diff --git a/Pipfile b/Pipfile
index 84acaf4..8c4b92e 100644
--- a/Pipfile
+++ b/Pipfile
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ antlr4-python3-runtime = "~=4.10"
 python-dateutil = "~=2.8"
 
 [dev-packages]
+fhirpy-types-r4b = "==0.1.1"
 pytest = "==7.1.1"
 pytest-cov = "==3.0.0"
 pyyaml = "==6.0.1"
diff --git a/Pipfile.lock b/Pipfile.lock
index 7ac2d0b..c341cd1 100644
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "_meta": {
         "hash": {
-            "sha256": "6af5d0302cbf07e15e271857322cd1c3413cf790f351039f6fd7f18db34a8741"
+            "sha256": "88bd4bfc6f705bfcadfee11c5da29aebfa972a7511358c5e09fa9ec66b2a0074"
         },
         "pipfile-spec": 6,
         "requires": {},
@@ -41,13 +41,21 @@
         }
     },
     "develop": {
+        "annotated-types": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:1f02e8b43a8fbbc3f3e0d4f0f4bfc8131bcb4eebe8849b8e5c773f3a1c582a53",
+                "sha256:aff07c09a53a08bc8cfccb9c85b05f1aa9a2a6f23728d790723543408344ce89"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==0.7.0"
+        },
         "anyio": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:673c0c244e15788651a4ff38710fea9675823028a6f08a5eda409e0c9840a028",
-                "sha256:9f76d541cad6e36af7beb62e978876f3b41e3e04f2c1fbf0884604c0a9c4d93c"
+                "sha256:0287e96f4d26d4149305414d4e3bc32f0dcd0862365a4bddea19d7a1ec38c4fc",
+                "sha256:82a8d0b81e318cc5ce71a5f1f8b5c4e63619620b63141ef8c995fa0db95a57c4"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
-            "version": "==4.9.0"
+            "version": "==4.11.0"
         },
         "asttokens": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -59,11 +67,11 @@
         },
         "attrs": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:427318ce031701fea540783410126f03899a97ffc6f61596ad581ac2e40e3bc3",
-                "sha256:75d7cefc7fb576747b2c81b4442d4d4a1ce0900973527c011d1030fd3bf4af1b"
+                "sha256:16d5969b87f0859ef33a48b35d55ac1be6e42ae49d5e853b597db70c35c57e11",
+                "sha256:adcf7e2a1fb3b36ac48d97835bb6d8ade15b8dcce26aba8bf1d14847b57a3373"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==25.3.0"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
+            "version": "==25.4.0"
         },
         "autohooks": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -94,40 +102,40 @@
         },
         "black": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:030b9759066a4ee5e5aca28c3c77f9c64789cdd4de8ac1df642c40b708be6171",
-                "sha256:055e59b198df7ac0b7efca5ad7ff2516bca343276c466be72eb04a3bcc1f82d7",
-                "sha256:0e519ecf93120f34243e6b0054db49c00a35f84f195d5bce7e9f5cfc578fc2da",
-                "sha256:172b1dbff09f86ce6f4eb8edf9dede08b1fce58ba194c87d7a4f1a5aa2f5b3c2",
-                "sha256:1e2978f6df243b155ef5fa7e558a43037c3079093ed5d10fd84c43900f2d8ecc",
-                "sha256:33496d5cd1222ad73391352b4ae8da15253c5de89b93a80b3e2c8d9a19ec2666",
-                "sha256:3b48735872ec535027d979e8dcb20bf4f70b5ac75a8ea99f127c106a7d7aba9f",
-                "sha256:4b60580e829091e6f9238c848ea6750efed72140b91b048770b64e74fe04908b",
-                "sha256:759e7ec1e050a15f89b770cefbf91ebee8917aac5c20483bc2d80a6c3a04df32",
-                "sha256:8f0b18a02996a836cc9c9c78e5babec10930862827b1b724ddfe98ccf2f2fe4f",
-                "sha256:95e8176dae143ba9097f351d174fdaf0ccd29efb414b362ae3fd72bf0f710717",
-                "sha256:96c1c7cd856bba8e20094e36e0f948718dc688dba4a9d78c3adde52b9e6c2299",
-                "sha256:a1ee0a0c330f7b5130ce0caed9936a904793576ef4d2b98c40835d6a65afa6a0",
-                "sha256:a22f402b410566e2d1c950708c77ebf5ebd5d0d88a6a2e87c86d9fb48afa0d18",
-                "sha256:a39337598244de4bae26475f77dda852ea00a93bd4c728e09eacd827ec929df0",
-                "sha256:afebb7098bfbc70037a053b91ae8437c3857482d3a690fefc03e9ff7aa9a5fd3",
