1.txt

**A**

- **abandon** (v): to leave a place, thing, or person, usually for ever
- **acrobatic** (a): involving or able to perform difficult and attractive body movements
- **accidental** (a): happening or existing by chance
- **accomplish** (v): to finish something successfully or to achieve something
- **account for something** (phrasal verb): to form the total of something
- **acquire** (v): to get or obtain something
- **adequate** (a): enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose
- **administer** (v): to control the operation or arrangement of something
- **adverse** (a): having a negative or harmful effect on something
- **aforementioned** (a): mentioned earlier
- **alarmist** (a): intentionally showing only the bad and dangerous things in a situation, and so worry people
- **alertness** (n): the state of being ready to see, understand, and act in a particular situation
- **allergy** (n): a condition that makes a person become sick or develop skin or breathing problems they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances
- **all-inclusive** (a): including everything
- **alter** (v): to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change
- **ambitious** (a): having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich
- **amphibian** (a): relating to animals of the class Amphibia
- **ancestor** (n): a person related to you who lived a long time ago
- **annual** (a): happening once every year
- **anomaly** (n): a person or thing that is different from what usual, or not in agreement with somethign else and therefore not satisfactory
- **antibiotic** (n): a medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth
- **apparently** (adv): used to say you have read or been told something although you are not certain it is true
- **appeal** (n): the quality in someone or something that makes him, her, or it attractive or interesting
- **apprentice** (n): someone who has agreed to work for a skilled person for a particular period of time and often for low payment, in order to learn that person's skills
- **apron** (n): a piece of clothing worn over the front of other clothes to keep them clean when doing a dirty or messy job, especially cooking
- **arc** (n): the shape of part of a circle, or other curved line
- **arithmetic** (n): the part of mathematics that involves the adding and multiplying, etc. of numbers
- **arthritis** (n): a serious condition in which a person's joints (= the places where two bones are connected) become painful, swollen, and stiff
- **artifact** (n): an object, such as a tool, that was made in the past
- **associate** (v): To connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
- **association** (n): a group of people work together in a single organization for a particular purpose
- **astronaut** (n): a person who has been trained for travelling in space
- **attract** (v): to pull or draw someone or something towards them, by qualities they have, especially good ones
- **authenticity** (n): the quality of being real or true
- **authorize** (v): to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something
- **avail** (n): use, purpose, advantage, or profit
- **avid** (a): extremely eager or interested

**B**

- **backyard** (n): a small space surrounded by walls at the back of a house, usually with a hard surface
- **barrier** (n): a long pole, fence, wall, or natural feature, such as a mountain or sea, that stops people from going somewhere
- **be better off** (a): to have more money than you had in the past or more money than most other people
- **bear/keep something in mind** (phrase): to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter
- **behavior** (n): the way that someone behaves
- **behavioral** (a): involving, relating to, or emphasizing behavior
- **bin** (v, n): to throw something away
- **biomass** (n): dead plant and animal material suitable for using as fuel
- **bitterness** (n): an unpleasantly sharp taste
- **blackout** (n): a time when all lights must be hidden by law, or when there is no light or power because of an electricity failure
- **bleach** (n): a strong chemical used for cleaning things or removing colour from things
- **board** (n): a thin, flat piece of cut wood or other hard material, often used for a particular purpose
- **brainchild** (n): an orginal idea, plane, or invention
- **breakdown** (n): a failure to work or be successful
- **broadly** (adv): in a general way, without considering specific examples or all the details
- **bulb** (n): a light bulb
- **bulk** (n): something or someone that is very large
- **burden** (n): something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about
- **bursary** (n): an amount of money given to a person by an organization, such as a university, to pay for them to study

