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The simulation results are slightly lower than expected. #287

@honorhan

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@honorhan

Dear Sir or Madam

Below are my simulation log and TurbSim v2.00. input file. However, the output results show discrepancies when compared with literature data. Specifically, I have compared the flapwise tip deflection, and my results are consistently on the lower side.

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.26200.7171]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\19411>cd C:\Users\19411\Desktop\IEA15MW\IEA-15-240-RWT

C:\Users\19411\Desktop\IEA15MW\IEA-15-240-RWT>openfast_x64.exe IEA-15-240-RWT.fst

OpenFAST

Copyright (C) 2023 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Copyright (C) 2023 Envision Energy USA LTD

This program is licensed under Apache License Version 2.0 and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
See the "LICENSE" file distributed with this software for details.

OpenFAST-v3.5.1
Compile Info:

Compiler: Intel(R) Fortran Compiler 2021
Architecture: 64 bit
Precision: single
OpenMP: No
Date: Oct 20 2023
Time: 13:40:29
Execution Info:
Date: 12/16/2025
Time: 13:35:02+0800
OpenFAST input file heading:
IEA 15 MW onshore reference model configuration

Running ElastoDyn.
Running BeamDyn.
Running BeamDyn.
Running BeamDyn.
Running AeroDyn.
Running InflowWind.

Reading a 31x31 grid (262 m wide, 20 m to 280 m above ground) with a characteristic wind speed
of 10 m/s. This full-field file was generated by TurbSim (v2.00.08a-bjj, 18-Jul-2017) on
15-Dec-2025 at 21:00:51.

Processed 4524 time steps of 20-Hz grid-field data (226.15 seconds).
Running ServoDyn.
Running ServoDyn Interface for Bladed Controllers (using Intel Visual Fortran for Windows).
Using legacy Bladed DLL interface.

FAST_InitializeAll:ED_Init:ED_SetParameters:SetPrimaryParameters: AllBldNdOuts option not
available in ElastoDyn when BeamDyn is used. Turning off these outputs.
FAST_InitializeAll:InitModuleMappings:BD_2_AD_BladeMotion(1):MeshMapCreate:CreateMotionMap_L2_to_L
2:CreateMapping_ProjectToLine2:Found close value for node 1. (9.22863E-05 m)
InitModuleMappings:AD_2_BD_BladeLoad(1):MeshMapCreate:CreateLoadMap_L2_to_L2:CreateMapping_Project
ToLine2:Found close value for node 1. (9.22863E-05 m)
InitModuleMappings:BD_2_AD_BladeMotion(2):MeshMapCreate:CreateMotionMap_L2_to_L2:CreateMapping_Pro
jectToLine2:Found close value for node 1. (1.00418E-04 m)
InitModuleMappings:AD_2_BD_BladeLoad(2):MeshMapCreate:CreateLoadMap_L2_to_L2:CreateMapping_Project
ToLine2:Found close value for node 1. (1.00418E-04 m)
InitModuleMappings:BD_2_AD_BladeMotion(3):MeshMapCreate:CreateMotionMap_L2_to_L2:CreateMapping_Pro
jectToLine2:Found close value for node 1. (1.00333E-04 m)
InitModuleMappings:AD_2_BD_BladeLoad(3):MeshMapCreate:CreateLoadMap_L2

Running ROSCO-v2.9.0
A wind turbine controller framework for public use in the scientific field
Developed in collaboration: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
ROSCO Warning: Did not find correct size F_NotchFreqs in input file. Using default value of [ 0.0000000000000000 ]
ROSCO Warning: Did not find correct size F_NotchBetaNum in input file. Using default value of [ 0.0000000000000000 ]
ROSCO Warning: Did not find correct size F_NotchBetaDen in input file. Using default value of [ 0.0000000000000000 ]
Generator speed: 7.6 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 0.0 kW, Est. wind Speed: 10.6 m/s

FAST_Solution:FAST_AdvanceStates:SrvD_UpdateStates:DLL_controller_call:BladedInterface option was
designed for an explicit-loose coupling scheme. Using last calculated values from DLL on all
subsequent calls until time is advanced. Warning will not be displayed again.

FAST_Solution:FAST_AdvanceStates:AD_UpdateStates:BEMT_UpdateStates(node 1, blade
1):ComputeTau:Rotor-averaged axial induction factor is greater than 0.5; limiting time-varying
tau1. This message will not be repeated though the condition may persist.