-                "sha256:bacabb307dca5ebaf9c118d2d2f6903da0d62c9faa82bd21a33eecc319559355",
-                "sha256:bce2e264d59c91e52d8000d507eb20a9aca4a778731a08cfff7e5ac4a4bb7096",
-                "sha256:d9e6827d563a2c820772b32ce8a42828dc6790f095f441beef18f96aa6f8294e",
-                "sha256:db8ea9917d6f8fc62abd90d944920d95e73c83a5ee3383493e35d271aca872e9",
-                "sha256:ea0213189960bda9cf99be5b8c8ce66bb054af5e9e861249cd23471bd7b0b3ba",
-                "sha256:f3df5f1bf91d36002b0a75389ca8663510cf0531cca8aa5c1ef695b46d98655f"
+                "sha256:0172a012f725b792c358d57fe7b6b6e8e67375dd157f64fa7a3097b3ed3e2175",
+                "sha256:0474bca9a0dd1b51791fcc507a4e02078a1c63f6d4e4ae5544b9848c7adfb619",
+                "sha256:154b06d618233fe468236ba1f0e40823d4eb08b26f5e9261526fde34916b9140",
+                "sha256:1b9dc70c21ef8b43248f1d86aedd2aaf75ae110b958a7909ad8463c4aa0880b0",
+                "sha256:2ab0ce111ef026790e9b13bd216fa7bc48edd934ffc4cbf78808b235793cbc92",
+                "sha256:3bec74ee60f8dfef564b573a96b8930f7b6a538e846123d5ad77ba14a8d7a64f",
+                "sha256:456386fe87bad41b806d53c062e2974615825c7a52159cde7ccaeb0695fa28fa",
+                "sha256:474b34c1342cdc157d307b56c4c65bce916480c4a8f6551fdc6bf9b486a7c4ae",
+                "sha256:77e7060a00c5ec4b3367c55f39cf9b06e68965a4f2e61cecacd6d0d9b7ec945a",
+                "sha256:846d58e3ce7879ec1ffe816bb9df6d006cd9590515ed5d17db14e17666b2b357",
+                "sha256:8e46eecf65a095fa62e53245ae2795c90bdecabd53b50c448d0a8bcd0d2e74c4",
+                "sha256:9101ee58ddc2442199a25cb648d46ba22cd580b00ca4b44234a324e3ec7a0f7e",
+                "sha256:a16b14a44c1af60a210d8da28e108e13e75a284bf21a9afa6b4571f96ab8bb9d",
+                "sha256:aaf319612536d502fdd0e88ce52d8f1352b2c0a955cc2798f79eeca9d3af0608",
+                "sha256:b756fc75871cb1bcac5499552d771822fd9db5a2bb8db2a7247936ca48f39831",
+                "sha256:c0372a93e16b3954208417bfe448e09b0de5cc721d521866cd9e0acac3c04a1f",
+                "sha256:ce41ed2614b706fd55fd0b4a6909d06b5bab344ffbfadc6ef34ae50adba3d4f7",
+                "sha256:d119957b37cc641596063cd7db2656c5be3752ac17877017b2ffcdb9dfc4d2b1",
+                "sha256:e3c1f4cd5e93842774d9ee4ef6cd8d17790e65f44f7cdbaab5f2cf8ccf22a823",
+                "sha256:e593466de7b998374ea2585a471ba90553283fb9beefcfa430d84a2651ed5933",
+                "sha256:ef69351df3c84485a8beb6f7b8f9721e2009e20ef80a8d619e2d1788b7816d47",
+                "sha256:f96b6726d690c96c60ba682955199f8c39abc1ae0c3a494a9c62c0184049a713"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
-            "version": "==25.1.0"
+            "version": "==25.9.0"
         },
         "certifi": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0a816057ea3cdefcef70270d2c515e4506bbc954f417fa5ade2021213bb8f0c6",
-                "sha256:30350364dfe371162649852c63336a15c70c6510c2ad5015b21c2345311805f3"
+                "sha256:0f212c2744a9bb6de0c56639a6f68afe01ecd92d91f14ae897c4fe7bbeeef0de",
+                "sha256:47c09d31ccf2acf0be3f701ea53595ee7e0b8fa08801c6624be771df09ae7b43"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==2025.4.26"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==2025.10.5"
         },
         "cfgv": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -139,90 +147,131 @@
         },
         "click": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:63c132bbbed01578a06712a2d1f497bb62d9c1c0d329b7903a866228027263b2",
-                "sha256:ed53c9d8990d83c2a27deae68e4ee337473f6330c040a31d4225c9574d16096a"
+                "sha256:9b9f285302c6e3064f4330c05f05b81945b2a39544279343e6e7c5f27a9baddc",
+                "sha256:e7b8232224eba16f4ebe410c25ced9f7875cb5f3263ffc93cc3e8da705e229c4"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==8.1.8"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.10'",
