webbook.ToC.corrected.txt

<ul class="summary">
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction and Reader’s Guide</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#intended-audience-and-setting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Intended Audience and Setting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#interactive-content"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Interactive Content</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#disclaimer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Disclaimer</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#acknowledgements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="spss-tutorial-videos-list.html"><a href="spss-tutorial-videos-list.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>SPSS Tutorial Videos List</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="1-samp-dist.html"><a href="1-samp-dist.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Sampling Distribution: How Different Could My Sample Have Been?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-samp-dist.html"><a href="1-samp-dist.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="1-1-statistical-inference-making-the-most-of-your-data.html"><a href="1-1-statistical-inference-making-the-most-of-your-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Statistical Inference: Making the Most of Your Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> A Discrete Random Variable: How Many Yellow Candies in My Bag?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#sample-statistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Sample statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.2" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#sampling-distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.2</b> Sampling distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.3" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#probdistribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.3</b> Probability and probability distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.4" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#expectedvalue"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.4</b> Expected value or expectation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.5" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#unbiased-est"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.5</b> Unbiased estimator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.6" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#representative"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.6</b> Representative sample</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html"><a href="1-2-discreterandomvariable.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> A Continuous Random Variable: Overweight And Underweight.</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.1" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#continuous-variable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.1</b> Continuous variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.2" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#cont_sample_stat"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.2</b> Continuous sample statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.3" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#continuous-probabilities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.3</b> Continuous probabilities</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.4" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#probability-density"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.4</b> Probability density</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.5" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#probabilities-always-sum-to-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.5</b> Probabilities always sum to 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-3-cont-random-var.html"><a href="1-3-cont-random-var.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="1-4-concluding-remarks.html"><a href="1-4-concluding-remarks.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Concluding Remarks</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.1" data-path="1-4-concluding-remarks.html"><a href="1-4-concluding-remarks.html#sample-characteristics-as-observations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.1</b> Sample characteristics as observations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="1-4-concluding-remarks.html"><a href="1-4-concluding-remarks.html#means-at-three-levels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.2</b> Means at three levels</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-4-concluding-remarks.html"><a href="1-4-concluding-remarks.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="1-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="1-5-test-your-understanding.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="1-5-test-your-understanding.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6" data-path="1-6-take-home-points.html"><a href="1-6-take-home-points.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="2-probmodels.html"><a href="2-probmodels.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Probability Models: How Do I Get a Sampling Distribution?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-probmodels.html"><a href="2-probmodels.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> The Bootstrap Approximation of the Sampling Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#sampling-with-and-without-replacement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Sampling with and without replacement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#calculating-probabilities-with-replacement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Calculating probabilities with replacement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#calculating-probabilities-without-replacement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Calculating probabilities without replacement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#limitations-to-bootstrapping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> Limitations to bootstrapping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#any-sample-statistic-can-be-bootstrapped"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5</b> Any sample statistic can be bootstrapped</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-boot-approx.html"><a href="2-1-boot-approx.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="2-2-boot-spss.html"><a href="2-2-boot-spss.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Bootstrapping in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="2-2-boot-spss.html"><a href="2-2-boot-spss.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="2-2-boot-spss.html"><a href="2-2-boot-spss.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-2-boot-spss.html"><a href="2-2-boot-spss.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Exact Approaches to the Sampling Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html#exact-approaches-for-categorical-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Exact approaches for categorical data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html#computer-intensive"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Computer-intensive</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-3-exact-approaches-to-the-sampling-distribution.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="2-4-SPSS-exact.html"><a href="2-4-SPSS-exact.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Exact Approaches in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="2-4-SPSS-exact.html"><a href="2-4-SPSS-exact.html#instructions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="2-4-SPSS-exact.html"><a href="2-4-SPSS-exact.html#exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-4-SPSS-exact.html"><a href="2-4-SPSS-exact.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Theoretical Approximations of the Sampling Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#reasons-for-a-bell-shaped-probability-distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Reasons for a bell-shaped probability distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#cond-probdistr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> Conditions for the use of theoretical probability distributions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#checking-conditions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> Checking conditions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.4" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#complicatedsampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.4</b> More complicated sample statistics: differences</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.5" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#independent-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.5</b> Independent samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.6" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#dependentsamples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.6</b> Dependent samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-5-theoretical-approximations-of-the-sampling-distribution.