diff --git a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/ManifestFilterManager.java b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/ManifestFilterManager.java
index 7d146d924667..d5c7b1a31226 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/ManifestFilterManager.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/ManifestFilterManager.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -71,7 +72,10 @@ public String partition() {
 
   private final Map<Integer, PartitionSpec> specsById;
   private final PartitionSet deleteFilePartitions;
-  private final Set<F> deleteFiles = newFileSet();
+  // Manifests are filtered in parallel and workers add expression-deleted files to this set.
+  // SynchronizedSet protects individual operations; iteration must remain after filtering completes
+  // or be guarded by synchronized(deleteFiles).
+  private final Set<F> deleteFiles = Collections.synchronizedSet(newFileSet());
   private final Set<String> manifestsWithDeletes = Sets.newHashSet();
   private final PartitionSet dropPartitions;
   private final CharSequenceSet deletePaths = CharSequenceSet.empty();
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ public String partition() {
   private long minSequenceNumber = 0;
   private boolean failAnyDelete = false;
   private boolean failMissingDeletePaths = false;
-  private int duplicateDeleteCount = 0;
+  private final AtomicInteger duplicateDeleteCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
   private boolean caseSensitive = true;
   private boolean allDeletesReferenceManifests = true;
   // this is only being used for the DeleteManifestFilterManager to detect orphaned DVs for removed
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ SnapshotSummary.Builder buildSummary(Iterable<ManifestFile> manifests) {
       }
     }
 
-    summaryBuilder.incrementDuplicateDeletes(duplicateDeleteCount);
+    summaryBuilder.incrementDuplicateDeletes(duplicateDeleteCount.get());
 
     return summaryBuilder;
   }
@@ -542,7 +546,7 @@ private ManifestFile filterManifestWithDeletedFiles(
                             "Deleting a duplicate path from manifest {}: {}",
                             manifest.path(),
                             file.location());
-                        duplicateDeleteCount += 1;
+                        duplicateDeleteCount.incrementAndGet();
                       } else {
                         // only add the file to deletes if it is a new delete
                         // this keeps the snapshot summary accurate for non-duplicate data
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/TestOverwrite.java b/core/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/TestOverwrite.java
index efd4935a4b9f..8d436ee6cc1d 100644
--- a/core/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/TestOverwrite.java
+++ b/core/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/TestOverwrite.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 package org.apache.iceberg;
 
+import static org.apache.iceberg.expressions.Expressions.alwaysTrue;
 import static org.apache.iceberg.expressions.Expressions.and;
 import static org.apache.iceberg.expressions.Expressions.equal;
 import static org.apache.iceberg.expressions.Expressions.lessThan;
@@ -335,4 +336,55 @@ public void testValidatedOverwriteWithAppendSuccess() {
 
     assertThat(latestSnapshot(base, branch).snapshotId()).isEqualTo(baseId);
   }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testFullOverwriteAcrossManyManifests() {
+    // A full overwrite filters existing manifests in parallel and records every removed file in
+    // ManifestFilterManager's shared deleteFiles set. The colliding file locations below
+    // concentrate many concurrent adds in the same hash bucket, guarding against regressions that
+    // mutate the
+    // set without synchronization.
+    table.updateProperties().set(TableProperties.MANIFEST_MERGE_ENABLED, "false").commit();
+
+    int manifestCount = 16;
+    int filesPerManifest = 64;
+
+    // FILE_0_TO_4 and FILE_5_TO_9 were appended together in createTestTable.
+    int liveFiles = 2;
+    int globalIndex = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < manifestCount; i++) {
+      AppendFiles append = table.newAppend();
+      for (int j = 0; j < filesPerManifest; j++) {
+        append.appendFile(
+            DataFiles.builder(PARTITION_BY_DATE)
+                .withPath(collidingLocation(globalIndex))
+                .withFormat(FileFormat.PARQUET)
+                .withFileSizeInBytes(10)
+                .withRecordCount(1)
+                .withPartitionPath("date=2018-06-08")
+                .build());
+        liveFiles += 1;
+        globalIndex += 1;
+      }
+      commit(table, append, branch);
+    }
+
+    Snapshot overwriteSnapshot =
+        commit(table, table.newOverwrite().overwriteByRowFilter(alwaysTrue()), branch);
+
+    assertThat(overwriteSnapshot.operation()).isEqualTo(DataOperations.DELETE);
+    assertThat(overwriteSnapshot.summary())
+        .containsEntry(SnapshotSummary.DELETED_FILES_PROP, String.valueOf(liveFiles))
+        .doesNotContainKey(SnapshotSummary.DELETED_DUPLICATE_FILES);
+  }
+
+  // Builds unique file locations with identical String.hashCode() values. DataFileSet hashes by
+  // location, so these paths exercise contention in ManifestFilterManager's shared deleteFiles set.
+  private static String collidingLocation(int index) {
+    StringBuilder location = new StringBuilder("/path/to/collide-");
+    for (int bit = 0; bit < 12; bit++) {
+      location.append(((index >> bit) & 1) == 0 ? "Aa" : "BB");
+    }
+    return location.toString();
+  }
 }