Added 3 new draft curriculum items

- variables
- data types
- numbers and math

Author: razorblade23

curriculum/01-foundations/03-variables.md

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+---
+id: variables
+title: Variables
+sidebar_label: 3. Variables
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+# Variables: Labeling the Ledger
+
+In the previous lesson, we printed text directly. But what if you want to use the same piece of information ten times? Or what if that information changes? 
+
+In Python, we use **Variables** to store data. Think of a variable as a **labeled box**. The box holds a value, and the label (the name) allows you to find that value whenever you need it.
+
+
+
+### The Assignment Operator
+To put something in a box, we use the `=` symbol. In Python, this is called the **Assignment Operator**. 
+
+**Important:** This is NOT the same as "equals" in math. It means "Take the value on the right and store it into the name on the left."
+
+```python interactive
+# Assigning a value to a variable
+ledger_entry = "Bought 10 apples"
+
+# Using the variable
+print(ledger_entry)
+```
+
+---
+
+### Reassignment: Updating the Record
+The beauty of a variable is that it is *variable* - it can change. If you assign a new value to an existing name, Python throws away the old value and keeps the new one.
+
+```python interactive
+current_status = "Level 1: Novice"
+print(current_status)
+
+# Now we reassign it
+current_status = "Level 2: Apprentice"
+print(current_status)
+```
+
+---
+
+### Naming Your Variables (The Rules)
+You can't just name a variable anything. Python has a few "laws of the land":
+1. **No Spaces:** Use underscores instead (`my_variable`).
+2. **Start with a Letter:** You cannot start a name with a number (e.g., `1_entry` is illegal).
+3. **Be Descriptive:** `x` is a bad name. `user_balance` is a great name.
+4. **Case Sensitive:** `Ledger` and `ledger` are two different boxes.
+
+In Python, the community standard is called **snake_case** (all lowercase with underscores).
+
+---
+
+### 🏆 The Ledger Challenge: The Character Sheet
+Let's use variables to build a mini "Character Sheet" for your coding journey.
+
+**Task:** 1. Create a variable called `coder_name` and set it to your name.
+2. Create a variable called `coding_level` and set it to `1`.
+3. Create a variable called `favorite_language` and set it to `"Python"`.
+4. Use a single `print()` statement (or multiple!) to show your stats.
+
+**Write your code below:**
+
+```python interactive
+# 1. Define your variables here
+
+
+# 2. Print them out!
+
+```
+
+---
+
+## 📚 Deep Dive
+* [Python.org: Informal Introduction to Variables](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator)
+* [Real Python: Variables in Python](https://realpython.com/python-variables/)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+Now that we have boxes to store information, we need to talk about the **different types of stuff** we can put inside them.

curriculum/01-foundations/04-data-types.md

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+---
+id: data-types
+title: Data Types
+sidebar_label: 4. Data Types
+sidebar_position: 4
+---
+
+# Data Types: Sorting the Ledger
+
+Not all data is created equal. You can't multiply a "Name" by a "Phone Number," and you can't capitalize a "Price." To keep your code from crashing, you must understand the four fundamental **Data Types** in Python.
+
+
+
+### 1. Strings (`str`)
+As we saw in Lesson 2, these are sequences of characters wrapped in quotes.
+* **Example:** `"Hello"`, `'12345'`, `"Python_Ledger_v1"`
+* **Use for:** Names, addresses, or any text.
+
+### 2. Integers (`int`)
+These are whole numbers with no decimal point. 
+* **Example:** `10`, `-5`, `1000000`
+* **Use for:** Counting items, ages, or quantities.
+
+### 3. Floats (`float`)
+Short for "floating-point numbers," these are numbers that contain a decimal point.
+* **Example:** `10.5`, `-0.01`, `3.14`
+* **Use for:** Prices, percentages, or precise measurements.
+
+### 4. Booleans (`bool`)
+These represent logical values: either **True** or **False**. Note the capital letters!
+* **Example:** `True`, `False`
+* **Use for:** Checking if a user is logged in, if a task is finished, or if a price is too high.
+
+---
+
+### The `type()` Inspector
+If you ever get confused about what is inside a variable, Python provides a built-in magnifying glass: the `type()` function.
+
+```python interactive
+# Try running this to see the types!
+name = "Alice"
+age = 25
+price = 19.99
+is_coding = True
+
+print(type(name))
+print(type(age))
+print(type(price))
+print(type(is_coding))
+```
+
+### Dynamic Typing: The Python Superpower
+In some languages, you have to tell the computer exactly what type a variable is. In Python, the computer figures it out automatically based on the value you provide. This is called **Dynamic Typing**.
+
+---
+
+### 🏆 The Ledger Challenge: Inventory Audit
+You are auditing your supply of "Coding Fuel."
+
+**Task:**
+1. Create a variable `item_name` and assign it a **String** (e.g., "Coffee").
+2. Create a variable `quantity` and assign it an **Integer** (e.g., 5).
+3. Create a variable `price_per_unit` and assign it a **Float** (e.g., 3.50).
+4. Create a variable `in_stock` and assign it a **Boolean** (`True` or `False`).
+5. Print all four variables.
+
+**Write your code below:**
+
+```python interactive
+# 1. Define your four data types here
+
+
+# 2. Print them out to check your work
+
+```
+
+---
+
+## 📚 Deep Dive
+* [Python Docs: Built-in Types](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html)
+* [Real Python: Basic Data Types in Python](https://realpython.com/python-data-types/)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+Now that we know the types, it's time to put them to work. In the next lesson, we’ll learn **Basic Math**—how to add, subtract, and manipulate these numbers in our Ledger.
+
+[Go to next lesson: Numbers and Math](./05-numbers-and-math.md)