+            "version": "==8.3.0"
         },
         "colorful": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:b56d5c01db1dac4898308ea889edcb113fbee3e6ec5df4bacffd61d5241b5b8d",
-                "sha256:eab8c1c809f5025ad2b5238a50bd691e26850da8cac8f90d660ede6ea1af9f1e"
+                "sha256:495dd3a23151a9568cee8a90fc1174c902ad7ef06655f50b6bddf9e80008da69",
+                "sha256:c5452179b56601c178b03d468a5326cc1fe37d9be81d24d0d6bdab36c4b93ad8"
             ],
-            "version": "==0.5.6"
+            "version": "==0.5.7"
         },
         "coverage": {
             "extras": [
                 "toml"
             ],
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:042e7841a26498fff7a37d6fda770d17519982f5b7d8bf5278d140b67b61095f",
-                "sha256:04bfec25a8ef1c5f41f5e7e5c842f6b615599ca8ba8391ec33a9290d9d2db3a3",
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+                "sha256:2fafd773231dd0378fdba66d339f84904a8e57a262f583530f4f156ab83863e6",
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             "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
-            "version": "==7.8.0"
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         },
         "decorator": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -234,26 +283,35 @@
         },
         "distlib": {
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-            "version": "==0.3.9"
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             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==2.2.0"
+            "version": "==2.2.1"
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         "h11": {
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@@ -265,11 +323,11 @@
         },
         "h2": {
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@@ -308,11 +366,11 @@
         },
         "identify": {
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@@ -332,12 +390,12 @@
         },
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@@ -357,146 +415,157 @@
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+                "sha256:c52b02ad8b4e2cf14ca7b3d918f3eb0ee91e63b3167c32591e57c4317e134f8f",
+                "sha256:c54c939ee22dc8e2d545da79fc5381f1c020d6d3141d3bd747eab59164dc89fb",
+                "sha256:c8e7af2f4e0194c22b5b37205bfb293d166a7344a5b0d0eaccebc376546d77d5",
+                "sha256:cca3868ddfaccfbc4bfb1d608e2ccaaebe0ae628e1416aeb9c4d88c001bb45ab",
+                "sha256:d3f26877a748dc4251cfcfda9dfb5f13fcb034f5308388066bcfe9031b63ae7d",
+                "sha256:d53b22f2032c42eaaf025f7c40c2e3b94568ae077a606f006d206a463bc69572",
+                "sha256:d87c561733f66531dced0da6e864f44ebf89a8fba55f31407b00c2f7f9449593",
+                "sha256:d946c8bf0d5c24bf4fe333af284c59a19358aa3ec18cb3dc4370080da1e8ad29",
+                "sha256:dac89aea9af8cd672fa7b510e7b8c33b0bba9a43186680550ccf23020f32d535",
+                "sha256:db4b41f9bd95fbe5acd76d89920336ba96f03e149097365afe1cb092fceb89a1",
+                "sha256:dc46a01bf8d62f227d5ecee74178ffc448ff4e5197c756331f71efcc66dc980f",
+                "sha256:dd14041875d09cc0f9308e37a6f8b65f5585cf2598a53aa0123df8b129d481f8",
+                "sha256:de4b83bb311557e439b9e186f733f6c645b9417c84e2eb8203f3f820a4b988bf",
+                "sha256:e799c050df38a639db758c617ec771fd8fb7a5f8eaaa4b27b101f266b216a246",
+                "sha256:e80b087132752f6b3d714f041ccf74403799d3b23a72722ea2e6ba2e892555b9",
+                "sha256:eb8c529b2819c37140eb51b914153063d27ed88e3bdc31b71198a198e921e011",
+                "sha256:eb9b459ca4df0e5c87deb59d37377461a538852765293f9e6ee834f0435a93b9",
+                "sha256:efec8db3266b76ef9607c2c4c419bdb06bf335ae433b80816089ea7585816f6a",
+                "sha256:f481959862f57f29601ccced557cc2e817bce7533ab8e01a797a48b49c9692b3",
+                "sha256:f517ca031dfc037a9c07e748cefd8d96235088b83b4f4ba8939105d20fa1dcd6",