**C**

- **candle** (n): a stick-shaped piece of wax with a wick (=piece of string) in the middle of it that produces light as it slowly burns
- **catastrophic** (a): causing sudden and very great harm or destruction
- **categorical** (a): relating to a category (= a type or group in a system for dividing things into similar types or groups)
- **charge** (v, n): to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity
- **chef** (n): a skilled and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant, especially the most important cook
- **chief** (a): most important or main
- **chipper** (n): a person or thing that turns something into chips
- **classification** (n): the act of process of diving things into groups according to their type
- **climatic** (a): relating to general weather conditions
- **clinical** (a): used to refer to medical work or teaching that relates to the examination and treatment of ill people
- **cluster** (n, v): a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something
- **cockpit** (n): the small closed space where the pilot sits in an aircraft, or where the driver sits in a racing car
- **cocoon** (n): the silky covering that encloses and protects the larvae of many insects, especially moths, during the pupal stage
- **coefficient** (n): a value, in mathematics, that appears in front of and multiplies another values
- **coherent** (a): If an argument, set of ideas, or a plan is coherent, it is clear and carefully considered, and each part of it connects or follows in natural or reasonable way.
- **colleague** (n): one of a group of people who work together
- **commission** (n): An amount paid to an employee based on a percentage of the employee's sales
- **commute** (v): to make the same journey regularly between work and home
- **compound** (n): a chemical that combines two or more elements
- **concentrate** (v): to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or problem
- **conceal** (v): to prevent something from being seen or known about
- **condense** (v): to reduce something, such as a speech or piece of writing, in length
- **conduct** (v): to organize and perform a particular activity
- **conform** (v): to behave according to the usual standards of behaviour that are expected by a group or society
- **confusion** (n): a situation in which people do not understand what is happening, what they should do or who someone or something is
- **consecutive** (a): Consecutive events, numbers, etc. follow one after another without an interruption
- **conserve** (v): to keep and protect something from damage, change or waste
- **consist of something** (phrasal verb): to be made of or formed from something
- **conspiracy** (n): the activity of secretly planning with other people to do something bad or illegal
- **constraint** (n): something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits
- **consult** (v): to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subject
- **consultation** (n): a meeting to discuss something or to get advice
- **consumption** (n): the amount used or eaten
- **contagious** (a): A contagious disease can be caught by touching someone who has the disease or by touching an infected object, or by an infected person coughing, sneezing, etc. near you
- **contextual** (a): related to the context of something
- **contingency** (n): something that might possibly happen in the future, usually causing problems or making further arrangements necessary
- **contiguous** (a): next to or touching another, usually similar, thing
- **continuity** (n): the fact of something contiuing for a long period of time without being changed or stopped
- **contract** (v): to get a serious disease
- **controversial** (a): causing disagreement or discussion
- **controversy** (n): a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affacts or is important to many people
- **convenience** (n): the state of being convenient
- **conventional** (a): traditional and ordinary
- **conversely** (adv): in an opposite way
- **conversion** (n): the process of converting something from one thing to another
- **conveyor belt** (n): a continuous moving strip or surface that is used for transporting objects from one place to another
- **cookery** (n): the skill or activity of preparing and cooking food
- **cope** (v): to deal successfully with a difficult situation
- **corporate** (a): relating to a large company
- **correlation** (n): a connection or relationship between two or more facts, numbers, etc.
- **corresponding** (a): similar to, connected with, or caused by something else
- **cosmetic surgery** (n): a medical operation to improve a person's appearance
- **covariance** (n): A measure of the joint variability of two random variables.
- **credibility** (n): the fact that someone or something can believed or trusted
- **criminalize** (v): to make something illegal
- **criterion** (n): a standard by which you judge, decide about, or deal with something
- **critic** (n): someone whose job is to give their opinion about something, especially films, books, music, etc.
- **criticize** (v): to express disapproval of someone or something
- **cuisine** (n): a style of cooking
- **cultivate** (v): to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop
- **curator** (n): a person in charge of museum, library, etc
- **curriculum** (n): the subjects studied in a school, college, etc. and what each subject includes
- **customary** (a): usual
- **cut it fine** (idiom): to allow very little time for something
- **cuttlefish** (n): a sea creature with eight arms and two tentacles that has a wide, flat shell inside its body and lives in waters near the coast and near the bottom of the sea

