diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 105fde7..836353b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -54,11 +54,8 @@ valoraciones_*
 # Excepción: corpus de ejemplo commiteado (ADR 0030, Ciclo 9b)
 # examples/ contiene el corpus congelado, equation.yaml y README — sí van al repo.
 # Los archivos fuente del PO (*.bak, valoraciones_*) siguen gitignoreados arriba.
-!examples/
-!examples/**
-# Defensivo: un .duckdb (estado vivo no determinista) NUNCA va al repo, ni
-# siquiera dentro de un workspace de ejemplo (ADR 0030 §Convención lo prohíbe).
-examples/**/*.duckdb
+examples/
+!examples/ciclo-investigación
 
 
 # Docs (MkDocs) — output de build local; el sitio se publica vía CI (docs.yml),
diff --git a/exploracion/README.md b/exploracion/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c2f477..0000000
--- a/exploracion/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-# exploracion/ — sandbox de validación del caso IED
-
-> **Qué es esto.** Scripts sueltos para **validar el caso de uso "intercambio
-> ecológicamente desigual" (IED)** contra librerías externas (`pyalex`,
-> `bibtexparser`, `networkx`). Sirve para **probar conceptos** y **tomar postura**
-> sobre las tensiones del diseño de `bib2graph` antes de empezar a construir el núcleo.
->
-> **Qué NO es.** No es código de `bib2graph`. No se importa desde
-> `src/bib2graph/`. No se promueve a costuras del paquete. Es material de
-> exploración, no producto.
->
-> **Por qué existe fuera de `src/`.** El ROADMAP vigente (Hito 0 → núcleo puro
-> primero) prohíbe traer librerías como `pyalex` o `bibtexparser` al núcleo. Estos
-> scripts rompen esa prohibición a propósito: necesitan esas librerías para
-> responder "¿la combinación de redes + IED entrega valor?". Si la respuesta es
-> sí, el siguiente paso es **diseñar la costura** que el núcleo sí va a tener
-> (no copiar este código adentro).
-
-## Caso de uso
-
-**Intercambio ecológicamente desigual (IED):** asimetrías Norte-Sur en el comercio
-mundial, deuda ecológica, huella ecológica transferida. El objetivo del sandbox es
-probar si la combinación de:
-
-- una **biblioteca semilla** de literatura sobre IED (papers que vos curás),
-- **OpenAlex** para enriquecer (referencias, citas, afiliaciones),
-- las **4 redes bibliométricas** (co-citación, co-autoría, co-word, coupling),
-
-expone de manera útil las **asimetrías de poder epistémico y geográfico** del campo:
-quién publica sobre IED, desde dónde, con qué collaborations, citando a quién.
-
-## Estructura
-
-```
-exploracion/
-  README.md                     # este archivo
-  requirements-exploracion.txt  # libs externas usadas acá
-  scripts/
-    01_search_openalex.py       # query OpenAlex -> CSV
-    02_load_bibtex.py           # parser .bib -> CSV (mismo schema)
-    03_merge_corpus.py          # une, dedup, dump parquet
-    04_build_networks.py        # 4 redes -> GraphML (--coupling-scope seeds|full)
-    05_metrics_report.py        # centralidad, asimetrías, asortatividad, informe
-    06_apply_thesaurus.py       # aplica thesaurus IED a keywords
-    _schema.py                  # schema común a todos los scripts
-  datos/
-    semillas_ied.bib            # input inicial curado
-    thesaurus_ied.json          # thesaurus multilingüe manual (en/es/pt)
-    openalex_ied.csv            # salida de 01 (datos reales)
-    corpus_ied.csv              # salida de 03
-    corpus_ied.parquet          # misma, formato columnar
-    redes/                      # GraphML por tipo de red
-  informe_ied.md                # auto: datos cuantitativos (se regenera)
-  informe_ied_lectura_1.md      # v1: sintético, 21 papers (2026-06-14)
-  informe_ied_lectura_2.md      # v2: mixto, 103 papers (2026-06-14)
-```
-
-## Cómo correrlo
-
-```bash
-pip install -r requirements-exploracion.txt
-python scripts/01_search_openalex.py   # red: requiere API key o polite pool
-python scripts/02_load_bibtex.py       # offline, sobre datos/semillas_ied.bib
-python scripts/03_merge_corpus.py      # une las dos fuentes
-python scripts/04_build_networks.py    # produce 4 GraphML en datos/redes/
-python scripts/05_metrics_report.py    # produce informe_ied.md
-```
-
-Los scripts 02-05 corren **offline** sobre los datos sintéticos que viven en
-`datos/`. El 01 sólo se usa para datos reales (requiere cuenta de OpenAlex con
-API key gratis desde feb-2026).
-
-## Convenciones de la sandbox
-
-- **Schema común** en CSV: `id,doi,title,year,abstract,authors_raw,authors_id,
-  authors_affiliations,keywords_raw,keywords_id,references_doi,source,
-  language,is_seed`. Es **exploratorio**: lo más cercano al schema canónico
-  propuesto en `docs/ARCHITECTURE.md` §3, con la libertad de romperlo si los
-  datos reales lo exigen.
-- **Idempotente**: correr dos veces no duplica.
-- **Defensivo con campos faltantes**: refleja la regla del AGENTS.md para
-  `bibtexparser` (campos opcionales faltan seguido).
-- **Sin red salvo en 01**: los demás scripts usan los dumps locales.
-- **Sin secretos en código**: la API key de OpenAlex se lee de
-  `OPENALEX_API_KEY` (env var) o `~/.openalex/credentials`.
-
-## Decisiones y tensiones que se registran en `informe_ied.md`
-
-Cada vez que la sandbox fuerza una decisión que el `bib2graph` real va a tener
-que tomar, se anota en el informe con el formato:
-
-- **Decisión:** qué hicimos acá.
-- **Por qué:** qué evidenció.
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** qué contracto del núcleo se ve afectado.
-- **Pendiente:** qué no se pudo validar.
-
-## Estado
-
-- [x] Estructura y README
-- [ ] requirements + seeds sintéticos
-- [ ] scripts 01-05
-- [ ] pipeline end-to-end corrido
-- [ ] informe con tensiones
diff --git a/exploracion/datos/corpus_ied.csv b/exploracion/datos/corpus_ied.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index efcd217..0000000
--- a/exploracion/datos/corpus_ied.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-id,doi,title,year,abstract,authors_raw,authors_id,authors_affiliations,keywords_raw,keywords_id,references_doi,source,language,is_seed
-10.1086/227972,10.1086/227972,"Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980",1984,"We develop a framework for analyzing unequal ecological exchange
-between core and peripheral regions, drawing on the case of the
-Brazilian Amazon.","Bunker, Stephen G.",bunker_stephen_g,Paper affiliation: US,unequal exchange; ecological exchange; periphery; world-system,unequal_exchange; ecological_exchange; periphery; world-system,,American Journal of Sociology,,True
-10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6,10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6,"Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics",1998,"We articulate world-system theory and ecological economics to
-develop a biophysical theory of unequal exchange.","Hornborg, Alf",hornborg_alf,Paper affiliation: SE,unequal exchange; ecological economics; world-system; throughput,unequal_exchange; ecological_economics; world-system; throughput,,Ecological Economics,,True
-10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001,"Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-on Asymmetric Exchange",2018,"We compute the physical trade balance of Ecuador to expose
-asymmetric ecological exchange.","Aldas, C.; Álvarez, M.; Orta, L.",aldas_c; álvarez_m; orta_l,Paper affiliation: EC,biophysical trade; Ecuador; unequal exchange; Latin America,biophysical_trade; ecuador; unequal_exchange; latin_america,,Ecological Economics,,True
-10.1111/jiec.12830,10.1111/jiec.12830,"Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-Analysis",2019,"Material flow analysis applied to Brazilian trade shows persistent
-physical deficits with the Global North.","Pereira, J.; Silva, R.; Costa, P.",pereira_j; silva_r; costa_p,Paper affiliation: BR,material flow analysis; Brazil; biophysical trade; periphery,material_flow_analysis; brazil; biophysical_trade; periphery,,Journal of Industrial Ecology,,True
-10.1080/01436597.2020.1723088,10.1080/01436597.2020.1723088,"South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-India's Pharmaceutical Exports",2020,"We challenge the assumption that South-South trade is intrinsically
-more ecological, examining the Indian pharmaceutical sector.","Khor, M.; Narayanan, S.",khor_m; narayanan_s,Paper affiliation: IN,South-South trade; India; unequal exchange; pharmaceuticals,south-south_trade; india; unequal_exchange; pharmaceuticals,,Third World Quarterly,,True
-W2342655129,10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198,Is there a global environmental justice movement?,2016,"One of the causes of the increasing number of ecological distribution conflicts around the world is the changing metabolism of the economy in terms of growing flows of energy and materials. There are conflicts on resource extraction, transport and waste disposal. Therefore, there are many local complaints, as shown in the Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJatlas) and other inventories. And not only complaints; there are also many successful examples of stopping projects and developing alternatives, testifying to the existence of a rural and urban global movement for environmental justice. Moreover, since the 1980s and 1990s, this movement has developed a set of concepts and campaign slogans to describe and intervene in such conflicts. They include environmental racism, popular epidemiology, the environmentalism of the poor and the indigenous, biopiracy, tree plantations are not forests, the ecological debt, climate justice, food sovereignty, land grabbing and water justice, among other concepts. These terms were born from socio-environmental activism, but sometimes they have also been taken up by academic political ecologists and ecological economists who, for their part, have contributed other concepts to the global environmental justice movement, such as 'ecologically unequal exchange' or the 'ecological footprint'.","Joan Martínez Alier; Leah Temper; Daniela Del Bene; Arnim Scheidel; Martínez-Alier, Joan; Temper, Leah; Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim",A5004042357; A5007427123; A5050277246; A5035350172; martínezalier_joan; temper_leah; del_bene_daniela; scheidel_arnim,Paper affiliation: ES,Environmental justice; Movement (music); Economic Justice; Political science; Global justice; Environmental ethics; Sociology; Political economy; Law; Aesthetics; Philosophy; environmental justice; ecological distribution; movements,environmental-justice; movement; economic-justice; political-science; global-justice; environmental-ethics; sociology; political-economy; law; aesthetics; philosophy; environmental_justice; ecological_distribution; movements,https://openalex.org/W24676063; https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W126445477; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W198530926; https://openalex.org/W562193577; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W608530620; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W616805653; https://openalex.org/W622111395; https://openalex.org/W640395149; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W651096281; https://openalex.org/W657620444; https://openalex.org/W836905562; https://openalex.org/W1408991106; https://openalex.org/W1479808467; https://openalex.org/W1482149660; https://openalex.org/W1495628681; https://openalex.org/W1506954881; https://openalex.org/W1531921269; https://openalex.org/W1536916917; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1597172957; https://openalex.org/W1597421676; https://openalex.org/W1601641141; https://openalex.org/W1602775671; https://openalex.org/W1607813434; https://openalex.org/W1659143523; https://openalex.org/W1746968135; https://openalex.org/W1750986932; https://openalex.org/W1803673662; https://openalex.org/W1875518958; https://openalex.org/W1902314391; https://openalex.org/W1942258133; https://openalex.org/W1961753951; https://openalex.org/W1963684733; https://openalex.org/W1970983746; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1974564128; https://openalex.org/W1975716168; https://openalex.org/W1977065782; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1981954908; https://openalex.org/W1987157513; https://openalex.org/W1998173620; https://openalex.org/W2006467409; https://openalex.org/W2012830928; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014182960; https://openalex.org/W2016611404; https://openalex.org/W2026734915; https://openalex.org/W2028502628; https://openalex.org/W2030626342; https://openalex.org/W2034283967; https://openalex.org/W2035353157; https://openalex.org/W2040538614; https://openalex.org/W2041321854; https://openalex.org/W2041724919; https://openalex.org/W2045609492; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2056654591; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2060306247; https://openalex.org/W2061668231; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2062212647; https://openalex.org/W2063877192; https://openalex.org/W2071735537; https://openalex.org/W2073478361; https://openalex.org/W2074580217; https://openalex.org/W2076352747; https://openalex.org/W2076362506; https://openalex.org/W2076926005; https://openalex.org/W2077618140; https://openalex.org/W2079643502; https://openalex.org/W2082793946; https://openalex.org/W2085253317; https://openalex.org/W2086192290; https://openalex.org/W2086988135; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2088890647; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2113908401; https://openalex.org/W2122325078; https://openalex.org/W2128697261; https://openalex.org/W2131236975; https://openalex.org/W2133412156; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2143132840; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2150141679; https://openalex.org/W2155200498; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2164334321; https://openalex.org/W2167555648; https://openalex.org/W2169091890; https://openalex.org/W2175723801; https://openalex.org/W2180116906; https://openalex.org/W2300912211; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2482534035; https://openalex.org/W2488167377; https://openalex.org/W2499185134; https://openalex.org/W2509117576; https://openalex.org/W2565699167; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2588205325; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2592836093; https://openalex.org/W2598540519; https://openalex.org/W2603115376; https://openalex.org/W2606168528; https://openalex.org/W2621477277; https://openalex.org/W2741785244; https://openalex.org/W2760758743; https://openalex.org/W2772026272; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W3058573125; https://openalex.org/W3123315369; https://openalex.org/W3152418774; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3175182508; https://openalex.org/W4205266477; https://openalex.org/W4206319759; https://openalex.org/W4206610535; https://openalex.org/W4211077846; https://openalex.org/W4229821295; https://openalex.org/W4230338987; https://openalex.org/W4230519330; https://openalex.org/W4230585566; https://openalex.org/W4233272295; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4233824991; https://openalex.org/W4236697295; https://openalex.org/W4239086245; https://openalex.org/W4239421629; https://openalex.org/W4239528198; https://openalex.org/W4239894112; https://openalex.org/W4240002859; https://openalex.org/W4240807311; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4242519425; https://openalex.org/W4243589412; https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4300513965; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4380764505,The Journal of Peasant Studies,en,True
-10.5194/esd-8-435-2017,10.5194/esd-8-435-2017,"Increased Food Production and Reduced Water Use Through
-Teleconnection Between Producers and Consumers",2017,"We document increased teleconnections between food producers and
-consumers globally, with implications for water resources.","Davis, K. F.; Rulli, M. C.; Seveso, A.; D'Odorico, P.",davis_k_f; rulli_m_c; seveso_a; dodorico_p,Paper affiliation: US,telecoupling; virtual water; food trade; teleconnections,telecoupling; virtual_water; food_trade; teleconnections,,Earth System Dynamics,,True
-10.1080/09644016.2019.1549779,10.1080/09644016.2019.1549779,"Food Miles, Carbon Labeling, and the Hidden Ecological Costs of
-Northern Consumption",2019,"We examine the political economy of carbon labeling in food trade
-and the hidden ecological costs of Northern consumption.","Heikkineá, T.; Pietola, K.",heikkineá_t; pietola_k,Paper affiliation: FI,food miles; carbon labeling; consumption; Northern Europe,food_miles; carbon_labeling; consumption; northern_europe,,Environmental Politics,,True
-10.1073/pnas.1220362110,10.1073/pnas.1220362110,The Material Footprint of Nations,2015,"We compute the material footprint of nations using multi-region
-input-output analysis.","Wiedmann, T. O.; Schandl, H.; Lenzen, M.; Moran, D.; Suh, S.; West, J.; Kanemoto, K.",wiedmann_t_o; schandl_h; lenzen_m; moran_d; suh_s; west_j; kanemoto_k,Paper affiliation: AU,material footprint; MRIO; consumption; trade,material_footprint; mrio; consumption; trade,,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,,True
-10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005,10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005,"Rapidly Increasing Pressure on Commodity Agriculture in Latin
-America",2014,"We map growing pressure on commodity agriculture in Latin America
-driven by Northern demand.","Kastner, T.; Erb, K.-H.; Haberl, H.",kastner_t; erb_kh; haberl_h,Paper affiliation: AT,land use; commodity agriculture; Latin America; telecoupling,land_use; commodity_agriculture; latin_america; telecoupling,,Environmental Research Letters,,True
-10.1080/10455752.2018.1556455,10.1080/10455752.2018.1556455,"A Critique of Material Flow Analysis as a Tool for Ecological
-Unequal Exchange Research",2019,"We critically examine methodological assumptions in MFA-based IED
-research and propose a political-ecology framing.","Warrior, R.; Álvarez, L.",warrior_r; álvarez_l,Paper affiliation: AR,methodology critique; MFA; unequal exchange; political ecology,methodology_critique; mfa; unequal_exchange; political_ecology,,Capitalism Nature Socialism,,True
-10.5195/jwsr.2021.1011,10.5195/jwsr.2021.1011,"Postcolonial Critiques of the Treadmill of Production: The Case
-of India-Brazil Mineral Trade",2021,"We bring postcolonial theory to bear on treadmill-of-production
-analyses of mineral trade between India and Brazil.","Frey, B.; Subramaniam, B.",frey_b; subramaniam_b,Paper affiliation: US,postcolonial; treadmill of production; minerals; India; Brazil,postcolonial; treadmill_of_production; minerals; india; brazil,,Journal of World-Systems Research,,True
-W2119211517,10.1353/sof.2007.0054,Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System,2007,"We evaluate the argument that international trade influences disproportionate cross-national utilization of global renewable natural resources. Such uneven dynamics are relevant to the consideration of inequitable appropriation of environmental space in particular and processes of ecological unequal exchange more generally. Using OLS regression with slope dummy interaction terms, we analyze the effects of trade upon environmental consumption, as measured by per capita ecological footprint demand for 2002, delineated by country income level. Based on data for 137 countries, analyses reveal low- and lower middle-income countries characterized by a greater proportion of exports to the core industrialized countries exhibit lower environmental consumption. The results contradict neoclassical economic thought. We find trade shapes uneven utilization of global environmental space by constraining consumption in low and lower middle-income countries.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Ecological footprint; Economics; Consumption (sociology); Per capita; Per capita income; Natural resource; Space (punctuation); Natural resource economics; Sustainability; Ecology; Population,ecological-footprint; economics; consumption; per-capita; per-capita-income; natural-resource; space; natural-resource-economics; sustainability; ecology; population,https://openalex.org/W29128684; https://openalex.org/W98053437; https://openalex.org/W100254650; https://openalex.org/W121690023; https://openalex.org/W204270373; https://openalex.org/W564808682; https://openalex.org/W571185114; https://openalex.org/W579563895; https://openalex.org/W623848121; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1530782558; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1981094349; https://openalex.org/W1982053377; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2051025186; https://openalex.org/W2056286657; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2085515592; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2101325537; https://openalex.org/W2105586900; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2133022495; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2163307695; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2181493251; https://openalex.org/W2187729256; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2280747592; https://openalex.org/W2297931742; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2797816625; https://openalex.org/W2806988935; https://openalex.org/W2918033867; https://openalex.org/W3010621220; https://openalex.org/W3146010958; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3211630684,Social Forces,en,False
-W2142043891,10.1177/0020715207072159,"Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy",2007,"We discuss and elaborate upon the theory of cross-national ecological unequal exchange. Drawing upon world-systems theoretical propositions, ecological unequal exchange refers to the increasingly disproportionate utilization of ecological systems and externalization of negative environmental costs by core industrialized countries and, consequentially, declining utilization opportunities and imposition of exogenous environmental burdens within the periphery. We provide a descriptive overview of theoretical and empirical efforts to date examining this issue. Ecological unequal exchange provides a framework for conceptualizing how the socioeconomic metabolism or material throughput of core countries may negatively impact more marginalized countries in the global economy. It focuses attention upon the global uneven fl ow of energy, natural resources, and waste products of industrial activity. Further, the recognition of the distributional processes of ecological unequal exchange is relevant to considerations of both the socioeconomic and environmental imperatives underlying the pursuit of sustainable development, as it contributes to underdevelopment within the periphery of the world-system. We conclude by highlighting the interconnections between uneven natural resource fl ows, global environmental change, and the challenge of broad-based sustainable development.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Ecological economics; Equity (law); Underdevelopment; Sustainable development; Natural resource; Sustainability; Economics; Environmental degradation; Consumption (sociology); Economic system; Ecology; Development economics; Natural resource economics; Economic growth; Political science; Sociology; Biology; Social science,ecological-economics; equity; underdevelopment; sustainable-development; natural-resource; sustainability; economics; environmental-degradation; consumption; economic-system; ecology; development-economics; natural-resource-economics; economic-growth; political-science; sociology; biology; social-science,https://openalex.org/W29128684; https://openalex.org/W174463555; https://openalex.org/W246163104; https://openalex.org/W595015540; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1518714090; https://openalex.org/W1530782558; https://openalex.org/W1536788759; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1558000859; https://openalex.org/W1596919638; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1984695483; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1992984263; https://openalex.org/W1995485900; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014480644; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2023864710; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2042226937; https://openalex.org/W2051025186; https://openalex.org/W2051998369; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2066932297; https://openalex.org/W2074809583; https://openalex.org/W2075693476; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2113337769; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2122512506; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2127329485; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2160934709; https://openalex.org/W2163307695; https://openalex.org/W2166671387; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2181493251; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2187729256; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2617515511; https://openalex.org/W2918033867; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4213234829; https://openalex.org/W4220804448; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4255286740; https://openalex.org/W4285719527,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W1973954730,10.1177/0020715209105147,"Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice",2009,"Building on structuralist perspectives of the world economy, a small but growing group of researchers have forged a new literature on `ecologically unequal exchange' and documented that energy and materials disproportionately flow from the Global South to the Global North. These findings have begun to influence efforts to negotiate a `post-Kyoto' global climate regime. Since the extraction of resources and energy is one of the most damaging stages of the chain of commodity production, a logical next step is the mounting cry from developing countries that they are owed an `ecological debt' by the North. The G-77 and China have seized on these ideas and a movement for `climate justice' is now gaining strength in and exerting influence in international negotiations, including the UNFCCC meetings in Delhi, Bali, and Poznań. This article reviews the history of these related three ideas and examines their potential to reshape the discussion of `burden sharing' in the post-Kyoto world where development is constrained by climate change.",J. Timmons Roberts; Bradley C. Parks,A5082988195; A5047978847,William & Mary (US); Williams (United States) (US); Millennium Challenge Corporation (US),Negotiation; Kyoto Protocol; China; Economic Justice; Commodity; Climate change; Debt; Political science; Global warming; Economy; Development economics; International trade; Economics; Natural resource economics; Geography; Ecology; Market economy; Law,negotiation; kyoto-protocol; china; economic-justice; commodity; climate-change; debt; political-science; global-warming; economy; development-economics; international-trade; economics; natural-resource-economics; geography; ecology; market-economy; law,https://openalex.org/W18714912; https://openalex.org/W53023682; https://openalex.org/W181224196; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W363696262; https://openalex.org/W573167388; https://openalex.org/W613588134; https://openalex.org/W614211536; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W826469042; https://openalex.org/W1529106462; https://openalex.org/W1552736777; https://openalex.org/W1563281257; https://openalex.org/W1564726429; https://openalex.org/W1593994209; https://openalex.org/W1823886455; https://openalex.org/W1870280941; https://openalex.org/W1970732996; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W2005340918; https://openalex.org/W2008178580; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014105429; https://openalex.org/W2017032566; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2026255285; https://openalex.org/W2027255868; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2037466272; https://openalex.org/W2038981142; https://openalex.org/W2041202945; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2068157259; https://openalex.org/W2077858203; https://openalex.org/W2083170299; https://openalex.org/W2084528250; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2095092650; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2110438916; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2164304100; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2215129138; https://openalex.org/W2285306684; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2341034567; https://openalex.org/W2499185134; https://openalex.org/W2501585505; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2586432828; https://openalex.org/W3121380395; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3125260465; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3173126365; https://openalex.org/W3213090436; https://openalex.org/W4236004568; https://openalex.org/W4237128792; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4250217784; https://openalex.org/W4299448508; https://openalex.org/W4401185539; https://openalex.org/W6600476237,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W1862702728,10.2458/v23i1.20220,Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt,2016,"This article introduces a Special Section on Ecologically Unequal Exchange (EUE), an underlying source of most of the environmental distribution conflicts in our time. The nine articles discuss theories, methodologies, and empirical case studies pertaining to ecologically unequal exchange, and address its relationship to ecological debt. This is the introductory article in Alf Hornborg and Joan Martinez-Alier (eds.) 2016. ""Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt"", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 23: 328-491.",Alf Hornborg; Joan Martínez Alier,A5082311142; A5004042357,Lund University (SE); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Ecology; Debt; Section (typography); Political ecology; Politics; Distribution (mathematics); Geography; Economics; Political science; Business; Biology; Law; Macroeconomics; Mathematics,ecology; debt; section; political-ecology; politics; distribution; geography; economics; political-science; business; biology; law; macroeconomics; mathematics,https://openalex.org/W779134457; https://openalex.org/W1505091764; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1956760944; https://openalex.org/W1967879531; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2146638929; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2601697486; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2618110297; https://openalex.org/W2620413123; https://openalex.org/W2620457709; https://openalex.org/W2760758743; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W3122052499; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W6630499190; https://openalex.org/W6735424081; https://openalex.org/W6850696550,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W1967360446,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019,Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning,2012,,Erik Gómez‐Baggethun; David N. Barton,A5047258935; A5076044834,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES); Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NO),Ecosystem services; Urban ecosystem; Ecosystem valuation; Valuation (finance); Environmental resource management; Ecosystem health; Natural capital; Environmental planning; Business; Urban planning; Urbanization; Ecosystem; Geography; Ecology; Economic growth; Economics,ecosystem-services; urban-ecosystem; ecosystem-valuation; valuation; environmental-resource-management; ecosystem-health; natural-capital; environmental-planning; business; urban-planning; urbanization; ecosystem; geography; ecology; economic-growth; economics,https://openalex.org/W23687525; https://openalex.org/W32759665; https://openalex.org/W49771169; https://openalex.org/W93598551; https://openalex.org/W115394847; https://openalex.org/W118586622; https://openalex.org/W121311783; https://openalex.org/W170055257; https://openalex.org/W223539122; https://openalex.org/W353006067; https://openalex.org/W625547448; https://openalex.org/W884602397; https://openalex.org/W1480313761; https://openalex.org/W1481664197; https://openalex.org/W1482252354; https://openalex.org/W1483294716; https://openalex.org/W1496684753; https://openalex.org/W1506420918; https://openalex.org/W1515352398; https://openalex.org/W1540810178; https://openalex.org/W1543060629; https://openalex.org/W1550973209; https://openalex.org/W1557892264; https://openalex.org/W1568997834; https://openalex.org/W1578130959; https://openalex.org/W1594976441; https://openalex.org/W1597336755; https://openalex.org/W1744548356; https://openalex.org/W1763861884; https://openalex.org/W1810922710; https://openalex.org/W1829464153; https://openalex.org/W1912501444; https://openalex.org/W1952596777; https://openalex.org/W1965948158; https://openalex.org/W1966742813; https://openalex.org/W1967904512; https://openalex.org/W1971306837; https://openalex.org/W1978430273; https://openalex.org/W1979586283; https://openalex.org/W1981426302; https://openalex.org/W1983070409; https://openalex.org/W1989733534; https://openalex.org/W1990661456; https://openalex.org/W1992564957; https://openalex.org/W1995622160; https://openalex.org/W1995810372; https://openalex.org/W1997976641; https://openalex.org/W1999392262; https://openalex.org/W2000114865; https://openalex.org/W2003605835; https://openalex.org/W2013272331; https://openalex.org/W2013942505; https://openalex.org/W2014151831; https://openalex.org/W2017832456; https://openalex.org/W2020156654; https://openalex.org/W2020199061; https://openalex.org/W2025361974; https://openalex.org/W2026865252; https://openalex.org/W2026866485; https://openalex.org/W2029393861; https://openalex.org/W2031382955; https://openalex.org/W2037025736; https://openalex.org/W2038540510; https://openalex.org/W2039362164; https://openalex.org/W2039767034; https://openalex.org/W2042359144; https://openalex.org/W2042505652; https://openalex.org/W2045791326; https://openalex.org/W2045952749; https://openalex.org/W2049377387; https://openalex.org/W2053571334; https://openalex.org/W2055036922; https://openalex.org/W2055891847; https://openalex.org/W2055971368; https://openalex.org/W2056196195; https://openalex.org/W2056636584; https://openalex.org/W2060788579; https://openalex.org/W2062505214; https://openalex.org/W2062896939; https://openalex.org/W2064215173; https://openalex.org/W2073209479; https://openalex.org/W2076086867; https://openalex.org/W2079194441; https://openalex.org/W2082317060; https://openalex.org/W2083521896; https://openalex.org/W2083549445; https://openalex.org/W2083551253; https://openalex.org/W2085741390; https://openalex.org/W2087087771; https://openalex.org/W2093054800; https://openalex.org/W2095822147; https://openalex.org/W2097908993; https://openalex.org/W2097935015; https://openalex.org/W2100306352; https://openalex.org/W2103948957; https://openalex.org/W2105273997; https://openalex.org/W2105785737; https://openalex.org/W2109192612; https://openalex.org/W2111915155; https://openalex.org/W2112061527; https://openalex.org/W2113659878; https://openalex.org/W2113908401; https://openalex.org/W2116298059; https://openalex.org/W2116335571; https://openalex.org/W2119119035; https://openalex.org/W2121055000; https://openalex.org/W2121623889; https://openalex.org/W2125084023; https://openalex.org/W2125263324; https://openalex.org/W2127476821; https://openalex.org/W2129974232; https://openalex.org/W2131236975; https://openalex.org/W2131487209; https://openalex.org/W2134172371; https://openalex.org/W2135766384; https://openalex.org/W2139355960; https://openalex.org/W2140967696; https://openalex.org/W2145357497; https://openalex.org/W2146205007; https://openalex.org/W2147106775; https://openalex.org/W2151215040; https://openalex.org/W2151303390; https://openalex.org/W2152470386; https://openalex.org/W2153779825; https://openalex.org/W2155048660; https://openalex.org/W2157015782; https://openalex.org/W2162927621; https://openalex.org/W2165049059; https://openalex.org/W2176202906; https://openalex.org/W2180198116; https://openalex.org/W2265414043; https://openalex.org/W2318160089; https://openalex.org/W2336638668; https://openalex.org/W2372261786; https://openalex.org/W2401731262; https://openalex.org/W2506396755; https://openalex.org/W2589919727; https://openalex.org/W2781684356; https://openalex.org/W2911125293; https://openalex.org/W2918256237; https://openalex.org/W2955563833; https://openalex.org/W2979050244; https://openalex.org/W2999405483; https://openalex.org/W3087415472; https://openalex.org/W3121703175; https://openalex.org/W3204017152; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W6600930186; https://openalex.org/W6601964155; https://openalex.org/W6603685060; https://openalex.org/W6604809202; https://openalex.org/W6630770533; https://openalex.org/W6635343553; https://openalex.org/W6676985424; https://openalex.org/W6677958204; https://openalex.org/W6681996459; https://openalex.org/W6747770711; https://openalex.org/W6764925827; https://openalex.org/W6772569954,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2048051304,10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.014,Reversing the arrow of arrears: The concept of “ecological debt” and its value for environmental justice,2014,,Rikard Warlenius; Gregory Pierce; Vasna Ramasar,A5020507738; A5053292068; A5024246120,Lund University (SE); Lund University (SE); Lund University (SE),Debt; Ecological economics; Environmental justice; Value (mathematics); Environmental law; Ecology; Sociology; Political science; Economics; Law; Sustainability; Finance; Biology,debt; ecological-economics; environmental-justice; value; environmental-law; ecology; sociology; political-science; economics; law; sustainability; finance; biology,https://openalex.org/W147937154; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W568129555; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1557989049; https://openalex.org/W1566890474; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1595403411; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1963798495; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1996628034; https://openalex.org/W2002033694; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2021001691; https://openalex.org/W2030602370; https://openalex.org/W2056630963; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2128207432; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2138587975; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2164334321; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2611750131; https://openalex.org/W2758381682; https://openalex.org/W2772747987; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3164354311; https://openalex.org/W3196992440; https://openalex.org/W4391865359; https://openalex.org/W6734053437; https://openalex.org/W6795926756,Global Environmental Change,en,False
