diff --git a/03_Reactor_Control.md b/03_Reactor_Control.md index c6cc792..c553506 100644 --- a/03_Reactor_Control.md +++ b/03_Reactor_Control.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ # Reactor Control -Reactor is controlled primarly by the means of movement of control rods. Rods are pulled out of the core and pushed back inside with Rods Control lever (*in Unit #2 Rods Movement switch*) in either Group Control or All Control. In Group Control only selected rods will move, while in All Control all rods will be moved equally. Movement speed can be chosen between S - Slow, M - Medium, F - Fast. In Group Control rods can be moved much quicker and the speed depends also on how many of them are selected. +Reactor is controlled primarily by the means of movement of control rods. Rods are pulled out of the core and pushed back inside with Rods Control lever (*in Unit #2 Rods Movement switch*) in either Group Control or All Control. In Group Control only selected rods will move, while in All Control all rods will be moved equally. Movement speed can be chosen between S - Slow, M - Medium, F - Fast. In Group Control rods can be moved much quicker and the speed also depends on how many of them are selected. # Reactor Period Several indicators are used to control reactor power. The most important indicator is the Reactor Period. Reactor Period tells us in how many seconds power of the reactor will triple (exactly in how many seconds it changes by the factor of e = 2.71...). Low reactor periods ~ 30 seconds indicate quick changes, large reactor periods ~ 1000 indicate slow changes. When period is at infinity the reactor is at stable constant power. Negative periods indicate power dropping. -At all time positive periods should be held above 30 seconds and reactor will SCRAM if period is below 20 seconds. For high power operations (above 10% of power) much larger periods are recommended 100-500 seconds. +At all time positive periods should be held above 30 seconds and reactor will SCRAM if period is below 20 seconds. For high power operations (above 10% of power) much larger periods are recommended (100-500 seconds). # Source Range -Source Range Monitor (SRM) is used at very low powers during initial reactor startup. This indicator doesn't provide direct reactor power it just counts the neutrons. It should be used up too few thousands of counts when operator should switch to IPR. +Source Range Monitor (SRM) is used at very low powers during initial reactor startup. This indicator doesn't provide direct reactor power, it just counts the neutrons. It should be used up to a few thousands of counts. After that, reactor operators should switch to IPR. # Intermediate Power Range -IPRM (Intermediate Power Range Monitor) consists of a 0-100% gauge and a 6 level selector (*8 levels in Unit #2*). Selector initially should be at level 1 while IPRM is observed. With growing power IPRM will raise and when around 75% (3/4 of the scale) IPRM level should be incremented to level 2. At this moment IPRM will drop to around 30% and will start to raise again. This procedure should be repeated until maximum level is reached. While IPRM doesn't give a direct measurement of reactor power it can be estimated by at which IPR level we are at the moment. Low levels indicate low power, while level 6 (*level 8 for Unit #2*) indicates heat gaining powers (around 1% of total reactor power) +IPRM (Intermediate Power Range Monitor) consists of a 0-100% gauge and a 6-level selector (*8 levels in Unit #2*). Selector initially should be at level 1 while IPRM is observed. With growing power IPRM will raise and when around 75% (3/4 of the scale) IPRM level should be incremented to level 2. At this moment IPRM will drop to around 30% and will start to raise again. This procedure should be repeated until maximum level is reached. While IPRM doesn't give a direct measurement of reactor power it can be estimated by at which IPR level we are at the moment. Low levels indicate low power, while level 6 (*level 8 for Unit #2*) indicates heat gaining powers (around 1% of total reactor power) # Average Power Range @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ APRM (Average Power Range Monitor) gives the most reliable power of the reactor # Core monitor -Core monitor shows % of rods pulled and % of maximum power for each group of rods individually. Vertical slices of the core can also be selected to see powers for each cell in the core on different depths (*In Unit #2 fuel temperatures instead of powers are shown*). Rods should be pulled individually in such a manner that total power between all groups are more or less balanced. Automatic Balancer can also be used for that. Usually the inside rods heat up quicker than outside rods although it's not always the case as this may depend on fuel quantity in each rods and xenon amount. Recirculation imbalance can also affect imbalance in parts of the core. +Core monitor shows % of rods pulled and % of maximum power for each group of rods individually. Vertical slices of the core can also be selected to see powers for each cell in the core on different depths (*In Unit #2 fuel temperatures instead of powers are shown*). Rods should be pulled individually in such a manner that total power between all groups is more or less balanced. Automatic Balancer can also be used for that. Usually the inside rods heat up quicker than outside rods although it's not always the case as this may depend on fuel quantity in each rod, and Xenon amount. Recirculation imbalance can also affect imbalance in parts of the core. # Unit 2 realistic mode diff --git a/04_Circulation.md b/04_Circulation.md index fa96852..4eddccc 100644 --- a/04_Circulation.md +++ b/04_Circulation.