declaration `toRecurse` above, it refers to the method `toRecurse` (which is itself).  The purpose of recursion is to break down problems into smaller, more manageable problems.
+
+##### Base Case
+
+Now, you might notice in the last example that there is nothing stopping the recursion from continuing infinitely (or until a `StackOverflowError` is called). To prevent this, we must incorporate a base case. Base cases provide a recursive function the opportunity to stop further recursions.
+For Example:
+
+```Java
+public int factorial(int n) {
+    if (n < = 1) // this is the base case
+        return 1;
+    else    
+        return n*fact(n-1);  
+}
+```
+
+As `n` gets closer and closer to 1, it is continuing to recurse until it is, or less than, 1. This activates the *base case*, returning one, and going back up the chain of recursive calls. In addition, the `n*fact(n-1)` decreases the value of `n` for the next recursion up until `n <= 1` within the *base case*. This referenced statement is the *recursive call*, and some form modification, of the arguments being passed, that reaches the *base case* is needed.
+
+**Additional information on Recursion, StackOverflowError, and more can be found at the end of this manual.**
+
+### Additional Resources
+
+***
+##### Inheritance
+* Inheritance: [Java Inheritance](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_inheritance.asp)
+* Inheritance: [Inheritance as a whole](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QIY0fwmKwg)
+* Polymorphism: [Polymorphism](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_polymorphism.asp)
+* Polymorphism: [Polymorphism more in Depth](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/polymorphism-in-java/)
+
+##### Inner Classes
+* Inner Classes: [Inner Classes](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_inner_classes.asp)
+
+##### Recursion
+* Recursion: [Recursion in Java](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/recursion-in-java/)
+* StackOverflowError: [The StackOverflowError in Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-stack-overflow-error)
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