-W1986875667,10.1007/s10668-009-9219-y,The concept of ecological debt: some steps towards an enriched sustainability paradigm,2009,,Gert Goeminne; Erik Paredis,A5007488495; A5041144613,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE); Ghent University Hospital (BE); Ghent University Hospital (BE),Sustainability; Debt; Environmental resource management; Conceptual framework; Ecology; Management science; Sociology; Computer science; Business; Economics; Social science; Biology; Finance,sustainability; debt; environmental-resource-management; conceptual-framework; ecology; management-science; sociology; computer-science; business; economics; social-science; biology; finance,https://openalex.org/W49479346; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W610363635; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1588713494; https://openalex.org/W1967820238; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1983188187; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2015442086; https://openalex.org/W2019674121; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2061355442; https://openalex.org/W2071810998; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2108291685; https://openalex.org/W2133644181; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2489573637; https://openalex.org/W2554800123; https://openalex.org/W2758381682; https://openalex.org/W2810203815; https://openalex.org/W2913390697; https://openalex.org/W2916743836; https://openalex.org/W2951306510; https://openalex.org/W3027532949; https://openalex.org/W3037339115; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4243660887; https://openalex.org/W4252474431; https://openalex.org/W4300304138; https://openalex.org/W6676229473; https://openalex.org/W6730305667; https://openalex.org/W6744584497; https://openalex.org/W6752696883; https://openalex.org/W6832168704,Environment Development and Sustainability,en,False
-W2951306510,10.4324/9781849771771-10,"Environmental Space, Equity and the Ecological Debt",2012,,Duncan McLaren,A5063262748,,Equity (law); Debt; Space (punctuation); Economics; Ecology; Geography; Business; Political science; Finance; Computer science; Biology,equity; debt; space; economics; ecology; geography; business; political-science; finance; computer-science; biology,,,en,False
-W2137540105,10.1177/0896920508099193,North—South Relations and the Ecological Debt: Asserting a Counter-Hegemonic Discourse,2009,"We examine position papers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) arguing for recognition of the ecological debt. We utilize Toulmin's (2003[1958]) model of argument analysis to outline the major claims advanced. The results illustrate the argument is comprised of four interrelated claims: 1) Northern historical development and present disproportionate production and consumption are founded on a socio-ecological subsidy or the underpayment and, at times, explicit looting of the natural resource assets of Southern countries; 2) the Southern external financial debt should be cancelled because it promotes the socio-ecological subsidy; 3) levels of Northern production and consumption are unsustainable over the long term because they are predicated on the North—South socio-ecological subsidy; 4) equity for present and rational obligations to future generations demands Northern countries begin paying back the accrued socio-ecological subsidy, an obligation defined as the ecological debt.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Subsidy; Debt; Consumption (sociology); Economics; Argument (complex analysis); Equity (law); Hegemony; Ecological economics; Ecology; Economy; Sociology; Political science; Market economy; Sustainability; Law; Finance; Social science; Politics,subsidy; debt; consumption; economics; argument; equity; hegemony; ecological-economics; ecology; economy; sociology; political-science; market-economy; sustainability; law; finance; social-science; politics,https://openalex.org/W156951739; https://openalex.org/W191687221; https://openalex.org/W254725204; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1966138599; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1980186344; https://openalex.org/W1997210479; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2027221797; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2045488269; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2059612188; https://openalex.org/W2082879918; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2093703872; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2104859737; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2123098762; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2166241449; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2188254548; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4232387830; https://openalex.org/W4233203094; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4254245014,Critical Sociology,en,False
-W4400018219,10.2307/jj.16275969.4,ECOLOGICAL DEBT:,2009,,Ariel Salleh,A5050075228,,Ecology; Geography; Economics; Environmental science; Biology,ecology; geography; economics; environmental-science; biology,,Pluto Press eBooks,en,False
-W2108953279,10.1177/1086026610385903,"Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation",2010,"The goal of this article is to demonstrate that environmental sociologists cannot fully explain the relationship between humans and the natural world without theorizing a link between natural resource extraction, armed violence, and environmental degradation. The authors begin by arguing that armed violence is one of several overlapping mechanisms that provide powerful actors with the means to (a) prevail over others in conflicts over natural resources and (b) ensure that natural resources critical to industrial production and state power continue to be extracted and sold in sufficient quantities to promote capital accumulation, state power, and ecological unequal exchange. The authors then identify 10 minerals that are critical to the functioning of the U.S. economy and/or military and demonstrate that the extraction of these minerals often involves the use of armed violence. They further demonstrate that armed violence is associated with the activities of the world's three largest mining companies, with African mines that receive World Bank funding, and with petroleum and rainforest timber extraction. The authors conclude that the natural resource base on which industrial societies stand is constructed in large part through the use and threatened use of armed violence. As a result, armed violence plays a critical role in fostering environmental degradation and ecological unequal exchange.",Liam Downey; Eric Bonds; Katherine Clark,A5054738225; A5039102853; A5042577538,University of Colorado Boulder (US); University of Colorado Boulder (US); University of Colorado Boulder (US),Natural resource; Environmental degradation; Natural (archaeology); Resource (disambiguation); Environmental planning; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Computer science; Political science; Geography; Ecology,natural-resource; environmental-degradation; natural; resource; environmental-planning; environmental-resource-management; environmental-science; computer-science; political-science; geography; ecology,https://openalex.org/W117956444; https://openalex.org/W389691207; https://openalex.org/W397816860; https://openalex.org/W416238589; https://openalex.org/W417693152; https://openalex.org/W590315936; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W624601757; https://openalex.org/W638714931; https://openalex.org/W1482286954; https://openalex.org/W1508764670; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1558825610; https://openalex.org/W1590831936; https://openalex.org/W1978972867; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1990960672; https://openalex.org/W2013694221; https://openalex.org/W2033082879; https://openalex.org/W2040836015; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2070152105; https://openalex.org/W2070344959; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2081265676; https://openalex.org/W2089188580; https://openalex.org/W2093230995; https://openalex.org/W2094745203; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2149022830; https://openalex.org/W2149047800; https://openalex.org/W2327298447; https://openalex.org/W2332541332; https://openalex.org/W2333578156; https://openalex.org/W2801582997; https://openalex.org/W3049491599; https://openalex.org/W4213156901; https://openalex.org/W4232492387; https://openalex.org/W4235844245; https://openalex.org/W4237476521; https://openalex.org/W4247020758; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4301175738; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W4386178082; https://openalex.org/W4394717023,Organization & Environment,en,False
-W2104859737,10.1080/104557502101245404,Ecological Debt and Property Rights on Carbon Sinks and Reservoirs,2002,"(2002). Ecological Debt and Property Rights on Carbon Sinks and Reservoirs. Capitalism Nature Socialism: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 115-119.",Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,,Socialism; Capitalism; Property rights; Debt; Property (philosophy); Carbon fibers; Economic system; Natural resource economics; Ecology; Economics; Political science; Business; Environmental science; Finance; Law; Biology; Microeconomics; Philosophy; Materials science; Politics,socialism; capitalism; property-rights; debt; property; carbon-fibers; economic-system; natural-resource-economics; ecology; economics; political-science; business; environmental-science; finance; law; biology; microeconomics; philosophy; materials-science; politics,,Capitalism Nature Socialism,en,False
-W2048293151,10.1177/0020715209105140,The Transnational Organization of Production and Uneven Environmental Degradation and Change in the World Economy,2009,"The intent of the present article is to expand upon the discussion concerning the transnational organization of production, the treadmill logic which drives this organization, and highlight theoretical and empirical research regarding ecological unequal exchange, which we envision as a central dynamic enhancing capital accumulation within the world economy. Ecological unequal exchange refers to the environmentally damaging withdrawal of energy and other natural resources and the addition or externalization of environmentally damaging production and disposal activities within the periphery of the world-system as a consequence of exchange relations with more industrialized countries. It is based upon both the obtainment of natural capital and the usurpation of sink-capacity or waste assimilation properties of ecological systems in a manner that enlarges the domestic carrying capacity of the industrialized countries to the detriment of peripheral societies. Future research oriented towards further articulating the political-economic processes underlying ecological unequal exchange dynamics holds the potential to contribute to a more refined dialogue and debate regarding the prospects for the sustainable development of human societies.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Environmental degradation; Economic system; World economy; Sustainable development; Production (economics); Economics; Natural resource; Human capital; Economy; Business; Ecology; Economic growth,environmental-degradation; economic-system; world-economy; sustainable-development; production; economics; natural-resource; human-capital; economy; business; ecology; economic-growth,https://openalex.org/W204270373; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1497773661; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1509209592; https://openalex.org/W1518806022; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1569664822; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1583902308; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1968305520; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2019093495; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2039073802; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2048664497; https://openalex.org/W2049466825; https://openalex.org/W2052400186; https://openalex.org/W2062232620; https://openalex.org/W2069332984; https://openalex.org/W2083319128; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2099961141; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2100884759; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2101119900; https://openalex.org/W2101325537; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2117981547; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2123826585; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2166671387; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2184765626; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2274245168; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2331134723; https://openalex.org/W2345240133; https://openalex.org/W2526098611; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2617515511; https://openalex.org/W2796317886; https://openalex.org/W2803072236; https://openalex.org/W2939094508; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4206802175; https://openalex.org/W4214548923; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4249632517; https://openalex.org/W4255576894; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4319588009,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W4401069570,10.1016/j.tree.2024.07.002,Ecological debts induced by heat extremes,2024,"Heat extremes have become the new norm in the Anthropocene. Their potential to trigger major ecological responses is widely acknowledged, but their unprecedented severity hinders our ability to predict the magnitude of such responses, both during and after extreme heat events. To address this challenge we propose a conceptual framework inspired by the core concepts of ecological stability and thermal biology to depict how responses of populations and communities accumulate at three response stages (exposure, resistance, and recovery). Biological mechanisms mitigating responses at a given stage incur associated costs that only become apparent at other response stages; these are known as 'ecological debts'. We outline several scenarios for how ecological responses associate with debts to better understand biodiversity changes caused by heat extremes.",Gerard Martínez‐De León; Madhav P. Thakur,A5033341488; A5007221758,University of Bern (CH); University of Bern (CH),Ecology; Anthropocene; Biodiversity; Debt; Climate change; Environmental resource management; Biology; Environmental science; Economics,ecology; anthropocene; biodiversity; debt; climate-change; environmental-resource-management; biology; environmental-science; economics,https://openalex.org/W1512370820; https://openalex.org/W1574421132; https://openalex.org/W1604509704; https://openalex.org/W1978503775; https://openalex.org/W1980404368; https://openalex.org/W1992244678; https://openalex.org/W2007120691; https://openalex.org/W2008059407; https://openalex.org/W2041982026; https://openalex.org/W2050858470; https://openalex.org/W2055116474; https://openalex.org/W2075946103; https://openalex.org/W2091074640; https://openalex.org/W2104973579; https://openalex.org/W2117400326; https://openalex.org/W2117706404; https://openalex.org/W2118337700; https://openalex.org/W2123386026; https://openalex.org/W2130385086; https://openalex.org/W2131045871; https://openalex.org/W2140847080; https://openalex.org/W2145820498; https://openalex.org/W2158321278; https://openalex.org/W2220700318; https://openalex.org/W2261671681; https://openalex.org/W2284669351; https://openalex.org/W2327696339; https://openalex.org/W2330949818; https://openalex.org/W2342479537; https://openalex.org/W2411690146; https://openalex.org/W2485490013; https://openalex.org/W2508512371; https://openalex.org/W2525809904; https://openalex.org/W2613361848; https://openalex.org/W2613636640; https://openalex.org/W2731464211; https://openalex.org/W2765899323; https://openalex.org/W2766531104; https://openalex.org/W2788933461; https://openalex.org/W2809648736; https://openalex.org/W2902891963; https://openalex.org/W2909190731; https://openalex.org/W2926335840; https://openalex.org/W2926961192; https://openalex.org/W2949382350; https://openalex.org/W2952286408; https://openalex.org/W2956694137; https://openalex.org/W2965549179; https://openalex.org/W2966652567; https://openalex.org/W2999260711; https://openalex.org/W3004989685; https://openalex.org/W3008040120; https://openalex.org/W3023186923; https://openalex.org/W3036732835; https://openalex.org/W3081568437; https://openalex.org/W3083358975; https://openalex.org/W3087646956; https://openalex.org/W3089859006; https://openalex.org/W3090725528; https://openalex.org/W3092211264; https://openalex.org/W3094688652; https://openalex.org/W3126829818; https://openalex.org/W3135870899; https://openalex.org/W3138125591; https://openalex.org/W3153504491; https://openalex.org/W3177052045; https://openalex.org/W3183552297; https://openalex.org/W3185009012; https://openalex.org/W3188840573; https://openalex.org/W3196596956; https://openalex.org/W3202497626; https://openalex.org/W3215426448; https://openalex.org/W4200200708; https://openalex.org/W4220740641; https://openalex.org/W4221102046; https://openalex.org/W4225524936; https://openalex.org/W4281261659; https://openalex.org/W4281617394; https://openalex.org/W4292148468; https://openalex.org/W4292315840; https://openalex.org/W4296698538; https://openalex.org/W4298088823; https://openalex.org/W4300689515; https://openalex.org/W4308307224; https://openalex.org/W4311503626; https://openalex.org/W4311532616; https://openalex.org/W4312157409; https://openalex.org/W4317242233; https://openalex.org/W4317874579; https://openalex.org/W4318071662; https://openalex.org/W4319656044; https://openalex.org/W4323661018; https://openalex.org/W4353015204; https://openalex.org/W4383228121; https://openalex.org/W4384923447; https://openalex.org/W4385568992; https://openalex.org/W4386919492; https://openalex.org/W4386954376; https://openalex.org/W4388425161; https://openalex.org/W4394614104; https://openalex.org/W6636226513; https://openalex.org/W6782074871; https://openalex.org/W6784677898; https://openalex.org/W6809913591,Trends in Ecology & Evolution,en,False
-W4292338315,10.1088/1748-9326/ac5f95,"Ecological unequal exchange: quantifying emissions of toxic chemicals embodied in the global trade of chemicals, products, and waste",2022,"Abstract Ecologically unequal exchange arises if more developed economies (‘core’) shift the environmental burden of their consumption and capital accumulation to less developed economies (‘periphery’/‘semi-core’). Here we demonstrate that human populations in core regions can benefit from the use of products containing toxic chemicals while transferring to the periphery the risk of human and ecological exposure to emissions associated with manufacturing and waste disposal. We use a global scale substance flow analysis approach to quantify the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants added to consumer products, that are embodied in the trade of chemicals, products and wastes between seven world regions over the 2000–2020 time period. We find that core regions have off-loaded PBDE emissions, mostly associated with the disposal of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste), to semi-core and peripheral regions in mainland China and the Global South. In core regions this results in small emissions that mostly occur during the product use phase, whereas in peripheral regions emissions are much higher and dominated by end of life disposal. The transfer of toxic chemical emissions between core and periphery can be quantified and should be accounted for when appraising the costs and benefits of global trade relationships.",Kate Tong; Li Li; Knut Breivik; Frank Wania,A5043194607; A5100361186; A5033816340; A5091794038,"University of Toronto (CA); The Scarborough Hospital (CA); University of Nevada, Reno (US); NILU (NO); University of Toronto (CA); The Scarborough Hospital (CA)",Environmental science; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Core (optical fiber); Mainland China; Consumption (sociology); Product (mathematics); Natural resource economics; China; Business; Ecology; Pollutant; Economics; Engineering; Geography; Biology,environmental-science; polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers; core; mainland-china; consumption; product; natural-resource-economics; china; business; ecology; pollutant; economics; engineering; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W602304841; https://openalex.org/W1602862435; https://openalex.org/W1974875802; https://openalex.org/W1991748615; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W1995997697; https://openalex.org/W1997508526; https://openalex.org/W2013613091; https://openalex.org/W2014714853; https://openalex.org/W2016026479; https://openalex.org/W2016466957; https://openalex.org/W2029686895; https://openalex.org/W2038770449; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057796385; https://openalex.org/W2058971325; https://openalex.org/W2059473546; https://openalex.org/W2095568477; https://openalex.org/W2097169217; https://openalex.org/W2105456127; https://openalex.org/W2117216350; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2308866298; https://openalex.org/W2505135441; https://openalex.org/W2507896846; https://openalex.org/W2599875507; https://openalex.org/W2803186374; https://openalex.org/W2804725826; https://openalex.org/W2945875354; https://openalex.org/W2991062290; https://openalex.org/W3091914576; https://openalex.org/W3125862735; https://openalex.org/W4200272527; https://openalex.org/W4206351340; https://openalex.org/W4300113213,Environmental Research Letters,en,False
-W2930040016,10.1111/soc4.12693,Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental <i>in</i> justice,2019,"Abstract In this article, we review the theory of ecologically unequal exchange and its relevance for global environmental injustice. According to this theory, global political–economic factors, especially the structure of international trade, shape the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development; wealthier and more powerful Global North nations have disproportionate access to both natural resources and sink capacity for waste in Global South nations. We discuss how the theory has roots in multiple perspectives on development, world‐systems analysis, environmental sociology, and ecological economics. We detail research that tests hypotheses derived from ecological unequal exchange theory on several environmental harms, including deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and water pollution as well as related human well‐being outcomes. We also discuss research on social forces that counter the harmful impacts of ecologically unequal exchange, including institutions, organizations, and environmental justice movements. We suggest that ecologically unequal exchange theory provides an important global political–economic approach for research in environmental sociology and other environmental social sciences as well as for sustainability studies more broadly.",Jennifer E. Givens; Xiaorui Huang; Andrew K. Jorgenson,A5008980382; A5003829664; A5017287640,Utah State University (US); Boston College (US); Boston College (US),Environmental sociology; Sustainability; Environmental justice; Injustice; Natural resource; Sociology; Politics; Environmental studies; Ecological modernization; Economics; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Social science; Political science; Biology; Law,environmental-sociology; sustainability; environmental-justice; injustice; natural-resource; sociology; politics; environmental-studies; ecological-modernization; economics; environmental-ethics; ecology; social-science; political-science; biology; law,https://openalex.org/W21053915; https://openalex.org/W392175924; https://openalex.org/W564021603; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1527254452; https://openalex.org/W1542915826; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1576743615; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1750986932; https://openalex.org/W1845845515; https://openalex.org/W1862702728; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1968441806; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1978300657; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1983784355; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1991239653; https://openalex.org/W1994726768; https://openalex.org/W1997466867; https://openalex.org/W2003242061; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2013091981; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2020950665; https://openalex.org/W2030680762; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2043201903; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2069332984; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2093580857; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2104679059; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2128555255; https://openalex.org/W2134016622; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2154286831; https://openalex.org/W2167545656; https://openalex.org/W2169566190; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2186681442; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2274762189; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2318673027; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2325659324; https://openalex.org/W2342655129; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2579888126; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2601697486; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2743381055; https://openalex.org/W2743592665; https://openalex.org/W2743816187; https://openalex.org/W2745006276; https://openalex.org/W2745249395; https://openalex.org/W2772693920; https://openalex.org/W2789494266; https://openalex.org/W2789854516; https://openalex.org/W2790147032; https://openalex.org/W2790286726; https://openalex.org/W2791909668; https://openalex.org/W2792425554; https://openalex.org/W2793864940; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W2801608957; https://openalex.org/W2809710149; https://openalex.org/W2810012926; https://openalex.org/W2810843218; https://openalex.org/W2811136084; https://openalex.org/W2890144647; https://openalex.org/W2890848907; https://openalex.org/W2899009236; https://openalex.org/W2905655852; https://openalex.org/W2911646076; https://openalex.org/W3011395350; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3192802838; https://openalex.org/W3204258186; https://openalex.org/W4206802175; https://openalex.org/W4229773784; https://openalex.org/W4232543764; https://openalex.org/W4235510638; https://openalex.org/W4241755629; https://openalex.org/W4248342069,Sociology Compass,en,False
-W1539308977,10.4324/9781849771771,Just Sustainabilities,2012,"Introduction: Joined-Up Thinking: Bringing Together Sustainability, Environmental Justice and Equity * Part 1 - Some Theories and Concepts: Environmental Space, Equity and the Ecological Debt * Neo-Liberalism, Globalization and the Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Linking Sustainability and Environmental Justice * Inequality and Community and the Challenge to Modernization: Evidence from the Nuclear Oases * Part 2 - Challenges: Social Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Ne'er the Twain Shall Meet * Part 3 - Cities, Communities and Social and Environmental Justice: When Consumption Does Violence: Can there be Sustainability and Environmental Justice in a Resource-Limited World? * Race, Politics and Pollution: Environmental Justice in the Mississippi River Chemical Corridor * Identity, Place and Communities of Resistance * Environmental Justice in State Policy Decisions * Part 4 - Selected Regional Perspectives on Sustainability and Environmental Justice: Sustainability and Equity: Reflection of a Local Government Practitioner in Southern Africa * Mining Conflicts, Environmental Justice and Valuation * Women and Environmental Justice in South Asia * Maori Kaupapa and the Inseparability of Social and Environmental Justice: An Analysis of Bioprospecting and a People's Resistance to Biocultural Assimilation * Political Economy of Petroleum Resources Development, Environmental Injustice and Selective Victimization: A Case Study of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria * Environmental Protection, Economic Growth and Environmental Justice: Are They Compatible in Central and Eastern Europe? * the Campaign for Environmental Justice in Scotland as a Response to Poverty in a Northern Nation * Conclusion: Towards Just Sustainabilities: Perspectives and Possibilities * Index",,,,Psychology,psychology,,,en,False