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ The Reactor Circulation panel is a secondary reactor control panel. In BWR reactor, raising circulation flow through the core will reduce the amount of steam voids and therefore increase reactivity. As a result, this panel can be used to raise the power independently of the control rods. -There are two circulation pumps each with pump, inlet valve and outlet valve switch. Pump should be started in following order: inlet -> pump -> outlet and stopped in following order: outlet -> pump -> inlet. Each pump also has a valve setting to order the flow. There is also a panel showing status for all jet pumps in the reactor. They are used both by circulation flow and by offline cooling system. Initially pumps should be setup at around 25% of flow (optimally 28% but not higher than 30% which would cause cavitation). +There are two circulation pumps, each with pump power switch, inlet and outlet valves. Pump should be started in following order: inlet -> pump -> outlet and stopped in following order: outlet -> pump -> inlet. Each pump also has a valve setting to order the flow. There is also a panel showing status for all jet pumps in the reactor. They are used both by circulation flow and by offline cooling system. Initially pumps should be setup at around 25% of flow (optimally 28% but not higher than 30% which would cause cavitation). -When nearing to critical state you should stop pulling rods to maintain about 20%-30% of thermal power and from that moment switch to operating the circulations flows. They are much more precise and in general a safer method (if you lose electrical power, circulation would stop and reactor would power automatically decrease). From that moment rods shouldn't be touched at all unless in emergency. Therefore, one person can easily control both panels, as you'll rarely need to operate both at the same time. +When nearing to critical state you should stop pulling rods to maintain about 20%-30% of thermal power and from that moment switch to operating the circulations flows. They are much more precise and in general a safer method (if you lose electrical power, circulation would stop and reactor power would automatically decrease). From that moment rods shouldn't be touched at all unless in emergency. Therefore, one person can easily control both panels, as you'll rarely need to operate both at the same time. diff --git a/05_Automatic_ThermalPower_Control.md b/05_Automatic_ThermalPower_Control.md index 50e870e..5703a66 100644 --- a/05_Automatic_ThermalPower_Control.md +++ b/05_Automatic_ThermalPower_Control.md @@ -3,25 +3,23 @@ ## Purpose Reactor automatic thermal power control is used to automate the process of reaching desired power and holding the setpoint. -## unit-1 -In unit-1 the automatic thermal power regulator can be found between the manual control rod operation panel and the recirculation control panel. - -## This panel consists of 3 main elements -- Pre designated power setpoints. +## Unit-1 +In unit-1 the automatic thermal power regulator can be found between the manual control rod operation panel and the recirculation control panel. This panel consists of 3 main elements: +- Pre-designated power setpoints. - Manual setpoint adjustment switch. - Regulator mode selector. -### Pre designated setpoints -The pre-designated setpoints are the most commonly required power setpoints required by the operators. These setpoints are: +### Pre-designated setpoints +The pre-designated setpoints are most commonly used by operators. These setpoints are: - 1% APR - Used when initially starting the plant 1% APR is the point reffered to as POAH (the point of adding heat), this is the point where there is enough self-sustained nuclear fission in the core to generate a noticeable amount of heat leading to a controlled system warmup. + Used when initially starting the plant. 1% APR is the point reffered to as POAH (the point of adding heat), this is the point where there is enough self-sustained nuclear fission in the core to generate a noticeable amount of heat leading to a controlled system warmup. - 5% APR At 5% APR sufficient thermal power is generated to commence the turbine startup. - 10% APR - At 10% APR, sufficient thermal power is generated to synchronize the turbine to the grid and start providing power. However, please note that this should not be done before reaching a main steam pressure of 7100 kPa. + At 10% APR, sufficient thermal power is generated to synchronize the turbine to the grid and start providing power. However, please note that this should not be done before reaching the main steam pressure of 7100 kPa. - 20% APR At 20% APR we build pressure to **7100 kPa** and then the auto pressure hold mode is enabled. @@ -43,10 +41,10 @@ On the Unit-1 Automatic thermal power regulator there are 2 modes of operation: ## *In Unit-2* ### Operational modes -*In Unit-2 the auto control has 3 modes: * +*In Unit-2 the auto control has 3 modes:* - *Circulation mode - in Circ mode the auto control utilizes its authority over pump speed of the 2 reactor recirculation pumps to increase or decrease the recirculation flow thus changing reactor power.