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    <h1 style="font-size: 300%; margin-top: 0;">Synapse and Network Development Group</h1>

    <h3>Our group is affiliated with the <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/research-programs">
        Department of Neurology at Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> and Harvard Medical School (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) and the <a href="https://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/">Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience</a>
        at the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, England).</h3>
        </div>
         <hr> <div class="research">
<h2>Research</h2>
    <H3 style="margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em">Our research focuses on synaptic and network maturation in cortical circuits during early
        postnatal development and how this process is disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders including Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorder
        (ASD). We have expanded our work with cellular-scale networks from Mecp2-deficient mice to recording network activity from human
        cerebral organoids. Our ultimate goal is to identify new targets for circuit-based pharmacologic therapies for Rett syndrome and genetic causes of ASD.</h3>
    <br>
        </div>
    <hr> <div class="news">
<h2>News</h2>

<div class="item">

December 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Alex's PhD thesis work now available as a pre-print!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    See how Mecp2 deficiency alters network development, topology and dynamics <br>
in MEA recordings from an in vitro Rett syndrome mouse model. <br>
<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12724707/" style="color: black">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12724707/</a>
 </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

September 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Congratulations to Yin on finishing her PhD!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Yin successfully defended her PhD!  Hip hip hooray! Now she will work on <br>
the manuscript to share her exciting findings with the scientific communnity! <br>
Her thesis research combines calcium imaging of neuronal network activity with <br>
immunostaining to identify Mecp2 expression in the mosaic cultures and inhibitory cell-types. </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

September 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Congratulations to Mahsa on her faculty appointment and award!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Mahsa completed her research fellowship is now a faculty member at the<br>
<a href="https://www.ucrhealth.org/provider/mahsa-khayat-khoei-md/" style="color: black">University of California Riverside</a> and received an American Academy <br>
of Neurology (AAN) Career Development Award!
</br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

June 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to SAND Summer students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
     We are delighted to have Adrian, Brooke, Erla, Natalia, and Yuval </br>
     join us this summer to explore neural networks! They represent Brown,</br>
     Dartmouth, Boston College, and Cambridge universities!</br>
     </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

May 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Congrats to Anna, Becca, David, Lulu, Michelle, and Zoe!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
     Many congratulations to our SAND group members who are completing their</br>
     undergraduate degrees this May and June!  Best wishes on your next adventures!</br>
     </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

April 2025
<div><a href="/people/">Celebrating Kasia's SAND lab visit!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
<img src="/graphics/SAND_Bos_Kasia.jpg" alt="Lab dinner" style="width:30%"></br>
    We very much enjoyed working with our collaborator Kasia (Aarhus University)</br>
    in person during her two visits to combine electrophysiology recordings with </br>
    spatial transcriptomics!</br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

December 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Happy Holidays from SAND!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
<img src="/graphics/SAND_Bos_Xmas1small.jpg" alt="Lab party" style="width:30%"></br>
    Warm wishes from our SAND team in Boston. We had a great time at our holiday party!</br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

November 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA-NAP officially published today at Cell Reports Methods!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Our manuscript introducing our microelectrode array network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP) is</br>
published today <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-methods/fulltext/S2667-2375(24)00291-1" style="color: black">at Cell Reports Methods</a>, and our design was selected for the cover!<br>
    <img src="/graphics/cover_meanap.jpg" alt="Cell Reports Methods Cover November 18, 2024" style="width:30%"></br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

November 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Congrats to David on receiving a Rhodes scholarship!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
     We are so excited about the opportunities he will have next year at the University of </br>
Oxford.  <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2024/four-mit-named-2025-rhodes-scholars-1116" style="color: black">MIT press release</a></br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

November 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">New model for detecting state changes in MEA recordings</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Check out our new method for detecting state changes in MEA recordings</br>
now <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04229" style="color: black">available online on arXiv</a>! The Factorial Switching Linear Dynamical Systems </br>
model was created by our collaborators at the University of Texas--Austin,</br>
Yiwei Gong and Sinead Williamson.</br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

November 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA-NAP online at Cell Reports Methods!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Our manuscript introducing our microelectrode array network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP) is</br>
now <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-methods/fulltext/S2667-2375(24)00291-1" style="color: black">available online at Cell Reports Methods</a>!<br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

November 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome Sanjana to SAND Boston!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    We are delighted that Sanjana Potlapelly is joining us as a research assistant at the Brigham </br>
    and Women's Hospital to work on combining network function and spatial transcriptomics! </br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

October 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA-NAP accepted for publication at Cell Reports Methods!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Our manuscript introducing our microelectrode array network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP) has</br>
been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication at Cell Reports Methods! We are excited to share<br>
this computational tool with the wider research community!<br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

October 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome Ziadoon to SAND Boston!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    We are delighted that Dr. Ziadoon Al-Akashi is joining us as a postdoctoral research associate at the Brigham </br>
    and Women's Hospital to work on network function in Rett syndrome brain organoid models! </br>
    </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

