BibTex-File.bib.bak

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%%% Jahr 2000%%%


%%% Jahr 2001%%%

@article{10.2307/3078661,
 ISSN = {00208183, 15315088},
 URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3078661},
 abstract = {Some of the most important phenomena in international conflict are coded as "rare events": binary dependent variables with dozens to thousands of times fewer events, such as wars and coups, than "nonevents." Unfortunately, rare events data are difficult to explain and predict, a problem stemming from at least two sources. First, and most important, the data-collection strategies used in international conflict studies are grossly inefficient. The fear of collecting data with too few events has led to data collections with huge numbers of observations but relatively few, and poorly measured, explanatory variables. As it turns out, more efficient sampling designs exist for making valid inferences, such as sampling all available events (wars, for example) and a tiny fraction of nonevents (peace). This enables scholars to save as much as 99 percent of their (nonfixed) data-collection costs or to collect much more meaningful explanatory variables. Second, logistic regression, and other commonly used statistical procedures, can underestimate the probability of rare events. We introduce some corrections that outperform existing methods and change the estimates of absolute and relative risks by as much as some estimated effects reported in the literature. We also provide easy-to-use methods and software that link these two results, enabling both types of corrections to work simultaneously.},
 author = {Gary King, Langche Zeng},
 journal = {International Organization},
 number = {3},
 pages = {693-715},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 title = {Explaining Rare Events In International Relations},
 volume = {55},
 year = {2001}
}


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%%% Jahr 2009%%%

@article{10.2307/40345947,
 ISSN = {00208183, 15315088},
 URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40345947},
 abstract = {International relations research has regarded networks as a particular mode of organization, distinguished from markets or state hierarchies. In contrast, network analysis permits the investigation and measurement of network structures—emergent properties of persistent patterns of relations among agents that can define, enable, and constrain those agents. Network analysis offers both a toolkit for identifying and measuring the structural properties of networks and a set of theories, typically drawn from contexts outside international relations, that relate structures to outcomes. Network analysis challenges conventional views of power in international relations by defining network power in three different ways: access, brokerage, and exit options. Two issues are particularly important to international relations: the ability of actors to increase their power by enhancing and exploiting their network positions, and the fungibility of network power. The value of network analysis in international relations has been demonstrated in precise description of international networks, investigation of network effects on key international outcomes, testing of existing network theory in the context of international relations, and development of new sources of data. Partial or faulty incorporation of network analysis, however, risks trivial conclusions, unproven assertions, and measures without meaning. A three-part agenda is proposed for future application of network analysis to international relations: import the toolkit to deepen research on international networks; test existing network theories in the domain of international relations; and test international relations theories using the tools of network analysis.},
 author = {Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Miles Kahler, Alexander H. Montgomery},
 journal = {International Organization},
 number = {3},
 pages = {559-592},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 title = {Network Analysis For International Relations},
 volume = {63},
 year = {2009}
}


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%%% Jahr 2013%%%

@Article{Harsem2013784,
  author   = {Øistein Harsem and Dag Harald Claes},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {The Interdependence Of European–Russian Energy Relations},
  year     = {2013},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {784 - 791},
  volume   = {59},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.035},
  keywords = {Interdependence, Natural gas, Europe–Russia},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513002851},
}


%%% Jahr 2014%%%

@Article{Biresselioglu2014,
  author   = {Mehmet Efe Biresselioglu and Tezer Yelkenci and Ibrahim Onur Oz},
  journal  = {Energy},
  title    = {Investigating The Natural Gas Supply Security: A New Perspective},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {0360-5442},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {-},
  abstract = {Abstract This paper assesses the natural gas supply security of 23 importing countries from divergent regions of the world for the period between 2001 and 2013. The indicators used for the study are the volume of imported natural gas, the number of natural gas suppliers, the level of dependency on one country, import dependency, the fragility of supplier countries, and the share of natural gas in primary energy consumption. The method used to establish the supply security index is the \{PCA\} (principal component analysis) over the indicators in the model for each country on a yearly basis for the period 2001 to 2013. The dispersed country sample enables the established index to measure the sensitivity of specific natural gas importer countries using a uniform framework. According to the results, the most effective indicators for the measurement of supply security are the number of supplier countries, supplier fragility, and the overall volume of imported gas.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.060},
  keywords = {Natural gas, Supply security Indexing, Policy implementation},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214013152},
}

@Article{Timma20142180,
  author   = {Lelde Timma and Dagnija Blumberga},
  journal  = {Energy Procedia},
  title    = {Index Decomposition Analysis For Energy Sectors In Latvia},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {1876-6102},
  note     = {International Conference on Applied Energy, \{ICAE2014\}},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {2180 - 2183},
  volume   = {61},
  abstract = {Abstract: This study explores the causes of changes in energy intensity in Latvia by applying logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition analysis for energy sectors. Analysis on the latest data (2008-2012) reveals if any technological or structural changes have occurred during and after economic downturn in Latvia. The results show that the reduction in energy intensity before the year 2008 can be largely attributed to decline in energy intensities within sectors, but the increase in energy intensity after the year 2008 is regarded to expansion of energy demanding sectors.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.104},
  keywords = {decomposition analysis, Divisia index, energy intensity, energy policy, \{LMDI\}, sustainable development.},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610214031336},
}

@Article{Biresselioglu2014,
  author   = {Mehmet Efe Biresselioglu and Tezer Yelkenci and Ibrahim Onur Oz},
  journal  = {Energy},
  title    = {Investigating The Natural Gas Supply Security: A New Perspective},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {0360-5442},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {-},
  abstract = {Abstract This paper assesses the natural gas supply security of 23 importing countries from divergent regions of the world for the period between 2001 and 2013. The indicators used for the study are the volume of imported natural gas, the number of natural gas suppliers, the level of dependency on one country, import dependency, the fragility of supplier countries, and the share of natural gas in primary energy consumption. The method used to establish the supply security index is the \{PCA\} (principal component analysis) over the indicators in the model for each country on a yearly basis for the period 2001 to 2013. The dispersed country sample enables the established index to measure the sensitivity of specific natural gas importer countries using a uniform framework. According to the results, the most effective indicators for the measurement of supply security are the number of supplier countries, supplier fragility, and the overall volume of imported gas.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.060},
  keywords = {Natural gas, Supply security Indexing, Policy implementation},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214013152},
}









%%% Jahr 2015%%%

@book{GelʹmanVladimirJakovlevič2015AR:a,
pages = {1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 208 Seiten).},
publisher = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
isbn = {9780822963684},
year = {2015},
title = {Authoritarian Russia : analyzing post-Soviet regime changes},
language = {eng},
address = {Pittsburgh},
author = {Gelʹman, Vladimir Jakovlevič},
keywords = {Authoritarianism},
url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS51956827410002883},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/13569775.2015.1061242,
  author   = {Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Ríos & Costantino Grasso},
  journal  = {Contemporary Politics},
  title    = {The European Union And Its Energy Security Challenges: Engagement through And With Networks},
  year     = {2015},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {1-21},
  volume   = {0},
  abstract = {Energy security remains a vital issue for the European Union (EU), even more so in the wake of the events that unfolded in early 2014 in Ukraine. The EU's already fragile position in the international energy arena in terms of security of supply appears to be more uncertain than ever after its umpteenth fallout with its historic energy supplier, Russia. This situation is untenable and calls for swift and decisive action to adequately tackle the issue once and for all. The article looks at the creation of a single EU energy market through the integration of energy networks in the EU. This article then examines various ways to diversify its energy supply, whether through increasing the import of liquefied natural gas or through its relations with the Eurasian Union. It then explores the International Energy Charter as an example of the EU's engagement with transnational policy networks. It concludes that from energy transit, to technology transfer, to investment protection, energy and trade present interplays across various fields. Improvements can be made to the EU trading system to ensure greater energy security and more efficient energy markets.},
  doi      = {10.1080/13569775.2015.1061242},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2015.1061242},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2015.1061242},
}