+                "sha256:f889f7a40498cc077332c7ab6b4608d296d852182211787d4f3ee377aaae66e8",
+                "sha256:f8de619080e944347f5f20de29a975c2d815d9ddd8be9b9b7268e2e3ef68605a",
+                "sha256:f941635f2a3d96b2973e867144fde513665c87f13fe0e193c158ac51bfaaa7b2",
+                "sha256:fa754d1850735a0b0e03bcffd9d4b4343eb417e47196e4485d9cca326073a42c",
+                "sha256:fa854f5cf7e33842a892e5c73f45327760bc7bc516339fda888c75ae60edaeb6",
+                "sha256:fe5b32187cbc0c862ee201ad66c30cf218e5ed468ec8dc1cf49dec66e160cc4d"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
+            "version": "==2.33.2"
+        },
         "pygments": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:61c16d2a8576dc0649d9f39e089b5f02bcd27fba10d8fb4dcc28173f7a45151f",
-                "sha256:9ea1544ad55cecf4b8242fab6dd35a93bbce657034b0611ee383099054ab6d8c"
+                "sha256:636cb2477cec7f8952536970bc533bc43743542f70392ae026374600add5b887",
+                "sha256:86540386c03d588bb81d44bc3928634ff26449851e99741617ecb9037ee5ec0b"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==2.19.1"
+            "version": "==2.19.2"
         },
         "pytest": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -660,6 +842,14 @@
             "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2'",
             "version": "==2.9.0.post0"
         },
+        "pytokens": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:c9a4bfa0be1d26aebce03e6884ba454e842f186a59ea43a6d3b25af58223c044",
+                "sha256:db7b72284e480e69fb085d9f251f66b3d2df8b7166059261258ff35f50fb711b"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==0.1.10"
+        },
         "pyyaml": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:04ac92ad1925b2cff1db0cfebffb6ffc43457495c9b3c39d3fcae417d7125dc5",
@@ -720,11 +910,11 @@
         },
         "rich": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1c9491e1951aac09caffd42f448ee3d04e58923ffe14993f6e83068dc395d7e0",
-                "sha256:82f1bc23a6a21ebca4ae0c45af9bdbc492ed20231dcb63f297d6d1021a9d5725"
+                "sha256:536f5f1785986d6dbdea3c75205c473f970777b4a0d6c6dd1b696aa05a3fa04f",
+                "sha256:e497a48b844b0320d45007cdebfeaeed8db2a4f4bcf49f15e455cfc4af11eaa8"
             ],
             "markers": "python_full_version >= '3.8.0'",
-            "version": "==14.0.0"
+            "version": "==14.1.0"
         },
         "ruff": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -830,11 +1020,11 @@
         },
         "tomlkit": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7a974427f6e119197f670fbbbeae7bef749a6c14e793db934baefc1b5f03efde",
-                "sha256:fff5fe59a87295b278abd31bec92c15d9bc4a06885ab12bcea52c71119392e79"
+                "sha256:430cf247ee57df2b94ee3fbe588e71d362a941ebb545dec29b53961d61add2a1",
+                "sha256:c89c649d79ee40629a9fda55f8ace8c6a1b42deb912b2a8fd8d942ddadb606b0"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==0.13.2"
+            "version": "==0.13.3"
         },
         "traitlets": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -846,35 +1036,44 @@
         },
         "types-python-dateutil": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:18f493414c26ffba692a72369fea7a154c502646301ebfe3d56a04b3767284cb",
-                "sha256:e248a4bc70a486d3e3ec84d0dc30eec3a5f979d6e7ee4123ae043eedbb987f53"
+                "sha256:849d52b737e10a6dc6621d2bd7940ec7c65fcb69e6aa2882acf4e56b2b508ddc",
+                "sha256:84c92c34bd8e68b117bff742bc00b692a1e8531262d4507b33afcc9f7716cd53"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==2.9.0.20241206"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
+            "version": "==2.9.0.20250822"
         },
         "typing-extensions": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a439e7c04b49fec3e5d3e2beaa21755cadbbdc391694e28ccdd36ca4a1408f8c",