-W4403094069,10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107378,Ecological unequal exchange: Evidence from imbalanced cropland soil erosion and agricultural value-added embodied in global agricultural trade,2024,,Guangyi Zhai; Keke Li; Huwei Cui; Zhen Wang; Ling Wang; Shuxia Yu; Zhihua Shi,A5114239456; A5100764802; A5005960026; A5100703397; A5100398679; A5015878848; A5066117382,Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Shanxi Academy of Building Research (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN),Agriculture; Value (mathematics); Ecology; Natural resource economics; Erosion; Agroforestry; Economics; Geography; Environmental science; Biology,agriculture; value; ecology; natural-resource-economics; erosion; agroforestry; economics; geography; environmental-science; biology,https://openalex.org/W1756771308; https://openalex.org/W1994291694; https://openalex.org/W1999687518; https://openalex.org/W1999800292; https://openalex.org/W2010497130; https://openalex.org/W2011487104; https://openalex.org/W2015576035; https://openalex.org/W2050901796; https://openalex.org/W2085959640; https://openalex.org/W2094119292; https://openalex.org/W2137538574; https://openalex.org/W2761050322; https://openalex.org/W2770259518; https://openalex.org/W2772366318; https://openalex.org/W2782111327; https://openalex.org/W2784325229; https://openalex.org/W2803186374; https://openalex.org/W2889413447; https://openalex.org/W2901680960; https://openalex.org/W2954095111; https://openalex.org/W2964767065; https://openalex.org/W3027625958; https://openalex.org/W3042715654; https://openalex.org/W3081374149; https://openalex.org/W3082861471; https://openalex.org/W3092296592; https://openalex.org/W3107063072; https://openalex.org/W3128603360; https://openalex.org/W3136167071; https://openalex.org/W3139350080; https://openalex.org/W3143824118; https://openalex.org/W3158842017; https://openalex.org/W3169474548; https://openalex.org/W3210969200; https://openalex.org/W3213426324; https://openalex.org/W4210795368; https://openalex.org/W4213325773; https://openalex.org/W4220684364; https://openalex.org/W4283662442; https://openalex.org/W4283768434; https://openalex.org/W4289884374; https://openalex.org/W4293202085; https://openalex.org/W4296743457; https://openalex.org/W4297996724; https://openalex.org/W4378782638; https://openalex.org/W4389839144; https://openalex.org/W6782577047; https://openalex.org/W6786154653,Land Use Policy,en,False
-W4409540095,10.5195/jwsr.2025.1298,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2025,"The Marxist theory of unequal exchange challenges the idea that trade never results in outright losses. As a biophysical process, ecological unequal exchange reveals global disparities in resource flows. Using material flow analysis, alternative indicators, and new country clusters, this study updates earlier research and identifies a new phase of intensified disparities since 2015, with rising net outflows of resources from low-income countries (LICs) to high-income countries (HICs). From 1970 to 2024, HICs accumulated 290 gigatons (Gt) of raw material equivalents (RMEs) as net imports, while upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income countries net-exported 164 Gt, 53.1 Gt, and 9.6 Gt, respectively. In a relative sense, LICs consume 13.3 percent less RMEs than they extract domestically, while HICs consume 25.4 percent more. This study challenges assumptions about global divisions of labor: not all HICs are net-importers of RMEs, nor are all LICs net-exporters. However, net-exporter HICs earn more than net-exporter LICs, and net-importer HICs spend less than net-importer LICs. On average, LICs export 6 tons of RMEs to earn what HICs earns from 1 ton; for net-exporter LICs, this ratio rises to 12.7 tons. The more a country exploits the environment, domestically or abroad, the more it earns.",Crelis Rammelt; Raimon C. Ylla-Catala,A5005445191; A5117191733,University of Amsterdam (NL); University of Amsterdam (NL),Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Biology,ecology; geography; environmental-science; biology,https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2059456161; https://openalex.org/W2074078642; https://openalex.org/W2088030007; https://openalex.org/W2111068618; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2321483768; https://openalex.org/W2345419491; https://openalex.org/W2557909387; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2618852203; https://openalex.org/W2729743235; https://openalex.org/W2737793390; https://openalex.org/W2743381055; https://openalex.org/W2788955535; https://openalex.org/W2811505433; https://openalex.org/W2980187407; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3109596871; https://openalex.org/W3144452147; https://openalex.org/W3175677670; https://openalex.org/W4206320582; https://openalex.org/W4212948295; https://openalex.org/W4281481120; https://openalex.org/W4292338315; https://openalex.org/W4388794117; https://openalex.org/W4396494537; https://openalex.org/W4396634190; https://openalex.org/W6642755805; https://openalex.org/W6657204294; https://openalex.org/W6751473861; https://openalex.org/W6831152815; https://openalex.org/W6850946828; https://openalex.org/W7057735341,Journal of World-Systems Research,en,False
-W3209184812,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107269,Ecological unequal exchange between Turkey and the European Union: An assessment from value added perspective,2021,,Gül İpek Tunç; Elif Akbostancı; Serap Türüt-Aşık,A5007464332; A5030808514; A5041222077,Middle East Technical University (TR); Middle East Technical University (TR); Middle East Technical University (TR),European union; Greenhouse gas; Context (archaeology); Economics; Value (mathematics); Consumption (sociology); International trade; International economics; Globalization; Added value; Goods and services; Agricultural economics; Natural resource economics; Business; Economy; Geography; Ecology; Macroeconomics; Market economy,european-union; greenhouse-gas; context; economics; value; consumption; international-trade; international-economics; globalization; added-value; goods-and-services; agricultural-economics; natural-resource-economics; business; economy; geography; ecology; macroeconomics; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W1588495026; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2030319020; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2069921900; https://openalex.org/W2102966366; https://openalex.org/W2111102226; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2156203513; https://openalex.org/W2159596579; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2181218826; https://openalex.org/W2321511225; https://openalex.org/W2321835891; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2557126631; https://openalex.org/W2788955535; https://openalex.org/W2930040016; https://openalex.org/W2979882099; https://openalex.org/W2991195287; https://openalex.org/W2995072805; https://openalex.org/W3010507923; https://openalex.org/W3016082502; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W6636465677; https://openalex.org/W6776617174,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2562324168,10.2458/v23i1.20223,"Linking ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange: stocks, flows, and unequal sink appropriation",2016,"Ecological debt is usually conceptualized as the accumulated result of different kinds of uneven flows of natural resources and waste, but these flows are seldom referred to as ecologically unequal exchange. Ecologically unequal exchange, on the other hand, is usually defined as different flows of resources and waste, but the accumulated results of these flows are seldom referred to as ecological debt. In this article, influential definitions and conceptualizations of ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange are compared and the notions linked together analytically with a stock-flow perspective. A particular challenge is presented by emissions of substances that have global consequences, most importantly carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. They form part of ecologically unequal exchange, but what is unequal is not the exchange of resources or energy, but the appropriation of the sinks that absorb these substances. New concepts, unequal sink appropriation and the more specific carbon sink appropriation are proposed as a way of highlighting this distinction.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,Lund University (SE),Appropriation; Natural resource economics; Greenhouse gas; Debt; Sink (geography); Carbon sink; Economics; Ecology; Business; Environmental science; Climate change; Geography; Finance; Biology,appropriation; natural-resource-economics; greenhouse-gas; debt; sink; carbon-sink; economics; ecology; business; environmental-science; climate-change; geography; finance; biology,https://openalex.org/W148464764; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W636349284; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1247171326; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1557989049; https://openalex.org/W1569701617; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1760358764; https://openalex.org/W1873550992; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1974797333; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1988958743; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996628034; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W1999061137; https://openalex.org/W2003132638; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2030680762; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2031736557; https://openalex.org/W2032498967; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2048034272; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2051049084; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2059456161; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2167545656; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2329021176; https://openalex.org/W2581233708; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2949513949; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3216928223; https://openalex.org/W4236975506; https://openalex.org/W4298026979; https://openalex.org/W4298162800; https://openalex.org/W4300992326; https://openalex.org/W4312100536; https://openalex.org/W6628336124; https://openalex.org/W6630499190; https://openalex.org/W6634205608; https://openalex.org/W6639486880; https://openalex.org/W6658666898; https://openalex.org/W6660395347; https://openalex.org/W6671780278; https://openalex.org/W6675024767; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W6986386144; https://openalex.org/W7002005117; https://openalex.org/W7014770401; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W2620457709,10.2458/v23i1.20222,Cumulative material flows provide indicators to quantify the ecological debt,2016,"There is ample evidence that an unabated growth in material consumption is likely to pass the earth system's source and sink capacities. In the face of limited resources, distributional questions increasingly gain importance. Material flow accounting is a methodological tool to trace biophysical patterns of disproportionate resource consumption across countries and the debt towards the environment, other parts of the world, and towards future generations through the excessive consumption of natural resources. At the core of this article, we address different developments of material use for individual countries and world regions from 1950 to 2010. During this phase, fossil fuel-based industrialization triggered an unprecedented growth in material consumption, mainly in the wealthy world regions of Europe, Australia, North America, and partly in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while low resource consumption persists in other regions. We thus calculated cumulative resource use from 1950 to 2010 to show the extent of this wealth built up upon countries' own resources, or through imports from other countries or world regions. We use the degree of net-import dependency of individual countries as a proxy for the ecological debt, and relate it to the domestic resource extraction in a country. Our observations show that there was a highly uneven distribution of resource extraction and use in the 60 years analyzed, which has important implications for future global resource policies.",Andreas Mayer; Willi Haas,A5101736941; A5090760544,,Natural resource; Natural resource economics; Proxy (statistics); Resource (disambiguation); Consumption (sociology); Debt; Industrialisation; Economics; Geography; Economic geography; Business; Ecology; Macroeconomics; Market economy,natural-resource; natural-resource-economics; proxy; resource; consumption; debt; industrialisation; economics; geography; economic-geography; business; ecology; macroeconomics; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W266724779; https://openalex.org/W651096281; https://openalex.org/W1540309666; https://openalex.org/W1567277510; https://openalex.org/W1571298011; https://openalex.org/W1577300141; https://openalex.org/W1865643671; https://openalex.org/W1965592156; https://openalex.org/W1967546379; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1986875667; https://openalex.org/W1992391390; https://openalex.org/W2010425532; https://openalex.org/W2017541733; https://openalex.org/W2023211834; https://openalex.org/W2024024581; https://openalex.org/W2026087447; https://openalex.org/W2028502628; https://openalex.org/W2028648240; https://openalex.org/W2030608117; https://openalex.org/W2043402897; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2061216116; https://openalex.org/W2075381148; https://openalex.org/W2083455829; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2086036483; https://openalex.org/W2088965446; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2090967692; https://openalex.org/W2093154430; https://openalex.org/W2096885696; https://openalex.org/W2101025401; https://openalex.org/W2105537763; https://openalex.org/W2113908401; https://openalex.org/W2124622654; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2128956132; https://openalex.org/W2133920545; https://openalex.org/W2143874113; https://openalex.org/W2144902479; https://openalex.org/W2151691147; https://openalex.org/W2153505582; https://openalex.org/W2153820558; https://openalex.org/W2156659366; https://openalex.org/W2160750143; https://openalex.org/W2164706901; https://openalex.org/W2167555648; https://openalex.org/W2179946186; https://openalex.org/W2275435861; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2898123036; https://openalex.org/W2951306510; https://openalex.org/W3106083306; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W6609921129; https://openalex.org/W6657958280; https://openalex.org/W6669647426; https://openalex.org/W6675404599; https://openalex.org/W6675798746; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W4316371191,10.1016/j.apr.2023.101661,Ecological unequal exchange between China and European Union: An investigation from global value chains and carbon emissions viewpoint,2023,,Yulong Zhang; Cuiping Liao; Binbin Pan,A5100635551; A5048207347; A5068630072,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (CN); Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Sun Yat-sen University (CN),China; European union; Value (mathematics); International trade; International economics; Business; Bilateral trade; Economics; Geography,china; european-union; value; international-trade; international-economics; business; bilateral-trade; economics; geography,https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2051959187; https://openalex.org/W2346836002; https://openalex.org/W2760889115; https://openalex.org/W2800846169; https://openalex.org/W2809856553; https://openalex.org/W2887557516; https://openalex.org/W2902471502; https://openalex.org/W2913051656; https://openalex.org/W2917881351; https://openalex.org/W2943374163; https://openalex.org/W2945557658; https://openalex.org/W2954575718; https://openalex.org/W2972156512; https://openalex.org/W2995485375; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3094148576; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3100428128; https://openalex.org/W3119953297; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W3127559052; https://openalex.org/W3158748634; https://openalex.org/W3188598489; https://openalex.org/W3201145281; https://openalex.org/W3212768009; https://openalex.org/W4200295247; https://openalex.org/W4226025179; https://openalex.org/W6762409507; https://openalex.org/W6771720264,Atmospheric Pollution Research,en,False
-W1978028715,10.1080/15239081003719193,Ecological Debt: Exploring the Factors that Affect National Footprints,2010,"Environmental or ‘ecological’ footprints have been widely used as aggregate indicators of the human appropriation of natural capital with prevailing technology. They represent a partial measure of a community's pathway towards sustainable development. Footprints vary between countries at different stages of economic development and varying geographic characteristics. Dimensional analysis techniques from engineering and the thermal sciences have been employed to determine the influence of a wide range of parameters on per capita national footprints, including per capita national income, population density, pollutant emission intensity, local climate, soil productivity, and technology. One hundred and nine countries made up the final database (based on 2003 international statistical data sets). Per capita national environmental footprints are found to be strongly dependent on per capita national income, and only weakly on population density. The implications of the findings are illustrated by reference to the situation in the G8 + 5 nations. Variations about the resulting power–law correlation suggest the extent to which individual nations are frugal or profligate in terms of their resource use and environmental impacts. The ecological debt owed by the industrialized countries of the North to the developing nations of the populous South is highlighted.",Gemma Cranston; Geoffrey P. Hammond; R. C. Johnson,A5065872877; A5069523442; A5113609421,University of Bath (GB); University of Bath (GB); Centre for Sustainable Energy (GB); University of Bath (GB),Ecological footprint; Per capita; Population; Geography; Sustainability; Natural capital; Natural resource; Per capita income; Sustainable development; Natural resource economics; Gross national income; Gross domestic product; Economics; Ecology; Environmental resource management; Economic growth; Ecosystem services,ecological-footprint; per-capita; population; geography; sustainability; natural-capital; natural-resource; per-capita-income; sustainable-development; natural-resource-economics; gross-national-income; gross-domestic-product; economics; ecology; environmental-resource-management; economic-growth; ecosystem-services,https://openalex.org/W33517402; https://openalex.org/W49479346; https://openalex.org/W101135972; https://openalex.org/W280163183; https://openalex.org/W623224144; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W1483677947; https://openalex.org/W1524961168; https://openalex.org/W1539804594; https://openalex.org/W1581862528; https://openalex.org/W1970852348; https://openalex.org/W1989838436; https://openalex.org/W2031307450; https://openalex.org/W2033216070; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2057305715; https://openalex.org/W2061195351; https://openalex.org/W2072572975; https://openalex.org/W2103363550; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2127867569; https://openalex.org/W2554800123; https://openalex.org/W3037339115; https://openalex.org/W3135109524,Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,en,False
-W2592356138,10.2458/v21i1.21124,Between activism and science: grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by Environmental Justice Organizations,2014,"In their own battles and strategy meetings since the early 1980s, EJOs (environmental justice organizations) and their networks have introduced several concepts to political ecology that have also been taken up by academics and policy makers. In this paper, we explain the contexts in which such notions have arisen, providing definitions of a wide array of concepts and slogans related to environmental inequities and sustainability, and explore the connections and relations between them. These concepts include: environmental justice, ecological debt, popular epidemiology, environmental racism, climate justice, environmentalism of the poor, water justice, biopiracy, food sovereignty, ""green deserts"", ""peasant agriculture cools downs the Earth"", land grabbing, Ogonization and Yasunization, resource caps, corporate accountability, ecocide, and indigenous territorial rights, among others. We examine how activists have coined these notions and built demands around them, and how academic research has in turn further applied them and supplied other related concepts, working in a mutually reinforcing way with EJOs. We argue that these processes and dynamics build an activist-led and co-produced social sustainability science, furthering both academic scholarship and activism on environmental justice.",Joan Martínez Alier; Stanislav Shmelev,A5004042357; A5049502952,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Environmental justice; Environmentalism; Grassroots; Environmental ethics; Sustainability; Scholarship; Sociology; Indigenous; Political science; Political ecology; Climate justice; Environmental studies; Economic Justice; Politics; Law; Ecology; Climate change,environmental-justice; environmentalism; grassroots; environmental-ethics; sustainability; scholarship; sociology; indigenous; political-science; political-ecology; climate-justice; environmental-studies; economic-justice; politics; law; ecology; climate-change,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W82976660; https://openalex.org/W91194789; https://openalex.org/W147937154; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W193929132; https://openalex.org/W316671780; https://openalex.org/W435401431; https://openalex.org/W564851044; https://openalex.org/W568129555; https://openalex.org/W570650193; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W578778883; https://openalex.org/W589250096; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W616805653; https://openalex.org/W621862612; https://openalex.org/W622111395; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W654686773; https://openalex.org/W655364166; https://openalex.org/W656720890; https://openalex.org/W657620444; https://openalex.org/W1239215947; https://openalex.org/W1247171326; https://openalex.org/W1421354461; https://openalex.org/W1479808467; https://openalex.org/W1482149660; https://openalex.org/W1487319106; https://openalex.org/W1495278944; https://openalex.org/W1500660161; https://openalex.org/W1506954881; https://openalex.org/W1512117345; 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https://openalex.org/W3217220183; https://openalex.org/W4232305462; https://openalex.org/W4232526858; https://openalex.org/W4233189840; https://openalex.org/W4233915062; https://openalex.org/W4238073656; https://openalex.org/W4239054152; https://openalex.org/W4239421629; https://openalex.org/W4239528198; https://openalex.org/W4240035647; https://openalex.org/W4242732899; https://openalex.org/W4245805227; https://openalex.org/W4248432196; https://openalex.org/W4250449328; https://openalex.org/W4252487411; https://openalex.org/W4252748097; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4293402844; https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4301011076; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4380764505; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W4395699796; https://openalex.org/W4399989433; https://openalex.org/W6601673023; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6616805983; https://openalex.org/W6619722480; https://openalex.org/W6621187288; https://openalex.org/W6621883857; https://openalex.org/W6628336124; https://openalex.org/W6630123270; https://openalex.org/W6636116788; https://openalex.org/W6636467996; https://openalex.org/W6641865735; https://openalex.org/W6644093368; https://openalex.org/W6645660529; https://openalex.org/W6651703445; https://openalex.org/W6677729076; https://openalex.org/W6678504357; https://openalex.org/W6678592594; https://openalex.org/W6680228642; https://openalex.org/W6683203252; https://openalex.org/W6685120645; https://openalex.org/W6688961690; https://openalex.org/W6692378038; https://openalex.org/W6730548376; https://openalex.org/W6827908398; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W7010406827; https://openalex.org/W7037984302; https://openalex.org/W7046701048; https://openalex.org/W7056187441; https://openalex.org/W7073934388,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W2801148776,10.4337/9781840649093.00014,The Ecological Debt,2002,,Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,,Ecology; Geography; Business; Biology,ecology; geography; business; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2041321854,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.005,The ‘Environmentalism of the Poor’ revisited: Territory and place in disconnected glocal struggles,2014,,Isabelle Anguelovski; Joan Martínez Alier,A5082142224; A5004042357,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Environmentalism; Environmental justice; Environmental movement; Sociology; Environmental ethics; Appropriation; Political science; Law; Politics,environmentalism; environmental-justice; environmental-movement; sociology; environmental-ethics; appropriation; political-science; law; politics,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W59841739; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W356139667; https://openalex.org/W397816860; https://openalex.org/W435401431; https://openalex.org/W562156689; https://openalex.org/W562451465; https://openalex.org/W570834956; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W579402700; https://openalex.org/W589062013; https://openalex.org/W589250096; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W619318923; https://openalex.org/W624155561; https://openalex.org/W642358081; https://openalex.org/W642451705; https://openalex.org/W645077254; https://openalex.org/W646521148; https://openalex.org/W654686773; https://openalex.org/W1482927345; https://openalex.org/W1499479468; https://openalex.org/W1506411789; https://openalex.org/W1512117345; https://openalex.org/W1535725372; https://openalex.org/W1536916917; https://openalex.org/W1550437797; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1597172957; https://openalex.org/W1602775671; https://openalex.org/W1606706423; https://openalex.org/W1846573417; https://openalex.org/W1966823031; https://openalex.org/W1975580813; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1987153398; https://openalex.org/W1987362680; https://openalex.org/W1991915295; https://openalex.org/W2000958319; 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https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4299430935; https://openalex.org/W4299951319; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W6630404162; https://openalex.org/W6652986982; https://openalex.org/W6662262605; https://openalex.org/W6677729132; https://openalex.org/W6677826818; https://openalex.org/W6692737411; https://openalex.org/W6698844043; https://openalex.org/W6704601003; https://openalex.org/W6726234040; https://openalex.org/W6734053437; https://openalex.org/W6736368873; https://openalex.org/W6742195171; https://openalex.org/W6747364542; https://openalex.org/W6777812432; https://openalex.org/W6805501799,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2896815490,10.4324/9780203094402-13,Great expectations: the psychodynamics of ecological debt,2012,Bob Ward and Margaret Rustin share with me a desire to bring people from a state of irrationality to one where they are able to think and act creatively in response to climate change. How to arrive there is the question.,Rosemary Randall,A5090366355,,Psychodynamics; Ecology; Debt; Economics; Psychology; Biology; Psychotherapist; Macroeconomics,psychodynamics; ecology; debt; economics; psychology; biology; psychotherapist; macroeconomics,,,en,False
-W2767845126,10.1080/15487733.2008.11908010,A modest proposal: global rationalization of ecological footprint to eliminate ecological debt,2008,"In the context of ecological overshoot, extreme poverty, and profligate consumption, we propose using ecological footprint analysis (EFA) to regulate and rationalize material consumption worldwide. EFA quantifies humanconsumption flows relative to renewable natural capital stocks given specified levels of technology. Worldwide, 1.8 global hectares (gha) of bioproductive land exist per person, yet the human population is currently consuming 2.2 gha per person. Given global overshoot and the radically uneven distribution of consumption, we propose a global regime of cap-and-trade of ecological footprint. Under the terms of our modest proposal, all nations would be allocated population- based ecological footprints of an “earthshare” of 1.8 gha per person. Nations with large per capita footprints would be obligated to make reductions through some combination of reduced consumption, resource-productivity gains, population decreases, ecological restoration, and purchase of footprint credits. In contrast, countries with small per capita footprints could sell footprint credits to finance modernization along ecological lines. Mathematical simulation of our proposal indicates global convergence of nations’ ecological footprints in 136 years. In our view, the obscenity of contemporary ecological degradation and human suffering is perhaps rivaled by the audacity of our proposal to commodify biocapacity worldwide. We leave it to the reader to compare our response to institutional failure and the problem of distributive justice to the remedy Swift offered in 1729.",Brian Ohl; Steven A. Wolf; William Anderson,A5090121896; A5025856415; A5008298357,Cornell University (US); Cornell University (US); Cornell University (US),Ecological footprint; Per capita; Population; Economics; Consumption (sociology); Overshoot (microwave communication); Context (archaeology); Natural resource economics; Sustainability; Ecology; Geography; Demography,ecological-footprint; per-capita; population; economics; consumption; overshoot; context; natural-resource-economics; sustainability; ecology; geography; demography,https://openalex.org/W181162704; https://openalex.org/W370891183; https://openalex.org/W417693152; https://openalex.org/W592098796; https://openalex.org/W602719314; https://openalex.org/W624977706; https://openalex.org/W644178155; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W1482286954; https://openalex.org/W1539453952; https://openalex.org/W1544813361; https://openalex.org/W1551533759; https://openalex.org/W1565850046; https://openalex.org/W1584710685; https://openalex.org/W1663957662; https://openalex.org/W1746595101; https://openalex.org/W1971425631; https://openalex.org/W1976414428; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W1998733902; https://openalex.org/W2002402372; https://openalex.org/W2003242061; https://openalex.org/W2017522204; https://openalex.org/W2027271929; https://openalex.org/W2044314202; https://openalex.org/W2068622922; https://openalex.org/W2071868072; https://openalex.org/W2076618941; https://openalex.org/W2085850565; https://openalex.org/W2092463295; https://openalex.org/W2096314897; https://openalex.org/W2098470815; https://openalex.org/W2103605303; https://openalex.org/W2108173127; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2127251305; https://openalex.org/W2127329485; https://openalex.org/W2183646201; https://openalex.org/W2315346373; https://openalex.org/W2497172328; https://openalex.org/W2613902989; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W3123160752; https://openalex.org/W4235523545; https://openalex.org/W4246142122; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W6621187288; https://openalex.org/W6633942408; https://openalex.org/W6634768567; https://openalex.org/W6675164879; https://openalex.org/W7014238125; https://openalex.org/W7027486164,Sustainability Science Practice and Policy,en,False
-W2012254774,10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.09.001,An Ecological Footprint Approach to External Debt Relief,2003,,Mariano Torras,A5108671234,Adelphi University (US),Debt; Ecological footprint; External debt; Economics; Scale (ratio); Ecology; Natural resource economics; Macroeconomics; Geography; Sustainability; Biology,debt; ecological-footprint; external-debt; economics; scale; ecology; natural-resource-economics; macroeconomics; geography; sustainability; biology,https://openalex.org/W574631479; https://openalex.org/W1492572403; https://openalex.org/W1500610626; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1521449382; https://openalex.org/W1578611532; https://openalex.org/W1601422492; https://openalex.org/W1912073849; https://openalex.org/W1968401264; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1973318389; https://openalex.org/W1975396409; https://openalex.org/W1978430273; https://openalex.org/W1991198037; https://openalex.org/W2007702159; https://openalex.org/W2016989466; https://openalex.org/W2033738926; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2040211876; https://openalex.org/W2041366075; https://openalex.org/W2045726339; https://openalex.org/W2054046533; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2077293631; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2127808655; https://openalex.org/W2146015287; https://openalex.org/W2150406300; https://openalex.org/W2257218250; https://openalex.org/W2261224620; https://openalex.org/W2278324116; https://openalex.org/W2291453814; https://openalex.org/W2587150717; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W2948251683; https://openalex.org/W3006319601; https://openalex.org/W3184353705; https://openalex.org/W4250099039; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W6692146916; https://openalex.org/W6696847344; https://openalex.org/W6759830232; https://openalex.org/W6763176171; https://openalex.org/W6798644758; https://openalex.org/W7027910921,World Development,en,False