**D**

- **dam** (n): a wall built across a river that stops the river's flow and collects the water, especially to make a reservoir (= an artificial lake) that provides water for an area
- **deal with** (phrasal verb): to take action in order to achieve something or in order to solve a problem
- **decent** (a): socially acceptable or good
- **deduct** (v): to take away an amount or part from a total
- **degrade** (v): to cause people to feel that they or other people have no value and do not have the respect or good opinion of others
- **degenerative** (a): a degenerative illness is one in which the body or a part of body gradually stops working
- **democratic** (a): based on the principles of democracy, a system of government in which power is held by elected representatives who are freely voted for by the people, or held directly by the people themselves
- **denomination** (n): a unit of value, especially of money
- **depict** (v): to represent or show something in a picture or story
- **deposit** (v): an amount of money that you pay as the first part of the total payment for something
- **depreciation** (n): the process of losing value
- **derive** (v): to get something from something else
- **desirable** (a): worth having and wanted by most people
- **despite** (preposition): without taking any notice of or being influenced by, not prevented by
- **determine** (v): to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen
- **detrimental** (a): causing harm or damage
- **deviation** (n): the action of departing from an established course or accepted standard
- **diagnose** (v): to recognize and name exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it
- **diet** (n): the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group
- **dig** (v): to break up and move soil using a tool, machine, or your hands
- **dilute** (v): to make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else
- **dim** (a): not giving or having much light
- **dimension** (n): a measurement of something in a particular direction. especially its height, length, or width
- **diminish** (v): to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
- **discriminate** (v): to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way in which you treat other people, because of their race, gender, sexuality, etc.
- **disease** (n): (an) illness caused by infection or by a failure of health rather than by an accident
- **disorientating** (a): making someone confused about where they are, where they are going, or what is happening
- **dispersion** (n): the action or process of distributing things or people over a wide area
- **dissatisfaction** (n): a lack of satisfaction
- **dissatisfied** (a): not pleased with something; feeling that something is not as good as it should be
- **dissertation** (n): a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done in order to receive a degree at college or university
- **dissolve** (v): to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid
- **distinction** (n): a difference between two similar things
- **distinctive** (a): something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from other things
- **distribute** (v): to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something
- **disturbance** (n): something that interrupts someone or makes someone feel worried
- **domestic** (a): belonging or relating to the home, house, or family
- **dose** (n): a measured amount of something such as medicine
- **dosage** (n): the amount of medicine that you should take at one time
- **drastic** (a): (especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects
- **drawback** (n): a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation
- **drench** (v): to make someone or something extremely wet
- **drowsiness** (n): a tired state, between sleeping and being awake
- **drum** (n): a musical instrument, especially one made with a stretched skin drawn tightly over a frame, played by beating with sticks or the hands
- **drunkenness** (n): the state of being drunk(= under the influence of alcohol)
- **dry sth up** (phrasal verb): to dry plates, cup, etc. with a cloth after have been washed
- **dye** (v): to change the colour of something using a special liquid
- **dynamic** (a): having a lot of ideas and enthusiasm

**E**

- **effectiveness** (n): the degree to which something is effective
- **elicit** (v): to get or produce something, especially information or reaction
- **eligible** (a): having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions
- **emerge** (v): to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something
- **emission** (n): an amount of a substance that is produced and sent out into the air that is harmful to the environment, especially carbon dioxide
- **emperor** (n): a male ruler of an empire
- **energetic** (a): having or involving a lot of energy
- **enormous** (a): extremely large
- **enthusiasm** (n): a feeling or energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and eagerness to be involved in it
- **entrepreneur** (n): someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity
- **envy** (v): to wish that you had something that another person has
- **epidemic** (n): the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time
- **equally** (adv): fairly and in the same way
- **erroneous** (a): wrong or false
- **establishment** (n): a business or other organization, or the place where an organization operates
- **et cetera** (adv): and other similar things
- **ethnic** (a): relating or belonging to a group of people who can be seen as distinct (= different) because they have a shared culture, tradition, language, history, etc.
- **evaluation** (n): the process of judging or calculating the quality, importance amount, or value of something
- **evolve** (v): to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually
- **exclude** (v): to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity
- **executive** (n): someone in a high position, especially in business, who make decisions and puts them into action
- **exempt** (v): to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.
- **exhaust** (v): to make someone extremely tired
- **exhilarating** (a): making you feel very excited and happy
- **explicit** (a): clear and exact
- **extensive** (a): covering a large area; having a great range
- **extent** (n): area or length; amount
- **extraordinary** (a): very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange

**F**

- **facility** (n): a place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens
- **fascinating** (a): extremely interesting
- **fatigue** (n): extreme tiredness
- **fauna** (n): all the animals that live wild in a particular area
- **favour** (n): the support or approval of something or someone
- **favourably** (adv): in a way shows someone or something is liked or approved of
- **feasible** (a): able to be made, done, or achieved
- **ferment** (v): If food or drink ferments or if you ferment it, it goes through a chemical change because of the action of yeast or bacteria, which may cause it to produce bubbles or heat, or turn sugars in it into alcohol
- **fertilizer** (n): a natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well
- **fibre** (n): any of the thread-like parts that form plant or artificial material and can be made into cloth
- **filament** (n): a thin thread or fibre of natural or artificial material
- **financial** (a): relating to money or how money is managed
- **finite** (a): having a limit or end
- **fire retardant** (n): (a substance) that makes the progress or growth of something slower
- **fishery** (n): an area of water where fish are caught so they can be sold
- **flour** (n): powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta, pastry, etc.
- **flown** (v): past participle of fly
- **food miles** (n): the distance between the place where food is grown or made and the place where it is eaten
- **forecast** (n): a statement of what is judged likely to happen in the future, especially in connection with a particular situation, or the expected weather conditions
- **formerly** (adv): in the past
- **freshness** (n): the state of being recently made, done or arrived, and not yet changed by time