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="2-6-spss-and-theoretical-approximation-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-6-spss-and-theoretical-approximation-of-the-sampling-distribution.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> SPSS and Theoretical Approximation of the Sampling Distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="2-7-when-do-we-use-which-approach-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><a href="2-7-when-do-we-use-which-approach-to-the-sampling-distribution.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> When Do We Use Which Approach to the Sampling Distribution?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="2-8-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="2-8-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-8-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="2-8-test-your-understanding.html#answers-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9" data-path="2-9-take-home-points.html"><a href="2-9-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="3-param-estim.html"><a href="3-param-estim.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Estimating a Parameter: Which Population Values Are Plausible?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="1-samp-dist.html"><a href="1-samp-dist.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="3-1-point-estimate.html"><a href="3-1-point-estimate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Point Estimate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="3-2-interval-estimate-for-the-sample-statistic.html"><a href="3-2-interval-estimate-for-the-sample-statistic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Interval Estimate for the Sample Statistic</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-2-interval-estimate-for-the-sample-statistic.html"><a href="3-2-interval-estimate-for-the-sample-statistic.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html"><a href="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Precision, Standard Error, and Sample Size</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html"><a href="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html#sample-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> Sample size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html"><a href="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html#standard-error"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Standard error</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html"><a href="3-3-precisionsesamplesize.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="3-4-crit-values.html"><a href="3-4-crit-values.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Critical Values</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="3-4-crit-values.html"><a href="3-4-crit-values.html#standardization-and-z-scores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> Standardization and <em>z</em> scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="3-4-crit-values.html"><a href="3-4-crit-values.html#int-est-sample-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> Interval estimates from critical values and standard errors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-4-crit-values.html"><a href="3-4-crit-values.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><a href="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Confidence Interval for a Parameter</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><a href="3-5-ci-parameter.html#imag-pop-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> Imaginary population values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><a href="3-5-ci-parameter.html#conf-interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> Confidence interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.3" data-path="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><a href="3-5-ci-parameter.html#bootstrap-confidenceinterval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.3</b> Confidence intervals with bootstrapping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-5-ci-parameter.html"><a href="3-5-ci-parameter.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="3-6-SPSS-CI.html"><a href="3-6-SPSS-CI.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Confidence Intervals in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.1" data-path="3-6-SPSS-CI.html"><a href="3-6-SPSS-CI.html#instruction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.1</b> Instruction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.2" data-path="3-6-SPSS-CI.html"><a href="3-6-SPSS-CI.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-6-SPSS-CI.html"><a href="3-6-SPSS-CI.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="3-7-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="3-7-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-7-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="3-7-test-your-understanding.html#answers-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="3-8-take-home-points.html"><a href="3-8-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="4-hypothesis.html"><a href="4-hypothesis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Testing a Null Hypothesis: Am I Right or Am I Wrong?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-hypothesis.html"><a href="4-hypothesis#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="4-1-binarydecision.html"><a href="4-1-binarydecision.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> A Binary Decision</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><a href="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Statistical Tests</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><a href="4-2-statistical-tests.html#nullhypothesis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> The null hypothesis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><a href="4-2-statistical-tests.html#sig-typeI"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> Significance level (<span class="math inline">\(\alpha\)</span>), significance, rejection region, and Type I error</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><a href="4-2-statistical-tests.html#pvalue"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> p Value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><a href="4-2-statistical-tests.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="4-3-null-alt.html"><a href="4-3-null-alt.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Research hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, and nil hypothesis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-3-null-alt.html"><a href="4-3-null-alt.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><a href="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><a href="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html#boundary-value-as-hypothesized-population-value"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> Boundary value as hypothesized population value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><a href="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html#one-sided-two-sided-distinction-is-not-always-relevant"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> One-sided – two-sided distinction is not always relevant</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.3" data-path="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><a href="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html#from-one-sided-to-two-sided-p-values-and-back-again"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.3</b> From one-sided to two-sided p values and back again</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html"><a href="4-4-one-twosidedtests.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="4-5-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-a-theoretical-probability-distribution.html"><a href="4-5-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-a-theoretical-probability-distribution.