* + In Circ mode the auto control utilizes its authority over pump speed of the 2 reactor recirculation pumps to increase or decrease the recirculation flow thus changing reactor power.* - *Rods mode In rods mode the auto control utilizes its authority over rod movement to lengthen or shorten period by inserting or pulling rods respectively.* @@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ The computer will try to smoothly reach the desired level and then hold it. Oscillations might occur due to processes affecting reactor power like negative temperature coefficient or xenon levels. -Changes in circulation flow is not effective at low temperatures and reactor powers. +Changes in circulation flow are not effective at low temperatures and reactor powers. The circulation flow can quickly reach its limit. This will be signalled with a sound notification. In that case you have to change mode to absorber movement mode. You can also control the other system manually. For example, if you see that due to xenon burnoff the computer is reducing circulation flow close to 0% it would be wise to insert control rods manually to give circulation system more margin. diff --git a/06_Turbine_Control.md b/06_Turbine_Control.md index e8714fc..8e39e05 100644 --- a/06_Turbine_Control.md +++ b/06_Turbine_Control.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ The turbine operator both operates the turbine and controls the water flow in the system, as well as the steam pressure. There are two main valves used for these purposes. The bypass valve directs steam from the separators directly to the condenser, resulting in steam wastage. It should be used when the turbine is not running or when trying to synchronize the turbine to handle excess steam flow. The turbine inlet valve directs steam through the turbine and then into the condenser again. The latter valve can obviously be used only when the turbine is running. -The amount of steam generated by the reactor depends mostly on temperature and, therefore, is influenced by reactor power. At low power levels, when there is not much steam, the operator should keep the valves closed to allow the pressure to build more quickly. On the other hand, when approaching 7 MPa of pressure, the valves should be opened to prevent further increases. The more the valves are open and the higher the reactor power, the more water will flow through the system. Therefore, everything must be coordinated with the Reactor Cooling Operator, so they can maintain proper water levels. Fast changes are not recommended, as the operator might not be able to adjust the valves quickly enough. Additionally, the Condenser operator should be aware of these changes, as steam flow dictates the amount of condenser circulation flow needed to maintain the proper vacuum level. +The amount of steam generated by the reactor depends mostly on temperature and, therefore, is influenced by reactor power. At low power levels, when there is not much steam, the operator should keep the valves closed to allow the pressure to build quicker. On the other hand, when approaching 7 MPa of pressure, the valves should be opened to prevent further increases. The more the valves are open and the higher the reactor power, the more water will flow through the system. Therefore, everything must be coordinated with the Reactor Cooling Operator, so they can maintain proper water levels. Fast changes are not recommended, as the operator might not be able to adjust the valves quickly enough. Additionally, the Condenser operator should be aware of these changes, as steam flow dictates the amount of condenser circulation flow needed to maintain the proper vacuum level. -Please be advised that the bypass valve cannot handle full reactor power. Therefore, the reactor power should not be raised too high if the turbine is not running. Only a turbine valve can maintain enough flow to cool a reactor operating at full power. If the turbine trips at full power, an automatic reduction to 10% of power will be initiated. At lower power levels, it might be possible to keep the reactor operational, but you will still need to provide offsite power to Main Bus A on the electrical panel for the pumps. +Please be advised that the bypass valve cannot handle full reactor power. Therefore, the reactor power should not be raised too high if the turbine is not running. Only a turbine valve can maintain enough flow to cool the reactor operating at full power. If the turbine trips at full power, an automatic reduction to 10% of power will be initiated. At lower power levels, it might be possible to keep the reactor operational, but you will still need to provide offsite power to Main Bus A on the electrical panel for the pumps. The pressure rate indicator tells us whether