FAST_Solution:FAST_AdvanceStates:AD_UpdateStates:BEMT_UpdateStates(node 50, blade
1):UA_UpdateStates:UA_UpdateDiscOtherState:ComputeKelvinChain:Mach number exceeds 0.3. Theory is
invalid. This warning will not be repeated though the condition may persist.

FAST_Solution:CalcOutputs_And_SolveForInputs:SolveOption2:AD_CalcOutput:RotCalcOutput:BEMT_CalcOut
put(node 5, blade 3):UA_CalcOutput:UA_BlendSteady:Temporarily turning off UA due to high angle of
attack or low relative velocity. This warning will not be repeated though the condition may
persist.
Generator speed: 5.7 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 8462.9 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s
Generator speed: 4.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 5540.6 kW, Est. wind Speed: 7.7 m/s
Generator speed: 5.5 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6069.9 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.3 m/s
Generator speed: 6.2 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 7517.7 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.6 m/s
Generator speed: 6.0 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 7180.7 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s
Generator speed: 5.5 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6236.2 kW, Est. wind Speed: 7.7 m/s
Generator speed: 5.6 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6194.2 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.0 m/s
Generator speed: 5.9 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6844.7 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.3 m/s
Generator speed: 5.9 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6991.1 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.7 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6619.5 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.0 m/s
Generator speed: 5.7 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6457.1 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s
Generator speed: 5.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6716.1 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.9 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6982.7 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.3 m/s
Generator speed: 5.9 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6985.1 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6844.3 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6786.8 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6790.1 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.2 m/s
Generator speed: 5.8 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6781.2 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s
Generator speed: 5.7 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6653.3 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s
Generator speed: 5.7 RPM, Pitch angle: 0.0 deg, Power: 6672.0 kW, Est. wind Speed: 8.1 m/s

Total Real Time: 8.781 minutes
Total CPU Time: 8.3253 minutes
Simulation CPU Time: 8.3102 minutes
Simulated Time: 3.3333 minutes
Time Ratio (Sim/CPU): 0.40112

OpenFAST terminated normally.

C:\Users\19411\Desktop\IEA15MW\IEA-15-240-RWT>

--------TurbSim v2.00.* Input File------------------------
Example input file for TurbSim.
---------Runtime Options-----------------------------------
False Echo - Echo input data to .ech (flag)
60362647 RandSeed1 - First random seed (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
"RANLUX" RandSeed2 - Second random seed (-2147483648 to 2147483647) for intrinsic pRNG, or an alternative pRNG: "RanLux" or "RNSNLW"
False WrBHHTP - Output hub-height turbulence parameters in binary form? (Generates RootName.bin)
False WrFHHTP - Output hub-height turbulence parameters in formatted form? (Generates RootName.dat)
False WrADHH - Output hub-height time-series data in AeroDyn form? (Generates RootName.hh)
True WrADFF - Output full-field time-series data in TurbSim/AeroDyn form? (Generates RootName.bts)
True WrBLFF - Output full-field time-series data in BLADED/AeroDyn form? (Generates RootName.wnd)
False WrADTWR - Output tower time-series data? (Generates RootName.twr)
False WrFMTFF - Output full-field time-series data in formatted (readable) form? (Generates RootName.u, RootName.v, RootName.w)
False WrACT - Output coherent turbulence time steps in AeroDyn form? (Generates RootName.cts)
True Clockwise - Clockwise rotation looking downwind? (used only for full-field binary files - not necessary for AeroDyn)
1 ScaleIEC - Scale IEC turbulence models to exact target standard deviation? [0=no additional scaling; 1=use hub scale uniformly; 2=use individual scales]

--------Turbine/Model Specifications-----------------------
31 NumGrid_Z - Vertical grid-point matrix dimension
31 NumGrid_Y - Horizontal grid-point matrix dimension
0.05 TimeStep - Time step [seconds]
630.0 AnalysisTime - Length of analysis time series [seconds] (program will add time if necessary: AnalysisTime = MAX(AnalysisTime, UsableTime+GridWidth/MeanHHWS) )
"200" UsableTime - Usable length of output time series [seconds] (program will add GridWidth/MeanHHWS seconds unless UsableTime is "ALL")
150.0 HubHt - Hub height [m] (should be > 0.5GridHeight)
260 GridHeight - Grid height [m]
262.0 GridWidth - Grid width [m] (should be >= 2(RotorRadius+ShaftLength))
0.0 VFlowAng - Vertical mean flow (uptilt) angle [degrees]
0.0 HFlowAng - Horizontal mean flow (skew) angle [degrees]