@article{
year={2015},
issn={2095-1701},
journal={Frontiers in Energy},
doi={10.1007/s11708-014-0340-8},
title={Current Situation And Future Perspectives Of European Natural Gas Sector},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0340-8},
publisher={Higher Education Press},
keywords={natural gas; natural gas market; oil-linked contracts; supply infrastructures; gas hubs},
author={Bianco, Vincenzo and Scarpa, Federico and Tagliafico, LucaA.},
pages={1-6},
language={English}
}



@article{Calvert21012015,
author = {Calvert, Kirby},
title = {From ‘Energy Geography’ To ‘Energy Geographies’: Perspectives On A Fertile Academic Borderland},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1177/0309132514566343},
abstract ={This paper takes stock of geographical contributions to the study of energy and energy futures. The paper is written in two parts. First, I trace the methodological and philosophical traditions that underpin geographical approaches to energy studies. I argue that while ‘energy geography’ is arguably a pragmatic shorthand with which to communicate to the broader energy studies community, geographical studies of energy have expanded in scope and theoretical plurality so that ‘energy geographies’ is a more appropriate label. Energy geographers are well positioned to contribute to scientific and policy debates surrounding energy due to their privileged position at the borderland between various philosophical and methodological traditions. Second, I identify some of the problems, opportunities and uncertainties that contemporary energy geographers are helping to identify, understand, and resolve. Past contributions and critical issues for future scholarship are highlighted in four themes: (1) using advanced socio-spatial theory to better understand the energy-society relationship; (2) geo-political and geo-economic assessments of (changing) global energy trade networks; (3) geographical perspectives on socio-technical (energy) transitions; and (4) advanced spatial decision-support for energy planning and technology implementation. While this discussion is by no means exhaustive, it aims to bring some clarity and specificity to the policy and academic relevance of geographical thought and practice as it relates to energy issues.},
URL = {http://phg.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/01/13/0309132514566343.abstract},
eprint = {http://phg.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/01/13/0309132514566343.full.pdf+html},
journal = {Progress in Human Geography}
}


@article{
year={2015},
issn={0343-5377},
journal={Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft},
doi={10.1007/s12398-014-0145-9},
title={An Embargo Of Russian Gas And Security Of Supply In Europe},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12398-014-0145-9},
publisher={Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
author={Hecking, Harald and John, Christopher and Weiser, Florian},
pages={1-11},
language={English}
}


@incollection{
year={2015},
isbn={978-0-230-30800-8},
booktitle={Europe’s Infrastructure Transition},
series={Making Europe: Technology And Transformations, 1850–2000},
doi={10.1007/978-1-137-31891-6_3},
title={Fueling Europe},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-31891-6_3},
publisher={Palgrave Macmillan UK},
author={Högselius, Per and Kaijser, Arne and Vleuten, Erik van der},
pages={65-104},
language={English}
}



@article{Holz24012015,
author = {Holz, Franziska and Richter, Philipp M. and Egging, Ruud},
title = {A Global Perspective On The Future Of Natural Gas: Resources, Trade, And Climate Constraints},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1093/reep/reu016},
abstract ={Natural gas plays an important role in the global energy system as an input to power generation, heating, and industry. This article identifies key drivers and uncertainties for natural gas markets in the coming decades. These include the availability of natural gas from conventional and unconventional sources, the role of international trade, and the impact of climate policies. We build on model-based research as well as an up-to-date survey of natural gas resource availability. We find that natural gas is an abundant fossil fuel and that the Asia-Pacific region will be most important in future global natural gas markets, especially under stringent international climate change mitigation. This means that an increasingly large share of future natural gas trade flows and infrastructure expansions will be directed to the Asia-Pacific region and that the role of liquefied natural gas will continue to increase globally. (JEL: C61, L71, Q33, Q37, Q54)},
URL = {http://reep.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/24/reep.reu016.abstract},
eprint = {http://reep.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/24/reep.reu016.full.pdf+html},
journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}
}


%%% Jahr 2016%%%


@article{Roberts22012016,
author = {Roberts, John},
title = {Russia’s Gas Challenge: The Consequences For China, Central Asia, Europe And The USA},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1093/jwelb/jwv040},
abstract ={Russia is posing a series of challenges to gas consumers and gas producers alike. But the effectiveness of these challenges remains a matter of considerable debate. Overall, prospective Russian actions and policies have profound implications for the development of the European gas market in general, and thus for potential US LNG exports to Europe.Moreover, underlying all this is the most worrisome question of all: do Russia’s policies and actions enable gas consumers—and indeed, some Central Asian gas producers—to regard Russia as a reliable energy partner?This article therefore addresses:
Prospects for the full implementation of the Russia–China gas accords;Prospects for Turkmen gas supply to both Russia and China;Prospects for the development of both Gazprom’s Turkish Stream project and the EU-backed Southern Gas Corridor;Prospects for US LNG in Europe;The potential challenge that a change in Russian gas export policies could pose to European gas prices.The article also seeks to answer the question as to whether Russia can be considered a reliable partner, particularly in connection with long-term deliveries to Europe.},
URL = {http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/21/jwelb.jwv040.abstract},
eprint = {http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/21/jwelb.jwv040.full.pdf+html},
journal = {The Journal of World Energy Law & Business}
}


@article {GPOL:GPOL12301,
author = {Johnson, Juliet and Köstem, Seçkin},
title = {Frustrated Leadership: Russia's Economic Alternative To The West},
journal = {Global Policy},
issn = {1758-5899},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12301},
doi = {10.1111/1758-5899.12301},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
year = {2016},
abstract = {The Russian government saw the 2008 global financial crisis as both a repudiation of western neoliberalism and as an ideal opportunity to promote its own international economic leadership. Russia's alternative vision encompasses multipolarity, financial nationalism and political illiberalism. These policies are symbiotic. The state uses its control over financial flows to build and maintain political and economic power at home as well as to project its influence abroad, all justified with a strong dose of great power nationalism positioning Russia as the Eurasian pole in an emerging multipolar world order. However, the Kremlin is doomed to frustration in its quest to assert international economic leadership. The Russian government has the ability to shake up the existing international order but lacks the credibility, stability, or economic clout to lead the creation of a new one. This has troubling implications for the future of international economic cooperation and reform, as Russia's frustrations have increasingly turned it in reactive and confrontational directions.},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/09668136.2015.1113509,
  author   = {Pami Aalto},
  journal  = {Europe-Asia Studies},
  title    = {Modernisation Of The Russian Energy Sector: Constraints On Utilising Arctic Offshore Oil Resources},
  year     = {2016},
  number   = {1},
  pages    = {38-63},
  volume   = {68},
  abstract = {AbstractThis essay examines the modernisation of the Russian energy sector as revealed in the case of Arctic offshore oil. The Russian actors involved have various interests but their simultaneous realisation is impeded by the structural constraints within the policy environment of Arctic offshore oil projects. Russia’s foreign policy choices vis-à-vis Ukraine, leading to sanctions targeting Arctic oil projects, and global oil market developments amplify the constraints on the resource geographical, financial, institutional and ecological dimensions of the policy environment or structure. This delays Arctic offshore oil projects, and hampers the oil industry’s modernisation and its capacity to generate income for Russia’s overall modernisation.},
  doi      = {10.1080/09668136.2015.1113509},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1113509},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1113509},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1142141,
  author  = {Alexander Lukin},
  journal = {Survival},
  title   = {Russia In A Post-Bipolar World},
  year    = {2016},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {91-112},
  volume  = {58},
  doi     = {10.1080/00396338.2016.1142141},
  eprint  = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1142141},
  url     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1142141},
}