the pressure is rising or falling and should be primarily used when approaching the maximum pressure of just over 7 MPa to precisely control and stop at the desired level. -The turbine can be started whenever there is sufficient pressure available (5Mpa-7Mpa) and the condenser maintains the proper vacuum level (refer to the Condenser panel) using the 'Turbine Man Valve' switch (*In Unit #2 the whole procedure is much more complicated, please refer to Turbine_Control_Room part of the manual*). From that moment on, the inlet valve will control the turbine's speed. In reality, it is important not to accelerate the turbine too quickly (*In Unit #2 high vibrations will trip the turbine*). The turbine can be synchronized at around 10% of reactor power, which should provide enough steam to accelerate the turbine to 3600 RPM while still maintaining pressure well below the maximum. When approaching the desired speed, the operator should slightly close the valve to slow down the acceleration, ideally maintaining a speed of 3600 RPM or very close to it. Synchronization won't be successful if the turbine speed changes too rapidly. If the pressure increases significantly at this stage, the bypass valve can be used to bring it back in line. +The turbine can be started whenever there is sufficient pressure available (5Mpa-7Mpa) and the condenser maintains the proper vacuum level (refer to the Condenser panel) using the 'Turbine Main Valve' switch (*In Unit #2 the whole procedure is much more complicated, please refer to Turbine_Control_Room part of the manual*). From that moment on, the inlet valve will control the turbine's speed. In reality, it is important not to accelerate the turbine too quickly (*In Unit #2 high vibrations will trip the turbine*). The turbine can be synchronized at around 10% of reactor power, which should provide enough steam to accelerate the turbine to 3600 RPM while still maintaining pressure well below the maximum. When approaching the desired speed, the operator should slightly close the valve to slow down the acceleration, ideally maintaining a speed of 3600 RPM or very close to it. Synchronization won't be successful if the turbine speed changes too rapidly. If the pressure increases significantly at this stage, the bypass valve can be used to bring it back in line. There is an automatic turbine run-up control available where desired turbine RPM can be selected (0, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600) with a desired acceleration (S - Slow, M - Medium, F - Fast). It will operate turbine valve automatically to reach desired RPM. -Once 3600 RPM is reached, press the 'Breaker 52G1' (*'Synchronize' in Unit #2) switch. If successful, the governor will maintain a constant 3600 RPM, and the steam flow through the valve will determine the generator load. In other words, the more steam that flows through the turbine, the more electricity it will produce. Users with Operator+ rank and everyone *in Unit #2* will be also required to keep the synchroscope close to the top when synchronizing the turbine. +Once 3600 RPM is reached, press the 'Breaker 52G1' (*'Synchronize' in Unit #2*) switch. If successful, the governor will maintain constant 3600 RPM, and the steam flow through the valve will determine the generator load. In other words, the more steam that flows through the turbine, the more electricity it will produce. Users with Operator+ rank and everyone *in Unit #2* will be also required to keep the synchroscope close to the top when synchronizing the turbine. While steam directly generates energy, it's the reactor that determines how much energy can be produced. For instance, the operator can open the valve to increase the generator load, but this will cause a drop in steam pressure, making it difficult to sustain the higher load. To further increase the generator load, reactor power must be increased. This will result in higher pressure, and after balancing all flows, it will lead to increased electricity production. Power can be raised to 100%, resulting in approximately 1200 MW of power, with all major pumps operating at around 75% load. Theoretically, the reactor can be powered up to 120% (though it will shut down beyond that point), which can yield 1500 MW of power with nearly 100% pump load. However, this should not be done under normal circumstances. -Once synchronized, automatic pressure control can be enabled. It will maintain the pressure at the desired level of 7100 kPa, but it will result in a reduction in earned points. +Once synchronized, automatic pressure control can be enabled. It will maintain the pressure at the desired level of 7100 kPa, but it will result in reduced point gain. -During manual control, the following procedure should be used to meet the power demand. First, a rough power setting should be achieved, roughly equal to the demand/110 (i.e., 500 MW demand corresponds to 45% of power), while maintaining the desired pressure of 7.1 MPa with the turbine valve. Once the power is stable, the proper demand should be set with the turbine valve, taking into account the current site power needs (ensuring that power sent to the network matches the demand). At this point, the turbine valve is considered to be