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Testing a Null Hypothesis with a Theoretical Probability Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-5-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-a-theoretical-probability-distribution.html"><a href="4-5-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-a-theoretical-probability-distribution.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html"><a href="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Testing a Null Hypothesis with an Exact Approach or Bootstrapping</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6.1" data-path="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html"><a href="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html#null-ci0"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6.1</b> Relation between null-hypothesis tests and confidence intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6.2" data-path="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html"><a href="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html#testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-bootstrapping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6.2</b> Testing a null hypothesis with bootstrapping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html"><a href="4-6-testing-a-null-hypothesis-with-an-exact-approach-or-bootstrapping.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html"><a href="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Test Recipe and Rules for Reporting</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.1" data-path="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html"><a href="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html#reporting-to-fellow-scientists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7.1</b> Reporting to fellow scientists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.2" data-path="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html"><a href="4-7-test-recipe-and-rules-for-reporting.html#reporting-to-the-general-reader"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7.2</b> Reporting to the general reader</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8" data-path="4-8-nullSPSS.html"><a href="4-8-nullSPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8</b> Specifying Null Hypotheses in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.1" data-path="4-8-nullSPSS.html"><a href="4-8-nullSPSS.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.2" data-path="4-8-nullSPSS.html"><a href="4-8-nullSPSS.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-8-nullSPSS.html"><a href="4-8-nullSPSS.html#answers-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9" data-path="4-9-cap-chance.html"><a href="4-9-cap-chance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9</b> Capitalization on Chance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.1" data-path="4-9-cap-chance.html"><a href="4-9-cap-chance.html#capitalization-on-chance-in-post-hoc-tests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.1</b> Capitalization on chance in post-hoc tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.2" data-path="4-9-cap-chance.html"><a href="4-9-cap-chance.html#correcting-for-capitalization-on-chance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.2</b> Correcting for capitalization on chance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.3" data-path="4-9-cap-chance.html"><a href="4-9-cap-chance.html#specifying-hypotheses-afterwards"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.3</b> Specifying hypotheses afterwards</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.10" data-path="4-10-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="4-10-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.10</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-10-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="4-10-test-your-understanding.html#answers-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.11" data-path="4-11-take-home-points.html"><a href="4-11-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.11</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="5-power.html"><a href="5-power.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Which Sample Size Do I Need? Power!</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-power.html"><a href="5-power.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="5-1-size-test-req.html"><a href="5-1-size-test-req.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Sample Size and Test Requirements</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Effect Size</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#practical-relevance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Practical relevance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#unstandardized-and-standardized-effect-sizes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Unstandardized and standardized effect sizes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#cohens-d-for-one-or-two-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Cohen’s d for one or two means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.4" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#how-to-calculate-cohens-d-from-spss-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.4</b> How to calculate Cohen’s d from SPSS output</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.5" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#assoc-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.5</b> Association as effect size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.6" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#standardized-effect-size-and-sample-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.6</b> Standardized effect size and sample size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-2-effectsize.html"><a href="5-2-effectsize.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Hypothetical World Versus Imaginary True World</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#imagining-a-population-with-a-small-effect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Imagining a population with a small effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#the-world-of-the-researcher"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> The world of the researcher</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.3" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#the-alternative-world-of-a-small-effect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.3</b> The alternative world of a small effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.4" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#typeIIerror"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.4</b> Type II error</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.5" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#power-of-the-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.5</b> Power of the test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html"><a href="5-3-hypothetical-world-versus-imaginary-true-world.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html"><a href="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Sample Size, Effect Size, and Power</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html"><a href="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html#so-how-do-we-determine-sample-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> So how do we determine sample size?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html"><a href="5-4-sizeeffectpower.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="5-5-research-hypothesis-as-null-hypothesis.html"><a href="5-5-research-hypothesis-as-null-hypothesis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Research Hypothesis as Null Hypothesis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="5-6-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="5-6-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-6-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="5-6-test-your-understanding.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7" data-path="5-7-take-home-points.html"><a href="5-7-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="6-crit-discus.html"><a href="6-crit-discus.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Critical Discussion of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-crit-discus.html"><a href="6-crit-discus.