@article {PA:PA1602,
author = {Aihonsu, Olatubosun Matthew},
title = {Boisterous Russia In Emerging Europe},
journal = {Journal of Public Affairs},
issn = {1479-1854},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.1602},
doi = {10.1002/pa.1602},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
year = {2016},
abstract = {Russia is permanently at a crossroads in its history, or standing in exasperation at a fork in the road but failing to resolve a geographical, historical and metaphysical dilemma: is Russia part of Europe or not? Russia holds a key but vulnerable strategic position in the heartland of Eurasia. Its geographical existence within a larger zone of Eurasian civilization meant that Russian culture had been shaped to a not insignificant extent by influences coming from Asia, that Russia was Eurasian and not European not only by virtue of its cultural patterns but also in terms of anthropological–racial considerations as well. The Eurasian Customs Union is clearly seen by Russia as a vehicle for reintegrating the post-Soviet space, including the countries that fall within the sphere of the European Union's (EU)'s eastern neighbourhood.The Eurasian Customs Union is the vehicle through which Russia increasingly engages in ‘normative rivalry’ with the EU in the so-called ‘shared neighbourhood’. These geopolitical and economic contraptions underpin the strategic calculations that have influenced largely the crisis of Russian Lebensraum escapade in Ukraine and EU's reaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
}

@Article{Knaut2016,
  author   = {Andreas Knaut and Christian Tode and Dietmar Lindenberger and Raimund Malischek and Simon Paulus and Johannes Wagner},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {The Reference Forecast Of The German Energy Transition — An outlook On Electricity Markets},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {-},
  abstract = {Abstract The enactment of the Energy Concept by the German Government in 2010 set ambitious targets for the future energy transition in Germany. The most prominent goals include a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction of the economy and an increase in the share of renewable energy in the whole energy sector. Since the long run effects of these policy measures are hard to assess, science-based policy evaluation methods are needed to identify weak points and areas with a need for action. This paper presents the results of the German Energy Reference Forecast with a focus on the electricity sector. It is based on an investment and dispatch model for the European electricity sector over the planning horizon of the ‘Energiewende’ up to 2050, with an emphasis on the time period up to 2030. We find that almost all targets of the German ‘Energiewende’ are not reached, for the case in which no further measures are undertaken. In particular reductions in \{GHG\} emissions fall short to the target value. Contrary to the negative results, e.g., regarding GHG-emissions as well as gross electricity consumption, generation from renewable energy sources will exceed the policy's target value.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.010},
  keywords = {Climate protection, Renewable energy, Policy evaluation, Electricity market modelling},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516300519},
}

@Article{Esen2016101,
  author   = {Vedat Esen and Bulent Oral},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Natural Gas Reserve/Production Ratio In Russia, Iran, Qatar And Turkmenistan: A Political And Economic Perspective},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {101 - 109},
  volume   = {93},
  abstract = {Abstract In this study, changes in natural gas reserve/production ratio (R/P) of the four countries having the highest natural gas reserves (Russia, Iran, Qatar, Turkmenistan), the importance of which increases in the world market each day due to developing technology and the demand for clean energy, has been analyzed depending on the economic and political developments in national and international fields. Change of R/P ratio depending on years has been displayed on graphics from different sources and these alterations have been tried to be associated with such issues as natural gas agreements in history, handover of political authority, economic crises etc. Therefore; it has been put forward whether or not political and economic changes of the countries are factors on the amount of natural gas production and the discovery of new reserve fields with the addition aim of providing a general overview on natural gas market.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.037},
  keywords = {Natural gas, R/P ratio, Russia, Iran, Qatar, Turkmenistan},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516300775},
}


@article {SPSR:SPSR12202,
author = {Grabau, Martina and Hegelich, Simon},
title = {The Gas Game: Simulating Decision-Making In The European Union's External Natural Gas Policy},
journal = {Swiss Political Science Review},
issn = {1662-6370},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12202},
doi = {10.1111/spsr.12202},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
year = {2016},
}

@article{Green20062016,
author = {Green, Richard and Staffell, Iain},
title = {Electricity In Europe: Exiting Fossil Fuels?},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {282-303},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1093/oxrep/grw003},
abstract ={There are many options for generating electricity with low carbon emissions, and the electrification of heat and transport can decarbonize energy use across the economy. This places the power sector at the forefront of any move away from fossil fuels, even though fossil-fuelled generators are more dependable and flexible than nuclear reactors or intermittent renewables, and vital for the second-by-second balancing of supply and demand. Renewables tend to supplement, rather than replace, fossil capacity, although output from fossil-fuelled stations will fall and some will have to retire to avoid depressing wholesale power prices. At times of low demand and high renewable output prices can turn negative, but electricity storage, long-distance interconnection, and flexible demand may develop to absorb any excess generation. Simulations for Great Britain show that while coal may be eliminated from the mix within a decade, natural gas has a long-term role in stations with or without carbon capture and storage, depending on its cost and the price of carbon.},
URL = {http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/2/282.abstract},
eprint = {http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/2/282.full.pdf+html},
journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy}
}

@article{Siddi2016,
author={Siddi, Marco},
title={The EU's Gas Relationship With Russia: Solving Current Disputes And Strengthening Energy Security},
journal={Asia Europe Journal},
year={2016},
pages={1--11},
abstract={This article analyses the current state of the gas relationship between the European Union (EU) and Russia and assesses its future prospects. It highlights that Russia has been an important supplier of gas to the European Union for more than four decades. However, the EU-Russia gas trade currently faces uncertainty over the regular transit of Russian gas via Ukraine, the construction of new pipelines and the implementation of EU legislation concerning the Union's gas market. As the EU and Russia will remain interdependent in the gas sector at least for the next decade, it is in both sides' interest to resolve these issues. The EU should both strengthen the security of its import routes for Russian gas and reduce the vulnerability of individual member states to supply shocks. Simultaneously, the EU would do well to increase the production of renewable energy and boost energy efficiency, which would reduce its dependence on external suppliers of fossil fuels.},
issn={1612-1031},
doi={10.1007/s10308-016-0452-3},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-016-0452-3}
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141,
  author   = {Licínia Simão},
  journal  = {Small Wars \& Insurgencies},
  title    = {The Ukrainian Conflict In Russian Foreign Policy: Rethinking The Interconnections Between Domestic And Foreign Policy Strategies},
  year     = {2016},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {491-511},
  volume   = {27},
  abstract = {This article analyses Russia’s role in the Ukrainian crisis in the context of Moscow’s foreign policy historical development, underlining patterns of continuity and change in its policies towards the CIS. It argues that Russian foreign policy towards Ukraine results from a combination of two trends, reinforcing a Russian interventionist agenda: perceived threats to Russia’s interests in the near abroad and a radicalised and conservative national spectrum shaping foreign policy decisions. The combination of domestic and external factors driving Russia’s agenda in the near abroad raises important challenges for Russian society and its leaders as it does for its neighbours and partners.},
  doi      = {10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1171285,
  author   = {Vsevolod Samokhvalov},
  journal  = {European Politics and Society},
  title    = {The New Eurasia: Post-Soviet Space Between Russia, Europe And China},
  year     = {0},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {1-15},
  volume   = {0},
  abstract = {The research of Eurasian regionalism mostly focuses on the Eurasian core, for example, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, which have been pursuing a more exclusive and closer form of integration – Customs Union/Eurasian Economic Union. Other countries of the post-Soviet space are often described as post-Soviet ‘escapists’ or ‘isolationists’ and mostly discounted in the analyses of the Eurasian regionalism. The paper looks at six post-Soviet states, who opted out from the Eurasian Economic Union, and analyse their interaction with the EEU. The paper argues that despite tensions in relations with Russia, most of these countries are reluctant to entirely disrupt their economic relations with the post-Soviet Eurasia. The paper argues that six countries of the post-Soviet Eurasian periphery effectively pursue policies of a looser form association with the Eurasian core. This finding allows to argue that Eurasian regionalism, similarly to its European model, consists of the core and outer circle. The outer circle is featured by overlapping regional arrangements and growing presence of external powers and growing number of transit and trade flows linking this Eurasian periphery with the West and Asia.},
  doi      = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1171285},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1171285},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1171285},
}