-W2945557658,10.3390/su11102752,"Environmental Homogenization or Heterogenization? The Effects of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1970–2014",2019,"Globalization significantly influences climate change. Ecological modernization theory and world polity theory suggest that globalization reduces carbon dioxide emissions worldwide by facilitating economic, political, social, and cultural homogenization, whereas ecological unequal exchange theory indicates that cumulative economic and political disparities lead to an uneven distribution of emissions in developed and less developed countries. This study addresses this controversy and systematically investigates the extent to which different dimensions of globalization influence carbon emissions in developed and less developed countries by treating globalization as a dynamic historical process involving economic, political, and social/cultural dimensions in a long-term, cross-national context. Drawing on data for 137 countries from 1970 to 2014, we find that while globalization, social and cultural globalization in particular, has enabled developed countries to significantly decrease their carbon emissions, it has led to more emissions in less developed countries, lending support to the ecological unequal exchange theory. Consistent with world polity theory, international political integration has contributed to carbon reductions over time. We highlight the internal tension between environmental conservation and degradation in a globalizing world and discuss the opportunities for less developed countries to reduce emissions.",Yan Wang; Tao Zhou; Hao Chen; Zhihai Rong,A5100779879; A5090925242; A5112542518; A5082080991,Nankai University (CN); University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN); Nankai University (CN); University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN),Globalization; Polity; Ecological modernization; Economics; Politics; Economic globalization; Greenhouse gas; Economic system; Development economics; Political science; Market economy; Ecology,globalization; polity; ecological-modernization; economics; politics; economic-globalization; greenhouse-gas; economic-system; development-economics; political-science; market-economy; ecology,https://openalex.org/W265486299; https://openalex.org/W392175924; https://openalex.org/W584301089; https://openalex.org/W619753928; https://openalex.org/W651598703; 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https://openalex.org/W2158611883; https://openalex.org/W2160934709; https://openalex.org/W2169378432; https://openalex.org/W2170433190; https://openalex.org/W2171918020; https://openalex.org/W2171949063; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2217330188; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2274762189; https://openalex.org/W2280828964; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2321511225; https://openalex.org/W2322108528; https://openalex.org/W2331134723; https://openalex.org/W2347132681; https://openalex.org/W2473564103; https://openalex.org/W2511414028; https://openalex.org/W2515235557; https://openalex.org/W2588410872; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3122952990; https://openalex.org/W3125639714; https://openalex.org/W4234606244; https://openalex.org/W4236066262; https://openalex.org/W4237176860; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4242147106; https://openalex.org/W4244280225; https://openalex.org/W4247134726; https://openalex.org/W4248553182; https://openalex.org/W4249225451; https://openalex.org/W4253981452; https://openalex.org/W4300044763; https://openalex.org/W4300351783; https://openalex.org/W4385886409; https://openalex.org/W4385886475; https://openalex.org/W4385886502; https://openalex.org/W6630389085; https://openalex.org/W6725896018,Sustainability,en,False
-W2771312157,10.1177/1070496517744593,Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt,2017,"A central concept raised by the climate justice movement is climate debt. Here, the claims and warrants of the movement support for climate debt is identified through an argumentation analysis of their central manifestos. It is found that the climate debt claim is understood as primarily restorative, in the sense that the environmental space of the developing countries must be returned, “decolonized.” The damage caused by climate change also gives rise to a compensatory adaptation debt. The result is compared with an earlier study on ecological debt. Both concepts are framed within an unjust power relation between North and South, but there are differences. Ecological debt is mainly analyzed in terms of an unjust economic exploitation, which is congenial with its use as an argument for cancellation of Southern external debts; climate debt is rather seen as a violation of communal rights and territories, an argument for climate justice.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,Lund University (SE),Debt; Climate justice; Argument (complex analysis); Economics; Climate change; Economic Justice; Political science; Political economy; Law; Ecology; Macroeconomics,debt; climate-justice; argument; economics; climate-change; economic-justice; political-science; political-economy; law; ecology; macroeconomics,https://openalex.org/W632137373; https://openalex.org/W1514086398; https://openalex.org/W1555942496; https://openalex.org/W1933499598; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W2015411663; https://openalex.org/W2037239387; https://openalex.org/W2039510076; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2048951262; https://openalex.org/W2103865635; https://openalex.org/W2113214343; https://openalex.org/W2132214484; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2214644351; https://openalex.org/W2273426814; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2337292833; https://openalex.org/W2462873503; https://openalex.org/W2472086250; https://openalex.org/W2498551401; https://openalex.org/W2567084427; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2594382053; https://openalex.org/W2621477277; https://openalex.org/W2994166306; https://openalex.org/W4232387830; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4285719527,The Journal of Environment & Development,en,False
-W1598844417,10.4324/9780203094402,Engaging with Climate Change,2012,"Rapley. Foreword. Weintrobe, Preface. Weintrobe, Introduction. Hamilton, What History Can Teach Us About Climate Change Denial. Weintrobe, The Difficult Problem Of Anxiety In Thinking About Climate Change. Lehtonen, Valimaki, Discussion The Environmental Neurosis Of Modern Man: The Illusion Of Autonomy And The Real Dependence Denied. Mause-Hanke, Discussion. Hoggett, Climate Change Denial In A Perverse Culture. Steiner, Discussion. Cohen, Discussion. Hoggett, Reply. Randall, Great Expectations: Some Psychic Consequences Of The Discovery Of Personal Ecological Debt. Rustin, Discussion. Ward, Discussion. Randall, Reply. Lertzman, The Myth Of Apathy. Brenman-Pick, Discussion Not I. Bichard, Discussion How Sustainable Change Agents Can Adopt Psychoanalytic Perspectives On Climate Change. Keene,Unconscious Obstacles To Caring For The Planet. Brearley, Discussion. Hinshelwood, Discussion Goods And Bads. Rustin, How Is Psychoanalysis An Issue For Climate Change? Alexander, Discussion. Benton, Discussion. Rustin, Reply. Weintrobe, On The Love Of Nature And On Human Nature. Crompton, Discussion On Love Of Nature And The Nature Of Love. Hannis, Discussion Nature, Capitalism And Human Flourishing. Harrison, Climate Change, Uncertainty And Risk.",,,,Computer science; Environmental science,computer-science; environmental-science,,,en,False
-W2195484168,10.1080/23251042.2015.1114208,Unequal carbon exchanges: understanding pollution embodied in global trade,2015,"We examine carbon emission transfers via trade among countries over a 20-year period. A net transfer of carbon emission means that the emission embodied in a country’s imports exceeds the emission embodied in exports. We consider a number of socio-economic drivers to explain variations in such net transfers across countries. Our findings show a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between countries’ GDP per capita and their net carbon transfer, suggesting that countries are typically heavy net importers of carbon in early phases of economic development, become balanced or even net exporters of carbon in middle stages of development, and then return to being heavy net importers of carbon in later stages of development. We reflect on these findings in the context of ecological modernization (EM) and ecological unequal exchange (EUE) theories, as well as the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis.",Christina Prell; Laixiang Sun,A5037616102; A5041464316,"University of Maryland, College Park (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Kuznets curve; Context (archaeology); Per capita; Economics; Industrialisation; Natural resource economics; Economic growth; Geography; Population,kuznets-curve; context; per-capita; economics; industrialisation; natural-resource-economics; economic-growth; geography; population,https://openalex.org/W564808682; https://openalex.org/W605044516; https://openalex.org/W631285250; https://openalex.org/W638585138; https://openalex.org/W652486963; https://openalex.org/W652794575; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1511395520; https://openalex.org/W1534847451; https://openalex.org/W1566187841; https://openalex.org/W1590488950; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1840907900; https://openalex.org/W1965014002; https://openalex.org/W1967879531; https://openalex.org/W1968305520; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983784355; https://openalex.org/W1984190418; https://openalex.org/W1986325149; https://openalex.org/W1987019268; https://openalex.org/W1992698519; https://openalex.org/W1994450298; https://openalex.org/W1996848963; https://openalex.org/W2006255049; https://openalex.org/W2007436220; https://openalex.org/W2013386523; https://openalex.org/W2018502693; https://openalex.org/W2019199332; https://openalex.org/W2022542406; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2027529454; https://openalex.org/W2034221877; https://openalex.org/W2036219106; https://openalex.org/W2037088854; https://openalex.org/W2038399826; https://openalex.org/W2039839403; https://openalex.org/W2040342446; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2041776077; https://openalex.org/W2043357381; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2047045802; https://openalex.org/W2050986266; https://openalex.org/W2052094794; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2056944867; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2061046454; https://openalex.org/W2062797837; https://openalex.org/W2071572611; https://openalex.org/W2072688741; https://openalex.org/W2075510806; https://openalex.org/W2076902169; https://openalex.org/W2080577950; https://openalex.org/W2087759377; https://openalex.org/W2089560544; https://openalex.org/W2093347332; https://openalex.org/W2096317677; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2112698403; https://openalex.org/W2113153173; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2125388400; https://openalex.org/W2125481562; https://openalex.org/W2126205604; https://openalex.org/W2131554966; https://openalex.org/W2131665065; https://openalex.org/W2136276883; https://openalex.org/W2137775183; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2148185586; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2161438705; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2243371407; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2339391629; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2614181444; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3124139326; https://openalex.org/W3124532690; https://openalex.org/W3148332745; https://openalex.org/W4242058497; https://openalex.org/W4242216426; https://openalex.org/W4254027994; https://openalex.org/W4300778821,Environmental Sociology,en,False
-W2594589186,10.2458/v23i1.20225,Measuring environmental injustice: how ecological debt defines a radical change in the international legal system,2016,"This paper takes ecological debt as a measure of environmental injustice, and appraises this idea as a driving force for change in the international legal system. Environmental justice is understood here as a fair distribution of charges and benefits derived from using natural resources, in order to provide minimal welfare standards to all human beings, including future generations. Ecological debt measures this injustice, as an unfair and illegitimate distribution of benefits and burdens within the social metabolism, including ecologically unequal exchange, as a disproportionate appropriation and impairment of common goods, such as the atmosphere. Structural features of the international system promote a lack of transparency, control and accountability of power, through a pro-growth and pro-freedom language. In theory, this discourse comes with the promise of compensation for ordinary people, but in fact it benefits only a few. Ecological debt, as a symptom of the pervasive injustice of the current balance of power, demands an equivalent response, unravelling and deconstructing real power behind the imagery of equally sovereign states. It claims a counterhegemonic agenda aiming at rebuilding international law from a pluralist, 'third world' or Southern perspective and improving the balance of power. Ecological debt should not only serve as a means of compensation, but as a conceptual definition of an unfair system of human relations, which needs change. It may also help to define the burdens to be assumed as costs for the change required in international relations, i.e. by promoting the constitutionalization of international law and providing appropriate protection to human beings under the paradigms of sustainability (not sustainable development) and equity.",Antoni Pigrau i Solé; Antonio Cardesa Salzmann; Jordi Jaria i Manzano; Susana Borràs Pentinat,A5012821152; A5072650099; A5020697726; A5026396746,Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES); University of Strathclyde (GB); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES),Injustice; Appropriation; Environmental justice; Human rights; Sustainable development; Environmental law; Debt; Law and economics; Economics; Political science; Law; Finance,injustice; appropriation; environmental-justice; human-rights; sustainable-development; environmental-law; debt; law-and-economics; economics; political-science; law; finance,https://openalex.org/W6418695; https://openalex.org/W393785938; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W654027561; https://openalex.org/W756773437; https://openalex.org/W1121996343; https://openalex.org/W1248118106; https://openalex.org/W1509463507; https://openalex.org/W1535393865; https://openalex.org/W1587294828; https://openalex.org/W1589361174; https://openalex.org/W1684472600; https://openalex.org/W1799887369; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1965253625; https://openalex.org/W1992461584; https://openalex.org/W2027802007; https://openalex.org/W2046173547; https://openalex.org/W2070333231; https://openalex.org/W2082018652; https://openalex.org/W2087694774; https://openalex.org/W2087992692; https://openalex.org/W2094520873; https://openalex.org/W2104519673; https://openalex.org/W2119590495; https://openalex.org/W2159289211; https://openalex.org/W2167382412; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2336527297; https://openalex.org/W2339685604; https://openalex.org/W2395851320; https://openalex.org/W2481067057; https://openalex.org/W2567118993; https://openalex.org/W2594243269; https://openalex.org/W2736628311; https://openalex.org/W2799975152; https://openalex.org/W2806647172; https://openalex.org/W2978374962; https://openalex.org/W3121349663; https://openalex.org/W3123409510; https://openalex.org/W3125314127; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3211177043; https://openalex.org/W4233566767; https://openalex.org/W4244209322; https://openalex.org/W4249578445; https://openalex.org/W4254835415; https://openalex.org/W4299402866; https://openalex.org/W6627316930; https://openalex.org/W6633206287; https://openalex.org/W6635261573; https://openalex.org/W6660154277; https://openalex.org/W6676331168; https://openalex.org/W6740903121; https://openalex.org/W6751054145; https://openalex.org/W6755130354; https://openalex.org/W6803608743; https://openalex.org/W6820768008; https://openalex.org/W6820861918; https://openalex.org/W6986524961; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W4240411357,10.1007/978-3-030-29901-9_27,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2021,,Jan O. Andersson,A5070191512,Åbo Akademi University (FI),Ecology; Geography; Biology,ecology; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484177660; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2002269579; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2024828896; https://openalex.org/W2025874583; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2052630221; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2099161992; https://openalex.org/W2115070437; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2267106946; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2480022570; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2605728354; https://openalex.org/W2607635248; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2753417580; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6639620335; https://openalex.org/W6694662396; https://openalex.org/W7042237278,,en,False
-W4255108584,10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_27-1,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2019,,Jan O. Andersson,A5070191512,Åbo Akademi University (FI),Ecology; Environmental science; Geography; Biology,ecology; environmental-science; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484177660; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2002269579; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2024828896; https://openalex.org/W2025874583; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2052630221; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2099161992; https://openalex.org/W2115070437; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2267106946; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2480022570; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2605728354; https://openalex.org/W2607635248; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2753417580; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6639620335; https://openalex.org/W6694662396; https://openalex.org/W7042237278,,en,False
-W4387873668,10.4337/9781802200416.ch23,Ecological unequal exchange,2023,"Ecological Unequal Exchange (EUE) arises from Ecological Economics concerns about issues of distributional environmental equity between countries as a result of international trade (IT). EUE shows that IT is asymmetric not only in economic but also in ecological terms. This asymmetry especially affects Southern countries that specialise in extracting and exporting raw materials. And it favours Northern countries that produce and export capital- and knowledge-intensive goods. Identifying EUE requires consideration of the biophysical aspects of production, transport, and consumption, where the Second Law of Thermodynamics is essential. The inverse relationship between the biophysical value of natural resources and their economic valuation is what enables the metabolism of society in its global organisation. The price differential resulting from this relationship, supported by an asymmetric power structure at the international level, allows industrialised countries to obtain the energy available for their metabolic functioning, and the unequal exchange and ecological deterioration in the countries of the South are the most obvious results.",Mario Alejandro Pérez Rincón,A5006382147,,Economics; Equity (law); Valuation (finance); Natural resource economics; Ecology; Ecological economics; Consumption (sociology); Sustainability; Political science; Biology,economics; equity; valuation; natural-resource-economics; ecology; ecological-economics; consumption; sustainability; political-science; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2117633894,10.1080/01436590802622987,"Contemporary Contradictions of the Global Development Project: geopolitics, global ecology and the ‘development climate’",2009,"Abstract The global development project faces newly evident challenges in the combination of energy, climate and food crises. Their interrelationships create a powerful moment in world history in which analysts and practitioners grope for solutions, limited by the narrow market episteme. This contribution argues that official development, in advocating green market solutions, recycles the problem as solution—a problem rooted in the geopolitics of an unsustainable global ‘metabolic rift’ and a discourse of global ecology reinforcing international power relations through monetary valuation, and deepening the North's ‘ecological debt’.",Philip McMichael,A5077240588,Cornell University (US),Geopolitics; Climate change; Global warming; Ecology; International development; Political science; Economics; Sociology; Economic growth; Biology; Law; Politics,geopolitics; climate-change; global-warming; ecology; international-development; political-science; economics; sociology; economic-growth; biology; law; politics,https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Third World Quarterly,en,False
-W2321511225,10.1016/j.socnet.2016.03.001,The evolution of global trade and impacts on countries’ carbon trade imbalances,2016,,Christina Prell; Kuishuang Feng,A5037616102; A5049493168,"University of Maryland, College Park (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Economics; Context (archaeology); International economics; Gravity model of trade; Carbon fibers; Trade barrier; International trade; Computer science; Geography,economics; context; international-economics; gravity-model-of-trade; carbon-fibers; trade-barrier; international-trade; computer-science; geography,https://openalex.org/W31487802; https://openalex.org/W244587596; https://openalex.org/W286295083; https://openalex.org/W291831081; https://openalex.org/W570362212; https://openalex.org/W582090430; https://openalex.org/W605044516; https://openalex.org/W610187120; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1520463711; https://openalex.org/W1533643283; https://openalex.org/W1535196592; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1968342703; https://openalex.org/W1969128202; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973749534; https://openalex.org/W1976868072; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1986325149; https://openalex.org/W1987458928; https://openalex.org/W1989968173; https://openalex.org/W1996848963; https://openalex.org/W2006255049; https://openalex.org/W2007080465; https://openalex.org/W2011049045; https://openalex.org/W2013386523; https://openalex.org/W2014480644; https://openalex.org/W2020829974; https://openalex.org/W2022542406; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2041786698; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2054166232; https://openalex.org/W2055325415; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057222804; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2059368404; https://openalex.org/W2062797837; https://openalex.org/W2067793019; https://openalex.org/W2071572611; https://openalex.org/W2073562966; https://openalex.org/W2073916725; https://openalex.org/W2074724691; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2099699569; https://openalex.org/W2099815494; https://openalex.org/W2100194699; https://openalex.org/W2113153173; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2120104040; https://openalex.org/W2122465344; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2125481562; https://openalex.org/W2135622701; https://openalex.org/W2139310104; https://openalex.org/W2143893259; https://openalex.org/W2145251530; https://openalex.org/W2145917034; https://openalex.org/W2146527895; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2160268549; https://openalex.org/W2160508096; https://openalex.org/W2163362767; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2194406924; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2207225886; https://openalex.org/W2212083538; https://openalex.org/W2262220628; https://openalex.org/W2262759381; https://openalex.org/W2284583324; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2475644619; https://openalex.org/W2564098583; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2607554261; https://openalex.org/W2800079351; https://openalex.org/W2806566552; https://openalex.org/W2902911166; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3122821355; https://openalex.org/W3124139326; https://openalex.org/W3124405280; https://openalex.org/W3126109796; https://openalex.org/W4301620991; https://openalex.org/W4302354913; https://openalex.org/W6601281690; https://openalex.org/W6631606621; https://openalex.org/W6680968406; https://openalex.org/W6686669974; https://openalex.org/W6687811615; https://openalex.org/W6695537366,Social Networks,en,False
-W2788955535,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.030,Modelling Multi-regional Ecological Exchanges: The Case of UK and Africa,2018,,Eunice Oppon; Adolf Acquaye; Taofeeq Ibn‐Mohammed; Lenny Koh,A5010245794; A5032608262; A5091745047; A5079714997,University of Sheffield (GB); University of Kent (GB); University of Sheffield (GB); University of Sheffield (GB),Poverty; Developing country; Goods and services; Natural resource economics; Economics; Ecosystem services; Work (physics); Business; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Economic growth; Economy; Ecosystem,poverty; developing-country; goods-and-services; natural-resource-economics; economics; ecosystem-services; work; business; environmental-resource-management; ecology; economic-growth; economy; ecosystem,https://openalex.org/W88898997; https://openalex.org/W97188817; https://openalex.org/W222914877; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1511877300; https://openalex.org/W1533063787; https://openalex.org/W1586936537; https://openalex.org/W1820544219; https://openalex.org/W1965592156; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1984190418; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1987458928; https://openalex.org/W1995968610; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W1999009515; https://openalex.org/W2004010203; https://openalex.org/W2007080465; https://openalex.org/W2010101976; https://openalex.org/W2012011920; https://openalex.org/W2017760134; https://openalex.org/W2020297434; https://openalex.org/W2020374898; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2030517974; https://openalex.org/W2032167419; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2051808875; https://openalex.org/W2060603126; https://openalex.org/W2068856199; https://openalex.org/W2086977164; https://openalex.org/W2093219469; https://openalex.org/W2095019212; https://openalex.org/W2096314897; https://openalex.org/W2103536707; https://openalex.org/W2105414963; https://openalex.org/W2113219607; https://openalex.org/W2113414401; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2125390913; https://openalex.org/W2128405303; https://openalex.org/W2137775183; https://openalex.org/W2153118634; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2163045437; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2166807870; https://openalex.org/W2167785727; https://openalex.org/W2170273768; https://openalex.org/W2274330233; https://openalex.org/W2315103963; https://openalex.org/W2342456945; https://openalex.org/W2460243609; https://openalex.org/W2549877311; https://openalex.org/W2557126631; https://openalex.org/W2564956283; https://openalex.org/W2765557092; https://openalex.org/W3094249809; https://openalex.org/W6608882148; https://openalex.org/W6704186375; https://openalex.org/W6745755860,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2066023656,10.4337/9781843768593,The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology,1997,"Contents: Introduction Graham Woodgate PART I: CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 1. The Maturation and Diversification of Environmental Sociology: From Constructivism and Realism to Agnosticism and Pragmatism Riley E. Dunlap 2. Social Institutions and Environmental Change Frederick H. Buttel 3. From Environment Sociology to Global Ecosociology: The Dunlap - Buttel Debates Jean-Guy Vaillancourt 4. Ecological Modernization as a Social Theory of Environmental Reform Arthur P.J. Mol 5. Ecological Modernization Theory: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges Richard York, Eugene A. Rosa and Thomas Dietz 6. Postconstructivist Political Ecologies Arturo Escobar 7. Marx's Ecology and its Historical Significance John Bellamy Foster 8. The Transition Out of Carbon Dependence: The Crises of Environment and Markets Michael R. Redclift 9. Socio-ecological Agency: From 'Human Exceptionalism' to Coping with 'Exceptional' Global Environmental Change David Manuel-Navarrete and Christine N. Buzinde 10. Ecological Debt: An Integrating Concept for Socio-Environmental Change Inaki Barcena Hinojal and Rosa Lago Aurrekoetxea 11. The Emergence Model of Environment and Society John Hannigan 12. Peering into the Abyss: Environment, Research and Absurdity in the 'Age of Stupid' Raymond L. Bryant PART II: SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 13. Animals and Us Ted Benton 14. Science and the Environment in the Twenty-first Century Steven Yearley 15. New Challenges for Twenty-first Century Environmental Movements: Agricultural Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Maria Kousis 16. Sustainable Consumption: Developments, Considerations and New Directions Emma D. Hinton and Michael K. Goodman 17. Globalisation, Convergence and the Euro-Atlantic Development Model Wolfgang Sachs 18. Environmental Hazards and Human Disasters Raymond Murphy 19. Structural Obstacles to an Effective Post-2012 Global Climate Agreement: Why Social Structure Matters and How Addressing it Can Help Break the Impasse Bradley C. Parks and J. Timmons Roberts 20. Environmental Sociology and International Forestry: Historical Overview and Future Directions Bianca Ambrose-Oji PART III: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 21. The Role of Place in the Margins of Space David Manuel-Navarrete and Michael R. Redclift 22. Society, Environment and Development in Africa William M. Adams 23. Neoliberal Regimes of Environmental Governance: Climate Change, Biodiversity and Agriculture in Australia Stewart Lockie 24. Environmental Reform in Modernizing China Arthur P.J. Mol 25. Civic Engagement in Environmental Governance in Central and Eastern Europe JoAnn Carmin 26. A 'Sustaining Conservation' for Mexico? Nora Haenn Index",Michael Redclift; Graham Woodgate,A5059724271; A5065950333,,Sociology; Environmental sociology; Regional science; Social science,sociology; environmental-sociology; regional-science; social-science,https://openalex.org/W1538243852; https://openalex.org/W2009872045; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2093955358; https://openalex.org/W2318735428; https://openalex.org/W2906689523,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2999036754,10.1073/pnas.1910023117,Land-use history impacts functional diversity across multiple trophic groups,2020,"Land-use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. Although biodiversity often shows a delayed response to land-use change, previous studies have typically focused on a narrow range of current landscape factors and have largely ignored the role of land-use history in shaping plant and animal communities and their functional characteristics. Here, we used a unique database of 220,000 land-use records to investigate how 20-y of land-use changes have affected functional diversity across multiple trophic groups (primary producers, mutualists, herbivores, invertebrate predators, and vertebrate predators) in 75 grassland fields with a broad range of land-use histories. The effects of land-use history on multitrophic trait diversity were as strong as other drivers known to impact biodiversity, e.g., grassland management and current landscape composition. The diversity of animal mobility and resource-acquisition traits was lower in landscapes where much of the land had been historically converted from grassland to crop. In contrast, functional biodiversity was higher in landscapes containing old permanent grasslands, most likely because they offer a stable and high-quality habitat refuge for species with low mobility and specialized feeding niches. Our study shows that grassland-to-crop conversion has long-lasting impacts on the functional biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems. Accordingly, land-use legacy effects must be considered in conservation programs aiming to protect agricultural biodiversity. In particular, the retention of permanent grassland sanctuaries within intensive landscapes may offset ecological debts.",Gaëtane Le Provost; Isabelle Badenhausser; Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet; Yann Clough; Laura Henckel; Cyrille Violle; Vincent Bretagnolle; Marilyn Roncoroni; Peter Manning; Nicolas Gross,A5062110875; A5087152591; A5075472835; A5057350038; A5075950463; A5073523465; A5011716970; A5017649985; A5003868914; A5085089162,"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research (DE); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (DE); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (FR); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR); Lund University (SE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Swedish Species Information Centre (SE); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); École Pratique des Hautes Études (FR); Université de Montpellier (FR); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research (DE); Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (DE); Université Clermont Auvergne (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); VetAgro Sup (FR)","Biodiversity; Ecology; Land use; Grassland; Trophic level; Geography; Habitat; Agroforestry; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Biodiversity hotspot; Agricultural land; Habitat destruction; Ecosystem services; Ecosystem; Biology",biodiversity; ecology; land-use; grassland; trophic-level; geography; habitat; agroforestry; land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry; biodiversity-hotspot; agricultural-land; habitat-destruction; ecosystem-services; ecosystem; biology,https://openalex.org/W1571840503; https://openalex.org/W1575330260; https://openalex.org/W1609810996; https://openalex.org/W1840185503; https://openalex.org/W1929835448; https://openalex.org/W1965701022; https://openalex.org/W1977909820; https://openalex.org/W1987431381; https://openalex.org/W1999205818; https://openalex.org/W2002615685; https://openalex.org/W2003236917; https://openalex.org/W2004909198; https://openalex.org/W2034563189; https://openalex.org/W2037902495; https://openalex.org/W2047384175; https://openalex.org/W2056280096; https://openalex.org/W2100773609; https://openalex.org/W2105156559; https://openalex.org/W2107665951; https://openalex.org/W2109274990; https://openalex.org/W2110065044; https://openalex.org/W2114795157; https://openalex.org/W2117867889; https://openalex.org/W2124478410; https://openalex.org/W2132272855; https://openalex.org/W2133311386; https://openalex.org/W2149301124; https://openalex.org/W2155157807; https://openalex.org/W2155430569; https://openalex.org/W2167094923; https://openalex.org/W2472420705; https://openalex.org/W2510103516; https://openalex.org/W2515058020; https://openalex.org/W2558519551; https://openalex.org/W2590280115; https://openalex.org/W2605879233; https://openalex.org/W2786039766; https://openalex.org/W2799896813; https://openalex.org/W2803418977; https://openalex.org/W2896211727; https://openalex.org/W2926255641; https://openalex.org/W2938463896; https://openalex.org/W2966436668; https://openalex.org/W2966589851; https://openalex.org/W3105481948; https://openalex.org/W3189621076; https://openalex.org/W6920670411,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,en,False