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Criticisms of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#statistical-significance-is-not-a-measure-of-effect-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.1</b> Statistical significance is not a measure of effect size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#strawmen"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.2</b> Knocking down straw men (over and over again)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-1-criticisms-of-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Alternatives for Null Hypothesis Significance Testing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#estimation-instead-of-hypothesis-testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Estimation instead of hypothesis testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#meta-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Meta-analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#replication"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Replication</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.4" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#bayesian-inference"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.4</b> Bayesian inference</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html"><a href="6-2-alternatives-for-null-hypothesis-significance-testing.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="6-3-no-random-sample.html"><a href="6-3-no-random-sample.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> What If I Do Not Have a Random Sample?</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="6-3-no-random-sample.html"><a href="6-3-no-random-sample.html#theoretical-population"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> Theoretical population</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="6-3-no-random-sample.html"><a href="6-3-no-random-sample.html#datageneratingprocess"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Data generating process</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="6-4-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="6-4-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-4-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="6-4-test-your-understanding.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="6-5-take-home-points.html"><a href="6-5-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="7-anova.html"><a href="7-anova.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Moderation with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-anova.html"><a href="7-anova.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Different Means for Three or More Groups</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#anova-meandiffs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> Mean differences as effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#between-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> Between-groups variance and within-groups variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#anova-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> F test on the model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.4" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#anova-assumpt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.4</b> Assumptions for the F test in analysis of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.5" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#which-groups-have-different-average-scores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.5</b> Which groups have different average scores?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html"><a href="7-1-different-means-for-three-or-more-groups.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="7-2-onewaySPSS.html"><a href="7-2-onewaySPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> One-Way Analysis of Variance in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="7-2-onewaySPSS.html"><a href="7-2-onewaySPSS.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="7-2-onewaySPSS.html"><a href="7-2-onewaySPSS.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-2-onewaySPSS.html"><a href="7-2-onewaySPSS.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><a href="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Different Means for Two Factors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><a href="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html#anova2way"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> Two-way analysis of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><a href="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html#balanced"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> Balanced design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.3" data-path="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><a href="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html#maineffects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.3</b> Main effects in two-way analysis of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html"><a href="7-3-different-means-for-two-factors.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="7-4-moderationanova.html"><a href="7-4-moderationanova.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Moderation: Group-Level Differences that Depend on Context</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.1" data-path="7-4-moderationanova.html"><a href="7-4-moderationanova.html#types-of-moderation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.1</b> Types of moderation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.2" data-path="7-4-moderationanova.html"><a href="7-4-moderationanova.html#testing-main-and-interaction-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.2</b> Testing main and interaction effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.3" data-path="7-4-moderationanova.html"><a href="7-4-moderationanova.html#assumptions-for-two-way-analysis-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.3</b> Assumptions for two-way analysis of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-4-moderationanova.html"><a href="7-4-moderationanova.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="7-5-reporting-two-way-analysis-of-variance.html"><a href="7-5-reporting-two-way-analysis-of-variance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> Reporting Two-Way Analysis of Variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="7-6-twowaySPSS.html"><a href="7-6-twowaySPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> Two-Way Analysis of Variance in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="7-6-twowaySPSS.html"><a href="7-6-twowaySPSS.html#instructions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="7-6-twowaySPSS.html"><a href="7-6-twowaySPSS.html#exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-6-twowaySPSS.html"><a href="7-6-twowaySPSS.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="7-7-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="7-7-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-7-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="7-7-test-your-understanding.html#answers-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8" data-path="7-8-take-home-points.html"><a href="7-8-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="8-moderationcat.html"><a href="8-moderationcat.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Regression Analysis And A Categorical Moderator</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-moderationcat.html"><a href="8-moderationcat.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> The Regression Equation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html#a-numerical-predictor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> A numerical predictor</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html#dichpredictor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> Dichotomous predictors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.3" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html#categorical-predictor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.3</b> A categorical independent variable and dummy variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.4" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html#regr-inference"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.4</b> Sampling distributions and assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-1-regression-equation.html"><a href="8-1-regression-equation.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="8-2-SPSS-regression.html"><a href="8-2-SPSS-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Regression Analysis in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="8-2-SPSS-regression.html"><a href="8-2-SPSS-regression.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="8-2-SPSS-regression.html"><a href="8-2-SPSS-regression.