--------Meteorological Boundary Conditions-------------------
"IECKAI" TurbModel - Turbulence model ("IECKAI","IECVKM","GP_LLJ","NWTCUP","SMOOTH","WF_UPW","WF_07D","WF_14D","TIDAL","API","USRINP","TIMESR", or "NONE")
"unused" UserFile - Name of the file that contains inputs for user-defined spectra or time series inputs (used only for "USRINP" and "TIMESR" models)
"1-ED3" IECstandard - Number of IEC 61400-x standard (x=1,2, or 3 with optional 61400-1 edition number (i.e. "1-Ed2") )
"B" IECturbc - IEC turbulence characteristic ("A", "B", "C" or the turbulence intensity in percent) ("KHTEST" option with NWTCUP model, not used for other models)
"NTM" IEC_WindType - IEC turbulence type ("NTM"=normal, "xETM"=extreme turbulence, "xEWM1"=extreme 1-year wind, "xEWM50"=extreme 50-year wind, where x=wind turbine class 1, 2, or 3)
"default" ETMc - IEC Extreme Turbulence Model "c" parameter [m/s]
"PL" WindProfileType - Velocity profile type ("LOG";"PL"=power law;"JET";"H2L"=Log law for TIDAL model;"API";"USR";"TS";"IEC"=PL on rotor disk, LOG elsewhere; or "default")
"unused" ProfileFile - Name of the file that contains input profiles for WindProfileType="USR" and/or TurbModel="USRVKM" [-]
150.0 RefHt - Height of the reference velocity (URef) [m]
10 URef - Mean (total) velocity at the reference height [m/s] (or "default" for JET velocity profile) [must be 1-hr mean for API model; otherwise is the mean over AnalysisTime seconds]
"default" ZJetMax - Jet height [m] (used only for JET velocity profile, valid 70-490 m)
"0.12" PLExp - Power law exponent [-] (or "default")
"0.03" Z0 - Surface roughness length [m] (or "default")

--------Non-IEC Meteorological Boundary Conditions------------
"default" Latitude - Site latitude [degrees] (or "default")
0.05 RICH_NO - Gradient Richardson number [-]
"default" UStar - Friction or shear velocity [m/s] (or "default")
"default" ZI - Mixing layer depth [m] (or "default")
"default" PC_UW - Hub mean u'w' Reynolds stress [m^2/s^2] (or "default" or "none")
"default" PC_UV - Hub mean u'v' Reynolds stress [m^2/s^2] (or "default" or "none")
"default" PC_VW - Hub mean v'w' Reynolds stress [m^2/s^2] (or "default" or "none")

--------Spatial Coherence Parameters----------------------------
"IEC" SCMod1 - u-component coherence model ("GENERAL", "IEC", "API", "NONE", or "default")
"IEC" SCMod2 - v-component coherence model ("GENERAL", "IEC", "NONE", or "default")
"IEC" SCMod3 - w-component coherence model ("GENERAL", "IEC", "NONE", or "default")
"13.750000 0.040000" InCDec1 - u-component coherence parameters for general or IEC models [-, m^-1] (e.g. "10.0 0.3e-3" in quotes) (or "default")
"9.850000 0.001500" InCDec2 - v-component coherence parameters for general or IEC models [-, m^-1] (e.g. "10.0 0.3e-3" in quotes) (or "default")
"9.500000 0.003000" InCDec3 - w-component coherence parameters for general or IEC models [-, m^-1] (e.g. "10.0 0.3e-3" in quotes) (or "default")
0.5 CohExp - Coherence exponent for general model [-] (or "default")

--------Coherent Turbulence Scaling Parameters-------------------
"Y:\Wind\Archive\Public\Projects\KH_Billow\EventData" CTEventPath - Name of the path where event data files are located
"Random" CTEventFile - Type of event files ("LES", "DNS", or "RANDOM")
True Randomize - Randomize the disturbance scale and locations? (true/false)
1 DistScl - Disturbance scale [-] (ratio of event dataset height to rotor disk). (Ignored when Randomize = true.)
0.5 CTLy - Fractional location of tower centerline from right [-] (looking downwind) to left side of the dataset. (Ignored when Randomize = true.)
0.5 CTLz - Fractional location of hub height from the bottom of the dataset. [-] (Ignored when Randomize = true.)
30 CTStartTime - Minimum start time for coherent structures in RootName.cts [seconds]

Best regards

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