curriculum/01-foundations/05-numbers-and-math.md

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+---
+id: numbers-and-math
+title: Numbers and Math
+sidebar_label: 5. Numbers and Math
+sidebar_position: 5
+---
+
+# Numbers and Math: Balancing the Ledger
+
+A ledger is useless if you can't add up the totals. In Python, we use **Arithmetic Operators** to perform calculations. Since you already know about Integers and Floats, let's see how they interact.
+
+
+
+### The Basic Operators
+Most of these look exactly like the math you learned in school:
+* `+` **Addition:** `5 + 2` is `7`
+* `-` **Subtraction:** `5 - 2` is `3`
+* `*` **Multiplication:** `5 * 2` is `10`
+* `/` **Division:** `5 / 2` is `2.5` (Note: Division *always* results in a **Float**)
+
+### The "Special" Operators
+Python has a few tools that are specific to programming:
+
+1. **Floor Division (`//`):** Divides and chops off the decimal. `5 // 2` is `2`.
+2. **Exponent (`**`):** Raises a number to a power. `5 ** 2` is `25`.
+3. **Modulo (`%`):** Returns the **remainder** of a division. `5 % 2` is `1` (because 2 goes into 5 twice, with 1 left over).
+
+```python interactive
+# Try these out!
+print(10 / 3)   # Normal Division
+print(10 // 3)  # Floor Division
+print(10 % 3)   # Modulo (The Remainder)
+print(2 ** 3)   # 2 to the power of 3
+```
+
+---
+
+### Order of Operations
+Python follows the standard mathematical order of operations, often remembered by the acronym **PEMDAS** (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division, Addition/Subtraction).
+
+
+
+When in doubt, use **parentheses** to make your intentions clear to the computer:
+
+```python interactive
+result_one = 5 + 2 * 10    # Becomes 25
+result_two = (5 + 2) * 10  # Becomes 70
+
+print(result_one)
+print(result_two)
+```
+
+---
+
+### 🏆 The Ledger Challenge: The Interest Calculator
+You are calculating the final balance of a ledger entry after a year of 5% interest.
+
+**Task:**
+1. Create a variable `principal` and set it to `1000`.
+2. Create a variable `interest_rate` and set it to `0.05`.
+3. Create a variable `total` that calculates the final amount using the formula:
+   $$Total = principal + (principal \times interest\_rate)$$
+4. Print the `total`.
+
+**Bonus:** Use the `int()` function to print only the whole number part of the total!
+
+**Write your code below:**
+
+```python interactive
+# 1. Define your variables
+
+
+# 2. Calculate the total
+
+
+# 3. Print the result
+
+```
+
+---
+
+## 📚 Deep Dive
+* [Python Docs: Numeric Types](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex)
+* [Programiz: Python Operators](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/operators)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+Calculations are great, but a ledger needs to make decisions. In the next lesson, we’ll learn how to compare values using **Booleans and Comparison Operators**.
+
+[Go to next lesson: Comparisons](./06-comparisons.md)