**G**

- **generalization** (n): a written or spoke statement in which you say or write that something is true all of the time when it is only true some of the time
- **genetically** (adv): in a way that relates to genes
- **genetically modified** (adj): A genetically modified plant or animal has had some of its genes changed scientifically
- **geometrically** (adv): in a way that is made up of shapes such as squares, triangles, or rectangles
- **glove** (n): a piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with separate parts for each finger
- **glow** (n, v): continuous light and/or heat that is produced by something
- **grain** (n): a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat
- **grant** (n): an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose
- **granularity** (n): the quality of including a lot of small details
- **grid** (n): a pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squares

**H**

- **halves** (n): plural of half
- **halt** (v): to stop moving or doing something or stop happening, or to make something or someone stop
- **handful** (n): an amount of something that can be held in one hand
- **handset** (n): the part of a phone in two parts that you hold in front of your mouth and against your ear
- **harness** (v): to put a harness on a horse, or to connect a horse to a vehicle using a harness
- **harsh** (a): unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary
- **harvest** (v): to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish as food
- **have a go at someone** (phrase): to criticize someone
- **herbicide** (n): a chemical that is used to destroy plants, especially weed
- **heterogeneous** (a): consisting of parts or things that are very different from each other
- **historically** (adv): in a way is related to the study or representation of the past
- **homeopath** (n): a person who treats ill people by homeopathy
- **Homeopathy** (n): treatment of disease with minute doses of a remedy that, if given in massive doses to healthy persons, would produce effects like those of the disease
- **humble** (a): not pround or not believing that you are important
- **hurricane** (n): a violent wind that has a circular movement, especially in the West Atlantic Ocean
- **hypnosis** (n): a mental state like sleep, in which a person's thoughts or actions can be easily influenced by someone else

**I**

- **identical** (a): exactly the same, or very similar
- **if only** (idiom): used when you want to say how doing something would make it possible to avoid something unpleasant
- **imitate** (v): to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something
- **implication** (n): The effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future
- **implicit** (a): suggested but not communicated directly
- **imply** (v): to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly
- **impression** (n): a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object onto it
- **impute** (v): represent (something, especially something undesirable) as being done, caused, or possessed by someone; attribute
- **in time** (phrase): early engough
- **inclusion** (n): the act of inclcuding someone or something as part of a group, list, etc.., or a person or thing that is included
- **incorporate** (v): to include something as part of something larger
- **incur** (v): to experience something bad as a result of actions you have taken.
- **indicator** (n): something that shows what a situation is like
- **industrial** (a): in or ralated to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc..
- **industrialize** (v): to develop industry
- **industrialized** (a): having developed a lot of industry
- **infant** (n): a baby or a very young child
- **infection** (n): a condition in which bacteria or viruses that cause disease have entered the body
- **infer** (v): to form an opinion or guess that something is true because of the information that you have
- **inferential** (a): based on inference (= a guess or opinion that comes from the information that you have)
- **infinite** (a): without limits
- **infinity** (n): time or space that has no end
- **inflammatory** (a): intended or likely to cause anger or hate
- **infringe on** (phrasal verb): If something infringes on/upon someone's rights or freedom, it takes away some of their rights or limits their freedom
- **ingredient** (n): a food that is used with other foods in preparation of a particular dish
- **inhale** (v): to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs
- **inherent** (a): existing as natural or basic part of something
- **insist** (v): to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or oppose what you say
- **integrity** (n): the quality of being whole and complete
- **integration** (n): the action or process of successfully joining or mixing with a different group of people
- **intense** (a): extreme and foreful or (of a feeling) very strong
- **intensity** (n): the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect
- **intention** (n): something that you want and plan to do
- **interchangeably** (adv): in a way that can be exchanged without making any difference or without being noticed
- **interpretation** (n): an explanation or opinion of what something means
- **interpretability** (a): the degree to which something can be understood, explained,, or make sense of
- **interval** (n): a period between two events or times
- **intriguing** (a): very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious
- **intuitively** (adv): in a way that is based on feelings rather than facts or proof
- **involvement** (n): the act or process of taking part in something
- **invoke** (v): to use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something or to support your opinion or action
- **ironically** (adv): in a way that is interesting, strange, or funny because of being very different from what you would expect
- **irrelevant** (a): no related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore not important

