diff --git a/src/raytracer b/src/raytracer
index c9bcb83..28a221d 100755
Binary files a/src/raytracer and b/src/raytracer differ
diff --git a/src/utils.cpp b/src/utils.cpp
index 8b7ec6e..1ea25ef 100644
--- a/src/utils.cpp
+++ b/src/utils.cpp
@@ -1,19 +1,77 @@
 #include "utils.h"
 
-int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; }
-
 /* ============================= Vector Functions ============================= */
-float dot_product(parser::Vec3f &v1, parser::Vec3f &v2)
+parser::Vec3f add_vectors(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.x + v2.x;
+    result.y = v1.y + v2.y;
+    result.z = v1.z + v2.z;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f subtract_vectors(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.x - v2.x;
+    result.y = v1.y - v2.y;
+    result.z = v1.z - v2.z;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f multiply_scalar_with_vector(float s, const parser::Vec3f &v1)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.x * s;
+    result.y = v1.y * s;
+    result.z = v1.z * s;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f multiply_vector_with_vector(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.x * v2.x;
+    result.y = v1.y * v2.y;
+    result.z = v1.z * v2.z;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f divide_vector_by_scalar(float s, const parser::Vec3f &v1)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.x / s;
+    result.y = v1.y / s;
+    result.z = v1.z / s;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f cross_product(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2)
+{
+    parser::Vec3f result;
+    result.x = v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y;
+    result.y = v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z;
+    result.z = v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x;
+    return result;
+}
+
+parser::Vec3f compute_unit_vector(const parser::Vec3f &v)
+{
+    float magnitude = std::sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z);
+    return divide_vector_by_scalar(magnitude, v);
+}
+
+float dot_product(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2)
 {
     return v1.x * v2.x + v1.y * v2.y + v1.z * v2.z;
 }
 
-float compute_magnitude(parser::Vec3f v)
+float compute_magnitude(const parser::Vec3f &v)
 {
     return std::sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z);
 }
 
-float compute_determinant(parser::Vec3f v1, parser::Vec3f v2, parser::Vec3f v3)
+float compute_determinant(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2, const parser::Vec3f &v3)
 {
     return v1.x * (v2.y * v3.z - v2.z * v3.y) -
            v1.y * (v2.x * v3.z - v2.z * v3.x) +
diff --git a/src/utils.h b/src/utils.h
index 6f5c325..a384c68 100644
--- a/src/utils.h
+++ b/src/utils.h
@@ -5,81 +5,19 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
 
-const double EPSILON = 1e-6;
+const float EPSILON = 1e-6;
 
 /* ============================= Vector Operations ============================= */
-template <typename X, typename Y>
-parser::Vec3f add_vectors(X &v1, Y &v2)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.x + v2.x;
-    result.y = v1.y + v2.y;
-    result.z = v1.z + v2.z;
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename X, typename Y>
-parser::Vec3f subtract_vectors(X &v1, Y &v2)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.x - v2.x;
-    result.y = v1.y - v2.y;
-    result.z = v1.z - v2.z;
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename Y>
-parser::Vec3f multiply_scalar_with_vector(float s, Y &v1)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.x * s;
-    result.y = v1.y * s;
-    result.z = v1.z * s;
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename Y, typename X>
-parser::Vec3f multiply_vector_with_vector(Y &v1, X &v2)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.x * v2.x;
-    result.y = v1.y * v2.y;
-    result.z = v1.z * v2.z;
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename Y>
-parser::Vec3f divide_vector_by_scalar(float s, Y &v1)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.x / s;
-    result.y = v1.y / s;
-    result.z = v1.z / s;
-    return result;
-}
-
-template <typename X, typename Y>
-parser::Vec3f cross_product(X &v1, Y &v2)
-{
-    parser::Vec3f result;
-    result.x = v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y;
-    result.y = v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z;
-    result.z = v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x;
-    return result;
-}
-
-float dot_product(parser::Vec3f &v1, parser::Vec3f &v2);
-
-template <typename X>
-parser::Vec3f compute_unit_vector(X v)
-{
-    float magnitude = std::sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z);
-    return divide_vector_by_scalar(magnitude, v);
-}
-
-float compute_magnitude(parser::Vec3f v);
-
-float compute_determinant(parser::Vec3f v1, parser::Vec3f v2, parser::Vec3f v3);
+parser::Vec3f add_vectors(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2);
+parser::Vec3f subtract_vectors(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2);
+parser::Vec3f multiply_scalar_with_vector(float s, const parser::Vec3f &v1);
+parser::Vec3f multiply_vector_with_vector(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2);
+parser::Vec3f divide_vector_by_scalar(float s, const parser::Vec3f &v1);
+parser::Vec3f cross_product(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2);
+parser::Vec3f compute_unit_vector(const parser::Vec3f &v);
+float dot_product(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2);
+float compute_magnitude(const parser::Vec3f &v);
+float compute_determinant(const parser::Vec3f &v1, const parser::Vec3f &v2, const parser::Vec3f &v3);
 
 /* ============================= Pixel Processing Functions ============================= */
 parser::Vec3i compute_color(parser::Ray camera_ray, parser::Scene &scene);