set up, but the pressure, and therefore power production, may still tend to change. These changes should now be corrected solely by adjusting the reactor power. If the load drops, power should be increased; if it increases, power should be reduced. Keep in mind that pressure and load changes will have some natural lag in response to reactor power changes, so it is advised not to make rapid adjustments to the reactor power. Ideally, the power sent to the network should stabilize around the demand, with the reactor's response period approaching infinity. +During manual control, the following procedure should be used to meet the power demand. First, a rough power setting should be achieved, roughly equal to the demand/110 (i.e., 500 MW demand corresponds to 45% of power), while maintaining the desired pressure of 7.1 MPa with the turbine valve. Once the power is stable, the proper demand should be set with the turbine valve, taking into account the current site power needs (ensuring that power sent to the network matches the demand). At this point, the turbine valve is considered to be set up, but the pressure, and therefore power production, may still tend to change. These changes should now be corrected solely by adjusting the reactor power. If the load drops, power should be increased, and vice versa. Keep in mind that pressure and load changes will have some natural lag in response to reactor power changes, so it is advised not to make rapid adjustments to the reactor power. Ideally, the power sent to the network should stabilize around the demand, with the reactor's response period approaching infinity. diff --git a/07_Turbine_Control_Room.md b/07_Turbine_Control_Room.md index 4467641..9d06d1a 100644 --- a/07_Turbine_Control_Room.md +++ b/07_Turbine_Control_Room.md @@ -2,26 +2,26 @@ *This part of the manual applies solely to Unit #2.* -*An additional Control Room was added specifically for the turbine operations of Unit #2. Please refer to checklists in both the Control Room and the Turbine Control Room for startup procedures. This guide only summarizes the features. There is also interactive turbine startup guide available (right part of the screen under gear icon).* +*An additional Control Room was added specifically for the turbine operations of Unit #2. Please refer to checklists in both the Control Room and the Turbine Control Room for startup procedures. This guide only summarizes the features. There is also interactive turbine startup guide available (Settings -> Interactive Guides -> Unit 02 Turbine).* *Steam sealing control should be used whenever the turbine is rotating, but it requires condenser vacuum and available steam. Sealing pressure should be maintained at 0.25 bar using supply and leak-off valves. Going beyond these limits will reduce the efficiency of the turbine and may cause steam to leak into the turbine hall.* *Oil pumps are provided to supply pressure for both lube and hydraulic oils. Below 1800 RPM, auxiliary pumps should be used; above this threshold, they should be switched off as the shaft pump takes over. In situations where power is lacking, emergency pumps are provided for use below 1800 RPM. Pressures should then self-maintain around the desired levels of 6 bar for lube oil and 12 bar for hydraulic oil.* -*Oil heating and cooling are achieved through a heat exchanger supplied by either cool or hot water. The temperature should be maintained at all times around 44.8°C. Warm oil should also be distributed to the turbine before startup using the turning gear switch.* +*A heat exchanger supplied with cool and/or hot water is designed to keep the desired oil temperature. At all times the temperature should be maintained at around 44.8°C. Warm oil should also be distributed to the turbine before startup using the turning gear switch.* -*Turbine casing heating should be performed while the turbine is on the turning gear before it is started. This process requires hot steam from the reactor. In real life, this process takes 8 hours but has been significantly shortened. The turning gear can be engaged while the turbine is stationary and then turned on to rotate the turbine. To disengage it, the turbine must come to a complete stop. +*Turbine casing heating should be performed while the turbine is on the turning gear before it is started. This process requires hot steam from the reactor. In real life, this process takes 8 hours, but in the game it has been significantly shortened. The turning gear can be engaged while the turbine is stationary and then turned on to rotate the turbine. To disengage it, the turbine must come to a complete stop. Generator cooling should be provided with outside cool air mixed with exhaust air if needed (refer to humid air operations checklist)* -*Before starting operations, ensure that the oil valves are open. The startup procedure will require cooperation between both control rooms. Initial oil should be heated and distributed with the turning gear, then the Control Room needs to provide enough steam temperature for casing heating. With steam available and the turbine rotating, steam sealing must be set up properly. Once all lights are green, notify the Control Room that the turbine is ready for run-up. If the turbine can't be started with all green lights, the turbine operator should check the trip bolt at the generator (end of the turbine) and press it if needed.