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-2-SPSS-regression.html"><a href="8-2-SPSS-regression.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Different Lines for Different Groups</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#a-dichotomous-moderator-and-numerical-predictor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> A dichotomous moderator and numerical predictor</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.2" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#interaction-variable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.2</b> Interaction variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.3" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#conditional-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.3</b> Conditional effects, not main effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.4" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#interactioninterpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.4</b> Interpretation and statistical inference</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.5" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#a-categorical-moderator"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.5</b> A categorical moderator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.6" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#commonsupportdichotomous"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.6</b> Common support</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.7" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#visualizing-moderation-and-covariates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.7</b> Visualizing moderation and covariates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html"><a href="8-3-categoricalmoderator.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="8-4-catmodSPSS.html"><a href="8-4-catmodSPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> A Dichotomous or Categorical Moderator in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="8-4-catmodSPSS.html"><a href="8-4-catmodSPSS.html#instructions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="8-4-catmodSPSS.html"><a href="8-4-catmodSPSS.html#exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-4-catmodSPSS.html"><a href="8-4-catmodSPSS.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="8-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="8-5-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="8-5-test-your-understanding.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="8-6-take-home-points.html"><a href="8-6-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="9-moderationcont.html"><a href="9-moderationcont.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Regression Analysis With A Numerical Moderator</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-moderationcont.html"><a href="9-moderationcont.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> A Numerical Moderator</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#interpret-cont-interaction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Interaction variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#conditional-effect-cont"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Conditional effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#mean-centering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> Mean-centering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#symmetry-of-predictor-and-moderator"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> Symmetry of predictor and moderator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.5" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#visualization-of-the-interaction-effect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.5</b> Visualization of the interaction effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.6" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#statistical-inference-on-conditional-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.6</b> Statistical inference on conditional effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.7" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#common-support"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.7</b> Common support</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.8" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.8</b> Assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.9" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#higher-order-interaction-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.9</b> Higher-order interaction effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html"><a href="9-1-cont-moderator-regression.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="9-2-reportmoderation.html"><a href="9-2-reportmoderation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Reporting Regression Results</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html"><a href="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> A Numerical Moderator in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html"><a href="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html"><a href="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html"><a href="9-3-RegressionContModSPSS.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="9-4-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="9-4-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-4-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="9-4-test-your-understanding.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="9-5-take-home-points.html"><a href="9-5-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="10-confounder.html"><a href="10-confounder.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Regression Analysis And Confounders</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-confounder.html"><a href="10-confounder.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="10-1-controlling.html"><a href="10-1-controlling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Controlling for Effects of Other Predictors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="10-1-controlling.html"><a href="10-1-controlling.html#partial-effect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Partial effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="10-1-controlling.html"><a href="10-1-controlling.html#confounding-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Confounding variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-1-controlling.html"><a href="10-1-controlling.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><a href="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Indirect Correlation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><a href="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html#indirect-correlation-and-size-of-confounding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Indirect correlation and size of confounding</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><a href="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html#confounders-are-not-included-in-the-regression-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Confounders are not included in the regression model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><a href="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html#randomization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> Randomization for avoiding confounders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html"><a href="10-2-indirectcorrelation.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="10-3-confounders.html"><a href="10-3-confounders.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Two Types of Confounders</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="10-3-confounders.html"><a href="10-3-confounders.html#suppression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Suppression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="10-3-confounders.html"><a href="10-3-confounders.html#spuriousness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Reinforcement and spuriousness</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-3-confounders.html"><a href="10-3-confounders.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html"><a href="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Comparing Regression Models in SPSS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html"><a href="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html"><a href="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html"><a href="10-4-compmodelSSPSS.