-                "sha256:e6c81219bd689f51865d9e372991c540bda33a0379d5573cddb9a3a23f7caaef"
+                "sha256:0cea48d173cc12fa28ecabc3b837ea3cf6f38c6d1136f85cbaaf598984861466",
+                "sha256:f0fa19c6845758ab08074a0cfa8b7aecb71c999ca73d62883bc25cc018c4e548"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==4.13.2"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
+            "version": "==4.15.0"
+        },
+        "typing-inspection": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:4ed1cacbdc298c220f1bd249ed5287caa16f34d44ef4e9c3d0cbad5b521545e7",
+                "sha256:ba561c48a67c5958007083d386c3295464928b01faa735ab8547c5692e87f464"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.9'",
+            "version": "==0.4.2"
         },
         "virtualenv": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:800863162bcaa5450a6e4d721049730e7f2dae07720e0902b0e4040bd6f9ada8",
-                "sha256:e34302959180fca3af42d1800df014b35019490b119eba981af27f2fa486e5d6"
+                "sha256:341f5afa7eee943e4984a9207c025feedd768baff6753cd660c857ceb3e36026",
+                "sha256:44815b2c9dee7ed86e387b842a84f20b93f7f417f95886ca1996a72a4138eb1a"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==20.30.0"
+            "version": "==20.34.0"
         },
         "wcwidth": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3da69048e4540d84af32131829ff948f1e022c1c6bdb8d6102117aac784f6859",
-                "sha256:72ea0c06399eb286d978fdedb6923a9eb47e1c486ce63e9b4e64fc18303972b5"
+                "sha256:4d478375d31bc5395a3c55c40ccdf3354688364cd61c4f6adacaa9215d0b3605",
+                "sha256:a7bb560c8aee30f9957e5f9895805edd20602f2d7f720186dfd906e82b4982e1"
             ],
-            "version": "==0.2.13"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
+            "version": "==0.2.14"
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/fhirpathpy/__init__.py b/fhirpathpy/__init__.py
index 5215da5..07643f1 100644
--- a/fhirpathpy/__init__.py
+++ b/fhirpathpy/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from fhirpathpy.engine.invocations.constants import constants
-from fhirpathpy.parser import parse
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar
+
 from fhirpathpy.engine import do_eval
-from fhirpathpy.engine.util import arraify, get_data, set_paths, process_user_invocation_table
+from fhirpathpy.engine.invocations.constants import constants
 from fhirpathpy.engine.nodes import FP_Type, ResourceNode
+from fhirpathpy.engine.util import arraify, get_data, process_user_invocation_table, set_paths
+from fhirpathpy.parser import parse
 
 __title__ = "fhirpathpy"
 __version__ = "2.1.0"
@@ -124,3 +126,64 @@ def compile(path, model=None, options=None):
     For example, you could pass in the result of require("fhirpath/fhir-context/r4")
     """
     return set_paths(apply_parsed_path, parsedPath=parse(path), model=model, options=options)
+
+
+type ContextType = Optional[dict]
+InputType = TypeVar('InputType')
+OutputType = TypeVar('OutputType')
+
+def prepare_fhirpath_fn(
+    expression: str, input_type: type[InputType], output_type: type[OutputType], is_first: bool = False
+) -> Callable[[InputType, ContextType], OutputType]:
+    path_fn = compile(expression)
+
+    def fn(resource: InputType, context: ContextType = None) -> OutputType:
+        return _format_result(
+            path_fn(_validate_and_convert_resource(resource, input_type), context), output_type, is_first
+        )
+
+    return fn
+
+def compile_as_array(
+    expression: str, input_type: type[InputType], output_type: type[OutputType]
+) -> Callable[[InputType, ContextType], OutputType]:
+    return prepare_fhirpath_fn(expression, input_type, output_type)
+
+
+def compile_as_first(
+    expression: str, input_type: type[InputType], output_type: type[OutputType]