* +*Before starting operations, ensure that the oil valves are open. The startup procedure will require cooperation between both control rooms. Initial oil should be heated and distributed with the turning gear, then the Control Room needs to provide enough steam temperature for casing heating. With steam available and the turbine rotating, steam sealing must be set up properly. Once all lights are green, notify the Control Room that the turbine is ready for run-up. If the turbine can't be started with all green lights, the turbine operator should check the trip bolt at the generator (rear end of the turbine) and press it if needed.* ## Lube oil filters -*Lube oil filters can be found in the turbine hall. There are two holders for the filters, one that is in use and the other where the filter can be changed. They can be selected using a lever. This device also displays differential pressure, with typical values ranging from 0.3 to 0.4 bar. If the pressure is higher, it may indicate that a filter is clogged and needs to be changed.* +*Lube oil filters can be found in the turbine hall. There are two holders for the filters, one that is in use and the other where the filter can be changed. They can be selected using a lever. This device also displays differential pressure, with typical values ranging from 0.3 to 0.4 bar. If the pressure is higher, it may indicate that the filter is clogged and needs to be changed. Alternatively, it's possible to take the filter out and check its purity visually. The clean filter has a yellow color.* ## Generator cooling -*Once the generator is synchronized, it must be provided with cooling air. Air valves are located below the generator (accessible with a ladder from the turbine hall). The cold valve will cool the generator, while the warm valve will mix hot air from the generator with cold outside air to reduce humidity. The efficiency of cooling depends on the outside temperature, the number of valves open, and the generator load. In humid conditions, the warm valve should be set to at least 2/5 of the cold valve.* +*Once the generator is synchronized, it must be provided with cooling air. Air valves are located below the generator (accessible with a ladder from the turbine hall). The cold valve will cool the generator, while the warm valve will mix hot air from the generator with cold outside air to reduce humidity. The efficiency of cooling depends on the outside temperature, the percentage of valve opening, and the generator load. In humid conditions, the warm valve should be set to at least 2/5 of the cold valve percentage.* *At higher loads (above 1000 MW), it might not be possible to work continuously in humid conditions because cooling with warm air to raise humidity may not be sufficient. In such cases, if humid conditions persist, it is advisable to lower the generator load below the demand to allow the generator to cool. If no humid conditions are present, the warm air valve should be closed to enable maximum cooling.* @@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Generator cooling should be provided with outside cool air mixed with exhaust ai *Oil valves are located in the turbine hall. These include the Emergency valve, Auxiliary valve, and Main valve, corresponding to their respective pumps. The Main valve is operated by the shaft pump, while the other pumps are for the Auxiliary or Emergency pumps (refer to the pump selector switches in the Turbine Control Room). Additionally, there is a Backflow valve. Closing it will increase pressure. This valve can be used to counteract a random pressure drop (which may occur occasionally) or to temporarily mitigate an oil leak.* -*Oil leaks can occur whenever malfunctions are enabled. During a leak, oil pressure will constantly drop. Generally, the turbine should be tripped, and a leak check should be called for (using the radio on the desk in the TCR). However, it is possible to bypass the leak in the main valve. To do this, the turbine must be configured to work with the Aux valve while isolating the Shaft pump. The simplest way to achieve this is to work with the Shaft pumps (selectors set to Off), close the Aux valve to about 50%, and then enable the Aux pump by switching both selectors to Aux. The pressure should increase, and it should hopefully stay within limits with the Aux pump valve at 50%. Simultaneously, the Main valve should be completely closed, and the Aux valve should be fully opened. If done quickly, this can be achieved by one user by first closing the Main valve and immediately opening the Aux valve. In the end, the turbine will be operated with only the Aux pump, with the Main pump isolated. The Backflow valve should be used to adjust pressure. This procedure stops the oil leak and allows for normal operation, although with reduced points gained, as it is considered a temporary solution. Eventually, the oil leak will need to be repaired.