@article {INTA:INTA12600,
author = {WIGELL, MIKAEL and VIHMA, ANTTO},
title = {Geopolitics Versus Geoeconomics: The Case Of Russia's Geostrategy And Its Effects On The EU},
journal = {International Affairs},
volume = {92},
number = {3},
issn = {1468-2346},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12600},
doi = {10.1111/1468-2346.12600},
pages = {605--627},
year = {2016},
abstract = {Geopolitics and geoeconomics are often addressed together, with the latter seen as a sub-variant of the former. This article shows the usefulness of differentiating them at a conceptual level. By juxtaposing traditional geopolitics and geoeconomics, we suggest that they have remarkably different qualities and implications for their targets, on both national and international levels. Importantly, these include the formation of alliances, and whether they are driven by balancing, bandwagoning or underbalancing dynamics. An analysis of Russia's shifting geostrategy towards Europe shows these differences in practice. Russian geoeconomics has long been successful as a ‘wedge strategy’, dividing the EU. As a result, the EU has underbalanced and its Russia policies have been incoherent. The observable tendencies in 2014–15 towards a more coherent European approach can be explained by the changing emphasis in Russia's geostrategy. Russia's turn to geopolitics works as a centripetal force, causing a relative increase in EU unity. Centripetal tendencies due to heightened threat perception can be observed in the economic sanctions, emerging German leadership in EU foreign policy, and discussion on energy union. The analysis calls for more attention to the way strategic choices—geopolitics versus geoeconomics—affect the coherence of threatened states and alliance patterns.},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/09700161.2016.1165468,
  author   = {Sreemati Ganguli},
  journal  = {Strategic Analysis},
  title    = {Energy Interdependence As A Strategic Factor In The Post-Cold War Context},
  year     = {2016},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {185-198},
  volume   = {40},
  abstract = {AbstractEnergy, as a resource, has been considered only as a factor of complex geopolitical rivalries and geo-economic calculations globally. This article, on the other hand, attempts to analyse a parallel trend in the post-Cold War international scenario, a trend that shows how energy gains global relevance as a vector of alliance and a link for interdependence, and how economic and environmental challenges have become the compelling factors to push competitors to turn into allies and partners.},
  doi      = {10.1080/09700161.2016.1165468},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2016.1165468},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2016.1165468},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/23340460.2016.1163775,
  author   = {Cristian Nitoiu},
  journal  = {Global Affairs},
  title    = {Russia And The EU’s Quest For Status: The Path To Conflict In The Post-Soviet Space},
  year     = {0},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {1-11},
  volume   = {0},
  abstract = {This article suggests that both the EU and Russia sought to achieve the great power status by enhancing their presence in the post-Soviet space. Conflict has arisen as the status seeking efforts of the two have been transformed into a dangerous zero-sum game. Moscow’s actions in Ukraine prompted the EU to adopt a more conflictual attitude, where it now actively aims to counteract Moscow’s influence. This transformed Russia and the EU’s status seeking efforts into a deep security dilemma. Both actors perceive that maintaining their influence in the region is crucial for maintaining their status. Rather than seeking a mutually and sustainable agreement that would give equal importance to Ukraine’s interests, the EU and Russia draw more red lines, and revert to cold war rhetoric. In the short term this behaviour will put their status seeking efforts even more at odds with each other and deepen the conflict.},
  doi      = {10.1080/23340460.2016.1163775},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.116377},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1163775},
}

@Article{ValdésLucas20161032,
  author   = {Javier Noel Valdés Lucas and Gonzalo Escribano Francés and Enrique San Martín González},
  journal  = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  title    = {Energy Security And Renewable Energy Deployment In The EU: Liaisons Dangereuses Or Virtuous Circle?},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {1364-0321},
  pages    = {1032 - 1046},
  volume   = {62},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.069},
  keywords = {Energy security, Renewable energy, Energy diversification, European Union, Energy policy},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116301022},
}

@article{10.2307/20031912,
 ISSN = {00157120},
 URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20031912},
 author = {Daniel Yergin},
 journal = {Foreign Affairs},
 number = {2},
 pages = {69-82},
 publisher = {Council on Foreign Relations},
 title = {Ensuring Energy Security},
 volume = {85},
 year = {2006},
 abstract = {The institutions and policies that were set up after the 1973 Arab oil embargo can no longer meet the needs of energy consumers or producers. The definition of energy security needs to be expanded to cope with the challenges of a globalized world.},
}

@Article{Gracceva2014335,
  author   = {Francesco Gracceva and Peter Zeniewski},
  journal  = {Applied Energy},
  title    = {A Systemic Approach To Assessing Energy Security In A Low-Carbon \{EU\} Energy System},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {0306-2619},
  pages    = {335 - 348},
  volume   = {123},
  abstract = {Abstract Until now, the complex relationship between energy security and climate change has been addressed using a partial understanding of security, one that is based on simplified indicators such as import dependence or fuel mix diversity. As a consequence, the synergies and trade-offs between climate change and energy security policies have not been systematically explored according to a wider understanding of the latter concept. The purpose of this article is to resolve the resulting knowledge gap by proposing a theoretical approach to energy security that is consistent with its multi-dimensional nature, taking into account the whole energy supply chain. Five key ‘systemic’ properties of energy security will be identified – namely, stability, flexibility, adequacy, resilience and robustness. The paper proposes a novel framework to assess energy security and uses this framework to develop a comprehensive approach to the interactions between climate change policies and energy security. The impact of a low-carbon scenario on one of these five properties (long-term robustness) will be assessed using a complex multi-regional energy system model. The results demonstrate how this scenario induces structural changes along the whole energy supply chain, revealing dynamic vulnerabilities and trade-offs that are not adequately accounted for by existing indicator-based assessments. Finally, the paper provides solid foundations for further analysis of these trade-offs using more detailed sectoral models.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.018},
  keywords = {Energy security, Low carbon, Energy system analysis, Times Integrated Assessment Model (TIAM)},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913010179},
}

@Article{Kiriyama2014415,
  author   = {Eriko Kiriyama and Yuya Kajikawa},
  journal  = {Applied Energy},
  title    = {A Multilayered Analysis Of Energy Security Research And The Energy Supply Process},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {0306-2619},
  pages    = {415 - 423},
  volume   = {123},
  abstract = {Abstract After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a reassessment of the energy system is needed in order to include such aspects as human security and resilience. More open and careful discussions are needed concerning the various risks and uncertainties of future energy options, both in Japan and globally. In this paper, we aim to offer a fundamental basis for discourse on energy security by analyzing the status and trends in academic publications on that issue. Our bibliometrics analysis indicates that research has shifted from promoting strategies for ensuring the self-sufficiency of the primary energy to diversification of the secondary energy supply chain by introducing energy networks consisting of an infrastructure established through international coordination. In the literature, the concept of energy security is ambiguous and allows for multiple interpretations. Our results illustrate the existence of highly multidisciplinary topics within energy security, which can be categorized into four perspectives: geopolitical, economic, policy related, and technological.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.026},
  keywords = {Energy security, Energy policy, Energy supply chain, Network analysis},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914000452},
}

@Article{Chester2010887,
  author   = {Lynne Chester},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Conceptualising Energy Security And Making Explicit Its Polysemic Nature},
  year     = {2010},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  number   = {2},
  pages    = {887 - 895},
  volume   = {38},
  abstract = {Twenty-first century access to energy sources depends on a complex system of global markets, vast cross-border infrastructure networks, a small group of primary energy suppliers, and interdependencies with financial markets and technology. This is the context in which energy security has risen high on the policy agenda of governments around the world and the term ‘energy security’ has quietly slipped into the energy lexicon. The limited discourse about the nature of the term or its underlying assumptions has been totally eclipsed by an almost overwhelming focus on securing supplies of primary energy sources and geopolitics. An examination of explicit and inferred definitions finds that the concept of energy security is inherently slippery because it is polysemic in nature, capable of holding multiple dimensions and taking on different specificities depending on the country (or continent), timeframe or energy source to which it is applied. This ‘slipperiness’ poses analytical, prediction and policy difficulties but if explicitly recognised through definitional clarity, new levels of understanding will enrich the policy debate to deal with obstacles impacting on the constantly evolving nature of energy security.},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.039},
  keywords = {Energy regime, Energy security, Security of supply},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509007861},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1186980,
  author   = {Christian Dargnat},
  journal  = {Survival},
  title    = {China’s Shifting Geo-Economic Strategy},
  year     = {2016},
  number   = {3},
  pages    = {63-76},
  volume   = {58},
  abstract = {If Xi’s project fails, we can expect an economic and geopolitical Chinese withdrawal, extremely dangerous for both China and the world.},
  doi      = {10.1080/00396338.2016.1186980},
  eprint   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186980},
  url      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186980},
}