**J**

- **journal** (n): a serious magazine or newspaper that is published regularly about a particular subject

**K**

- **kerosene lamp** (n): a lamp that burns oil for light
- **kick off** (phrasal verb): to begin
- **kiln** (n): a type of large oven used for making bricks and clay objects hard after they have been shaped

**L**

- **labour** (n): workers, especially people who do practical work with their hands
- **laziness** (n): the quality of not being willing to work or use any effort
- **leap** (v): to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another
- **leave out** (phrasal verb): to not include someone or something
- **lecturer** (n): someone who teaches at a colleage or university
- **legalize** (v): to allow something by law
- **legislation** (n): a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament
- **levy** (v, n): thu, áp đặt . thuế
- **liable** (a): having (legal) responsibility for something or someone
- **likelihood** (n): the chance that something will happen
- **likewise** (adv): in the same way
- **literature** (n): written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value
- **live off** (phrasal verb): to use someone or something to provide the money or food that you need to live
- **lively** (a): full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting
- **longitude** (n): the distance of a place east or west of an imaginary line from the top to the bottom of the Earth, measured in degrees
- **look into** (phrasal verb): investigate something
- **lump someone/something together** (v): to put a different groups together and think about them or deal with them in the same way
- **luminosity** (n): the state of producing or reflecting bright light, the state of appearing to shine

**M**

- **machinery** (n): a group of large machines or the parts of a machine that make it work
- **maintenance** (n): the work needed to keep road, building, machine, etc. in good condition
- **malaria** (n): a disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood
- **manipulate** (v): to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
- **matter** (n): a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered
- **mechanical** (a): operated by a machine, or connected with machines or their parts
- **merchant** (n): a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries
- **merit** (n): the quality of being good and deserving praise
- **meteorologist** (n): someone who studies meteorology
- **metric** (a): using or relating to a system of measurement that uses metres, centimetres, litres
- **migraine** (n): severe continuous pain in the head, often with vomiting and difficulty in seeing
- **migrant** (n): a person that travels to a different country or place, often in order to find work
- **migration** (n): the process of animals travelling to a different place. usually when the season changes
- **mildew** (n): a black, green, or whitish area caused by a fungus that grows on things such as plants, paper, cloth, or buildings usually if the conditions are warm and wet
- **mill** (n): a building where grain is crushed into flour
- **mineral** (n): a valueable or useful chemical substance that is formed naturally in the ground
- **minister** (n): (in UK and many other countries)
- **mitigate** (v): to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad
- **mix up** (phrasal verb): to fail to recognize two people or things correctly by thinking that one person or thing is the other person or thing
- **moderate** (a): neigher small nor large in size, amount, degree, or strength
- **module** (n): one of the units that together make a course of study
- **molecule** (n): the simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms
- **monk** (n): A man who devotes his life to a religious group, often giving up all he owns.
- **monopoly** (n): complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share
- **moth** (n): an insect with wings that is similar to a butterfly, usually flies at night, and is attracted to light
- **mould** (v): to make a soft substance have a particular shape
- **move apart** (phrasal verb): to separate
- **mud** (n): earth that has been mixed with water
- **mulberry** (n): a small, dark purple or red fruit that grows on a tree
- **multibillion** (a): costing or worth many billions (= thousand millions) of dollars
- **multidimensional** (a): having many different features
- **multinational** (a): involving several different countries, or (of a business) producting and selling goods in several different countries

**N**

- **nacklace** (n): a piece of jewellery worn around the neck, such as a chain or a string of decorative stones, beads, etc.
- **nationwide** (a): existing or happening in all parts of particular country
- **neutral** (a): not supporting or helping either side in a disagreement, competition, etc.
- **newsletter** (n): a printed or electronic document containing information about the recent activites of an organization, sent regularly to the organization's member
- **nominal** (a): in name or thought but not in fact or not as things really are
- **norm** (n): an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with
- **nowadays** (adv): at the present time, in comparision to the past
- **numeric** (a): relating to numbers or amounts