October 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to new SAND thesis students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Zoe Shu has started her Part II undergraduate thesis research on bursting behavior in<br>
the MEA recordings from our Rett syndrome (RTT) air-liquid interface cortical organoid (ALI-CO) model.<br>
She is co-supervised by Ole Paulsen and Alex Dunn at the University of Cambridge.<br>
Ella Pegram is starting her MPhil thesis research at Cambridge and will compare the<br>
computational performance of RTT ALI-COs co-supervised by Petra Vertes at the <br>
University of Cambridge. </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

June 2024
<div><a href="https://fens2024.abstractserver.com/program/#/details/presentations/669">Come see our poster at FENS in Vienna June 27!</a></div>
<img src="/graphics/SAND_FENS2024.jpg" alt="David presents SAND poster at FENS!" style="width:30%"></br>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
	Come see David present our <a href="https://fens2024.abstractserver.com/program/#/details/presentations/669" style="color: black">poster</a> 	"Human IPSC-derived Neurogenin 2 (NGN2) Cortical Neurons Develop Functional <br>
        Connectivity and Small-World Network Topology In Vitro" on Thursday, June 27 starting at 9:30am.  We are in Poster <br> 		Session 03 - Section 103 - PS03-27AM-283.</br> </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

June 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to our 2024 SAND summer students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
<img src="/graphics/SAND_Bos_2024.jpg" alt="SAND Summer 2024" style="width:30%"></br>
Anna Conneally (Trinity College Dublin), Aliani Medina (starting at UMass this fall), <br>
Lulu Lourdes Chavez (Emmanuel), Becca Whitaker (Tufts), David Oluigbo (MIT), Frenkli Mitrushi (BU),<Br>
Michelle Wu (MIT), and Salma Sharif (starting at BU this fall) will be joining us <br>
at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Looking forward to a fun summer with both intra-
<br> and intermodular network collaborations! </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

May 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Congrats to Nazanin!</a></div>
<img src="/graphics/SAND_Naz_Goodbye.jpg" alt="SAND Goodbye to Naz" style="width:30%"></br>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
	Nazanin has completed her postdoctoral research fellowhship in SAND <br>
        and will start her neurology residency at the University of Texas <br>
        in San Antonio this June!</br> </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

May 2024
<div><a href="/projects/">Research assistant position available in SAND!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    We have exciting plans for characterizing brain network dynamics and computational performance in<br>
    human cerebral organoids from ASD patient-derived iPSCs and isogenic controls!  A research assistant<br>
    with experience in human iPSC-derived neuronal cultures, electrophsyiology, and/or computational <br>
    neuroscience should contact Susanna about opportunities in SAND.  </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

March 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA-NAP video tutorial now available on YouTube and the Harvard Dataverse!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
	David guides new users through the graphical user interface (GUI) for our MEA network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP)!<br>
        You can view at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxFyqRyemRM" style="color: black">YouTube</a> or download the video at the <a href="https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/Z14LWA" style="color: black">Harvard Dataverse</a>.</br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

March 2024
<div><a href="/people/">Congrats to Tim on finishing his PhD at UCL!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
	Tim successfully defended his PhD at UCL! Congrats! He continues postdoctoral research at UCL.</br> </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

February 2024
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA-NAP manuscript now available on bioRxiv!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
	Our manuscript describing our MEA network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP) is now available<br>
        on bioRxiv! Download the manuscript at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.05.578738" style="color: black">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.05.578738</a>.</br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

December 2023
<div><a href="/people/">Congratulations to Alex on finishing his PhD!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Alex successfully defended his PhD!  Hurrah!  He is now a postdoctoral fellow at the MRC CBU in Cambridge<br>
    working with Duncan Astle. </br></br>
</div>

	<div class="item">

September 2023
<div><a href="/people/">Congratulations to Elise on completion of her MPhil!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Elise successfully defended her MPhil thesis on reservoir computing using human cerebral organoids!  Hurrah!<br>
	She will continue this research with Petra Vertes and our group this year. </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

June 2023
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to our 2023 SAND summer students!</a></div>
<img src="/graphics/SAND_Bos_2023.jpg" alt="SAND Summer 2023" style="width:30%"></br>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Victoria Chamberlain (Brown), Hugo Smith (Cambridge), Jeremi Chabros (Cambridge), Ariana Lulu Lourdes Chavez (Emmanuel) </br>
    and Tanisha Soto (Brooke High School) will be joining us at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.  Xuelin Wang (Cambridge), </br>
    Sara Rehman (Cambridge) will be joining us from the University of Cambridge. </br>
    It promises to be a fun summer with both intra- and intermodular network collaborations! </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

May 2023
<div><a href="/resources/">Our Mecp2-deficient network analysis featured at the INSAR meeting in Stockholm!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    We have a poster featuring our celllular-scale network analysis of Mecp2-deficient networks in the murine and human-derived </br>
    cortical cultures at the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) Meeting in Stockholm!  The poster session starts </br>
    at 5:30pm on Thursday, May 4. Come see us at our poster!</br></br>
</div>