@article{doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1186988,
author = {Brian G. Carlson},
title = {China–Russia Relations And The Inertia Of History},
journal = {Survival},
volume = {58},
number = {3},
pages = {213-222},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1080/00396338.2016.1186988},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186988},
eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186988}
,
abstract = {Though there are many arguments against it, the possibility of an anti-Western, China–Russia alliance has re-emerged with new urgency.}
}

@Article{Jonsson201548,
  author   = {Daniel K. Jonsson and Bengt Johansson and André Månsson and Lars J. Nilsson and Måns Nilsson and Hannes Sonnsjö},
  journal  = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  title    = {Energy Security Matters In The \{EU\} Energy Roadmap},
  year     = {2015},
  issn     = {2211-467X},
  pages    = {48 - 56},
  volume   = {6},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2015.03.002},
  keywords = {Energy security, Security of supply, Climate change mitigation, EU Energy Roadmap, Low-carbon scenarios},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X1500005X},
}

@Article{Ang20151077,
  author   = {B.W. Ang and W.L. Choong and T.S. Ng},
  journal  = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  title    = {Energy Security: Definitions, Dimensions And Indexes},
  year     = {2015},
  issn     = {1364-0321},
  pages    = {1077 - 1093},
  volume   = {42},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.064},
  keywords = {Energy security, Energy security indicators, Energy security indexes},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114008892},
}

@Article{Strambo20151,
  author   = {Claudia Strambo and Måns Nilsson and André Månsson},
  journal  = {Energy Research & Social Science},
  title    = {Coherent Or inconsistent? Assessing Energy Security And Climate Policy Interaction Within The European Union},
  year     = {2015},
  issn     = {2214-6296},
  pages    = {1 - 12},
  volume   = {8},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.04.004},
  keywords = {Europe, Coherence, Security, Energy, Mitigation},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221462961500047X},
}

@Article{Narula2015148,
  author   = {Kapil Narula and B. Sudhakara Reddy},
  journal  = {Energy},
  title    = {Three Blind Men And An Elephant: The Case Of Energy Indices To Measure Energy Security And Energy Sustainability},
  year     = {2015},
  issn     = {0360-5442},
  pages    = {148 - 158},
  volume   = {80},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.055},
  keywords = {Energy security, Energy sustainability, Indicators, Energy index},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214013103},
}

@Article{Cherp2014415,
  author   = {Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {The Concept Of Energy Security: Beyond The Four As},
  year     = {2014},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {415 - 421},
  volume   = {75},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.005},
  keywords = {Energy security, Security of supply, Affordability},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514004960},
}

@Article{Gueldry2016,
author="Gueldry, Michel
and Liang, Wei",
title="China's Global Energy Diplomacy: Behavior Normalization Through Economic Interdependence Or Resource Neo-Mercantilism And Power Politics?",
journal="Journal of Chinese Political Science",
year="2016",
pages="1--24",
abstract="The magnitude of China's energy needs and global energy acquisitions, and their recent emergence as key features of the international system, raise many sensitive questions: will China adapt to or reshape the international system as historically defined by the hegemonic West, and what is the role of its energy policy, politics, and resource nationalism in a possible new Great Game? While much of the current literature posits an either/or approach (China adapts to energy market or tries to redefine them as a part of a wider political plan), our hypothesis is that China is essentially a pragmatic actor who reacts to the forces in presence, rather than a revisionist power with a grand plan to realign the world order to suit its needs and satisfy some kind of pre-established grand vision. We posit that China goes beyond conformity with or resistance to the established energy market and the power relations they underpin: While local circumstances may be considered variables, its fixed objective is a stable international order and the pragmatic satisfaction of its energy needs in order to insure continued economic growth and general stability at home.",
issn="1874-6357",
doi="10.1007/s11366-016-9405-3",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11366-016-9405-3"
}

@Article{Mitrova201619,
  author   = {Tatiana Mitrova and Tim Boersma and Anna Galkina},
  journal  = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  title    = {Some Future Scenarios Of Russian Natural Gas In Europe},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {2211-467X},
  pages    = {19 - 28},
  volume   = {11–12},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2016.06.001},
  keywords = {Natural gas, European Union, Russia, Scenarios},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X16300141},
}

@Article{Stram2016,
  author   = {Bruce N. Stram},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Key Challenges To Expanding Renewable Energy},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {-},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.034},
  keywords = {Renewable electric grid integration, Renewable electricity generation, Renewable energy costs, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy, Energy poverty},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516302646},
}

@Article{Austvik2016,
  author   = {Ole Gunnar Austvik},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {The Energy Union And Security-Of-Gas Supply},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {372 - 382},
  volume   = {96},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.06.013},
  keywords = {Energy Union, Natural gas, Russia, Gazprom, Energy security},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516302968},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/09512748.2016.1201129,
  author  = {Elizabeth Wishnick},
  journal = {The Pacific Review},
  title   = {In Search Of The ‘Other’ In Asia: Russia–China Relations Revisited},
  year    = {0},
  number  = {0},
  pages   = {1-19},
  volume  = {0},
  doi     = {10.1080/09512748.2016.1201129},
  eprint  = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201129},
  url     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201129},
}


@Article{Correljé2016,
author="Correlj{\'e}, Aad",
title="The European Natural Gas Market",
journal="Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports",
year="2016",
pages="1--7",
abstract="The European Union started the introduction of competition in the European market for natural gas. Today, mid-2016, the process of restructuring is still going on. In parallel, important changes in geopolitical, environmental and technological determinants can be observed in the European and global energy and gas markets. These changes have been highly influential in generating `reactive' policies in the European Union, both in Brussels as well as in the Member States. The evolution of the European natural gas policy creating a strongly regulated version of a `well-functioning' gas market remains a highly politicized and instable experiment. The values attached to natural gas are constantly shifting between the economics, to security of supply and sustainability. Moreover, the importance attached to these values and their operationalization are different in the various parts of Europe. Therewith, the creation of `well-functioning' EU gas market will always remain a politicized and never ending story.",
issn="2196-3010",
doi="10.1007/s40518-016-0048-y",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40518-016-0048-y"
}
{doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1215374,
author = {Filippos Proedrou},
title = {A new framework for EU energy security: putting sustainability first},
journal = {European Politics and Society},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
pages = {1-17},
year = {0},
doi = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1215374},

URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1215374},
eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1215374}

@Article{Peng201632,
  author   = {Donna Peng and Rahmatallah Poudineh},
  journal  = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  title    = {A Holistic Framework For The Study Of Interdependence Between Electricity And Gas Sectors},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {2211-467X},
  pages    = {32 - 52},
  volume   = {13–14},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2016.08.003},
  keywords = {Gas-to-power supply chain, Interdependency between gas and electricity sectors, SCP framework, System dynamics},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X16300347},
}

@Article{Jefferson20161,
  author   = {Michael Jefferson},
  journal  = {Energy Research & Social Science},
  title    = {Energy Realities Or Modelling: Which Is More Useful In A World Of Internal Contradictions?},
  year     = {2016},
  issn     = {2214-6296},
  pages    = {1 - 6},
  volume   = {22},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.08.006},
  keywords = {Energy modeling, Shell, Energy futures, Scenarios},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221462961630189X},
}