-W147127987,10.5195/jwsr.2015.529,"Breaking Ships in the World-System: An Analysis of Two Ship Breaking Capitals, Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh",2015,"Centrality in the world-system allows countries to externalize their hazards or environmental harms on others. Core countries, for instance, dump heavy metals and greenhouse gases into the global sinks, and some of the core's hazardous products, production processes and wastes are displaced to the (semi) peripheral zones of the world-system. Since few (semi) peripheral countries have the ability to assess and manage the risks associated with such hazards, the transfer of core hazards to the (semi) periphery has adverse environmental and socio-economic consequences for many of these countries and it has spawned conflict and resistance, as well as a variety of other responses. Most discussions of this risk globalization problem have failed to situate it firmly in the world-system frame emphasizing the process of ecological unequal exchange. Using secondary sources, I begin such a discussion by examining the specific problem of ship breaking (recycling core-based ocean going vessels for steel and other materials) at the yards in Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh. Attention centers on the nature and scope of ship breaking in these two locations, major drivers operating in the world-system, adverse consequences, the unequal mix of costs and benefits, and the failure of existing political responses at the domestic and international levels to reduce adequately the adverse consequences of ship breaking.",R. Scott Frey,A5084438873,University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US),Environmental hazard; Development economics; Business; Engineering; Natural resource economics; Environmental planning; Environmental protection; Geography; Economics; Ecology,environmental-hazard; development-economics; business; engineering; natural-resource-economics; environmental-planning; environmental-protection; geography; economics; ecology,https://openalex.org/W42362159; https://openalex.org/W76548049; https://openalex.org/W80867919; https://openalex.org/W165365298; https://openalex.org/W356139667; https://openalex.org/W370890276; https://openalex.org/W562385678; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W585808560; https://openalex.org/W586618947; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W1491531314; https://openalex.org/W1502624808; https://openalex.org/W1514279324; https://openalex.org/W1524520169; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1531882100; https://openalex.org/W1531974919; 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https://openalex.org/W2043201903; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2049611326; https://openalex.org/W2054113825; https://openalex.org/W2054525842; https://openalex.org/W2056526392; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2061660593; https://openalex.org/W2061916247; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2074115438; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2076007148; https://openalex.org/W2078583896; https://openalex.org/W2080458794; https://openalex.org/W2083193007; https://openalex.org/W2086769519; https://openalex.org/W2097737947; https://openalex.org/W2099990298; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2102618055; https://openalex.org/W2102668013; https://openalex.org/W2104935650; https://openalex.org/W2109111177; https://openalex.org/W2119106412; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2124565737; https://openalex.org/W2126547557; https://openalex.org/W2128169869; https://openalex.org/W2130441850; https://openalex.org/W2131621631; https://openalex.org/W2134506903; https://openalex.org/W2136134260; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2149022830; https://openalex.org/W2152976252; https://openalex.org/W2155895810; https://openalex.org/W2160797101; https://openalex.org/W2169385286; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2185907665; https://openalex.org/W2199190077; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2202864547; https://openalex.org/W2215504314; https://openalex.org/W2253709277; https://openalex.org/W2477738313; https://openalex.org/W2492032746; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2737078647; https://openalex.org/W2806988935; https://openalex.org/W2891423662; https://openalex.org/W2905180499; https://openalex.org/W2907664459; https://openalex.org/W2945273314; https://openalex.org/W2975405677; https://openalex.org/W3022828466; https://openalex.org/W3024309230; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3125166879; https://openalex.org/W3125379867; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3213090436; https://openalex.org/W4205870317; https://openalex.org/W4229570833; https://openalex.org/W4244108096; https://openalex.org/W4250340634; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4299475623; https://openalex.org/W4300550956; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W4405224716; https://openalex.org/W6603117862; https://openalex.org/W6643473431; https://openalex.org/W6655074950; https://openalex.org/W6656842085; https://openalex.org/W6677619370; https://openalex.org/W6679465770; https://openalex.org/W6688080868; https://openalex.org/W6723228808; https://openalex.org/W7037423374; https://openalex.org/W7051802513,Journal of World-Systems Research,en,False
-W2119904838,10.1080/09644016.2015.1090370,Unpacking the politics of natural capital and economic metaphors in environmental policy discourse,2015,"Economic metaphors – including natural capital, natural assets, ecosystem services, and ecological debt – are becoming commonplace in environmental policy discourse. Proponents consider such terms provide a clearer idea of the ‘value’ of nature, and are useful for ensuring the environment is given due attention in decision making. Critical discourse analysis highlights the ideological work language does; the way in which we think, write, and talk about the environment has important implications for how it is governed. Consequently, the widespread use of economic metaphors is politically significant. This article discusses how metaphors have been analysed in environmental policy research, surveys the use of prominent economic metaphors in environmental policy, and considers the politics associated with such terms. The uptake of various economic metaphors represents a form of reverse discourse, varies in politically significant ways, and narrows the terms of environmental debate.",Brian Coffey,A5056992144,RMIT University (AU),Natural capital; Unpacking; Politics; Metaphor; Ideology; Sociology; Capital (architecture); Environmental studies; Discourse analysis; Critical discourse analysis; Natural (archaeology); Environmental politics; Value (mathematics); Environmental policy; Debt; Environmental ethics; Economics; Positive economics; Political science; Ecosystem services; Environmental resource management; Law; Ecology; Linguistics,natural-capital; unpacking; politics; metaphor; ideology; sociology; capital; environmental-studies; discourse-analysis; critical-discourse-analysis; natural; environmental-politics; value; environmental-policy; debt; environmental-ethics; economics; positive-economics; political-science; ecosystem-services; environmental-resource-management; law; ecology; linguistics,https://openalex.org/W54670680; https://openalex.org/W364675936; https://openalex.org/W586058454; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W621617282; https://openalex.org/W634424833; https://openalex.org/W1487575620; https://openalex.org/W1505416059; https://openalex.org/W1511186454; https://openalex.org/W1511736487; https://openalex.org/W1528074835; https://openalex.org/W1528113760; https://openalex.org/W1537333624; https://openalex.org/W1545442817; https://openalex.org/W1572302632; https://openalex.org/W1586469975; https://openalex.org/W1595331308; https://openalex.org/W1899753561; https://openalex.org/W1919517363; https://openalex.org/W1994590651; https://openalex.org/W1996951807; https://openalex.org/W2007161913; https://openalex.org/W2007403982; https://openalex.org/W2009489151; https://openalex.org/W2014629333; https://openalex.org/W2020487534; https://openalex.org/W2025810582; https://openalex.org/W2030775185; https://openalex.org/W2035983503; https://openalex.org/W2036219106; https://openalex.org/W2040061106; https://openalex.org/W2046109790; https://openalex.org/W2052417512; https://openalex.org/W2054691965; https://openalex.org/W2061352695; https://openalex.org/W2069034186; https://openalex.org/W2073031385; https://openalex.org/W2090746889; https://openalex.org/W2104024295; https://openalex.org/W2108991971; https://openalex.org/W2124758952; https://openalex.org/W2125467995; https://openalex.org/W2131554966; https://openalex.org/W2134615644; https://openalex.org/W2161586993; https://openalex.org/W2188641303; https://openalex.org/W4210838977; https://openalex.org/W4232184570; https://openalex.org/W4237329516; https://openalex.org/W4239357219; https://openalex.org/W4241244678; https://openalex.org/W4244238918; https://openalex.org/W4245260055; https://openalex.org/W4246027354; https://openalex.org/W4248308225; https://openalex.org/W4255373279; https://openalex.org/W4292917376; https://openalex.org/W4300645397; https://openalex.org/W4301819063; https://openalex.org/W4320800888; https://openalex.org/W4389657267,Environmental Politics,en,False
-W4391474705,10.1080/23251042.2024.2309407,The semi-periphery and ecologically unequal exchange: carbon emissions and recursive exploitation,2024,"Social science research has been increasingly interested in the relationships between the environment and the economy. One critical research agenda – ecological unequal exchange – has explored the asymmetric flow of resources and unequal distribution of environmental harms across the world economy, particularly between high-income and low-income countries. However, research into the relationship between middle-income nations and low-income nations has been relatively minimal. This study, building off a world-systems taxonomy of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states, looks to extend research into the ecological dynamics captured in the trade among the non-core states, with regards to carbon emissions, over the course of 1996–2018. I find that patterns of ecological unequal exchange vary among the tiers of the semi-periphery – identified as the 'Semi-Core,' the 'Regional Powers,' and the 'Secondary Regional States' – suggesting the importance of tier-specific political-economic features in generating ecological unequal exchange outcomes.",Hassan El Tinay,A5028079790,,Environmental sociology; Carbon fibers; Natural resource economics; Greenhouse gas; Ecology; Environmental science; Sociology; Economics; Social science; Biology; Computer science,environmental-sociology; carbon-fibers; natural-resource-economics; greenhouse-gas; ecology; environmental-science; sociology; economics; social-science; biology; computer-science,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484384217; https://openalex.org/W1495220204; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1544989902; https://openalex.org/W1681545227; https://openalex.org/W1975490723; https://openalex.org/W1992762801; https://openalex.org/W2002961660; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2072408946; https://openalex.org/W2080351687; https://openalex.org/W2088030007; https://openalex.org/W2115768128; https://openalex.org/W2123567146; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2187258560; https://openalex.org/W2243318061; https://openalex.org/W2249688373; https://openalex.org/W2345240133; https://openalex.org/W2500221348; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2735485714; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2753028055; https://openalex.org/W2789854516; https://openalex.org/W2790147032; https://openalex.org/W2791909668; https://openalex.org/W2796317886; https://openalex.org/W2811505433; https://openalex.org/W2930040016; https://openalex.org/W2956268707; https://openalex.org/W2973704988; https://openalex.org/W2999137147; https://openalex.org/W3014912319; https://openalex.org/W3033244837; https://openalex.org/W3037550216; https://openalex.org/W3045540281; https://openalex.org/W3080367007; https://openalex.org/W3110745579; https://openalex.org/W3206338816; https://openalex.org/W4232456625; https://openalex.org/W4233208757; https://openalex.org/W4236945833; https://openalex.org/W4238756271; https://openalex.org/W4242816708; https://openalex.org/W4246066143; https://openalex.org/W4254461681; https://openalex.org/W4372348656; https://openalex.org/W4400789899; https://openalex.org/W7002005117; https://openalex.org/W7047669798,Environmental Sociology,en,False
-W1765082176,10.60082/2817-5069.1347,"Leading Towards a Level Playing Field, Repaying Ecological Debt, or Making Environmental Space: Three Stories about International Environmental Cooperation",2005,"This article considers a number of different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between South and North in the environmental context, focusing on international responses to climate change and, in particular, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It explores three stories about international environmental cooperation. One derives from the concept of ""ecological debt,"" the second comes from the concept of ""environmental space,"" and the third, which might be said to underlie the U.S. approach to the Kyoto Protocol at the present time, is labelled ""leading towards a level playing field."" The article provides an overview of all three stories, and attempts to offer some insight into the very different visions of the international community that they encapsulate.",Karin Mickelson,A5075761661,Universidad Braulio Carrillo (CR),Vision; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Kyoto Protocol; Convention; Context (archaeology); Field (mathematics); Debt; Climate change; Space (punctuation); International community; Political science; Environmental resource management; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Sociology; Geography; Business; Law; Economics; Politics; Computer science,vision; united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change; kyoto-protocol; convention; context; field; debt; climate-change; space; international-community; political-science; environmental-resource-management; environmental-ethics; ecology; sociology; geography; business; law; economics; politics; computer-science,,Osgoode Hall law journal,en,False
-W2901782820,10.2458/v25i1.22013,"Public knowledge, attitudes and perception of ecological debt",2018,"The concept of ecological debt describes the ecological relations between industrialized (developed) and developing countries and the environment. It refers to the responsibility held by those who live in industrialized countries, as well as their accomplices in the South, for the continuing destruction of the planet due to production and consumption patterns. Ecological debt is a potentially powerful tool for re-discussing relations between North and South and for rethinking sustainable development policies. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the public's knowledge, attitude towards, and perceptions of topics related to the concept of ecological debt. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire among residents of Athens, the capital of Greece. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this issue has been explored, with regard to public opinion and this is the beginning of a discussion on public understanding of ecological debt. The survey reveals that the concept of ecological debt is not widely understood; but the participants seem to agree on the causes of its generation and on its association with external financial debt. The research findings guide alternative proposals to relevant social movements and/or organizations for the design of wake-up policies.",Efi Drimili; Efthimios Zervas,A5107969561; A5010764655,Hellenic Open University (GR); Hellenic Open University (GR),Debt; Public opinion; Perception; Consumption (sociology); Sustainable development; Political science; Business; Sociology; Psychology; Finance; Social science,debt; public-opinion; perception; consumption; sustainable-development; political-science; business; sociology; psychology; finance; social-science,https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1515669283; https://openalex.org/W1523895391; https://openalex.org/W1581783538; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1605140183; https://openalex.org/W1963486613; https://openalex.org/W1973899709; https://openalex.org/W1986875667; https://openalex.org/W1992688562; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2038699019; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2272890368; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2620457709; https://openalex.org/W2757478421; https://openalex.org/W2759503593; https://openalex.org/W2913390697; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4300483823; https://openalex.org/W4301375542; https://openalex.org/W4394846027; https://openalex.org/W6629265512; https://openalex.org/W6631258106; https://openalex.org/W6850696550,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W3017089289,10.4324/9781315207094-4,Expanding treadmill of production analysis within green criminology by integrating metabolic rift and ecological unequal exchange theories,2020,"This chapter draws upon the treadmill of production (ToP) theoretical framework to demonstrate how capitalism produces environmental crimes and harms at both the local and global level. The chapter begins with a description of ToP before extending the political economic orientation of ToP by connecting it to two other radical political economic theories designed to make the linkage between capitalism and ecological destruction more visible: metabolic rift theory and ecological unequal exchange theory. The authors of this chapter argue that these views help round out the ToP approach and can be applied to understand any number of environmental crimes and injustices associated with ecological disorganisation. Encouraging further exploration by green criminologists, the authors make the case for establishing stronger connections to the ecological Marxist and environmental sociology literatures, as well as to the growing number of empirical studies in those fields that support these approaches.",Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett,A5018094670; A5001040330; A5088849050; A5088301346,,Environmental sociology; Production (economics); Ecology; Sociology; Economics; Biology; Microeconomics,environmental-sociology; production; ecology; sociology; economics; biology; microeconomics,,,en,False
-W4387183420,10.3389/fenvs.2023.1269691,The impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry,2023,"This paper uses the panel data of manufacturing subdivision industry from 2000 to 2014 to calculate the exchange of ecological inequality through MRIO model. On this basis, the systematic GMM model is used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the unequal exchange of manufacturing ecology. In addition, the ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry is decomposed into ecological unequal exchange on the production side, on the consumption side, with developed regions and with lessdeveloped regions. The study finds that: 1) Industry-wide research indicates that FDI inflows have a significant positive impact on reducing the unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector. This finding contributes to the existing literature on the effects of FDI on ecological inequality. 2) Path-specific studies reveal that FDI primarily reduces ecological inequality in the manufacturing sector through technological effects. However, the scale and structural effects of FDI exacerbate ecological inequality, confirming the findings of some scholars. This nuanced understanding of the effects of FDI on ecological inequality adds to the existing body of research. 3) From the perspective of FDI sources, FDI from Asian countries and regions is more beneficial for improving China’s ecological unequal exchange. This finding provides guidance for China’s FDI attraction policies. 4) Assessing pollution emissions inventories based on the principle of production responsibility is unfair to China from both the production and consumption perspectives. 5) From a regional perspective, FDI effectively reduces the impact of ecological unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector between China and developed economies. These findings confirm that China bears an unequal exchange in the trade process and enrich the understanding of the impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange.",Mengqi Gong; Longle Wang; Xiaofan Li,A5061660679; A5071018060; A5100637080,Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN),Foreign direct investment; China; Production (economics); Inequality; Manufacturing; Consumption (sociology); Economics; Economic geography; Ecology; Manufacturing sector; Business; International economics; Geography; Macroeconomics; Biology,foreign-direct-investment; china; production; inequality; manufacturing; consumption; economics; economic-geography; ecology; manufacturing-sector; business; international-economics; geography; macroeconomics; biology,https://openalex.org/W1977411201; https://openalex.org/W2012251817; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2263563523; https://openalex.org/W2523304678; https://openalex.org/W2557909387; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2788098830; https://openalex.org/W2886351347; https://openalex.org/W2898613847; https://openalex.org/W2974680376; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3096720883; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3152730200; https://openalex.org/W4211145470; https://openalex.org/W4306691580; https://openalex.org/W4384393255,Frontiers in Environmental Science,en,False
-W4415915422,10.1080/10455752.2025.2579886,Two Sides of the Same Coin: A Synthesis of Economic and Ecological Unequal Exchange,2025,"Capitalism perpetuates injustices by appropriating vast amounts of human effort and natural wealth across regions and populations, all under the guise of economic cooperation and mutual benefit. Marxist and ecological approaches to unequal exchange (UE) both seek to expose these transfers. Yet without theoretical integration, they fail to support crucial alliances between social and environmental justice movements. This paper therefore approaches UE as the convergence of labour, material, monetary, and currency imbalances. While individual imbalances may indicate asymmetry, their combined effect reveals deeper, systemic injustices. In 2022, after excluding productivity gaps, UE (expressed in monetary terms) amounted to a gain of US$ 3.1 trillion for the economies of the centre (equivalent to 27% of their combined Domestic Value Added, DVA) and a loss of US$ 1.7 trillion for the periphery (108%). When productivity gaps are included, the centre's gain rises to US$ 8.8 trillion (76%), while the periphery loses US$ 6.9 trillion – equivalent to a staggering 440% of DVA. These imbalances reflect not a deviation from some “true” or “fair” monetary value of nature or labour, but rather expose a system sustained by extraction and exploitation. Balance cannot be restored within such a system; it must be transformed.",Crelis Rammelt,A5005445191,University of Amsterdam (NL),Capitalism; Production (economics); Sustainability,capitalism; production; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W1964911611; https://openalex.org/W1967540883; https://openalex.org/W1975529595; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1993258255; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2014634665; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2345419491; https://openalex.org/W2515104092; https://openalex.org/W2624693595; https://openalex.org/W2794556575; https://openalex.org/W2899120092; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3144452147; https://openalex.org/W4211221020; https://openalex.org/W4234010666; https://openalex.org/W4251638621; https://openalex.org/W4282567479; https://openalex.org/W4361289971; https://openalex.org/W4387429400; https://openalex.org/W4388661872; https://openalex.org/W4396494537; https://openalex.org/W4401091536; https://openalex.org/W4409155547; https://openalex.org/W4409540095; https://openalex.org/W4412018112; https://openalex.org/W6908880526,Capitalism Nature Socialism,en,False
-W4242353811,10.4324/9780203076989-29,Environmental justice and ecological debt in Belgium: the UMICORE case,2013,"The notion of ecological debt focuses on unequal exploitation of the global commons, and includes pollution, disproportionate use of the environment and ‘theft’ of southern resources by northern countries. The calculations of such environmental damages represent a practical tool for pursuing environmental justice. This chapter takes a more local view of the notion of ecological debt, by applying the same principles around an industrial site in a Northern country. ‘Ecological debt’ is in this context equivalent to ‘environmental liability’. A company has assets and liabilities, i.e. debts. The environmental liabilities rarely appear in the balance sheets. Similarly, the ecological debts of rich countries do not appear in their macroeconomic accounts. We focus on historically created ecological damage, considering impacts on health and capabilities, the major collateral damages infl icted in the recent past by the emissions of a particular site in Belgium run by the company UMICORE. In the fi rst section, we present the notions of environmental justice, ecological debt and particularly the idea of ‘private ecological debt’ or environmental liability. The second section describes the methodology for evaluating the ecological debt in the case under study. Section three shows the calculations and results. In section four, we discuss the advantages of collaborative or co-operative research between scientists and civil society actors, which lie at the heart of the present book, and the resulting practical and theoretical contributions of this study.",,,,Environmental justice; Debt; Economic Justice; Ecology; Geography; Political science; Business; Biology; Finance; Law,environmental-justice; debt; economic-justice; ecology; geography; political-science; business; biology; finance; law,,,en,False
-W2424450747,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.006,Where have all the funds gone? Multiregional input-output analysis of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development,2016,,Fabio Monsalve; Jorge Zafrilla; María‐Ángeles Cadarso,A5081118602; A5047259057; A5036506113,University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES); University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES); University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES),Sustainability; Agriculture; Distribution (mathematics); Business; Sustainable development; Economics; Rural development; Natural resource economics; Geography; Ecology,sustainability; agriculture; distribution; business; sustainable-development; economics; rural-development; natural-resource-economics; geography; ecology,https://openalex.org/W749416070; https://openalex.org/W1492289444; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1542047764; https://openalex.org/W1650067763; https://openalex.org/W1895628710; https://openalex.org/W1956760944; https://openalex.org/W1964085940; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1971309533; https://openalex.org/W1982813761; https://openalex.org/W1987219067; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W1995968610; https://openalex.org/W1998830031; https://openalex.org/W2009852955; https://openalex.org/W2010351240; https://openalex.org/W2020393050; https://openalex.org/W2026535485; https://openalex.org/W2029670485; https://openalex.org/W2033554029; https://openalex.org/W2035943368; https://openalex.org/W2037089594; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2049663377; https://openalex.org/W2050650868; https://openalex.org/W2052603662; https://openalex.org/W2058450398; https://openalex.org/W2062825804; https://openalex.org/W2065289804; https://openalex.org/W2083280785; https://openalex.org/W2087939361; https://openalex.org/W2093445010; https://openalex.org/W2096081303; https://openalex.org/W2100016968; https://openalex.org/W2102966366; https://openalex.org/W2113219607; https://openalex.org/W2126205604; https://openalex.org/W2144975314; https://openalex.org/W2145917034; https://openalex.org/W2158804744; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2162550487; https://openalex.org/W2166001406; https://openalex.org/W2171050209; https://openalex.org/W2318764153; https://openalex.org/W2319851860; https://openalex.org/W2322974595; https://openalex.org/W2323325301; https://openalex.org/W2332875009; https://openalex.org/W2335259225; https://openalex.org/W2399179509; https://openalex.org/W3121873832; https://openalex.org/W3124228636; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W6622074492; https://openalex.org/W6641122997; https://openalex.org/W6662088076; https://openalex.org/W6981294069,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W4312219881,10.1080/14747731.2022.2157992,"Climate, violence, resource extraction and ecological debt: global implications of an assassination on South Africa's coal mining belt",2022,"Extractivism has attracted inspiring resistance in South Africa, but far-reaching lessons from one site of struggle in KwaZulu-Natal Province are sobering. The October 2020 assassination of Fikile Ntshangase, an anti-coal activist, reflects difficult political-economic and political-ecological terrain. The critical role of gendered activism in former apartheid-era Bantustans underlay concrete problems Ntshangase faced when confronted by male coal-mine labourers. There was no ‘Just Transition’ programme to decarbonize the mine at the time. The corporation that benefited from the assassination, Petmin, was expanding into Ntshangase's village. In the process, not only did the need to cease coal mining become of enormous global concern, but Petmin’s role in international circuits of capital also gave rise to a new round of global-local and socio-ecological linkages. Some involve the World Bank while others entail solidarity with victims of the same firm near the United States city of Cleveland.",Patrick Bond,A5061884523,University of Johannesburg (ZA),Solidarity; Political ecology; Politics; Political science; Corporation; Resource (disambiguation); Debt; Economy; Political economy; Development economics; Business; Sociology; Economics; Law,solidarity; political-ecology; politics; political-science; corporation; resource; debt; economy; political-economy; development-economics; business; sociology; economics; law,https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W1862751979; https://openalex.org/W2534779911; https://openalex.org/W2971750072; https://openalex.org/W4285190786,Globalizations,en,False
-W4250250916,10.2307/j.ctt183p4mr,Ecological Debt,2009,,Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Environmental science; Economics; Ecology; Biology,environmental-science; economics; ecology; biology,,Pluto Press eBooks,en,False
-W2023267627,10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.021,Natural capital: The limiting factor,2006,,Joshua Farley; Herman E. Daly,A5090686681; A5027651591,"University of Vermont (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Footprint; Ecological footprint; Environmental science; Occupancy; Natural resource; Land use; Geography; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Sustainability,footprint; ecological-footprint; environmental-science; occupancy; natural-resource; land-use; geography; environmental-resource-management; ecology; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W121151744; https://openalex.org/W571165093; https://openalex.org/W617737805; https://openalex.org/W1530567397; https://openalex.org/W1564107706; https://openalex.org/W1574252464; https://openalex.org/W1574645189; https://openalex.org/W1608237007; https://openalex.org/W1927063796; https://openalex.org/W1936774573; https://openalex.org/W1970317388; https://openalex.org/W1970376522; https://openalex.org/W1994485043; https://openalex.org/W1999061137; https://openalex.org/W2008143266; https://openalex.org/W2012341183; https://openalex.org/W2027271929; https://openalex.org/W2048973844; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2073080915; https://openalex.org/W2099799233; https://openalex.org/W2112484287; https://openalex.org/W2149161296; https://openalex.org/W2151301860; https://openalex.org/W2164556042; https://openalex.org/W2481880397; https://openalex.org/W2555957898; https://openalex.org/W3137224376; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W6672806637; https://openalex.org/W6684132962; https://openalex.org/W6757687813,Ecological Engineering,en,False
