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Basics Git Commands

Introduction

Git provides a set of core commands that form the foundation of version contril workflows. This chapter covers the essential Git commands we will use regulary to manage our repositories and track changes.

Initializing a Repository

Creating a New Repository

git init

This command creates a new Git repository in the current directory by setting up the necessary Git files in a hidden .git folder.

Cloning an Existing Repository

git clone <repository url>

This downloads a complete copy of a remote repository, including all files, branches, and history.

Checking Status

git status

Shows the current status of the working directory.

  • Which files have been modified
  • Which changes are staged for the next commit
  • Which files are not being tracked.

Tracking Files

Adding Files to Staging Area

git add <filename>         # Add a specific file
git add .                  # Add all files in current directory to staging area
git add -A                 # Add all files in the repository
git add *.js               # Add all JavaScript files using wildcard

Removing Files

git rm <filename>               # Remove files from working directory and staginf area
git rm --cached <filename>      # Keep file in working direcotry but remove from staging area

Making Commits

Committing Staged Changes

git commit -m "Commit message"

Creates a new commit with the changes currently in the staging area.

Shortcut for Add and Commit

git commit -am  "Commit message"        # Add all tracked files and commit in one step

Viewing History

Viewing Commit History

git log                     # Standard commit history
git log --oneline           # COndensed history, one commit per line
git log --graph             # Visual representation of branch history
git log -p                  # Show patches (Changes) for each commit
git log --author="Name"     # Show commits by specific author

Examining Specific Commits

git show <commit-hash>      #Show deatils of a specific commit

Working with Changes

Viewing Differences

git diff                    # Show unstaged changes
git digg --staged           # Show staged changes
git diff <commit><commit>   # compare two commits

Undoing Changes

git checkout --<filename>           # Discard changes in working directory
git restore <filename>              # Newer alternative to checkout
git reser HEAD <filename>           # Unstage changes
git restore --staged <filename>     $ Newer alternative to reset

Amending Commits

git commit --amend              # Modify the most recent commit

Using Aliases

Git allows us to create shoetcuts for commonly used commands:

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status

After setting these, we can use the shorter forms:

git co          # instead of git checkout
git st          # instead of git status

Ignoring files

Create a .gitignore file in the repository to specify files Git should ignore:

# Example .gitignore file
node_module/
*.log
.DS_Store
.env

Common Workflows

Basic Workflow

  1. Make Changes to files
  2. Check status: git status
  3. Add changed files: git add <files>
  4. Commit Changes L git commit -m "message"

Checking Out Previous Versions

git checkout <commit-hash>      # Go to the specific commit (deatached HEAD)
git <branch-name>               # Return to branch tip

Next Step

Now that we understand the basic Git Commands, proceed to Branching and Merging to lean how to work with multiple development lines simultaneously.