@Article{Wood2016,
  author  = {David A. Wood},
  journal = {Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering},
  title   = {Natural Gas Imports To Europe: The Frontline Of Competition Between \{LNG\} And Pipeline Supplies},
  year    = {2016},
  issn    = {1875-5100},
  pages   = {-},
  doi     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.09.065},
  url     = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510016307053},
}

@Article{doi:10.1080/14650045.2016.1222520,
  author  = {Andrew Judge and Tomas Maltby and Jack D. Sharples},
  journal = {Geopolitics},
  title   = {Challenging Reductionism In Analyses Of EU-Russia Energy Relations},
  year    = {2016},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {751-762},
  volume  = {21},
  doi     = {10.1080/14650045.2016.1222520},
  eprint  = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1222520},
  url     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1222520},
}


@Inbook{Sakai2017,
author="Sakai, Satoshi",
editor="Huang, Jing
and Korolev, Alexander",
title="Russia And Energy Transactions In Northeast Asia",
bookTitle="The Political Economy Of Pacific Russia: Regional Developments In East Asia",
year="2017",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="129--155",
isbn="978-3-319-40120-1",
doi="10.1007/978-3-319-40120-1_6",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40120-1_6"
}

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Framework For Evaluating Global National Energy Security
JO  - Applied Energy
VL  - 188
IS  -
SP  - 19
EP  - 31
PY  - 2017/2/15/
T2  -
AU  - Wang, Qiang
AU  - Zhou, Kan
SN  - 0306-2619
DO  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.116
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916317470
KW  - Energy security
KW  - Assessment modelling
KW  - Distribution pattern
KW  - Global ES performance
ER  -

@Article{Lee2017199,
  author   = {Yusin Lee},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Interdependence, Issue Importance, And The 2009 Russia-Ukraine Gas Conflict},
  year     = {2017},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {199 - 209},
  volume   = {102},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.038},
  keywords = {Russia, Ukraine, Gas, Pipeline, Interdependence, Conflict},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516306437},
}

@Article{Conrad2017644,
  author   = {Björn Conrad and Genia Kostka},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Chinese Investments In Europe's Energy Sector: Risks And Opportunities?},
  year     = {2017},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {644 - 648},
  volume   = {101},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.016},
  keywords = {Chinese investments, EU, Energy sector, FDI, Renewable energy},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516306711},
}

@Article{Ruble2017341,
  author   = {Isabella Ruble},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {European Union Energy Supply Security: The Benefits Of Natural Gas Imports From The Eastern Mediterranean},
  year     = {2017},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {341 - 353},
  volume   = {105},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.010},
  keywords = {Natural gas, Energy security, Energy policy, European Union, Eastern Mediterranean},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517301507},
}

@Article{Stulberg2017,
  author   = {Adam N. Stulberg},
  journal  = {Energy Research & Social Science},
  title    = {Natural Gas And The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: Strategic Restraint And The Emerging Europe-Eurasia Gas Network},
  year     = {2017},
  issn     = {2214-6296},
  pages    = {-},
  doi      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.12.017},
  keywords = {Energy Security, Gazprom, Energy Networks, Russia},
  url      = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629616303206},
}





@Article{Boersma2017,
author="Boersma, Tim
and Jordaan, Sarah M.",
title="Whatever Happened To the Golden Age Of Natural Gas?",
journal="Energy Transitions",
year="2017",
month="Aug",
day="21",
volume="1",
number="2",
pages="5",
abstract="Recent technology innovation in the natural gas industry has powered a shale gas boom, enabling the narrative that natural gas is a transition fuel to a low-carbon future. However, this narrative has not manifested itself uniformly around the world and, more fundamentally, it must be tested and revised periodically to reflect rapidly changing market, supply chain, and environmental realities. The growth in production has put downward pressure on prices, incentivized increased consumption and trade in the coming years, leading to the coming of age of the global market for liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG from areas with high levels of production can increasingly respond to demand growth elsewhere; however, questions about infrastructure availability, competition with other energy sources, and end use blur our understanding about environmental outcomes. New markets for natural gas face new medium and long-term challenges through capital investments in long-term infrastructure which creates a risk of displacing lower carbon options and prolonging higher emitting facilities. We explore the narrative of natural gas as a transition fuel, and how it has thus far manifested itself in various key markets. The United States is our region of focus on the supply side due to the recent shale gas boom and emission reductions from the coal-to-gas transition in the power sector. We make reference to producing regions involved in the international trade of liquefied natural gas. Questions related to demand from the European Union, OECD Asia, and parts of non-OECD Asia are discussed. China and India---representing the centers of prolific anticipated demand growth---are discussed in terms of challenges to domestic supply growth and competing environmental and political objectives.",
issn="2520-114X",
doi="10.1007/s41825-017-0005-4",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41825-017-0005-4"
}

@Article{Krzykowski2017534,
  author   = {Michał Krzykowski and Karolina Krzykowska},
  journal  = {Energy Policy},
  title    = {Will The European Commission's Policy Hinder Gas Supplies To Central And Eastern European Countries? \{OPAL\} Case Decision},
  year     = {2017},
  issn     = {0301-4215},
  pages    = {534 - 541},
  volume   = {110},
  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.08.041},
  keywords = {Opal pipeline, Gas market, Exemption decisions},
  url      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517305451},
}

@Article{Kustova2019,
author="Kustova, Irina and Egenhofer, Christian",
title="The EU Electricity Sector Will Need Reform, Again",
journal="Intereconomics",
year="2019",
month="Nov",
day="01",
volume="54",
number="6",
pages="332--338",
abstract="The low-carbon transition, for example in line with the European Commission's proposed Long-Term Strategy1 net-zero2 target by 2050 or the Commission President-elect `climate neutrality' objective, will require a very large increase in electricity, especially for low-carbon solutions in mobility, heating and cooling and the decarbonisation of energy-intensive industries",
issn="1613-964X",
doi="10.1007/s10272-019-0849-5",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0849-5"
}


@article{Giber_2019,
author="Giver, Valeria",
title={The energy policy of the European Union and China toward the Arctic in view of falling oil and gas prices, climate change and low-carbon economies}, volume={5}, url={https://www.ecocycles.eu/ojs/index.php/ecocycles/article/view/155},
DOI={10.19040/ecocycles.v5i2.155},
number={2},
journal={Ecocycles},
year={2019}, month={Dec.}, pages={80-96} }



@Inbook{Czarny2020,
author="Czarny, Ryszard M.",
title="Energy Policy of the European Union in the Twenty-First Century",
bookTitle="The Nordic Dimension of Energy Security",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="67--99",
abstract="The security of electricity, natural gas and crude oil supply in the EU countries is regulated by a number of EU legal acts. However, taking into account many aspects: historical, business, geopolitical, legal, and even emotional, it should be remembered that it is still important to establish a framework for cooperation between the activities of the European Community and those of other countries, in particular the Russian Federation, all the more so as if we had remained with the solutions from the early twenty-first century, in 20--30 years the EU's dependence on energy imports would have increased to 70{\%}. Ensuring energy security is becoming one of the most important priorities in this situation.",
isbn="978-3-030-37043-5",
doi="10.1007/978-3-030-37043-5_4",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37043-5_4"
}
{SPD2755,
    author = {John Paravantis},
	title = {Dimensions, Components and Metrics of Energy Security: Review and Synthesis},
	journal = {SPOUDAI - Journal of Economics and Business},
	volume = {69},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Energy security, energy security index, expert interviews, geopolitics},
	abstract = {Size, technological scale and monetary investment have kept energy connected to geopolitical contention. With the shale revolution putting peak oil concerns aside and the global rearrangement of energy consumer and producer roles, the emergence of China and India have focused attention on energy security. This paper reviews tens of dimensions, components and metrics that may be used to define energy security, and the methods that may be used to calculate an energy security index. The 4As (availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability), the five Ss (surety, survivability, supply, sufficiency and sustainability) and other similar approaches are discussed with corresponding metrics. A concise and inclusive novel energy security index is synthesized, with seven no overlapping dimensions: physical availability, technology development, economic affordability, social accessibility, governance, unconventional threats, and natural environment. Since the dimensions of an energy security index are not perceived as having equal importance by different economic actors or the research literature, a small group of energy, economics, technology, geopolitics and environment experts was asked to rate their importance of the seven dimensions of the proposed index. Physical availability was rated as the most important, and natural environment as the least important dimension. In forthcoming research, this energy security index will be combined with the appropriate qualitative methods to reframe geopolitical problems.