-W2796372547,10.4337/9781849805520.00019,Ecological Debt: An Integrating Concept for Socio-Environmental Change,2010,"This thoroughly revised Handbook provides an assessment of the scope and content of environmental sociology, and sets out the intellectual and practical challenges posed by the urgent need for policy and action to address accelerating environmental change.",Iñaki Bárcena Hinojal; Rosa Lago Aurrekoetxea,A5040506861; A5037022026,,Scope (computer science); Action (physics); Environmental change; Debt; Environmental resource management; Sociology; Political science; Environmental planning; Ecology; Business; Geography; Environmental science; Computer science; Climate change; Biology,scope; action; environmental-change; debt; environmental-resource-management; sociology; political-science; environmental-planning; ecology; business; geography; environmental-science; computer-science; climate-change; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W3210510104,10.1080/13549839.2021.1983795,"Circularity, entropy, ecological conflicts and LFFU",2021,"The economy is not circular, it is increasingly entropic. Energy from the photosynthesis of the distant past, fossil fuels, is burned and dissipated. Even without further economic growth the industrial economy would need new supplies of energy and materials extracted from the “commodity frontiers”, producing also more waste (including excessive amounts of greenhouse gases). Therefore, new ecological distribution conflicts (EDC) arise all the time. Such EDCs are often “valuation contests” displaying incommensurable plural values. Examples from the Atlas of Environmental Justice are given of coal, oil and gas-related conflicts in several countries combining local and global complaints. Claims for climate justice and recognition of an ecological debt have been put forward by environmentalists from the South since 1991, together with a strategy of leaving fossil fuels underground (LFFU) through bottom-up movements. This could make a substantial contribution to the decrease in carbon dioxide emissions.",Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Greenhouse gas; Fossil fuel; Natural resource economics; Plural; Valuation (finance); Coal; Economics; Ecological economics; Commodity; Environmental justice; Energy security; Ecology; Sustainability; Environmental science; Economy; Geography; Renewable energy; Market economy,greenhouse-gas; fossil-fuel; natural-resource-economics; plural; valuation; coal; economics; ecological-economics; commodity; environmental-justice; energy-security; ecology; sustainability; environmental-science; economy; geography; renewable-energy; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W91194789; https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W647036171; https://openalex.org/W1505091764; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1595652305; https://openalex.org/W1803673662; https://openalex.org/W1862702728; https://openalex.org/W1963684733; https://openalex.org/W1963985712; https://openalex.org/W1973318389; https://openalex.org/W1979816480; https://openalex.org/W1992262753; https://openalex.org/W2030626342; https://openalex.org/W2041321854; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2053216029; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2076926005; https://openalex.org/W2079856242; https://openalex.org/W2082793946; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2118628106; https://openalex.org/W2131236975; https://openalex.org/W2132214484; https://openalex.org/W2155200498; https://openalex.org/W2271137388; https://openalex.org/W2313084143; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2342655129; https://openalex.org/W2567287119; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2598540519; https://openalex.org/W2772693920; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W2790216946; https://openalex.org/W2791564097; https://openalex.org/W2797346201; https://openalex.org/W2797434453; https://openalex.org/W2801608957; https://openalex.org/W2883168693; https://openalex.org/W2889685062; https://openalex.org/W2891857460; https://openalex.org/W2892221156; https://openalex.org/W2901758408; https://openalex.org/W2921021117; https://openalex.org/W2981711509; https://openalex.org/W2991613651; https://openalex.org/W3011803474; https://openalex.org/W3023793666; https://openalex.org/W3033432264; https://openalex.org/W3047060341; https://openalex.org/W3090697615; https://openalex.org/W3091617824; https://openalex.org/W3091902962; https://openalex.org/W3092621118; https://openalex.org/W3094134127; https://openalex.org/W3098302150; https://openalex.org/W3100044586; https://openalex.org/W3107877676; https://openalex.org/W3120723020; https://openalex.org/W3129731695; https://openalex.org/W3139265487; https://openalex.org/W3146360081; https://openalex.org/W3154286314; https://openalex.org/W3197396347; https://openalex.org/W3205393210; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4233919019; https://openalex.org/W4241340504; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4252072419; https://openalex.org/W4252277488; https://openalex.org/W4254369197; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4311608047; https://openalex.org/W4387882599,Local Environment,en,False
-W4394877371,10.3390/su16083371,Exploring the Impact of FDI and Technological Progress Path on Ecological Unequal Exchange within Manufacturing Industry in China,2024,"Under the premise of jointly promoting global ecological and environmental governance, as an important promoter of economic globalization and the main communicator of low-carbon technology, how does FDI contribute to EUE? In addition, technology can affect ecological inequality exchange by affecting production methods and other aspects, so what role does the path of technological progress play in it? These questions are the focus of this paper. Ecological unequal exchange is calculated using the MRIO model, and this study further examines the influence of FDI on this exchange in the manufacturing sector via technological progress using the systematic GMM model. The study discovered the following: (1) The full sample study reveals that FDI inflows can significantly reduce the EUE of the manufacturing industry, but FDI exacerbates the EUE in the manufacturing industry by further worsening it through the pathway of technological progress (2) Further research finds that the effect of FDI on the EUE in the manufacturing sector through technological progress path will be different due to the source of FDI vary, the causes of ecological unequal exchange, the time period, and the development of a technological progress path.",Mengqi Gong; Weike Zhang,A5061660679; A5101610023,Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN),Foreign direct investment; Technological change; Manufacturing; Economic geography; Globalization; Premise; China; Industrial organization; Business; Path dependence; Manufacturing sector; Sample (material); Corporate governance; Economics; Ecology; International economics; Marketing; Geography; Market economy; Macroeconomics; Management,foreign-direct-investment; technological-change; manufacturing; economic-geography; globalization; premise; china; industrial-organization; business; path-dependence; manufacturing-sector; sample; corporate-governance; economics; ecology; international-economics; marketing; geography; market-economy; macroeconomics; management,https://openalex.org/W1495220204; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W2012011920; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2367636902; https://openalex.org/W2371455775; https://openalex.org/W2381991480; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3122619127; https://openalex.org/W3124744803; https://openalex.org/W3125697804; https://openalex.org/W3212855748; https://openalex.org/W6738354462; https://openalex.org/W7005270004,Sustainability,en,False
-W2087385946,10.1080/14747730701345218,"Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change",2007,"The globalization of economic production fundamentally reshapes how a ‘fair’ solution to the climate change problem must be forged. Emissions are increasing sharply in developing countries as wealthy nations ‘offshore’ the energy- and natural resource-intensive stages of production. We review a new and relatively under-utilized theory of ‘ecologically unequal exchange’ and apply it to the case of climate change. We describe four distinct principles that have been proposed to assign responsibility for carbon emissions, discuss their inadequacies, and briefly lay out some ‘hybrid’ proposals currently under consideration. We suggest combining hybrid proposals with environmental aid packages that help poorer nations transition from carbon-intensive pathways of development to more climate-friendly development trajectories, using remuneration from the so-called ‘ecological debt’. In the context of deadlock over a completely inadequate Kyoto Protocol, we argue that fairness principles, climate science, and an understanding of globalization and development must be integrated. La globalización de la producción económica cambia completamente la forma de cómo una “simple”solución al problema del cambio climatológico debe de ser alterado. Las emisiones han aumentado bruscamente en los países en desarrollo mientras que los países ricos operan en el extranjero las fases intensas de producción de energía y utilización de recursos naturales. Hemos revisado una teoría nueva y relativamente poco utilizada de ‘intercambio ecológico desigual’ y la hemos aplicado al caso del cambio del clima. Describimos cuatro principios distintos que se propusieron para asignar la responsabilidad a las emisiones de carbón, discutimos sus faltas de adecuación y planeamos brevemente unas propuestas ‘híbridas'que se encuentran actualmente bajo consideración. Sugerimos combinar las propuestas híbridas con los paquetes de ayuda para el medio ambiente que ayuden a las naciones más pobres a hacer la transición de las vías intensivas de desarrollo de carbón a trayectorias de desarrollo más adaptable al clima, usando renumeración de la llamada ‘deuda ecológica’. En el contexto sobre un Protocolo de Kyoto estancado y completamente inadecuado, discutimos que la justicia, ciencia climatológica y el entendimiento de globalización y desarrollo deben integrarse.",J. Timmons Roberts; Bradley C. Parks,A5082988195; A5047978847,Williams (United States) (US); William & Mary (US); Millennium Challenge Corporation (US),Globalization; Welfare economics; Kyoto Protocol; Climate change; Context (archaeology); Political science; Economy; Natural resource; Geography; Natural resource economics; Economic system; Economics; Ecology,globalization; welfare-economics; kyoto-protocol; climate-change; context; political-science; economy; natural-resource; geography; natural-resource-economics; economic-system; economics; ecology,https://openalex.org/W18714912; https://openalex.org/W53023682; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W414522172; https://openalex.org/W564021603; https://openalex.org/W571951978; https://openalex.org/W608430605; https://openalex.org/W613588134; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1527117602; https://openalex.org/W1552736777; https://openalex.org/W1563281257; https://openalex.org/W1565850046; https://openalex.org/W1580621702; https://openalex.org/W1583029312; https://openalex.org/W1593994209; https://openalex.org/W1594846353; https://openalex.org/W1607694897; https://openalex.org/W1823886455; https://openalex.org/W1970732996; https://openalex.org/W1979153761; https://openalex.org/W1980981591; https://openalex.org/W1993184008; https://openalex.org/W1996879967; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W2005340918; https://openalex.org/W2008178580; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2017032566; https://openalex.org/W2021458480; https://openalex.org/W2027255868; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2038981142; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2069512745; https://openalex.org/W2069551332; https://openalex.org/W2076095769; https://openalex.org/W2077858203; https://openalex.org/W2083170299; https://openalex.org/W2084528250; https://openalex.org/W2095688137; https://openalex.org/W2101062956; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2109558192; https://openalex.org/W2125388400; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2173400697; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2259217146; https://openalex.org/W2341034567; https://openalex.org/W2392627374; https://openalex.org/W2487688836; https://openalex.org/W2501585505; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2799152616; https://openalex.org/W3102500135; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3123081990; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3124119720; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4230109911; https://openalex.org/W4232708887; https://openalex.org/W4234534685; https://openalex.org/W4237018467; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4299448508,Globalizations,en,False
-W3135111755,10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107480,Improvement and application of the three-dimensional ecological footprint model,2021,"The ecological footprint (EF) is an important tool for assessing ecological resource occupancy. The three-dimensional (3D) EF changes the EF from a plane to a column, and the bottom (EFsize) represents the human appropriation of the annual natural resource flow provided by the earth, while the height (EFdepth) represents the number of years required to regenerate the resources consumed within 1 year. According to the difference in the human demands for the productive functions of land, this paper improves the 3D EF model based on three sub-items, namely, the basic land footprint (including the footprint of cropland, grazing land and fishing grounds), which captures the demands of the physical part of food and clothing; forest land footprint, which captures wood and carbon absorption demands; and the built-up land footprint, which captures production and living space demands. The improved model is a 3D structure with three different heights. The bottom shows human appropriation of annual natural flows of the sub-items, and there is competition between the sub-items. The sub-heights are related to the overshoot of the sub-items. The forest land footprint depth is earlier and deeper than the 3D EF, and the footprint depth of the built-up land and basic land kept the natural depth. Therefore, humans perceive climate change, but their daily survival is not significantly affected. The flow occupancy ratio (orflow) and the accumulated ecological debt depth (EFdepthaccum) are introduced to analyse the closeness to the overshooting state and the years of using existing resources to eliminate historical ecological debt, respectively.",Mingli Bi; Cuiyou Yao; Gaodi Xie; Jingya Liu; Keyu Qin,A5008414446; A5045501264; A5102898759; A5101510723; A5016482157,Capital University of Economics and Business (CN); Capital University of Economics and Business (CN); Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Institute of Oceanology (CN),Ecological footprint; Environmental science; Footprint; Occupancy; Land use; Natural resource; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Geography; Sustainability,ecological-footprint; environmental-science; footprint; occupancy; land-use; natural-resource; environmental-resource-management; ecology; geography; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W1583147110; https://openalex.org/W1670321511; https://openalex.org/W1966364945; https://openalex.org/W1978430273; https://openalex.org/W1985203887; https://openalex.org/W1993351177; https://openalex.org/W2000984567; https://openalex.org/W2023267627; https://openalex.org/W2030498171; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2041447960; https://openalex.org/W2043244602; https://openalex.org/W2049235562; https://openalex.org/W2061195351; https://openalex.org/W2082737326; https://openalex.org/W2085596282; https://openalex.org/W2096885696; https://openalex.org/W2102387788; https://openalex.org/W2124350766; https://openalex.org/W2158809385; https://openalex.org/W2162648754; https://openalex.org/W2173448856; https://openalex.org/W2318167787; https://openalex.org/W2343073829; https://openalex.org/W2367839488; https://openalex.org/W2555754221; https://openalex.org/W2583237449; https://openalex.org/W2591241614; https://openalex.org/W2610836651; https://openalex.org/W2622029016; https://openalex.org/W2738104081; https://openalex.org/W2782393706; https://openalex.org/W2806335189; https://openalex.org/W2809858641; https://openalex.org/W2887510779; https://openalex.org/W2891411478; https://openalex.org/W2897191418; https://openalex.org/W2898686451; https://openalex.org/W2905314297; https://openalex.org/W2915580847; https://openalex.org/W2915905786; https://openalex.org/W2942854102; https://openalex.org/W2945757657; https://openalex.org/W2966517724; https://openalex.org/W3016419643; https://openalex.org/W3125042908; https://openalex.org/W3159645282; https://openalex.org/W6775626879; https://openalex.org/W7071651851,Ecological Indicators,en,False
-W2051634160,10.1080/01436597.2013.786288,"Carbon Markets, Debt and Uneven Development",2013,"Abstract The United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (cdm) has been envisaged as a powerful tool for reconciling the global South’s environment and development problematic. By allowing Southern states to produce and sell carbon credits into the Kyoto Protocol’s compliance market, many predicted a growing North–South transfer of carbon finance, technology and profit. Confronted by deep crisis in global carbon markets, however, the cdm, rather than spurring development, is furnishing the conditions for rising debt and insecurity since project costs must be financed upfront, with the expectation that future project revenue will subsequently fulfil these obligations. This paper analyses the dialectic entanglements between the cdm’s ex post and market-dependent financing structure, the carbon market crisis and uneven development, based on the contention that cdm-related debt reveals the deeply unequal power relations that underpin contemporary approaches to climate change mitigation, whereby the North’s ecological debt is displaced, both materially and financially, onto Southern actors.",Kate Ervine,A5000155071,Schlumberger (Ireland) (IE),Clean Development Mechanism; Kyoto Protocol; Carbon finance; Debt; Carbon credit; Revenue; Economics; Profit (economics); Carbon market; Debt crisis; Climate Finance; Carbon offset; Business; Greenhouse gas; Finance; Economic growth; Developing country; Ecology,clean-development-mechanism; kyoto-protocol; carbon-finance; debt; carbon-credit; revenue; economics; profit; carbon-market; debt-crisis; climate-finance; carbon-offset; business; greenhouse-gas; finance; economic-growth; developing-country; ecology,,Third World Quarterly,en,False
-W2021230127,10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62758-4,Cut ecological debt or humanity is at risk,2007,,Catherine Brahic,A5005093501,,Humanity; Planetary boundaries; Debt; Astrobiology; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Environmental science; Biology; Business; Political science; Sustainable development; Philosophy; Law; Finance,humanity; planetary-boundaries; debt; astrobiology; environmental-ethics; ecology; environmental-science; biology; business; political-science; sustainable-development; philosophy; law; finance,,The New Scientist,en,False
-W2026461148,10.1007/s10460-014-9567-6,Structural impediments to sustainable groundwater management in the High Plains Aquifer of western Kansas,2014,,Matthew R. Sanderson; R. Scott Frey,A5001783283; A5084438873,Waters (United States) (US); Kansas State University (US); University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US),Aquifer; Groundwater; Agriculture; Resource (disambiguation); Sustainability; Natural resource economics; Rift valley; Water resource management; Geography; Ecology; Environmental science; Economics; Geology; Biology,aquifer; groundwater; agriculture; resource; sustainability; natural-resource-economics; rift-valley; water-resource-management; geography; ecology; environmental-science; economics; geology; biology,https://openalex.org/W60146509; https://openalex.org/W82035503; https://openalex.org/W141261431; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W565701012; https://openalex.org/W616635769; https://openalex.org/W628027292; https://openalex.org/W1480446199; https://openalex.org/W1487290281; https://openalex.org/W1494624469; https://openalex.org/W1512183817; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1550246025; https://openalex.org/W1554641608; https://openalex.org/W1603268398; https://openalex.org/W1803117247; https://openalex.org/W1898499425; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1981704037; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1986286171; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2015619480; https://openalex.org/W2016536997; https://openalex.org/W2017929814; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2021515498; https://openalex.org/W2023528362; https://openalex.org/W2031839214; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2049888754; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2064766425; https://openalex.org/W2075293243; https://openalex.org/W2079188934; https://openalex.org/W2092254604; https://openalex.org/W2093027911; https://openalex.org/W2099743616; https://openalex.org/W2104246777; https://openalex.org/W2104336388; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2122854726; https://openalex.org/W2126772797; https://openalex.org/W2133022495; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2159642665; https://openalex.org/W2165702945; https://openalex.org/W2166417404; https://openalex.org/W2169986832; https://openalex.org/W2175723801; https://openalex.org/W2226396244; https://openalex.org/W2291738616; https://openalex.org/W2418036091; https://openalex.org/W2516204427; https://openalex.org/W3044225635; https://openalex.org/W3147387277; https://openalex.org/W3147701359; https://openalex.org/W3148727043; https://openalex.org/W4211124652; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4234302912; https://openalex.org/W4241892371; https://openalex.org/W4244588123; https://openalex.org/W4248466517; https://openalex.org/W4251548203; https://openalex.org/W4297775561; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W6604253536; https://openalex.org/W6619976831; https://openalex.org/W6655690080; https://openalex.org/W7024744069; https://openalex.org/W7065650524,Agriculture and Human Values,en,False
-bib:ricardo1817principles,,On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,1817,,"Ricardo, David",ricardo_david,Paper affiliation: UK,political economy; comparative advantage; classical,political_economy; comparative_advantage; classical,,,,True
-bib:wallis1969,,The Ecology of Unequal Exchange,1969,,"Wallis, Victor",wallis_victor,Paper affiliation: US,ecology; unequal exchange; marxism,ecology; unequal_exchange; marxism,,Environments and Societies,,True
-bib:reyes2020deuda,,"Deuda ecológica del Perú con el mundo, 1990--2018",2020,"Estimación de la deuda ecológica del Perú mediante
-análisis de flujos de materiales y huella ecológica.","Reyes, G.; Carrasco, H.",reyes_g; carrasco_h,Paper affiliation: PE,deuda ecológica; Perú; comercio; América Latina,deuda_ecológica; perú; comercio; américa_latina,,Ecología Política,,True
-bib:castro2021comercio,,Comercio internacional y deuda ecológica en Bolivia,2021,,"Castro, V.; Bermúdez, A.",castro_v; bermúdez_a,Paper affiliation: BO,deuda ecológica; Bolivia; comercio; extractivismo,deuda_ecológica; bolivia; comercio; extractivismo,,Revista Boliviana de Investigación,,True
-bib:bringezu2015assessing,,"Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with
-Sustainable Supply",2015,,"Bringezu, S.; Schuetz, H.; Pengue, W.; O'Brien, M.; Garcia, F.; Sims, R.; Wirtz, D.",bringezu_s; schuetz_h; pengue_w; obrien_m; garcia_f; sims_r; wirtz_d,Paper affiliation: DE,land use; global; methodology; supply chain,land_use; global; methodology; supply_chain,,UNEP Report,,True
-bib:hoekstra2011water,,The Water Footprint Assessment Manual,2011,,"Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K.; Aldaya, M. M.; Mekonnen, M. M.",hoekstra_a_y; chapagain_a_k; aldaya_m_m; mekonnen_m_m,Paper affiliation: NL,water footprint; manual; methodology,water_footprint; manual; methodology,,Earthscan,,True
-bib:openalex2024,,OpenAlex: Open Infrastructure for Bibliographic Data,2024,,{OurResearch},ourresearch_,Paper affiliation: US,openalex; open data; bibliometrics,openalex; open_data; bibliometrics,,,,True
-bib:lopez2017extractivism,,Extractivismo y deuda ecológica: revisitando el debate,2017,"Repaso crítico de la literatura latinoamericana sobre
-extractivismo y deuda ecológica.","López, A.; Vázquez, R.",lópez_a; vázquez_r,Paper affiliation: AR,extractivismo; deuda ecológica; América Latina; crítica,extractivismo; deuda_ecológica; américa_latina; crítica,,Ecología Política,,True
-bib:anomimo2010,,Notas sobre comercio y medio ambiente,2010,,"Anonymous, A.",anonymous_a,Paper affiliation: MX,,,,,,True
-bib:garcia2015,,Huella ecológica y comercio Sur-Norte,2015,,"García, M.",garcía_m,Paper affiliation: CO,,,,Cuadernos Latinoamericanos,,True
-bib:ecofootprint2020,,Global Ecological Footprint Report,2020,,,,Paper affiliation: US,,,,,,True
-bib:anomimo2022,,Tensiones Norte-Sur en políticas climáticas,2022,,"Smith, J.; Patel, R.",smith_j; patel_r,Paper affiliation: IN,,,,,,True
-W644940498,,Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet and the Wealth of Nations,2005,"1. A short walk to Venus 2. The chemist's warning - A short history of global warming 3. The Heaven bursters - Tuvalu and the fate of nations 4. The great reversal of human progress 5. Ecological debt 6. The carbon debt 7. Rationalising self-destruction (or why people are more stupid than frogs) 8. The car park at the end of the world 9. Pay back time - the law, climate change and ecological debt 10. Data for the doubtful - the lessons of war economies 11. The new adjustment 12. Minerva's Owl Notes Index",Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Debt; Global warming; Venus; Geography; Planet; Natural resource economics; Climate change; Ecology; Economy; Development economics; Political science; Economics; Astrobiology; Finance; Biology,debt; global-warming; venus; geography; planet; natural-resource-economics; climate-change; ecology; economy; development-economics; political-science; economics; astrobiology; finance; biology,,Medical Entomology and Zoology,en,False
-W1538980473,,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2001,"In these years many developing countries are engaged in establishing environmental regulation, but unfortunately, their environmental problems are rooted in fundamental issues that cannot easily be corrected by the instruments normally included in environmental regulation. This paper argues that it is necessary to change the power relations, so that developing countries get a chance to rectify their environmental problems. These issues are elucidated by applying the approach of ecological economics. First, the basic theoretical problem regarding economic value is outlined, and second, it is argued that unequal exchange in ecological terms might be at the root of environmental problems in developing countries. The concept of ecological footprints is used as an illustration. Finally, it is argued that the different movements in the South offer some hope for changes.",Inge Røpke,A5016814382,Sustainability Institute (ZA),Developing country; Ecological economics; Value (mathematics); Ecology; Ecological footprint; Root (linguistics); Economics; Sustainable development; Sustainability; Economic growth; Computer science; Biology,developing-country; ecological-economics; value; ecology; ecological-footprint; root; economics; sustainable-development; sustainability; economic-growth; computer-science; biology,,,en,False
-W2319568853,,The Concept of Ecological Debt: Its Meaning and Applicability in International Policy,2009,,Erik Paredis; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove; Frank Maes; Jesse Lambrecht,A5041144613; A5007488495; A5024639661; A5080130364; A5048787297,,Meaning (existential); Ecology; Debt; Epistemology; Economics; Environmental ethics; Positive economics; Political science; Philosophy; Macroeconomics; Biology,meaning; ecology; debt; epistemology; economics; environmental-ethics; positive-economics; political-science; philosophy; macroeconomics; biology,https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1994971437; https://openalex.org/W3007471481,Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University),en,False
-W591561411,,Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations,2009,"1. A short walk to Venus 2. The chemist's warning - A short history of global warming 3. The Heaven bursters - Tuvalu and the fate of nations 4. The great reversal of human progress 5. Ecological debt 6. The carbon debt 7. Rationalising self-destruction (or why people are more stupid than frogs) 8. The car park at the end of the world 9. Pay back time - the law, climate change and ecological debt 10. Data for the doubtful - the lessons of war economies 11. The new adjustment 12. Minerva's Owl.",Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Debt; Global warming; Natural resource economics; Ecology; Geography; Climate change; Economics; Economy; Development economics; Finance; Biology,debt; global-warming; natural-resource-economics; ecology; geography; climate-change; economics; economy; development-economics; finance; biology,,,en,False
-W3128101214,,Elaboration of the Concept of Ecological Debt,2004,,Erik Paredis; Jesse Lambrecht; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove,A5041144613; A5048787297; A5007488495; A5024639661,Ghent University (BE); Ghent University (BE); Laboratoire d’Économie d’Orléans (FR); Ghent University (BE),Elaboration; Ecology; Business; Biology; Philosophy,elaboration; ecology; business; biology; philosophy,,VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel),en,False
-W2379365567,,Human's Consumption of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Debt in China,2010,"Human's reckless consumption is depleting the world's natural capital to a point where we are endangering our future prosperity.Accounting ecological footprint,bio-productive capacity and ecological debt of China during 1980-2005 shows that China has encountered an increased ecological debt with its value of 1.02 ghm2 in 2005 due to increased demand for ecological service of socio-economic metabolism especially on fossil fuels though its bio-productive capacity per capita doubled to 1.15 ghm2.Demand for ecological service,or ecological footprint,in 2005 exceeded China's earth's regenerative capacity by 89%.At the provincial level,85% of China's provinces have been in ecological debt in the long term and now only three provinces of Hainan,Fujian and Xizang are in ecological surplus.China and most of its provinces are in soft ecological deficit due to the contradictions between ecological service supply and demand in spatial,temporal and components structural dimensions.Such a type ecological debt might be mitigated or eliminated by appropriating the current or future global commons or buying hidden ecological service through international or interregional trade channel.China is heading for an ecological credit crunch as the integrated consequence of its natural constraint of land use base to bio-capacity and rapid economic growth.Against the backdrop that natural capital has been among the limiting factors to world's economic development,China earnestly established the scientific development concept and implemented multiple effective activities to reverse ecological'credit crunch' and curb ecological recession.",Yushu Zhang,A5101985252,Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology (CN),Ecological footprint; Natural capital; Ecosystem services; Ecological economics; Prosperity; Ecology; Economics; Sustainable development; Natural resource economics; Business; Sustainability; Geography; Economic growth; Ecosystem,ecological-footprint; natural-capital; ecosystem-services; ecological-economics; prosperity; ecology; economics; sustainable-development; natural-resource-economics; business; sustainability; geography; economic-growth; ecosystem,,,en,False
-W647204147,,An environmental war economy : the lessons of ecological debt and global warming,2001,,Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Global warming; Debt; Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Economics; Natural resource economics; Climate change; Macroeconomics; Biology,global-warming; debt; ecology; geography; environmental-science; economics; natural-resource-economics; climate-change; macroeconomics; biology,,OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique),en,False
-W1760358764,,"Social Ecography: International Trade, Network Analysis and an Emmanuelian Conceptualization of Ecological Unequal Exchange",2010,"This thesis demonstrates how network analysis, ecological economics and the world-system perspective can be combined into an ecographic framework that can yield new insights into the underlying structure of the world-economy as well as its surrounding world-ecology. In particular, the thesis focuses on the structural theory of ecological unequal exchange, a theory suggesting a relationship between positionality within the world-system and unequal exchange of biophysical resources. Using formal tools from social network analysis, the theory is tested on empirical trade data for two commodity types – primary agricultural goods and fuel commodities – for the period 1995-1999. As the selected commodities can be seen as adequate representations of the third Ricardian production factor, i.e. natural resources, ecological unequal exchange as conceptualized in this thesis is more in line with the original Emmanuelian factor-cost theory than previous approaches. Here, similar to Emmanuel’s formulation, it is a theory about factor cost differentials. Whereas the theory mostly holds true in the case of fuel commodities, the analysis of primary agricultural commodities actually points to an inverse relationship between structural positionality and ecological unequal exchange. This could point to a fundamental difference between these two types of commodities, for instance as reflected in an observed ecological Leontief paradox, which underlines the need for more detailed, and less typological, treatments of ecological unequal exchange.",Carl Nordlund,A5033663242,,Conceptualization; Economics; Commodity; Ecological economics; Ecology; Sustainability; Computer science,conceptualization; economics; commodity; ecological-economics; ecology; sustainability; computer-science,,Lund University Publications (Lund University),en,False
