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Ubuntu Command Reference

Package Management (APT)

Update package lists:
```
sudo apt update
```
Upgrade installed packages:
```
sudo apt upgrade -y
```
Full distribution upgrade:
```
sudo apt full-upgrade -y
```
Install a package:
```
sudo apt install <package-name>
```
Remove a package:
```
sudo apt remove <package-name>
```
Search for a package:
```
apt search <keyword>
```

System Information

Show OS release info:
```
lsb_release -a
```
Kernel version:
```
uname -r
```
CPU info:
```
lscpu
```
Memory usage:
```
free -h
```

Disk Management

List block devices:
```
lsblk
```
Check disk usage:
```
df -h
```
Partition tool (cfdisk):
```
sudo cfdisk /dev/sda
```

Service Management (systemd)

List running services:

systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running

Start a service:
```
sudo systemctl start <service>
```
Enable service at boot:
```
sudo systemctl enable <service>
```
Check service status:
```
systemctl status <service>
```

Networking

Show IP addresses:
```
ip addr show
```
Test connectivity:
```
ping -c 4 8.8.8.8
```
Modify /etc/hosts:
```
sudo nano /etc/hosts
```

User Management

Add a new user:
```
sudo adduser <username>
```
Add user to sudo group:
```
sudo usermod -aG sudo <username>
```
Delete a user:
```
sudo deluser <username>
```

Miscellaneous

Search file contents:
```
grep -r "search_term" /path/to/search
```
Find files by name:
```
find / -name "*.conf" 2>/dev/null
```

Archive/Extract tarballs:

tar -czvf archive.tar.gz /path/to/dir   # create
tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz                # extract

Tip: Use apt-get and apt interchangeably, but apt provides a more user‑friendly output.