+) -> Callable[[InputType, ContextType], OutputType]:
+    return prepare_fhirpath_fn(expression, input_type, output_type, True)
+
+
+def _validate_and_convert_resource(resource: Any, input_type: type[InputType]) -> dict:
+    if not isinstance(resource, input_type):
+        raise Exception(f"Resource type is {type(resource).__name__}, expected {input_type.__name__}")
+
+    if isinstance(resource, dict):
+        return resource
+
+    if hasattr(resource, "model_dump"):
+        return resource.model_dump()
+
+    raise Exception(f"Don't know how to work with type {type(resource).__name__}")
+
+
+def _format_result(result: list, output_type: type[OutputType], is_first=False) -> Any:
+    if not isinstance(result, list):
+        raise Exception(f"Unexpected result type {type(result).__name__}")
+
+    if not is_first:
+        return result
+
+    if len(result) == 0:
+        return None
+
+    first_item = result[0]
+    if not isinstance(first_item, output_type):
+        raise Exception(
+            f"Expected first result to be {output_type.__name__}, "
+            f"but got {type(first_item).__name__}"
+        )
+
+    return first_item
diff --git a/tests/test_helpers.py b/tests/test_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc93de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from fhirpathpy import compile_as_first, compile_as_array, _format_result
+import fhirpy_types_r4b as r4b
+import pytest
+
+class CustomModel:
+    pass
+CUSTOM_MODEL = CustomModel()
+PATIENT_DATA = {
+    "resourceType": "Patient",
+    "name": [
+        {"given": ["First", "Middle"], "family": "Last"},
+    ],
+    "telecom": [
+        {
+            "system": "phone",
+            "value": "555-555-2003",
+            "use": "work"
+        },
+        {
+            "system": "phone",
+            "value": "555-555-2001",
+            "use": "home"
+        }
+    ],
+}
+PATIENT_RESOURCE = r4b.Patient(**PATIENT_DATA)
+
+EXPRESSION = "Patient.name.given"
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("fn", "resource", "path", "input_type", "output_type", "expected"),
+    [
+        (compile_as_first, PATIENT_DATA, EXPRESSION, dict, str, "First"),
+        (compile_as_first, PATIENT_RESOURCE, EXPRESSION, r4b.Patient, str, "First"),
+        (compile_as_array, PATIENT_DATA, EXPRESSION, dict, list[str], ["First", "Middle"]),
+        (compile_as_array, PATIENT_RESOURCE, EXPRESSION, r4b.Patient, list[str], ["First", "Middle"]),
+        (compile_as_first, PATIENT_DATA, "Patient.gender", dict, str, None),
+    ],
+)
+def compile_as_test(fn, resource, path, input_type, output_type, expected):
+    wrapper_fn = fn(path, input_type, output_type)
+    assert wrapper_fn(resource) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("fn", "resource", "path", "input_type", "output_type", "expected"),
+    [
+        (compile_as_first, PATIENT_RESOURCE, EXPRESSION, r4b.Observation, str, "Resource type is Patient, expected Observation"),
+        (compile_as_array, PATIENT_RESOURCE, EXPRESSION, r4b.Observation, list[str], "Resource type is Patient, expected Observation"),
+        (compile_as_first, CUSTOM_MODEL, "Patient.name", type(CUSTOM_MODEL), str, "Don't know how to work with type CustomModel"),
+        (compile_as_first, PATIENT_DATA, "Patient.telecom.value", dict, int, "Expected first result to be int, but got str")
+    ],
+)
+def exception_compile_as_test(fn, resource, path, input_type, output_type, expected):
+    wrapper_fn = fn(path, input_type, output_type)
+    try:
+        wrapper_fn(resource)
+        assert False, "Expected exception not raised"
+    except Exception as e:
+        assert str(e) == expected
+
+
+def format_result_exception_test():
+    try:
+        _format_result("resource", list)
+        assert False, "Expected exception not raised"
+    except Exception as e:
+        assert str(e) == "Unexpected result type str"