-W91194789,,Ecological Debt and Historical Responsibility Revisited: The case of climate change,2012,"In spite of its strong appeal to NGOs, to certain governments and to some scholars, the concept of an ecological debt accumulated by developed countries due to their historical responsibility deserve a serious critical assessment. The paper provides this assessment in the context of climate change. It first shows how the rhetoric of ecological debt exploits confusion between a pre-modern concept of social debt and the modern one based on the contract figure. Two components of the climate debt are examined: a presumed duty of compensation of the damage imposed by climate change and rules of sharing out of atmospheric services when developed countries are presumed to have emitted GHGs in the past in excess of their fair share. The discussion considers successively the legal and the moral viewpoint. A review of arguments shows that both concepts of ecological debt and historical responsibility disintegrate under scrutiny in the case of climate change, as ill-founded backward-looking reparative concepts as well as additional obstacles to a forward-looking agreement in which responsibilities could legitimately be differentiated according to various variables referring to current states (emissions levels, needs, capacities, etc.). The GHGs emissions that cause problems are those that have taken place since 1990.",Olivier Godard,A5070222969,,Debt; Scrutiny; Greenhouse gas; Climate change; Context (archaeology); Duty; Moral responsibility; Appeal; Damages; Political science; Environmental ethics; Economics; Ecology; Geography; Law; Finance,debt; scrutiny; greenhouse-gas; climate-change; context; duty; moral-responsibility; appeal; damages; political-science; environmental-ethics; economics; ecology; geography; law; finance,https://openalex.org/W203693828; https://openalex.org/W260890562; https://openalex.org/W1169467774; https://openalex.org/W1488923419; https://openalex.org/W1512230970; https://openalex.org/W1519919466; https://openalex.org/W1555168770; https://openalex.org/W1566890474; https://openalex.org/W1593021046; https://openalex.org/W1756467313; https://openalex.org/W1772647737; https://openalex.org/W1781292848; https://openalex.org/W1955391275; https://openalex.org/W1971654441; https://openalex.org/W1974609519; https://openalex.org/W1998111534; https://openalex.org/W2002863535; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013531215; https://openalex.org/W2030602370; https://openalex.org/W2058103174; https://openalex.org/W2073139884; https://openalex.org/W2092548441; https://openalex.org/W2103865635; https://openalex.org/W2118777456; https://openalex.org/W2126416729; https://openalex.org/W2126588792; https://openalex.org/W2128207432; https://openalex.org/W2131740028; https://openalex.org/W2157555752; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2290283773; https://openalex.org/W2336434939; https://openalex.org/W2510803780; https://openalex.org/W2527769517; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3123930679; https://openalex.org/W3124082720; https://openalex.org/W3124417004; https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute),en,False
-W2980187407,,Preceding and governing measurements : an Emmanuelian conceptualization of ecological unequal exchange,2014,Preceding and governing measurements : an Emmanuelian conceptualization of ecological unequal exchange,Carl Nordlund,A5033663242,,Conceptualization; Ecology; Computer science; Biology; Artificial intelligence,conceptualization; ecology; computer-science; biology; artificial-intelligence,https://openalex.org/W94815793; https://openalex.org/W205206750; https://openalex.org/W592075714; https://openalex.org/W607313397; https://openalex.org/W619768729; https://openalex.org/W647037346; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W657044929; https://openalex.org/W1484903358; https://openalex.org/W1507577644; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1538980473; https://openalex.org/W1597769549; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1720817898; https://openalex.org/W1780160121; https://openalex.org/W1873550992; https://openalex.org/W1964725364; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1968441806; https://openalex.org/W1973660359; https://openalex.org/W1974075073; https://openalex.org/W1976412347; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1985596098; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2004388900; https://openalex.org/W2006081504; https://openalex.org/W2008134822; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2029425243; https://openalex.org/W2030674088; https://openalex.org/W2031736557; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2048034272; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2061901927; https://openalex.org/W2061916247; https://openalex.org/W2072688741; https://openalex.org/W2075693476; https://openalex.org/W2080577950; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091732022; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2108429164; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2121841211; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2123393732; https://openalex.org/W2130289872; https://openalex.org/W2131524001; https://openalex.org/W2133011836; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2163308020; https://openalex.org/W2166561932; https://openalex.org/W2169085616; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2186681442; https://openalex.org/W2226489716; https://openalex.org/W2230443023; https://openalex.org/W2237618063; https://openalex.org/W2318867465; https://openalex.org/W2328416860; https://openalex.org/W2789951941; https://openalex.org/W3121753494,,en,False
-W2140675380,,VLIR-BVO project 2003 'Elaboration of the concept of ecological debt',2004,,Erik Paredis; Jesse Lambrecht; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove,A5041144613; A5048787297; A5007488495; A5024639661,,Elaboration; Geography; Environmental science; Philosophy,elaboration; geography; environmental-science; philosophy,https://openalex.org/W44884755; https://openalex.org/W68797825; https://openalex.org/W101332654; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W647204147; https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1976776799; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2018661949; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2167369155; https://openalex.org/W2226489716; https://openalex.org/W2274729279; https://openalex.org/W2301672513; https://openalex.org/W2339579267; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University),en,False
-W3124841667,,"Leading Towards a Level Playing Field, Repaying Ecological Debt, or Making Environmental Space: Three Stories About International Environmental Cooperation",2005,"This article considers a number of different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between South and North in the environmental context, focusing on international responses to climate change and, particular, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It explores three stories about international cooperation. One derives from the concept of ""ecological debt,"" the second comes from the concept of ""environmental space,"" and the third, which might be said to underlie the U.S. approach to the Kyoto Protocol at the present time, is labelled ""leading towards a level playing field."" This article provides an overview of all three stories, and attempts to offer some insight into the very different visions of the international community that they encapsulate.",Karin Mickelson,A5075761661,,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Political science; Convention; Humanities; Kyoto Protocol; Ethnology; Vision; Context (archaeology); Sociology; Climate change; Geography; Ecology; Law; Archaeology; Art; Anthropology,united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change; political-science; convention; humanities; kyoto-protocol; ethnology; vision; context; sociology; climate-change; geography; ecology; law; archaeology; art; anthropology,,eYLS (Yale Law School),en,False
-W2594382053,,Asymmetries : Conceptualizing Environmental Inequalities as Ecological Debt and Ecologically Unequal Exchange,2017,"In this compilation thesis, consisting of six papers and an introductory chapter, the concepts of ecological debt, climate debt, ecologically unequal exchange, and unequal carbon sink appropriation are at the centre. Their intellectual and political histories are traced to environmental justice movements, ecological economics and neo-Marxist economics. They are developed conceptually and linked together analytically using a stock-flow perspective. Special concern is devoted to climate debt as understood by the climate justice movement. Its claims on climate debt are identified, their normative assumptions tested and climate debt is quantified as consisting of both an emission debt and an adaptation debt. The last paper focus on a historical case study, where a method for measuring ecologically unequal exchange – time-space appropriation – is applied to discuss core and peripheries in the early modern world system, indicating a Sinocentric world economy. In the introductory chapter, sections on critical realism and mixed methods research position the thesis theoretically and methodologically. The concepts at the centre of the thesis are synthesized into what is called an ecological-economic asymmetries approach. Further, the possibilities to base the approach on ecological Marxism and historical-geographical materialism are explored and a potential future research strategy sketched.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,,Debt; Appropriation; Ecological economics; Economics; Positive economics; Political science; Sociology; Social science; Neoclassical economics; Ecology; Sustainability; Epistemology; Macroeconomics,debt; appropriation; ecological-economics; economics; positive-economics; political-science; sociology; social-science; neoclassical-economics; ecology; sustainability; epistemology; macroeconomics,,Lund University Publications (Lund University),en,False
-W409900855,,Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice : Women Write Political Ecology,2009,Ecological Debt: Embodied Debt Ariel Salleh PART I - HISTORIES The Devaluation of Women's Labour Silvia Federici Who is the 'He' of He Who Decides in Economic Discourse? Ewa Charkiewicz The Diversity Matrix: Relationship and Complexity Susan Hawthorne PART II - MATTER Development for Some is Violence for Others Nalini Nayak Nuclearised Bodies and Militarised Space Zohl de Ishtar Women and Deliberative Water Management Andrea Moraes and Ellie Perkins PART III - GOVERNANCE Mainstreaming Trade and Millennium Development Goals? Gig Francisco and Peggy Antrobus Policy and the Measure of Woman Marilyn Waring Feminist Ecological Economics in Theory and Practice Sabine U. O'Hara PART IV - ENERGY Who Pays for Kyoto Protocol? Selling Oxygen and Selling Sex Ana Isla How Global Warming is Gendered Meike Spitzner Women and the Abuja Declaration for Energy Sovereignty Leigh Brownhill and Terisa E. Turner PART V - MOVEMENT Ecofeminist Political Economy and the Politics of Money Mary Mellor Saving Women: Saving the Commons Leo Podlashuc From Eco-Sufficiency to Global Justice Ariel Salleh Index,Ariel Salleh,A5050075228,,Ecological economics; Politics; Political science; Economy; Sociology; Gender studies; Ecology; Economics; Law; Sustainability,ecological-economics; politics; political-science; economy; sociology; gender-studies; ecology; economics; law; sustainability,,,en,False
-W3164354311,,Environmental justice and ecological debt in Belgium: The UMICORE case,2013,,Nick Meynen; Léa Sébastien,A5032018808; A5110959155,,Environmental justice; Debt; Environmental resource management; Political science; Natural resource economics; Economics; Ecology; Business; Geography; Finance; Biology,environmental-justice; debt; environmental-resource-management; political-science; natural-resource-economics; economics; ecology; business; geography; finance; biology,,,en,False
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-id,doi,title,year,abstract,authors_raw,authors_id,authors_affiliations,keywords_raw,keywords_id,references_doi,source,language,is_seed
-W2119211517,10.1353/sof.2007.0054,Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System,2007,"We evaluate the argument that international trade influences disproportionate cross-national utilization of global renewable natural resources. Such uneven dynamics are relevant to the consideration of inequitable appropriation of environmental space in particular and processes of ecological unequal exchange more generally. Using OLS regression with slope dummy interaction terms, we analyze the effects of trade upon environmental consumption, as measured by per capita ecological footprint demand for 2002, delineated by country income level. Based on data for 137 countries, analyses reveal low- and lower middle-income countries characterized by a greater proportion of exports to the core industrialized countries exhibit lower environmental consumption. The results contradict neoclassical economic thought. We find trade shapes uneven utilization of global environmental space by constraining consumption in low and lower middle-income countries.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Ecological footprint; Economics; Consumption (sociology); Per capita; Per capita income; Natural resource; Space (punctuation); Natural resource economics; Sustainability; Ecology; Population,ecological-footprint; economics; consumption; per-capita; per-capita-income; natural-resource; space; natural-resource-economics; sustainability; ecology; population,https://openalex.org/W29128684; https://openalex.org/W98053437; https://openalex.org/W100254650; https://openalex.org/W121690023; https://openalex.org/W204270373; https://openalex.org/W564808682; https://openalex.org/W571185114; https://openalex.org/W579563895; https://openalex.org/W623848121; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1530782558; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1981094349; https://openalex.org/W1982053377; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2051025186; https://openalex.org/W2056286657; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2085515592; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2101325537; https://openalex.org/W2105586900; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2133022495; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2163307695; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2181493251; https://openalex.org/W2187729256; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2280747592; https://openalex.org/W2297931742; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2797816625; https://openalex.org/W2806988935; https://openalex.org/W2918033867; https://openalex.org/W3010621220; https://openalex.org/W3146010958; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3211630684,Social Forces,en,False
-W2142043891,10.1177/0020715207072159,"Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy",2007,"We discuss and elaborate upon the theory of cross-national ecological unequal exchange. Drawing upon world-systems theoretical propositions, ecological unequal exchange refers to the increasingly disproportionate utilization of ecological systems and externalization of negative environmental costs by core industrialized countries and, consequentially, declining utilization opportunities and imposition of exogenous environmental burdens within the periphery. We provide a descriptive overview of theoretical and empirical efforts to date examining this issue. Ecological unequal exchange provides a framework for conceptualizing how the socioeconomic metabolism or material throughput of core countries may negatively impact more marginalized countries in the global economy. It focuses attention upon the global uneven fl ow of energy, natural resources, and waste products of industrial activity. Further, the recognition of the distributional processes of ecological unequal exchange is relevant to considerations of both the socioeconomic and environmental imperatives underlying the pursuit of sustainable development, as it contributes to underdevelopment within the periphery of the world-system. We conclude by highlighting the interconnections between uneven natural resource fl ows, global environmental change, and the challenge of broad-based sustainable development.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Ecological economics; Equity (law); Underdevelopment; Sustainable development; Natural resource; Sustainability; Economics; Environmental degradation; Consumption (sociology); Economic system; Ecology; Development economics; Natural resource economics; Economic growth; Political science; Sociology; Biology; Social science,ecological-economics; equity; underdevelopment; sustainable-development; natural-resource; sustainability; economics; environmental-degradation; consumption; economic-system; ecology; development-economics; natural-resource-economics; economic-growth; political-science; sociology; biology; social-science,https://openalex.org/W29128684; https://openalex.org/W174463555; https://openalex.org/W246163104; https://openalex.org/W595015540; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1518714090; https://openalex.org/W1530782558; https://openalex.org/W1536788759; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1558000859; https://openalex.org/W1596919638; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1984695483; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1992984263; https://openalex.org/W1995485900; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014480644; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2023864710; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2042226937; https://openalex.org/W2051025186; https://openalex.org/W2051998369; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2066932297; https://openalex.org/W2074809583; https://openalex.org/W2075693476; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2113337769; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2122512506; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2127329485; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2160934709; https://openalex.org/W2163307695; https://openalex.org/W2166671387; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2181493251; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2187729256; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2617515511; https://openalex.org/W2918033867; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4213234829; https://openalex.org/W4220804448; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4255286740; https://openalex.org/W4285719527,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W1973954730,10.1177/0020715209105147,"Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice",2009,"Building on structuralist perspectives of the world economy, a small but growing group of researchers have forged a new literature on `ecologically unequal exchange' and documented that energy and materials disproportionately flow from the Global South to the Global North. These findings have begun to influence efforts to negotiate a `post-Kyoto' global climate regime. Since the extraction of resources and energy is one of the most damaging stages of the chain of commodity production, a logical next step is the mounting cry from developing countries that they are owed an `ecological debt' by the North. The G-77 and China have seized on these ideas and a movement for `climate justice' is now gaining strength in and exerting influence in international negotiations, including the UNFCCC meetings in Delhi, Bali, and Poznań. This article reviews the history of these related three ideas and examines their potential to reshape the discussion of `burden sharing' in the post-Kyoto world where development is constrained by climate change.",J. Timmons Roberts; Bradley C. Parks,A5082988195; A5047978847,William & Mary (US); Williams (United States) (US); Millennium Challenge Corporation (US),Negotiation; Kyoto Protocol; China; Economic Justice; Commodity; Climate change; Debt; Political science; Global warming; Economy; Development economics; International trade; Economics; Natural resource economics; Geography; Ecology; Market economy; Law,negotiation; kyoto-protocol; china; economic-justice; commodity; climate-change; debt; political-science; global-warming; economy; development-economics; international-trade; economics; natural-resource-economics; geography; ecology; market-economy; law,https://openalex.org/W18714912; https://openalex.org/W53023682; https://openalex.org/W181224196; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W363696262; https://openalex.org/W573167388; https://openalex.org/W613588134; https://openalex.org/W614211536; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W826469042; https://openalex.org/W1529106462; https://openalex.org/W1552736777; https://openalex.org/W1563281257; https://openalex.org/W1564726429; https://openalex.org/W1593994209; https://openalex.org/W1823886455; https://openalex.org/W1870280941; https://openalex.org/W1970732996; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W2005340918; https://openalex.org/W2008178580; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014105429; https://openalex.org/W2017032566; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2026255285; https://openalex.org/W2027255868; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2037466272; https://openalex.org/W2038981142; https://openalex.org/W2041202945; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2068157259; https://openalex.org/W2077858203; https://openalex.org/W2083170299; https://openalex.org/W2084528250; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2095092650; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2110438916; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2164304100; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2215129138; https://openalex.org/W2285306684; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2341034567; https://openalex.org/W2499185134; https://openalex.org/W2501585505; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2586432828; https://openalex.org/W3121380395; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3125260465; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3173126365; https://openalex.org/W3213090436; https://openalex.org/W4236004568; https://openalex.org/W4237128792; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4250217784; https://openalex.org/W4299448508; https://openalex.org/W4401185539; https://openalex.org/W6600476237,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W1862702728,10.2458/v23i1.20220,Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt,2016,"This article introduces a Special Section on Ecologically Unequal Exchange (EUE), an underlying source of most of the environmental distribution conflicts in our time. The nine articles discuss theories, methodologies, and empirical case studies pertaining to ecologically unequal exchange, and address its relationship to ecological debt. This is the introductory article in Alf Hornborg and Joan Martinez-Alier (eds.) 2016. ""Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt"", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 23: 328-491.",Alf Hornborg; Joan Martínez Alier,A5082311142; A5004042357,Lund University (SE); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Ecology; Debt; Section (typography); Political ecology; Politics; Distribution (mathematics); Geography; Economics; Political science; Business; Biology; Law; Macroeconomics; Mathematics,ecology; debt; section; political-ecology; politics; distribution; geography; economics; political-science; business; biology; law; macroeconomics; mathematics,https://openalex.org/W779134457; https://openalex.org/W1505091764; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1956760944; https://openalex.org/W1967879531; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2146638929; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2601697486; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2618110297; https://openalex.org/W2620413123; https://openalex.org/W2620457709; https://openalex.org/W2760758743; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W3122052499; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W6630499190; https://openalex.org/W6735424081; https://openalex.org/W6850696550,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W1967360446,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.08.019,Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning,2012,,Erik Gómez‐Baggethun; David N. Barton,A5047258935; A5076044834,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES); Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NO),Ecosystem services; Urban ecosystem; Ecosystem valuation; Valuation (finance); Environmental resource management; Ecosystem health; Natural capital; Environmental planning; Business; Urban planning; Urbanization; Ecosystem; Geography; Ecology; Economic growth; Economics,ecosystem-services; urban-ecosystem; ecosystem-valuation; valuation; environmental-resource-management; ecosystem-health; natural-capital; environmental-planning; business; urban-planning; urbanization; ecosystem; geography; ecology; economic-growth; economics,https://openalex.org/W23687525; https://openalex.org/W32759665; https://openalex.org/W49771169; https://openalex.org/W93598551; https://openalex.org/W115394847; https://openalex.org/W118586622; https://openalex.org/W121311783; https://openalex.org/W170055257; https://openalex.org/W223539122; https://openalex.org/W353006067; 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-W2048051304,10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.014,Reversing the arrow of arrears: The concept of “ecological debt” and its value for environmental justice,2014,,Rikard Warlenius; Gregory Pierce; Vasna Ramasar,A5020507738; A5053292068; A5024246120,Lund University (SE); Lund University (SE); Lund University (SE),Debt; Ecological economics; Environmental justice; Value (mathematics); Environmental law; Ecology; Sociology; Political science; Economics; Law; Sustainability; Finance; Biology,debt; ecological-economics; environmental-justice; value; environmental-law; ecology; sociology; political-science; economics; law; sustainability; finance; biology,https://openalex.org/W147937154; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W568129555; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1557989049; https://openalex.org/W1566890474; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1595403411; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1963798495; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1996628034; https://openalex.org/W2002033694; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2021001691; https://openalex.org/W2030602370; https://openalex.org/W2056630963; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2128207432; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2138587975; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2164334321; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2611750131; https://openalex.org/W2758381682; https://openalex.org/W2772747987; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3164354311; https://openalex.org/W3196992440; https://openalex.org/W4391865359; https://openalex.org/W6734053437; https://openalex.org/W6795926756,Global Environmental Change,en,False
-W644940498,,Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet and the Wealth of Nations,2005,"1. A short walk to Venus 2. The chemist's warning - A short history of global warming 3. The Heaven bursters - Tuvalu and the fate of nations 4. The great reversal of human progress 5. Ecological debt 6. The carbon debt 7. Rationalising self-destruction (or why people are more stupid than frogs) 8. The car park at the end of the world 9. Pay back time - the law, climate change and ecological debt 10. Data for the doubtful - the lessons of war economies 11. The new adjustment 12. Minerva's Owl Notes Index",Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Debt; Global warming; Venus; Geography; Planet; Natural resource economics; Climate change; Ecology; Economy; Development economics; Political science; Economics; Astrobiology; Finance; Biology,debt; global-warming; venus; geography; planet; natural-resource-economics; climate-change; ecology; economy; development-economics; political-science; economics; astrobiology; finance; biology,,Medical Entomology and Zoology,en,False
-W1986875667,10.1007/s10668-009-9219-y,The concept of ecological debt: some steps towards an enriched sustainability paradigm,2009,,Gert Goeminne; Erik Paredis,A5007488495; A5041144613,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE); Ghent University Hospital (BE); Ghent University Hospital (BE),Sustainability; Debt; Environmental resource management; Conceptual framework; Ecology; Management science; Sociology; Computer science; Business; Economics; Social science; Biology; Finance,sustainability; debt; environmental-resource-management; conceptual-framework; ecology; management-science; sociology; computer-science; business; economics; social-science; biology; finance,https://openalex.org/W49479346; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W610363635; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1588713494; https://openalex.org/W1967820238; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1983188187; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2015442086; https://openalex.org/W2019674121; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2061355442; https://openalex.org/W2071810998; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2108291685; https://openalex.org/W2133644181; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2489573637; https://openalex.org/W2554800123; https://openalex.org/W2758381682; https://openalex.org/W2810203815; https://openalex.org/W2913390697; https://openalex.org/W2916743836; https://openalex.org/W2951306510; https://openalex.org/W3027532949; https://openalex.org/W3037339115; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4243660887; https://openalex.org/W4252474431; https://openalex.org/W4300304138; https://openalex.org/W6676229473; https://openalex.org/W6730305667; https://openalex.org/W6744584497; https://openalex.org/W6752696883; https://openalex.org/W6832168704,Environment Development and Sustainability,en,False
-W1538980473,,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2001,"In these years many developing countries are engaged in establishing environmental regulation, but unfortunately, their environmental problems are rooted in fundamental issues that cannot easily be corrected by the instruments normally included in environmental regulation. This paper argues that it is necessary to change the power relations, so that developing countries get a chance to rectify their environmental problems. These issues are elucidated by applying the approach of ecological economics. First, the basic theoretical problem regarding economic value is outlined, and second, it is argued that unequal exchange in ecological terms might be at the root of environmental problems in developing countries. The concept of ecological footprints is used as an illustration. Finally, it is argued that the different movements in the South offer some hope for changes.",Inge Røpke,A5016814382,Sustainability Institute (ZA),Developing country; Ecological economics; Value (mathematics); Ecology; Ecological footprint; Root (linguistics); Economics; Sustainable development; Sustainability; Economic growth; Computer science; Biology,developing-country; ecological-economics; value; ecology; ecological-footprint; root; economics; sustainable-development; sustainability; economic-growth; computer-science; biology,,,en,False
-W2951306510,10.4324/9781849771771-10,"Environmental Space, Equity and the Ecological Debt",2012,,Duncan McLaren,A5063262748,,Equity (law); Debt; Space (punctuation); Economics; Ecology; Geography; Business; Political science; Finance; Computer science; Biology,equity; debt; space; economics; ecology; geography; business; political-science; finance; computer-science; biology,,,en,False
-W2137540105,10.1177/0896920508099193,North—South Relations and the Ecological Debt: Asserting a Counter-Hegemonic Discourse,2009,"We examine position papers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) arguing for recognition of the ecological debt. We utilize Toulmin's (2003[1958]) model of argument analysis to outline the major claims advanced. The results illustrate the argument is comprised of four interrelated claims: 1) Northern historical development and present disproportionate production and consumption are founded on a socio-ecological subsidy or the underpayment and, at times, explicit looting of the natural resource assets of Southern countries; 2) the Southern external financial debt should be cancelled because it promotes the socio-ecological subsidy; 3) levels of Northern production and consumption are unsustainable over the long term because they are predicated on the North—South socio-ecological subsidy; 4) equity for present and rational obligations to future generations demands Northern countries begin paying back the accrued socio-ecological subsidy, an obligation defined as the ecological debt.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Subsidy; Debt; Consumption (sociology); Economics; Argument (complex analysis); Equity (law); Hegemony; Ecological economics; Ecology; Economy; Sociology; Political science; Market economy; Sustainability; Law; Finance; Social science; Politics,subsidy; debt; consumption; economics; argument; equity; hegemony; ecological-economics; ecology; economy; sociology; political-science; market-economy; sustainability; law; finance; social-science; politics,https://openalex.org/W156951739; https://openalex.org/W191687221; https://openalex.org/W254725204; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1966138599; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1980186344; https://openalex.org/W1997210479; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2027221797; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2045488269; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2059612188; https://openalex.org/W2082879918; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2093703872; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2104859737; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2123098762; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2166241449; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2188254548; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4232387830; https://openalex.org/W4233203094; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4254245014,Critical Sociology,en,False