* +*Oil leaks can occur whenever malfunctions are enabled. During a leak, oil pressure will constantly drop. Generally, the turbine should be tripped, and a leak check should be called for (using the telephone on the desk in the TCR). However, it is possible to bypass the leak in the main valve. To do this, the turbine must be configured to work with the Aux valve while isolating the Shaft pump. The simplest way to achieve this is to work with the Shaft pumps (selectors set to Off), close the Aux valve to about 50%, and then enable the Aux pump by switching both selectors to Aux. The pressure should increase, and it should hopefully stay within limits with the Aux pump valve at 50%. Simultaneously, the Main valve should be completely closed, and the Aux valve should be fully opened. If done quickly, this can be achieved by one user by first closing the Main valve and immediately opening the Aux valve. In the end, the turbine will be operated with only the Aux pump, with the Main pump isolated. The Backflow valve should be used to adjust pressure. This procedure stops the oil leak and allows for normal operation, although with reduced points gained, as it is considered a temporary solution. Eventually, the oil leak will need to be repaired.* diff --git a/08_Main_Cooling_Control.md b/08_Main_Cooling_Control.md index 7b32df7..4dfea6f 100644 --- a/08_Main_Cooling_Control.md +++ b/08_Main_Cooling_Control.md @@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ The main operating principle of the panel is 'what goes in must come out.' There Steam flow indicates the amount of steam generated by the reactor and condensed in the condenser. The panel operator has no direct control over this parameter, as it is regulated by the turbine operator. To maintain consistent water levels, the operator should set the outflow from the Hotwell and the Deaerator to the same value. However, if there is an imbalance in water levels within the system, these values may differ. For instance, if the Hotwell level is significantly above 0 and the Deaerator level is negative, it is evident that the Condenser pumps should be set to a higher flow rate than the Feed Water pumps to balance the system. Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that all flows are maintained at a similar level. -There is also a water makeup valve used to introduce water into the system from the Condensate Storage Tank (CST). Excess water can be drained from hotwell into the CST using the drain valve. Under normal operating conditions, this feature is rarely needed. However, if we lose water due to draining or steam venting, it becomes necessary to replenish the system. When the makeup pump adds water to the Hotwell, it raises its level, so be prepared to increase the flow of the Condensate pump accordingly. *In Unit #2 there are two selectable CST tanks and the hotwell control valve works a bit differently. It doesn't drain water from hotwell directly but it takes some hotwell water outflow, therefore it works only along with the Condensate Pumps. There is also a Makeup Pump apart from Makeup Valve but it should only be used when there is not vacuum in the condenser.* +There is also a water makeup valve used to introduce water into the system from the Condensate Storage Tank (CST). Excess water can be drained from hotwell into the CST using the drain valve. Under normal operating conditions, this feature is rarely needed. However, if we lose water due to draining or steam venting, it becomes necessary to replenish the system. When the makeup pump adds water to the Hotwell, it raises its level, so be prepared to increase the flow of the Condensate pump accordingly. *In Unit #2 there are two selectable CST tanks and the hotwell control valve works a bit differently. It doesn't drain water from hotwell directly but it takes some hotwell water outflow, therefore it works only along with the Condensate Pumps. There is also a Makeup Pump apart from Makeup Valve but it should only be used when there is no vacuum in the condenser.* On the panel, there are three small levers for preheaters. All three of them should be turned on to heat the feedwater. You may notice that they consume some live steam, but in reality, they generate more steam than is used by the preheaters, increasing overall efficiency. The feedwater temperature is also provided and depends on factors such as steam temperature, available pressure, the number of preheaters in operation, and the Deaerator temperature. Next to the preheaters, there are two small levers for polishers that demineralize water. One of them should always be on during operations. *In Unit 2 Polisher operation are more complex, please refer to the Polishers entry of the manual.* -Main Cooling Control panel is also equipped with automatic cooling control. Three setpoints can be defined for Hotwell, Deaerator and Reactor levels and once engaged it will try to maintain the levels with pumps that are available (enabled and powered). Automatic Control will also use Hotwell Makeup and Drain valves. +Main Cooling Control panel is also equipped with automatic cooling control. Three setpoints can be defined for Hotwell, Deaerator and Reactor levels and, once engaged, the auto contorl will try to maintain the levels with pumps that are available (enabled and powered). Automatic Control will also use Hotwell Makeup and Drain valves.