**O**

- **obesity** (n): the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for healthy
- **obey** (v): to act according to what you have been asked or ordered to do by someone in authority, or to behave according to a rule, law, or instruction
- **objection** (n): the act of expressing or feeling opposition to or dislike of something or someone
- **observation** (n): the act of observing something or someone
- **occupation** (n): a person's job
- **occurrence** (n): something that happens
- **offset** (v): to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result
- **operator** (n): a person who operates equipment or a machine
- **ordinal** (n): a number such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, that shows the position of something in a list of things
- **orthodox** (a): considered traditional normal, and acceptable by most people
- **orthonormal** (a): In linear algebra, a set of vectors is orthonormal if all vectors in the set are mutually orthogonal and all of unit length.
- **outbreak** (n): a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasent
- **outlet** (n): a shop that is one of many owned by a particular company and that sells the goods that the company has produced
- **outline** (n): the main shape or edge of something, without any details.
- **oven** (n): the part of a cooker with a door, used to bake or roast food
- **overseas** (a): in, from, or to other countries
- **owe** (v): to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you
- **ownership** (n): the fact that you own something

**P**

- **pan** (n): a metal container that is round and often deep with a long handle, used for cooking
- **pandemic** (n): (of a disease) existing in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals, or plants
- **paraffin** (n): a type of oil that is used for burning in lamps and heaters
- **paragliding** (n): the sport of jumping out of an aircraft with a special parachute that allows you to travel a long horizontal distance before you land
- **parasitic fungus** (n): a type of fungus that lives on or in another organism (the host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
- **particle** (n): an extremely small piece of something such as dust, dirt, or sand
- **patent** (n, v): the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years
- **perfectionist** (n): a person who wants everything to be perfect and demands the highest standards possible
- **perk** (n): an advantage or something extra, such as money or goods, that you are given because of your job
- **permit** (v, n): to allow something
- **perpendicular** (a): at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface
- **persevere** (v): to continue making an effort to do or archieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a long time
- **pesticide** (n): a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animal, wild plants, and other unwanted organism
- **petition** (n): a document signed by a large number of people demanding or asking for some action from the government or another authority
- **petrochemical** (n): any chemical substance obtained from petroleum or natural gas
- **petrol** (n): a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and other vehicles
- **phenomenon** (n): something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting
- **placebo** (n): a substance given to someone who is told that it is a particular medicine, either to make that person feel as if they are getting better or to compare the effect of the particular medicine when given to others
- **plagiarism** (n): the process or practice of using another person's ideas or work and pretending that it is your own
- **plummet** (v): to fall very quickly and suddenly
- **policy** (n): a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a goverment, or a political party
- **pollutant** (n): a substance that pollutes
- **pond** (n): an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made
- **portfolio** (n): a collection of company shares and other investments that are owned by a particular person or organization
- **pot** (n): a round container, typically made of metal or earthenware, used for cooking, serving, or storing food
- **potency** (n): strength, influence, or effectiveness
- **pottery** (n): the activity or skill of making clay objects by hand
- **pour** (v): to make a substance flow from a container, especially into another container, by raising just one side of the container that the substance is in
- **poverty** (n): the condition of being extremely poor
- **powder** (n): a loose, dry substance that consists of extremely small pieces, usually made by breaking something up and crushing it
- **praise** (v): to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing
- **precaution** (n): an action that is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous happening
- **precautionary** (a): intended to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous from happening
- **precipitate** (v): to make something happen suddenly or sooner than expected
- **precise** (a): exact and accurate
- **prescribed** (a): set by a rulel or order
- **presently** (adv): now, at the present time
- **pricey** (a): expensive
- **primitive** (a): relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system
- **prior** (a): existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time
- **procedure** (n): a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something
- **produce** (n): food that is grown or made in large quantities to be sold
- **profession** (n): any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is respected because it involves a high level of education
- **prohibit** (v): to officially refuse to allow something
- **proponent** (n): a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action
- **proportion** (n): the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole
- **protest** (n, v): An act of showingg publicly that you disagree with something, often through speeches, marches, or demonstrations
- **proven** (a): shown to be true
- **prudence** (n): behaviour that is careful and avoids risks
- **psychological** (a): relating to the human mind and feeling
- **pulp** (n): a soft, wet mass
- **punishable** (a): A punishable crime is one that someone can be punished for.
- **purchase** (v): to buy something
- **put sth at sth** (phrasal verb): to guess or roughly calculate that something will cost a particular amount, or that something is a particular size, number, or amount

**Q**

- **quadruple** (v): to be come four times as big, or to multiply a number or amount by four
- **qualitative** (a): relating to how good or bad something is
- **quantitative** (a): relating to numbers or amounts
- **quota** (n): a fixed, limited amount or number that is officially allowed