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="10-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="10-5-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-5-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="10-5-test-your-understanding.html#answers-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="10-6-take-home-points.html"><a href="10-6-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="11-mediation.html"><a href="11-mediation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Mediation with Regression Analysis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-mediation.html"><a href="11-mediation.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><a href="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Mediation as Causal Process</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><a href="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html#causalcriteria"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Criteria for a causal relation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><a href="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html#indirecteffect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Mediation as indirect effect</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.3" data-path="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><a href="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html#causal-process"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.3</b> Causal process</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html"><a href="11-1-mediation-as-causal-process.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Path Model with Regression Analysis</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#requirements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> Requirements</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#size-indirect-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> Size of indirect effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#direction-of-indirect-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> Direction of indirect effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.4" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#partialserialmediation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.4</b> Parallel and serial mediation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.5" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#partialfullmediation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.5</b> Partial and full mediation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.6" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#significance-of-indirect-effects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.6</b> Significance of indirect effects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html"><a href="11-2-path-model-with-regression-analysis.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="11-3-mediationcovariate.html"><a href="11-3-mediationcovariate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Controlling for Covariates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="11-4-reporting-mediation-results.html"><a href="11-4-reporting-mediation-results.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Reporting Mediation Results</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html"><a href="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> Mediation with SPSS and PROCESS</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.1" data-path="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html"><a href="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html#instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.1</b> Instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.2" data-path="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html"><a href="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.2</b> Exercises</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html"><a href="11-5-SPSSPROCESS.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Criticisms of Mediation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.1" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html#causal-order-assumed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.1</b> Causal order assumed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.2" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html#time-order"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.2</b> Time order</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.3" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html#causality-or-underlying-construct"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.3</b> Causality or underlying construct?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.4" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html#every-effect-in-a-path-model-can-be-confounded"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.4</b> Every effect in a path model can be confounded</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.5" data-path="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html"><a href="11-6-criticisms-of-mediation.html#recommendations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.5</b> Recommendations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="11-7-combining-mediation-and-moderation.html"><a href="11-7-combining-mediation-and-moderation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Combining Mediation and Moderation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="11-8-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="11-8-test-your-understanding.html#test-your-understanding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> Test Your Understanding</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-8-test-your-understanding.html"><a href="11-8-test-your-understanding.html#answers-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="11-9-take-home-points.html"><a href="11-9-take-home-points.html#take-home-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> Take-Home Points</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix-test-overview.html"><a href="appendix-test-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Appendix: Test Overview</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="formulating-statistical-hypotheses.html"><a href="formulating-statistical-hypotheses.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Formulating Statistical Hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="proportions-shares.html"><a href="proportions-shares.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Proportions: shares</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="proportions-shares.html"><a href="proportions-shares.html#testing-proportions-in-spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Testing proportions in SPSS</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="mean-and-median-level.html"><a href="mean-and-median-level.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Mean and median: level</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="mean-and-median-level.html"><a href="mean-and-median-level.html#testing-one-mean-or-median-in-spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Testing one mean or median in SPSS</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="variance-disagreement.html"><a href="variance-disagreement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Variance: (dis)agreement</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="variance-disagreement.html"><a href="variance-disagreement.html#testing-two-variances-in-spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Testing two variances in SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="variance-disagreement.html"><a href="variance-disagreement.html#answers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Association: relations between characteristics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#score-level-differences"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Score level differences</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#comparing-means-in-spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Comparing means in SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#answers-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#combinations-of-scores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Combinations of scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#testing-associations-in-spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Testing associations in SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="association-relations-between-characteristics.html"><a href="association-relations-between-characteristics.html#answers-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Answers</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
</ul>