JEL Classification: Q34, Q35,
	issn = {2241-424X},	pages = {38--52},	url = {https://spoudai.unipi.gr/index.php/spoudai/article/view/2755}
}

@article{Gholizadeh_2020,
	doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/424/1/012006},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F424%2F1%2F012006},
	year = 2020,
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {{IOP} Publishing},
	volume = {424},
	pages = {012006},
	author = {Ali Gholizadeh and Yilin Gong and Qiang Huang},
	title = {Exploring China's energy situation through One Belt And One Road},
	journal = {{IOP} Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science},
	abstract = {Energy refers to various resources that can be directly obtained or be obtained through processing or conversion, including coal, crude oil, natural gas, coal-bed methane, water energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and other primary energy, electricity, thermal energy, refined oil and other secondary energy, as well as other new and renewable energy. Energy is an important material basis of national economy, and the future national destiny depends on the control of energy. The development and efficient use of energy and per capita consumption are important indicators of production technology and living standards. This paper analyzes the relationship between China’s energy status and One Belt And One Road security from the aspects of China’s energy status, China’s energy consumption in the next 30 years, China’s various energy basic conditions and important energy policies related to countries along the silk road. It is found that “The Belt And Road” strategy provides support and conditions for China’s energy development.}
}
@Inbook{Nesterenko2020,
author="Nesterenko, Iryna",
editor="Rewizorski, Marek
and J{\k{e}}drzejowska, Karina
and Wr{\'o}bel, Anna",
title="European Energy Governance: The Pursuit of a Common External Energy Policy and the Domestic Politics of EU Member States Preferences",
bookTitle="The Future of Global Economic Governance: Challenges and Prospects in the Age of Uncertainty",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="141--160",
abstract="The need to establish a common external energy policy in the EU emerges from rapid changes in the international system. Rising competition for the available resources, increasing demand for the fossil fuels in China and India, alongside the gas markets' structural changes from regional to global, means high supply security risks of existing energy imports of the EU member states. Considering these international shifts, it is therefore puzzling why until now no meaningful common external energy policy had emerged in the EU. I argue that the preferences of member states' governments are being influenced by domestic economic interest groups and geopolitical relations with the suppliers. Based on the selected country cases of Germany, Poland, France and Spain this chapter (I) analyses the process of domestic preference formation of these countries towards their main gas suppliers---Russia and Algeria; and (II) examines what role geopolitics play in this policy domain.",
isbn="978-3-030-35336-0",
doi="10.1007/978-3-030-35336-0_10",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35336-0_10"
}


@Inbook{Ediger2020,
author="Ediger, Volkan {\c{S}}.
and Bowlus, John V.
and Ayd{\i}n, Mustafa",
editor="Dorsman, Andr{\'e}
and Arslan-Ayaydin, {\"O}zg{\"u}r
and Thewissen, James",
title="Geopolitics and Gas-Transit Security Through Pipelines",
bookTitle="Regulations in the Energy Industry: Financial, Economic and Legal Implications",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="85--106",
abstract="Hydrocarbons are valuable only if they can be transited from where they are produced to where they are consumed. Despite the enduring importance of transit to the global energy system, the topic did not begin to be extensively analyzed until contentious relations between Russia and Ukraine disrupted natural gas flows to Europe in 2006. This chapter examines the geopolitics and security of transiting gas through pipelines by exploring the connection between geography, global energy strategies, and natural gas markets. Gas has grown in recent years as a percentage of global energy consumption and is helping the world transition to a cleaner energy regime. At the same time, it is intensifying the contest for and control of gas-transit routes. Russia, the world's second-largest producer, has built new pipelines to Europe since 2006 in order to diversify its flow from relying on Ukraine, while the USA, the world's largest gas producer, is increasingly exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) through sea routes mostly controlled by the US navy. We argue that geostrategic calculations will more profoundly affect gas transit in the future and that countries that rely solely on market or commercial factors for their gas-transit security will become increasingly vulnerable to geopolitical volatility.",
isbn="978-3-030-32296-0",
doi="10.1007/978-3-030-32296-0_6",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32296-0_6"
}
 { MeasuringEnergySecurity,
      author = "Prakash Loungani and Frederick Joutz and Gail Cohen",
      title = "Measuring Energy Security",
      year = "2011",
      publisher = "INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND",
      address = "USA",
      isbn = "9781455217878",
      pages:      "",
      url = "https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11671-9781455217878/11671-9781455217878/11671-9781455217878_A001.xml"
}


@article{HASANOV2020100464,
title = "The role of Azeri natural gas in meeting European Union energy security needs",
journal = "Energy Strategy Reviews",
volume = "28",
pages = "100464",
year = "2020",
issn = "2211-467X",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100464",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X20300183",
author = "Fakhri J. Hasanov and Ceyhun Mahmudlu and Kaushik Deb and Shamkhal Abilov and Orkhan Hasanov",
keywords = "Natural gas, European Union, Energy security, Southern gas corridor, Rational choice institutionalism, Azerbaijan",
abstract = "Meeting the European Union's natural gas demand will require increasing volumes of imports in the foreseeable future. Recognizing the need to ensure uninterrupted and secure supplies of natural gas imports at all times, the European Union (EU) has actively sought to diversify its sources of supply, including obtaining natural gas from Azerbaijan through the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC). In pursuit of this objective, the EU has provided financial support for parts of the Southern Gas Corridor. In this paper, a combination of cost economics and Rational Choice Institutionalism (RCI) framework has been used to explain the policy choice made by the EU to support the SGC. We observe, that the choice of using the SGC as a supply source has been despite the relatively higher cost of delivery of Azeri natural gas into the EU. The motivation for the EU here is characterized by the strategic importance and part of its efforts to diversify sources of supply in the RCI framework. In this context, the EU is delivering energy security services to its member states who in turn have muted their sovereign rights in exchange for a diversity in the source of supply. This is possibly the only study that measures up the economic cost against choices made under RCI in natural gas security literature."
}


@article{GASSER2020111339,
title = "A review on energy security indices to compare country performances",
journal = "Energy Policy",
volume = "139",
pages = "111339",
year = "2020",
issn = "0301-4215",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111339",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421520300963",
author = "Patrick Gasser",
keywords = "Energy security, Security of supply, Composite indicator, Index, Country ranking, Decision support",
abstract = "The use of energy security indices has been increasing recently, as indicator-based approaches are particularly suitable to model multiple dimensions and compare countries. Moreover, indices represent effective communication tools for policymakers. This paper analyzes 63 indices quantifying the energy security performance of countries. In particular, their scope, geographical coverage, number of countries analyzed, time frame covered, number of indicators considered, data treatment approach, multivariate analysis, normalization, weighting and aggregation of the indicators, and the assessment of uncertainty, sensitivity and robustness are reviewed. Results show that there is a considerable lack of transparency, especially about the selection of the indicator set, normalization method, indicator weighting scheme and aggregation function. Furthermore, the index construction steps of data treatment and multivariate analysis are either not performed or under-reported. Finally, only few studies provide an uncertainty, sensitivity or robustness analysis, even though such an analysis has the potential to greatly improve the confidence into the results. Based on the findings of this paper, research gaps are identified and recommendations for future research provided. Even though the present analysis was conducted on energy security, the findings can be applied to indices in any field in order to support well-informed decision-making."
}
 { BeltRoadinitiativeandRussiaFrommistrusttowardscooperation,
      author = "Ladislav Zemánek",
      title = "Belt & Road initiative and Russia: From mistrust towards cooperation",
      journal = "Human Affairs",
      year = "2020",
      publisher = "De Gruyter",
      address = "Berlin, Boston",
      volume = "30",
      number = "2",
      pages:      "199 - 211",
      url = "https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/humaff/30/2/article-p199.xml"
}


