diff --git a/keeper/package.json b/keeper/package.json
index d08564a..1f14584 100644
--- a/keeper/package.json
+++ b/keeper/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
   "description": "Pokes live Wraith orders and relays TEE-signed results on-chain.",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "scripts": {
-    "start": "node src/index.js"
+    "start": "node src/index.js",
+    "test": "node --test test/*.test.js"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "viem": "^2.21.0"
diff --git a/keeper/src/index.js b/keeper/src/index.js
index 4047d9c..42b2e84 100644
--- a/keeper/src/index.js
+++ b/keeper/src/index.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 import { createPublicClient, createWalletClient, http, parseAbi, parseEventLogs, formatEther } from "viem";
 import { privateKeyToAccount } from "viem/accounts";
+import { handleFetchResultResponse, determineRelayAction, PendingBookkeeper } from "./lib.js";
 
 const RPC_URL = process.env.RPC_URL ?? "https://coston2-api.flare.network/ext/C/rpc";
 const WRAITH_ADDRESS = required("WRAITH_ADDRESS");
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ const publicClient = createPublicClient({ chain: coston2, transport: http(RPC_UR
 const walletClient = createWalletClient({ account, chain: coston2, transport: http(RPC_URL) });
 
 /** instructionId -> orderId, for instructions whose result has not arrived yet. */
-const pending = new Map();
+const pending = new PendingBookkeeper();
 
 function required(name) {
   const value = process.env[name];
@@ -58,15 +59,7 @@ function required(name) {
  */
 async function fetchResult(instructionId) {
   const response = await fetch(`${EXT_PROXY_URL}/action/result?id=${instructionId}`);
-  if (response.status === 404) return null;
-  if (!response.ok) {
-    throw new Error(`proxy returned ${response.status} for ${instructionId}`);
-  }
-
-  const body = await response.json();
-  // Status >= 2 means the extension is still processing.
-  if (body?.status === undefined || body.status >= 2) return null;
-  return body;
+  return handleFetchResultResponse(response, instructionId);
 }
 
 async function tickOrders() {
@@ -94,7 +87,7 @@ async function tickOrders() {
       // OrderTicked carries the instruction id the proxy will key the result by.
       const events = parseEventLogs({ abi, logs: receipt.logs, eventName: "OrderTicked" });
       for (const event of events) {
-        pending.set(event.args.instructionId, orderId);
+        pending.add(event.args.instructionId, orderId);
         console.log(`ticked order ${orderId} -> instruction ${event.args.instructionId}`);
       }
     } catch (error) {
@@ -105,7 +98,7 @@ async function tickOrders() {
 }
 
 async function relayResults() {
-  for (const [instructionId, orderId] of [...pending]) {
+  for (const [instructionId, orderId] of pending.entries()) {
     let result;
     try {
       result = await fetchResult(instructionId);
@@ -122,10 +115,8 @@ async function relayResults() {
       continue;
     }
 