**R**

- **railroad** (n): the metal tracks on which trains run
- **rarity** (n): something that is very unusual, or the quality of being very unusual
- **ratio** (n): the relationship between two groups or amount that expresses how much bigger one is than the other
- **rationnale** (n): the reason or intentions that cause a particular set of beliefs or actions
- **reactive** (a): reacting to events or situations rather than acting first to change or prevent something
- **recipient** (n): a person who receives something
- **reckon** (v): to think or believe
- **redeem** (v): to make something or someone seem less bad
- **reduction** (n): the act of making something, or of something because becoming, smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc.
- **redundancy** (n): a situation in which someone loses their job because their employer does not need them
- **refine** (v): to improve an idea, method, system, etc. by making small changes
- **regardless** (adv): despite, not being affacted by something
- **registered** (a): officially listed and accepted
- **Regression** (n): a return to a previous and less advanced or worse state, condition, or way of behaving
- **regulation** (n): an official rule
- **relieve** (v): to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong
- **remarkable** (a): unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning
- **remedy** (n): a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty
- **remittance** (n): an amount of money that you send to someone
- **represent** (v): to speak, act, or be present officially for another person or people
- **reputation** (n): the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character
- **reservation** (n): an arrangement in which something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant is kept for you
- **residue** (n): the part that is left after the main part has gone or been taken away, or a substance that remains after a chemical process such as evaporation
- **respiratory** (a): relating to breathing
- **respondents** (n): a person who answers a request for information
- **restrict** (v): to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing
- **resurgence** (n): a new increase of activity or interest in a particular subject or idea that had been forgotten for some time
- **revenue** (n): the income that a government or company receives regularly
- **revolutionize** (v): to completely change something so that it is much better
- **rice paddy** (n): a field planted with rice growing in water
- **rise** (v): to move upwards
- **rival** (n): a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area
- **roast** (v): to cook food in an oven or over a fire
- **robust** (a): (of a person or animal) strong and healthy
- **roller coaster** (n): elevated railway in an amusement park (usually with sharp curves and steep inclines)
- **roughly** (adv): approximately
- **rug** (n): a pieace of thich heavy cloth smaller than a carpet, used for covering the floor or for decoration
- **rural** (a): in, of, or like the countryside

**S**

- **sail** (v): When a boat or ship sails, it travels on the water
- **satisfied** (a): pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way you wanted
- **scepticism** (n): an attitude that shows you doubt whether something is true or useful
- **scenario** (n): a description of possible actions or events in the future
- **scheme** (n): a plan or system for doing or orgainizing something
- **scratch** (n, v): a mark made by scratching
- **scuplt** (v): create or represent (something) by carving, casting, or other shaping techniques
- **sector** (n): one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided
- **selling point** (n): a characteristic of a product that will persuade people to buy it
- **semester** (n): one of the two time periods that a school or college year is divided into
- **seminar** (n): an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something
- **settle** (v): to reach a decision or an agreement about something, or to end a disagreement
- **shade** (n): slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun
- **Shake** (v): to move backwards and forwards or up and down in quick, short movements, or to make something or someone do this
- **shantytown** (n): an area in or on the edge of a city, in which poor people live in small, very cheaply built houses
- **shell** (v): to remove peas, nuts, etc. from their shells or their natural covering
- **shortage** (n): a situation in which there is not enough of something
- **siesta** (n): a rest or sleep taken after lunch, especially in hot countries
- **similarity** (n): the fact that people or things look look or are the same
- **simultaneously** (adv): in a way that is simultaneous (= happening or being done at exactly the same time)
- **situated** (a): in a particular position
- **skewed** (a): not accurate or exact
- **sleepiness** (n): the feeling of beingn tired and wanting to sleep
- **smoky** (a): if a place is smoky, there is a lot of smoke in it
- **smuggling** (n): the act or process of taking things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally
- **sneak** (v): to go somewhere secretly, or to take someone or something somewhere secretly
- **snooze** (v): to sleep lightly for a short time, especially somewhere other than in your bed
- **so as to** (phrase): in order to
- **soften** (v): to become soft, or to make something soft
- **solar panel** (n): a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity
- **spare** (a): if something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra
- **spatiotemporal** (a): relating to both space and time, or to space-time
- **specialist** (n): someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge, or skills in a particular subject
- **speciality** (n): a product that is extremely good in a particular area
- **spectacular** (a): very exciting to look at
- **speculate** (v): to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain
- **spore** (n): a reproductive cell produced by some plants and simple organisms
- **spun** (v): past simple and past participle of spin
- **stand** (v): to be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical state, especially (of a person or animal) by making the legs straight
- **stem** (n): a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support
- **stove** (n): a piece of equipment that burns fuel or uses electricity in order to heat a place
- **strain** (n, v): a force or influence that stretches, pulls, or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damge
- **strata** (n): one of the parts or layers into which something is separated
- **strip** (v): to remove, pull, or tear the covering or outer layer from something
- **subsequent** (a): happening after something else
- **subsidized** (a): paid for partly by the government or another organization
- **substance** (n): material with paticular physical characteristics
- **substantial** (a): large in size, value, or importance
- **subtract** (v): to take a number or amount from another number or amount
- **suburban** (a): Outside of a city
- **superior** (a): better than average or better than other people or things of the same type
- **supply chain** (n): the system of people and things that are involved in getting a product from the place where it is made to the person who buys it
- **suppress** (v): to end something by force
- **susceptible** (a): easily influenced or harmed by something
- **symbolic** (a): representing something else
- **symptom** (n): any feeling of illness or physical or mental change that is caused by a particular disease
- **synthetic** (a): Synthetic products are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product