@Inbook{Kurdin2020,
author="Kurdin, Alexander",
editor="Diesen, Glenn
and Lukin, Alexander",
title="Energy in World Politics",
bookTitle="Russia in a Changing World",
year="2020",
publisher="Springer Singapore",
address="Singapore",
pages="143--159",
abstract="Energy markets are often considered among the most important topics of the global political and economic agenda due to several reasons. The first reason is their relative scope in terms of international flows of goods. Although the list of most actively traded goods varies depending on relative prices, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas are usually on its top. For example, in 2018, crude oil was the most traded good in the global markets with {\$}1110 billion of sales, while petroleum products occupied the third place with {\$}807 billion of sales, and natural gas was on the 17th position. The second reason is the influence of energy markets on the rest of the economy through energy supplies, in other words, the dependence of other industries on the reliability and costs of energy sources. The third reason is the direct connection between the development of energy sector and the solution to important sustainability problems, including at least two challenges from the UN's list of Sustainable Development Goals: ``Affordable and clean energy'' and ``Climate action''.",
isbn="978-981-15-1895-9",
doi="10.1007/978-981-15-1895-9_8",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1895-9_8"
}

@Article{doi:10.1142/S2194565920500050,
  author   = {IGNATOV, AUGUSTIN},
  journal  = {Global Economy Journal},
  title    = {ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RELATED POLICY FRAMEWORK},
  year     = {0},
  number   = {0},
  pages    = {1-27},
  volume   = {0},
  abstract = {The European Union (EU) is the third largest energy market on the planet following China and USA, consuming more than 1.6 million tons of oil equivalent, this fact determining the community’s strength. Nevertheless, this strength is valid only in the case when the market is consolidated, therefore, the strategic goal of the community is to avoid splitting the EU’s market into individual member states considering both the economic and political aspects, the force of which is considerably more reduced. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the energy market of the European Union and determine the key weaknesses which threaten the community’s security in this area. At the same time, it is presupposed to identify the key initiatives through which the European Union aspires to consolidate the energy market’s integrity in the conditions of growing international competition and changing geopolitical environment. To reach these specific goals, a subset of objectives which are expected to be achieved by applying both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies has been selected. The results reached show that the European Union’s efforts are insufficient to consolidate the energy market and deepen the integration, nevertheless, the proposed plans are promising, offering the community a favorable perspective.},
  doi      = {10.1142/S2194565920500050},
  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S2194565920500050},
  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S2194565920500050},
}



@article{SUTRISNO202024,
title = "EU gas infrastructure resilience: Competition, internal changes, and renewable energy pressure",
journal = "Energy Reports",
volume = "6",
pages = "24 - 30",
year = "2020",
note = "The 7th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research—“Driving Energy and Environment in 2020 Towards A Sustainable Future”",
issn = "2352-4847",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.016",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472031369X",
author = "Aziiz Sutrisno and Floor Alkemade",
keywords = "Energy security, Network model, Crises resiliency, Gas infrastructure robustness",
abstract = "Natural gas security has been at the center of European energy policy in the past decade. The perception of future scarcity drives the intention to expand the gas network. However, many of the gas infrastructure expansion plans went in contrast to the spirit of energy security. Such policies lead to a decreasing diversity and expose the system vulnerability for future disruptions. Given recent developments, another gas supply crisis like 2009 might have a different impact. In this study, we investigate the robustness of the current EU gas infrastructure to withstand potential disruptions. We used a network simulation model to simulate the demand and supply balance of the European gas market. The study includes a climatic feature of the gas hubs, potential consumption profile changes, and supply competition with the East Asian market. Our result suggests that the European gas market is not as sensitive as it has in the 2009 crisis despite these challenges. Increasing pipeline connections and new LNG terminals built after 2009 provide spare capacity as the demand growth is slower than expected due to mild winters in recent years. Furthermore, abundant LNG suppliers offer more options to mitigate the price effect and to avoid demand curtailment."
}

@Article{Skjaerseth2021,
  author   = {Skjærseth, Jon Birger},
  journal  = {International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics},
  title    = {Towards a European Green Deal: The evolution of EU climate and energy policy mixes},
  year     = {2021},
  issn     = {1573-1553},
  abstract = {A growing scholarship argues that decarbonization cannot be achieved with single instruments like carbon pricing alone. A broader mix of reinforcing policies is required. This literature focuses on how policies can accelerate technological innovation, restrict polluting activities, promote green growth, and ensure social justice. Applying the policy mix literature to the European Union (EU), this article examines the development of climate and energy policies from separate and narrow initiatives to coordinated policy packages to achieve increasingly ambitious climate targets, culminating with the European Green Deal. The starting point to explain this policy development is that EU policies will reflect the positions of the ‘least ambitious’ actors when unanimity is required. Examination of different policy phases shows that EU policy mixes are not only needed to fulfil different transition functions--they also provide opportunities to combine different actor interests to raise climate ambitions. The EU institutions have been instrumental in crafting policy packages that exempt and compensate the least climate-ambitious actors. The Paris Agreement has also provided an enabling context for higher EU ambitions. Looking towards the future, the corona-induced recession has so far mainly been used by the EU as an opportunity to strengthen climate ambitions and the European Green Deal.},
  doi      = {10.1007/s10784-021-09529-4},
  refid    = {Skjærseth2021},
  url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-021-09529-4},
}

@Article{Stefanova,
  author   = {Stefanova, Boyka M. and Zhelev, Paskal},
  journal  = {JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies},
  title    = {Testing the Premises of International Society in the European Energy Union: The Pluralism/Solidarism Nexus},
  number   = {n/a},
  volume   = {n/a},
  abstract = {Abstract This paper sheds new light on the policy reality of the European Energy Union on the example of the EU natural gas market. The paper argues that, as the energy union preserves the treaty-based parallelism between the competences of the EU and the member states, the resolution of conflicts between individual preferences and shared priorities has emerged as a measure of consolidation in the EU energy domain. Which logic prevails: the common good or the consensus will? The paper applies the concept of international society to test key hypotheses related to the pluralism/solidarism nexus in the European Energy Union. The paper concludes that individual interests and collective decision-making in the EU natural gas market are reconciled along the premises of pragmatic solidarism with demonstration effects for the regional energy system, indicative of the EU's vanguard role as a regional regulator setting the rules of energy investment and trade in Europe.},
  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13155},
  eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jcms.13155},
  keywords = {European energy union, EU natural gas market, international society, pragmatic solidarism, energy governance},
  url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcms.13155},
}

@Article{Kerscher2022,
  author   = {Selina Kerscher and Pablo Arboleya},
  journal  = {International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems},
  title    = {The key role of aggregators in the energy transition under the latest European regulatory framework},
  year     = {2022},
  issn     = {0142-0615},
  pages    = {107361},
  volume   = {134},
  abstract = {Future energy systems are reliant on the expansion and management of low-carbon technologies in order to reach climate goals. Impact studies of high-penetration intermittent renewable energy sources and electric vehicle (EV) integration in the distribution networks have demonstrated voltage violation and congestion issues. The role of a clustered coordination of distributed energy resources (DER) with a focus on aggregators is presented in terms of legal and techno-economic aspects. The latest European framework assigns aggregators a fundamental role in energy market liberalisation and DER integration towards carbon–neutral energy systems. Aggregator energy management strategies are examined for different DER scenarios, and analysed in the context of the actual situation of aggregators in Europe. The investigation aims to clearly depict how the new European policies of 2019 envision the future electricity network, in order to reevaluate the role of aggregators taking into account implemented concepts in the current market situation, and the status of aggregator research since 2015 up to date.},
  doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107361},
  keywords = {Aggregators, Distributed energy resources, Demand response, Electricity market, Flexibility, Smart grid, Distribution network operation, Electric vehicles, Energy storage},
  url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061521006001},
}

@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}