<div class="item">

April 2023
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome Alessio to SAND Boston!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Alessio is in the final year of his PhD training.  We are delighted that he will join our team working on </br>
    cellular-scale network development in human-derived neurons for 5-6 months! </br> </br>
</div>

<div class="item">

January 2023
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome Nazanin to SAND Boston!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    We are delighted that Dr. Nazanin Ershadinia is joining us as a postdoctoral research associate at the Brigham </br>
    and Women's Hospital to work on an exciting collaboration with our Danish and French collaborators! </br>
    </br>
</div>
<div class="item">

October 2022
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to new SAND thesis students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Xuelin Wang has returned to Cambridge to start her Part II Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior undergraduate </br>
    thesis research with us!. Tunyang Xie is joining us for his Part III Systems Biology master's thesis research! </br>
    Tunyang will be co-supervised by Bianca Dumitrascu in Computer Science.  Both students will join our network </br>
    dynamics collaboration. </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

<div class="item">

July 2022
<div><a href="/resources/">MEA Network Analysis Pipeline (MEA-NAP) at the MEA Meeting and FENS!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Our <a href="/resources/"  style="color: black">MEA network analysis pipeline (MEA-NAP)</a> is ready for its beta release!  The code is available </br>
    for <a href="https://github.com/SAND-Lab/MEA-NAP" style="color: black">download on our SAND Github page</a> and the <a href="https://analysis-pipeline.readthedocs.io/en/latest/system-requirements.html" style="color: black">guide for using the pipeline</a> is available on the web or </br>
    for download.  Susanna will present the pipeline at the <a href="https://www.nmi.de/files/daten/Veranstaltungen/MEA%20Meeting/MEA%20Meeting%202022%20Programme%202022-07-02.pdf" style="color: black">MEA Meeting in Tubingen</a> (Germany) on July 7 </br>
    and Tim, Alex, Yin and Susanna will present the pipeline in the first poster session at the </br>
    <a href="https://forum.fens.org/programme/" style="color: black">Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) Forum in Paris</a> (France) on </br>
    <b style="color: black">Sunday, July 10, 9:30am-1:30pm, Poster S01-128</b>. Come see us at our poster!</br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

June 2022
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to SAND summer 2022 students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Xuelin Wang joins us in Boston for the summer.  She is an undergraduate in the natural sciences at the </br>
    University of Cambridge. Morgan Ellis is an undergraduate at Spelman College in Atlanta studying English </br>
    and preparing for a career in medicine.  Janani Ganesh will also join us in July.  David Oluigbo has joined </br>
    an exciting collaboration with the ALFA group at MIT CSAIL this summer working on the calcium imaging network </br>
    analysis pipeline.</br></br>
</div>

April 2022
<div><a href="/projects/#SpaiCon">Recruiting a new postdoc for an exciting collaborative project!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Through a grant funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation, we will be developing new technology </br>
    to combine microelecrode array (MEA) recordings with spatial transcriptomics.  This is an </br>
    exciting collaborative project with the groups of Vanessa Jane Hall (U of Copenhagen), Martin </br>
    Hemberg (BWH), and Yannick Coffinier (U of Lille). This project is based in our group at the Brigham </br>
    and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA (USA). </br></br>
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December 2021
<div><a href="/people/">Welcome to new student SAND members!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    Mona is a MPhil student in the Basic and Translational Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge. </br>
    She will be joining us in January to work with Yin and Alex on learning to grow, record, and analyse </br>
    developing neuronal networks.  David is a freshman at MIT in Course 6-9 (computer science and neuroscience) </br>
    who will joing our SAND Boston lab in January to learn about growing, recording from and analysing human-derived </br>
    developing neuronal networks.  He may also join our collaboration with the ALFA group at MIT CSAIL.</br></br>
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October 2021
<div><a href="https://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/news/lab-grown-mini-brains-hint-treatments-neurodegenerative-diseases">Congratulations to our collaborators!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
    New FTD-ALS human cerebral organoid model published in Nature Neuroscience! We were very pleased to </br>
    contribute to the electrophysiological characterization of the neuronal activity in this new disease model. </br>
    See the article at <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-021-00923-4"> Nature neuroscience</a> or our department's <a href="https://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/news/lab-grown-mini-brains-hint-treatments-neurodegenerative-diseases">
    press release</a>. </br></br>
</div>

<div class="item">

July 2021
<div><a href="/news/sample/">Congratulations to our Part II students!</a></div>
<div class="blurb" style="text-align:center">
We want to congratulate all of the Part II students on completing your undergraduate degrees!</br>
Congrats Estiaan, Hugo, Jeremi, Lance, Leo and Lucy! Best wishes in the next stage of your clinical training.
</div>
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