**T**

- **take its/a toll** (idiom): If something takes its/a toll, it causes suffering, deaths, or damage
- **take something away** (phrasal verb): to remove something
- **telephony** (n): the working or use of telephones
- **temper** (v): to heat and then cool chocolate in order to give it a smooth texture and shiny appearance
- **tendency** (n): If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it
- **tent** (n): a shelter made of canvas or similar material and supported by poles and ropes, that you can fold up and carry with you
- **textile** (n): a cloth made by hand or machine
- **thoroughly** (adv): completely, very much
- **thrilling** (a): extremely exciting
- **thus** (adv): in this way
- **tincture** (n): a medicine that consists of a mixture of alcohol and a small amount of a drug
- **tissue** (n): a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other, have the same purpose, and form the stated part of the animal or plant
- **tout** (v): to advertise, talk about, or praise something or someone repeatedly, especially as a way of encouraging people to like, accept, or buy something
- **towel** (n): a piece of cloth or paper used for drying someone or something that is wet
- **trajectory** (n): the curved path that an object follows after it has been thrown or shot into the air
- **trance** (n): a temporary mental condition in which someone is not completely consious of and/or not in control of himself or herself
- **transportation** (n): the movement of people or goods from one place to another
- **treat** (v): to use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of a disease or heal an injury
- **tricky** (a): if a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skills
- **tuple** (n): a structure of data that has several parts
- **turn down** (phrasal verb): to refuse an offer or request
- **tutor** (n): someone who teaches one person or a very small group of people

**U**

- **unconscious** (a): in the state of not being awake and not aware of thing around you, especially as the result of a head injury
- **underfunding** (n): the situation when an organization, etc. is given less money than it needs.
- **undergo** (v): to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change
- **undertake** (v): to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult
- **universally** (adv): in a way that exists everywhere, or involves everyone
- **Univariate** (a): involving one variable quantity.
- **use up** (phrasal verb): to finish a supply of something

**V**

- **variable** (a): likely to change often
- **variant** (n): something that is slightly different from other similar things
- **variation** (n): a change in amount or level
- **vehicle** (n): a machine, usually with the wheels and an engine, used for transporting people or goods, especially on land
- **vegetarian** (a): not eating or including meat
- **verge** (n): the edge or border of something
- **vigorously** (adv): in a way that is very forceful or energetic
- **virtual** (a): describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to someone
- **virtually** (adv): almost
- **vocational** (a): providing knowledge and skills that prepare you for a particular job
- **void** (n): a large hole or empty space

**W**

- **warehousing** (n): the activity of storing something in a warehouse (= a large building for storing things before they are sold)
- **weave** (v): to make cloth by repeatedly crossing a single thread through two sets of long threads on a loom (= special frame)
- **weed** (n): any wild plant that grows in an unwanted place, especially in a garden or field where it prevents the cultivated plants from growing freely
- **widespread** (a): existing or happening in many places and/or among many people
- **wink** (v): to close one eye for a short time as a way for greeting someone or showing friendliness, sexual interest, etc... or of showing that you are not serious about something you have said
- **withdraw** (v): to take or move out or back, or to remove
- **withdrawal** (n): when you take money out of a bank account
- **worthwhile** (a): useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made
- **wrist** (n): the part of the body between the hand and the arm

**Z**

- **zoology** (n): the scientific study of animals, especially their structure