-    // A no-op reply — the condition did not fire. This is the expected outcome
-    // for almost every tick, and it is the whole point: an observer, this keeper
-    // included, learns only "not yet", never how far away the trigger is.
-    if (!result.data || result.data === "0x") {
+    const relayAction = determineRelayAction(result, SUBMISSION_TAG);
+    if (!relayAction) {
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +125,7 @@ async function relayResults() {
         address: WRAITH_ADDRESS,
         abi,
         functionName: "execute",
-        args: [result.data, instructionId, result.submissionTag ?? SUBMISSION_TAG, result.status, result.signature],
+        args: [relayAction.data, instructionId, relayAction.submissionTag, relayAction.status, relayAction.signature],
       });
       await publicClient.waitForTransactionReceipt({ hash });
       console.log(`order ${orderId} executed in ${hash}`);
diff --git a/keeper/src/lib.js b/keeper/src/lib.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99ac2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keeper/src/lib.js
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/**
+ * Processes the HTTP response from the proxy for a result fetch.
+ *
+ * @param {Response} response - The Fetch Response object.
+ * @param {string} [instructionId] - Optional instruction ID for logging/errors.
+ * @returns {Promise<any | null>} The parsed response body or null.
+ * @throws {Error} If the response status is not OK (except 404).
+ */
+export async function handleFetchResultResponse(response, instructionId) {
+  if (response.status === 404) return null;
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    const suffix = instructionId ? ` for ${instructionId}` : "";
+    throw new Error(`proxy returned ${response.status}${suffix}`);
+  }
+
+  const body = await response.json();
+  // Status >= 2 means the extension is still processing.
+  if (body?.status === undefined || body.status >= 2) return null;
+  return body;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether a fetched result should be relayed on-chain.
+ *
+ * @param {any} result - The result from fetchResult.
+ * @param {string} [defaultSubmissionTag="submit"] - Default submission tag to use if result has none.
+ * @returns {any | null} The relayed shape containing transaction args, or null if skipped/not relayable.
+ */
+export function determineRelayAction(result, defaultSubmissionTag = "submit") {
+  if (!result) return null;
+  if (result.status !== 1) return null;
+  if (!result.data || result.data === "0x") return null;
+
+  return {
+    data: result.data,
+    submissionTag: result.submissionTag ?? defaultSubmissionTag,
+    status: result.status,
+    signature: result.signature,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bookkeeper for the pending map tracking instructionId -> orderId.
+ */
+export class PendingBookkeeper {
+  constructor() {
+    this.pending = new Map();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds an instruction to the pending map.
+   * @param {string} instructionId
+   * @param {bigint|number} orderId
+   */
+  add(instructionId, orderId) {
+    this.pending.set(instructionId, orderId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes an instruction from the pending map.
+   * @param {string} instructionId
+   * @returns {boolean} True if the element existed and was removed, false otherwise.
+   */
+  delete(instructionId) {
+    return this.pending.delete(instructionId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an instruction exists in the pending map.
+   * @param {string} instructionId
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  has(instructionId) {
+    return this.pending.has(instructionId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the orderId for a given instruction.
+   * @param {string} instructionId
+   * @returns {bigint|number|undefined}
+   */
+  get(instructionId) {
+    return this.pending.get(instructionId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a copy of the pending entries as an array of [instructionId, orderId] pairs.
+   * @returns {Array<[string, bigint|number]>}
+   */
+  entries() {
+    return [...this.pending.entries()];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the number of pending instructions.
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  get size() {
+    return this.pending.size;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/keeper/test/lib.test.js b/keeper/test/lib.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..809d3a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keeper/test/lib.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import test from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert";
+import { handleFetchResultResponse, determineRelayAction, PendingBookkeeper } from "../src/lib.js";
+
+test("handleFetchResultResponse - proxy 404 -> null", async () => {
+  const response = new Response(null, { status: 404 });
+  const result = await handleFetchResultResponse(response, "inst-123");
+  assert.strictEqual(result, null);
+});
+
+test("handleFetchResultResponse - status >= 2 -> null", async () => {
+  const response = Response.json({ status: 2 });
+  const result = await handleFetchResultResponse(response, "inst-123");
+  assert.strictEqual(result, null);
+});
+
+test("handleFetchResultResponse - status undefined -> null", async () => {
+  const response = Response.json({ somethingElse: "hello" });
+  const result = await handleFetchResultResponse(response, "inst-123");
+  assert.strictEqual(result, null);
+});
+
+test("handleFetchResultResponse - proxy not ok throwing error", async () => {
+  const response = new Response("Internal Server Error", { status: 500, statusText: "Internal Server Error" });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    async () => {
+      await handleFetchResultResponse(response, "inst-123");
+    },
+    {
+      message: "proxy returned 500 for inst-123"
+    }
+  );
+});
+
+test("handleFetchResultResponse - status < 2 -> returns body", async () => {
+  const body = { status: 1, data: "0x123", signature: "0xabc" };
+  const response = Response.json(body);
+  const result = await handleFetchResultResponse(response, "inst-123");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(result, body);
+});
+
+test("determineRelayAction - status 1 with data -> relayed shape", () => {
+  const result = { status: 1, data: "0x123", signature: "0xabc", submissionTag: "my-tag" };
+  const action = determineRelayAction(result, "default-tag");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(action, {
+    status: 1,
+    data: "0x123",
+    signature: "0xabc",
+    submissionTag: "my-tag",
+  });
+});
+
+test("determineRelayAction - status 1 with data (missing submissionTag) -> default tag", () => {
+  const result = { status: 1, data: "0x123", signature: "0xabc" };
+  const action = determineRelayAction(result, "default-tag");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(action, {
+    status: 1,
+    data: "0x123",
+    signature: "0xabc",
+    submissionTag: "default-tag",
+  });
+});
+
+test("determineRelayAction - status != 1 -> skipped (null)", () => {
+  const result1 = { status: 0, data: "0x123", signature: "0xabc" };
+  const result2 = { status: 2, data: "0x123", signature: "0xabc" };
+
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction(result1), null);
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction(result2), null);
+});
+
+test("determineRelayAction - status 1 with no data or 0x -> skipped (null)", () => {
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction({ status: 1, data: null }), null);
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction({ status: 1, data: "" }), null);
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction({ status: 1, data: "0x" }), null);
+  assert.strictEqual(determineRelayAction(null), null);
+});
+
+test("PendingBookkeeper - add/delete flow", () => {
+  const bookkeeper = new PendingBookkeeper();
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.size, 0);
+
+  // Add flow
+  bookkeeper.add("inst-1", 100n);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.size, 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.has("inst-1"), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.get("inst-1"), 100n);
+
+  bookkeeper.add("inst-2", 200n);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.size, 2);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(bookkeeper.entries(), [
+    ["inst-1", 100n],
+    ["inst-2", 200n],
+  ]);
+
+  // Delete flow
+  const deleted1 = bookkeeper.delete("inst-1");
+  assert.strictEqual(deleted1, true);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.size, 1);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.has("inst-1"), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.get("inst-1"), undefined);
+
+  const deletedUnknown = bookkeeper.delete("nonexistent");
+  assert.strictEqual(deletedUnknown, false);
+  assert.strictEqual(bookkeeper.size, 1);
+});