-W2319568853,,The Concept of Ecological Debt: Its Meaning and Applicability in International Policy,2009,,Erik Paredis; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove; Frank Maes; Jesse Lambrecht,A5041144613; A5007488495; A5024639661; A5080130364; A5048787297,,Meaning (existential); Ecology; Debt; Epistemology; Economics; Environmental ethics; Positive economics; Political science; Philosophy; Macroeconomics; Biology,meaning; ecology; debt; epistemology; economics; environmental-ethics; positive-economics; political-science; philosophy; macroeconomics; biology,https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1994971437; https://openalex.org/W3007471481,Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University),en,False
-W2342655129,10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198,Is there a global environmental justice movement?,2016,"One of the causes of the increasing number of ecological distribution conflicts around the world is the changing metabolism of the economy in terms of growing flows of energy and materials. There are conflicts on resource extraction, transport and waste disposal. Therefore, there are many local complaints, as shown in the Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJatlas) and other inventories. And not only complaints; there are also many successful examples of stopping projects and developing alternatives, testifying to the existence of a rural and urban global movement for environmental justice. Moreover, since the 1980s and 1990s, this movement has developed a set of concepts and campaign slogans to describe and intervene in such conflicts. They include environmental racism, popular epidemiology, the environmentalism of the poor and the indigenous, biopiracy, tree plantations are not forests, the ecological debt, climate justice, food sovereignty, land grabbing and water justice, among other concepts. These terms were born from socio-environmental activism, but sometimes they have also been taken up by academic political ecologists and ecological economists who, for their part, have contributed other concepts to the global environmental justice movement, such as 'ecologically unequal exchange' or the 'ecological footprint'.",Joan Martínez Alier; Leah Temper; Daniela Del Bene; Arnim Scheidel,A5004042357; A5007427123; A5050277246; A5035350172,,Environmental justice; Movement (music); Economic Justice; Political science; Global justice; Environmental ethics; Sociology; Political economy; Law; Aesthetics; Philosophy,environmental-justice; movement; economic-justice; political-science; global-justice; environmental-ethics; sociology; political-economy; law; aesthetics; philosophy,https://openalex.org/W24676063; https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W126445477; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W198530926; https://openalex.org/W562193577; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W608530620; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W616805653; https://openalex.org/W622111395; https://openalex.org/W640395149; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W651096281; https://openalex.org/W657620444; https://openalex.org/W836905562; https://openalex.org/W1408991106; https://openalex.org/W1479808467; https://openalex.org/W1482149660; https://openalex.org/W1495628681; https://openalex.org/W1506954881; https://openalex.org/W1531921269; https://openalex.org/W1536916917; https://openalex.org/W1539308977; https://openalex.org/W1597172957; https://openalex.org/W1597421676; https://openalex.org/W1601641141; https://openalex.org/W1602775671; https://openalex.org/W1607813434; https://openalex.org/W1659143523; https://openalex.org/W1746968135; https://openalex.org/W1750986932; https://openalex.org/W1803673662; https://openalex.org/W1875518958; https://openalex.org/W1902314391; https://openalex.org/W1942258133; https://openalex.org/W1961753951; https://openalex.org/W1963684733; https://openalex.org/W1970983746; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1974564128; https://openalex.org/W1975716168; https://openalex.org/W1977065782; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1981954908; https://openalex.org/W1987157513; https://openalex.org/W1998173620; https://openalex.org/W2006467409; https://openalex.org/W2012830928; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2014182960; https://openalex.org/W2016611404; https://openalex.org/W2026734915; https://openalex.org/W2028502628; https://openalex.org/W2030626342; https://openalex.org/W2034283967; https://openalex.org/W2035353157; https://openalex.org/W2040538614; https://openalex.org/W2041321854; https://openalex.org/W2041724919; https://openalex.org/W2045609492; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2056654591; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2060306247; https://openalex.org/W2061668231; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2062212647; https://openalex.org/W2063877192; https://openalex.org/W2071735537; https://openalex.org/W2073478361; https://openalex.org/W2074580217; https://openalex.org/W2076352747; https://openalex.org/W2076362506; https://openalex.org/W2076926005; https://openalex.org/W2077618140; https://openalex.org/W2079643502; https://openalex.org/W2082793946; https://openalex.org/W2085253317; https://openalex.org/W2086192290; https://openalex.org/W2086988135; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2088890647; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2113908401; https://openalex.org/W2122325078; https://openalex.org/W2128697261; https://openalex.org/W2131236975; https://openalex.org/W2133412156; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2143132840; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2150141679; https://openalex.org/W2155200498; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2164334321; https://openalex.org/W2167555648; https://openalex.org/W2169091890; https://openalex.org/W2175723801; https://openalex.org/W2180116906; https://openalex.org/W2300912211; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2482534035; https://openalex.org/W2488167377; https://openalex.org/W2499185134; https://openalex.org/W2509117576; https://openalex.org/W2565699167; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2588205325; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2592836093; https://openalex.org/W2598540519; https://openalex.org/W2603115376; https://openalex.org/W2606168528; https://openalex.org/W2621477277; https://openalex.org/W2741785244; https://openalex.org/W2760758743; https://openalex.org/W2772026272; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W3058573125; https://openalex.org/W3123315369; https://openalex.org/W3152418774; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3175182508; https://openalex.org/W4205266477; https://openalex.org/W4206319759; https://openalex.org/W4206610535; https://openalex.org/W4211077846; https://openalex.org/W4229821295; https://openalex.org/W4230338987; https://openalex.org/W4230519330; https://openalex.org/W4230585566; https://openalex.org/W4233272295; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4233824991; https://openalex.org/W4236697295; https://openalex.org/W4239086245; https://openalex.org/W4239421629; https://openalex.org/W4239528198; https://openalex.org/W4239894112; https://openalex.org/W4240002859; https://openalex.org/W4240807311; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4242519425; https://openalex.org/W4243589412; https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4300513965; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4380764505,The Journal of Peasant Studies,en,False
-W4400018219,10.2307/jj.16275969.4,ECOLOGICAL DEBT:,2009,,Ariel Salleh,A5050075228,,Ecology; Geography; Economics; Environmental science; Biology,ecology; geography; economics; environmental-science; biology,,Pluto Press eBooks,en,False
-W2108953279,10.1177/1086026610385903,"Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation",2010,"The goal of this article is to demonstrate that environmental sociologists cannot fully explain the relationship between humans and the natural world without theorizing a link between natural resource extraction, armed violence, and environmental degradation. The authors begin by arguing that armed violence is one of several overlapping mechanisms that provide powerful actors with the means to (a) prevail over others in conflicts over natural resources and (b) ensure that natural resources critical to industrial production and state power continue to be extracted and sold in sufficient quantities to promote capital accumulation, state power, and ecological unequal exchange. The authors then identify 10 minerals that are critical to the functioning of the U.S. economy and/or military and demonstrate that the extraction of these minerals often involves the use of armed violence. They further demonstrate that armed violence is associated with the activities of the world's three largest mining companies, with African mines that receive World Bank funding, and with petroleum and rainforest timber extraction. The authors conclude that the natural resource base on which industrial societies stand is constructed in large part through the use and threatened use of armed violence. As a result, armed violence plays a critical role in fostering environmental degradation and ecological unequal exchange.",Liam Downey; Eric Bonds; Katherine Clark,A5054738225; A5039102853; A5042577538,University of Colorado Boulder (US); University of Colorado Boulder (US); University of Colorado Boulder (US),Natural resource; Environmental degradation; Natural (archaeology); Resource (disambiguation); Environmental planning; Environmental resource management; Environmental science; Computer science; Political science; Geography; Ecology,natural-resource; environmental-degradation; natural; resource; environmental-planning; environmental-resource-management; environmental-science; computer-science; political-science; geography; ecology,https://openalex.org/W117956444; https://openalex.org/W389691207; https://openalex.org/W397816860; https://openalex.org/W416238589; https://openalex.org/W417693152; https://openalex.org/W590315936; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W624601757; https://openalex.org/W638714931; https://openalex.org/W1482286954; https://openalex.org/W1508764670; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1558825610; https://openalex.org/W1590831936; https://openalex.org/W1978972867; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1990960672; https://openalex.org/W2013694221; https://openalex.org/W2033082879; https://openalex.org/W2040836015; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2070152105; https://openalex.org/W2070344959; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2081265676; https://openalex.org/W2089188580; https://openalex.org/W2093230995; https://openalex.org/W2094745203; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2149022830; https://openalex.org/W2149047800; https://openalex.org/W2327298447; https://openalex.org/W2332541332; https://openalex.org/W2333578156; https://openalex.org/W2801582997; https://openalex.org/W3049491599; https://openalex.org/W4213156901; https://openalex.org/W4232492387; https://openalex.org/W4235844245; https://openalex.org/W4237476521; https://openalex.org/W4247020758; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4301175738; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W4386178082; https://openalex.org/W4394717023,Organization & Environment,en,False
-W2104859737,10.1080/104557502101245404,Ecological Debt and Property Rights on Carbon Sinks and Reservoirs,2002,"(2002). Ecological Debt and Property Rights on Carbon Sinks and Reservoirs. Capitalism Nature Socialism: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 115-119.",Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,,Socialism; Capitalism; Property rights; Debt; Property (philosophy); Carbon fibers; Economic system; Natural resource economics; Ecology; Economics; Political science; Business; Environmental science; Finance; Law; Biology; Microeconomics; Philosophy; Materials science; Politics,socialism; capitalism; property-rights; debt; property; carbon-fibers; economic-system; natural-resource-economics; ecology; economics; political-science; business; environmental-science; finance; law; biology; microeconomics; philosophy; materials-science; politics,,Capitalism Nature Socialism,en,False
-W2048293151,10.1177/0020715209105140,The Transnational Organization of Production and Uneven Environmental Degradation and Change in the World Economy,2009,"The intent of the present article is to expand upon the discussion concerning the transnational organization of production, the treadmill logic which drives this organization, and highlight theoretical and empirical research regarding ecological unequal exchange, which we envision as a central dynamic enhancing capital accumulation within the world economy. Ecological unequal exchange refers to the environmentally damaging withdrawal of energy and other natural resources and the addition or externalization of environmentally damaging production and disposal activities within the periphery of the world-system as a consequence of exchange relations with more industrialized countries. It is based upon both the obtainment of natural capital and the usurpation of sink-capacity or waste assimilation properties of ecological systems in a manner that enlarges the domestic carrying capacity of the industrialized countries to the detriment of peripheral societies. Future research oriented towards further articulating the political-economic processes underlying ecological unequal exchange dynamics holds the potential to contribute to a more refined dialogue and debate regarding the prospects for the sustainable development of human societies.",James Rice,A5048848430,New Mexico State University (US),Environmental degradation; Economic system; World economy; Sustainable development; Production (economics); Economics; Natural resource; Human capital; Economy; Business; Ecology; Economic growth,environmental-degradation; economic-system; world-economy; sustainable-development; production; economics; natural-resource; human-capital; economy; business; ecology; economic-growth,https://openalex.org/W204270373; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1497773661; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1509209592; https://openalex.org/W1518806022; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1569664822; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1583902308; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1968305520; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2019093495; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2039073802; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041137602; https://openalex.org/W2048664497; https://openalex.org/W2049466825; https://openalex.org/W2052400186; https://openalex.org/W2062232620; https://openalex.org/W2069332984; https://openalex.org/W2083319128; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2099961141; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2100884759; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2101119900; https://openalex.org/W2101325537; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2117981547; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2123826585; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2166671387; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2184765626; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2274245168; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2331134723; https://openalex.org/W2345240133; https://openalex.org/W2526098611; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2617515511; https://openalex.org/W2796317886; https://openalex.org/W2803072236; https://openalex.org/W2939094508; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4206802175; https://openalex.org/W4214548923; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4249632517; https://openalex.org/W4255576894; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4319588009,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,en,False
-W4401069570,10.1016/j.tree.2024.07.002,Ecological debts induced by heat extremes,2024,"Heat extremes have become the new norm in the Anthropocene. Their potential to trigger major ecological responses is widely acknowledged, but their unprecedented severity hinders our ability to predict the magnitude of such responses, both during and after extreme heat events. To address this challenge we propose a conceptual framework inspired by the core concepts of ecological stability and thermal biology to depict how responses of populations and communities accumulate at three response stages (exposure, resistance, and recovery). Biological mechanisms mitigating responses at a given stage incur associated costs that only become apparent at other response stages; these are known as 'ecological debts'. We outline several scenarios for how ecological responses associate with debts to better understand biodiversity changes caused by heat extremes.",Gerard Martínez‐De León; Madhav P. Thakur,A5033341488; A5007221758,University of Bern (CH); University of Bern (CH),Ecology; Anthropocene; Biodiversity; Debt; Climate change; Environmental resource management; Biology; Environmental science; Economics,ecology; anthropocene; biodiversity; debt; climate-change; environmental-resource-management; biology; environmental-science; economics,https://openalex.org/W1512370820; https://openalex.org/W1574421132; https://openalex.org/W1604509704; https://openalex.org/W1978503775; https://openalex.org/W1980404368; https://openalex.org/W1992244678; https://openalex.org/W2007120691; https://openalex.org/W2008059407; https://openalex.org/W2041982026; https://openalex.org/W2050858470; https://openalex.org/W2055116474; https://openalex.org/W2075946103; https://openalex.org/W2091074640; https://openalex.org/W2104973579; https://openalex.org/W2117400326; https://openalex.org/W2117706404; https://openalex.org/W2118337700; https://openalex.org/W2123386026; https://openalex.org/W2130385086; https://openalex.org/W2131045871; https://openalex.org/W2140847080; https://openalex.org/W2145820498; https://openalex.org/W2158321278; https://openalex.org/W2220700318; https://openalex.org/W2261671681; https://openalex.org/W2284669351; https://openalex.org/W2327696339; https://openalex.org/W2330949818; https://openalex.org/W2342479537; https://openalex.org/W2411690146; https://openalex.org/W2485490013; https://openalex.org/W2508512371; https://openalex.org/W2525809904; https://openalex.org/W2613361848; https://openalex.org/W2613636640; https://openalex.org/W2731464211; https://openalex.org/W2765899323; https://openalex.org/W2766531104; https://openalex.org/W2788933461; https://openalex.org/W2809648736; https://openalex.org/W2902891963; https://openalex.org/W2909190731; https://openalex.org/W2926335840; https://openalex.org/W2926961192; https://openalex.org/W2949382350; https://openalex.org/W2952286408; https://openalex.org/W2956694137; https://openalex.org/W2965549179; https://openalex.org/W2966652567; https://openalex.org/W2999260711; https://openalex.org/W3004989685; https://openalex.org/W3008040120; https://openalex.org/W3023186923; https://openalex.org/W3036732835; https://openalex.org/W3081568437; https://openalex.org/W3083358975; https://openalex.org/W3087646956; https://openalex.org/W3089859006; https://openalex.org/W3090725528; https://openalex.org/W3092211264; https://openalex.org/W3094688652; https://openalex.org/W3126829818; https://openalex.org/W3135870899; https://openalex.org/W3138125591; https://openalex.org/W3153504491; https://openalex.org/W3177052045; https://openalex.org/W3183552297; https://openalex.org/W3185009012; https://openalex.org/W3188840573; https://openalex.org/W3196596956; https://openalex.org/W3202497626; https://openalex.org/W3215426448; https://openalex.org/W4200200708; https://openalex.org/W4220740641; https://openalex.org/W4221102046; https://openalex.org/W4225524936; https://openalex.org/W4281261659; https://openalex.org/W4281617394; https://openalex.org/W4292148468; https://openalex.org/W4292315840; https://openalex.org/W4296698538; https://openalex.org/W4298088823; https://openalex.org/W4300689515; https://openalex.org/W4308307224; https://openalex.org/W4311503626; https://openalex.org/W4311532616; https://openalex.org/W4312157409; https://openalex.org/W4317242233; https://openalex.org/W4317874579; https://openalex.org/W4318071662; https://openalex.org/W4319656044; https://openalex.org/W4323661018; https://openalex.org/W4353015204; https://openalex.org/W4383228121; https://openalex.org/W4384923447; https://openalex.org/W4385568992; https://openalex.org/W4386919492; https://openalex.org/W4386954376; https://openalex.org/W4388425161; https://openalex.org/W4394614104; https://openalex.org/W6636226513; https://openalex.org/W6782074871; https://openalex.org/W6784677898; https://openalex.org/W6809913591,Trends in Ecology & Evolution,en,False
-W4292338315,10.1088/1748-9326/ac5f95,"Ecological unequal exchange: quantifying emissions of toxic chemicals embodied in the global trade of chemicals, products, and waste",2022,"Abstract Ecologically unequal exchange arises if more developed economies (‘core’) shift the environmental burden of their consumption and capital accumulation to less developed economies (‘periphery’/‘semi-core’). Here we demonstrate that human populations in core regions can benefit from the use of products containing toxic chemicals while transferring to the periphery the risk of human and ecological exposure to emissions associated with manufacturing and waste disposal. We use a global scale substance flow analysis approach to quantify the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of flame retardants added to consumer products, that are embodied in the trade of chemicals, products and wastes between seven world regions over the 2000–2020 time period. We find that core regions have off-loaded PBDE emissions, mostly associated with the disposal of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste), to semi-core and peripheral regions in mainland China and the Global South. In core regions this results in small emissions that mostly occur during the product use phase, whereas in peripheral regions emissions are much higher and dominated by end of life disposal. The transfer of toxic chemical emissions between core and periphery can be quantified and should be accounted for when appraising the costs and benefits of global trade relationships.",Kate Tong; Li Li; Knut Breivik; Frank Wania,A5043194607; A5100361186; A5033816340; A5091794038,"University of Toronto (CA); The Scarborough Hospital (CA); University of Nevada, Reno (US); NILU (NO); University of Toronto (CA); The Scarborough Hospital (CA)",Environmental science; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Core (optical fiber); Mainland China; Consumption (sociology); Product (mathematics); Natural resource economics; China; Business; Ecology; Pollutant; Economics; Engineering; Geography; Biology,environmental-science; polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers; core; mainland-china; consumption; product; natural-resource-economics; china; business; ecology; pollutant; economics; engineering; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W602304841; https://openalex.org/W1602862435; https://openalex.org/W1974875802; https://openalex.org/W1991748615; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W1995997697; https://openalex.org/W1997508526; https://openalex.org/W2013613091; https://openalex.org/W2014714853; https://openalex.org/W2016026479; https://openalex.org/W2016466957; https://openalex.org/W2029686895; https://openalex.org/W2038770449; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057796385; https://openalex.org/W2058971325; https://openalex.org/W2059473546; https://openalex.org/W2095568477; https://openalex.org/W2097169217; https://openalex.org/W2105456127; https://openalex.org/W2117216350; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2308866298; https://openalex.org/W2505135441; https://openalex.org/W2507896846; https://openalex.org/W2599875507; https://openalex.org/W2803186374; https://openalex.org/W2804725826; https://openalex.org/W2945875354; https://openalex.org/W2991062290; https://openalex.org/W3091914576; https://openalex.org/W3125862735; https://openalex.org/W4200272527; https://openalex.org/W4206351340; https://openalex.org/W4300113213,Environmental Research Letters,en,False
-W591561411,,Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations,2009,"1. A short walk to Venus 2. The chemist's warning - A short history of global warming 3. The Heaven bursters - Tuvalu and the fate of nations 4. The great reversal of human progress 5. Ecological debt 6. The carbon debt 7. Rationalising self-destruction (or why people are more stupid than frogs) 8. The car park at the end of the world 9. Pay back time - the law, climate change and ecological debt 10. Data for the doubtful - the lessons of war economies 11. The new adjustment 12. Minerva's Owl.",Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Debt; Global warming; Natural resource economics; Ecology; Geography; Climate change; Economics; Economy; Development economics; Finance; Biology,debt; global-warming; natural-resource-economics; ecology; geography; climate-change; economics; economy; development-economics; finance; biology,,,en,False
-W3128101214,,Elaboration of the Concept of Ecological Debt,2004,,Erik Paredis; Jesse Lambrecht; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove,A5041144613; A5048787297; A5007488495; A5024639661,Ghent University (BE); Ghent University (BE); Laboratoire d’Économie d’Orléans (FR); Ghent University (BE),Elaboration; Ecology; Business; Biology; Philosophy,elaboration; ecology; business; biology; philosophy,,VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel),en,False
-W2930040016,10.1111/soc4.12693,Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental <i>in</i> justice,2019,"Abstract In this article, we review the theory of ecologically unequal exchange and its relevance for global environmental injustice. According to this theory, global political–economic factors, especially the structure of international trade, shape the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development; wealthier and more powerful Global North nations have disproportionate access to both natural resources and sink capacity for waste in Global South nations. We discuss how the theory has roots in multiple perspectives on development, world‐systems analysis, environmental sociology, and ecological economics. We detail research that tests hypotheses derived from ecological unequal exchange theory on several environmental harms, including deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and water pollution as well as related human well‐being outcomes. We also discuss research on social forces that counter the harmful impacts of ecologically unequal exchange, including institutions, organizations, and environmental justice movements. We suggest that ecologically unequal exchange theory provides an important global political–economic approach for research in environmental sociology and other environmental social sciences as well as for sustainability studies more broadly.",Jennifer E. Givens; Xiaorui Huang; Andrew K. Jorgenson,A5008980382; A5003829664; A5017287640,Utah State University (US); Boston College (US); Boston College (US),Environmental sociology; Sustainability; Environmental justice; Injustice; Natural resource; Sociology; Politics; Environmental studies; Ecological modernization; Economics; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Social science; Political science; Biology; Law,environmental-sociology; sustainability; environmental-justice; injustice; natural-resource; sociology; politics; environmental-studies; ecological-modernization; economics; environmental-ethics; ecology; social-science; political-science; biology; law,https://openalex.org/W21053915; https://openalex.org/W392175924; https://openalex.org/W564021603; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1527254452; https://openalex.org/W1542915826; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1576743615; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1750986932; https://openalex.org/W1845845515; https://openalex.org/W1862702728; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1968441806; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1978300657; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1983784355; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1991239653; https://openalex.org/W1994726768; https://openalex.org/W1997466867; https://openalex.org/W2003242061; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2013091981; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2020950665; https://openalex.org/W2030680762; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2043201903; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2069332984; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2093580857; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2104679059; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2128555255; https://openalex.org/W2134016622; https://openalex.org/W2141833713; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2154286831; https://openalex.org/W2167545656; https://openalex.org/W2169566190; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2174143613; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2186681442; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2274762189; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2318673027; https://openalex.org/W2321434398; https://openalex.org/W2325659324; https://openalex.org/W2342655129; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2579888126; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2601697486; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2743381055; https://openalex.org/W2743592665; https://openalex.org/W2743816187; https://openalex.org/W2745006276; https://openalex.org/W2745249395; https://openalex.org/W2772693920; https://openalex.org/W2789494266; https://openalex.org/W2789854516; https://openalex.org/W2790147032; https://openalex.org/W2790286726; https://openalex.org/W2791909668; https://openalex.org/W2792425554; https://openalex.org/W2793864940; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W2801608957; https://openalex.org/W2809710149; https://openalex.org/W2810012926; https://openalex.org/W2810843218; https://openalex.org/W2811136084; https://openalex.org/W2890144647; https://openalex.org/W2890848907; https://openalex.org/W2899009236; https://openalex.org/W2905655852; https://openalex.org/W2911646076; https://openalex.org/W3011395350; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3192802838; https://openalex.org/W3204258186; https://openalex.org/W4206802175; https://openalex.org/W4229773784; https://openalex.org/W4232543764; https://openalex.org/W4235510638; https://openalex.org/W4241755629; https://openalex.org/W4248342069,Sociology Compass,en,False
-W1539308977,10.4324/9781849771771,Just Sustainabilities,2012,"Introduction: Joined-Up Thinking: Bringing Together Sustainability, Environmental Justice and Equity * Part 1 - Some Theories and Concepts: Environmental Space, Equity and the Ecological Debt * Neo-Liberalism, Globalization and the Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Linking Sustainability and Environmental Justice * Inequality and Community and the Challenge to Modernization: Evidence from the Nuclear Oases * Part 2 - Challenges: Social Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Ne'er the Twain Shall Meet * Part 3 - Cities, Communities and Social and Environmental Justice: When Consumption Does Violence: Can there be Sustainability and Environmental Justice in a Resource-Limited World? * Race, Politics and Pollution: Environmental Justice in the Mississippi River Chemical Corridor * Identity, Place and Communities of Resistance * Environmental Justice in State Policy Decisions * Part 4 - Selected Regional Perspectives on Sustainability and Environmental Justice: Sustainability and Equity: Reflection of a Local Government Practitioner in Southern Africa * Mining Conflicts, Environmental Justice and Valuation * Women and Environmental Justice in South Asia * Maori Kaupapa and the Inseparability of Social and Environmental Justice: An Analysis of Bioprospecting and a People's Resistance to Biocultural Assimilation * Political Economy of Petroleum Resources Development, Environmental Injustice and Selective Victimization: A Case Study of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria * Environmental Protection, Economic Growth and Environmental Justice: Are They Compatible in Central and Eastern Europe? * the Campaign for Environmental Justice in Scotland as a Response to Poverty in a Northern Nation * Conclusion: Towards Just Sustainabilities: Perspectives and Possibilities * Index",,,,Psychology,psychology,,,en,False
-W4403094069,10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107378,Ecological unequal exchange: Evidence from imbalanced cropland soil erosion and agricultural value-added embodied in global agricultural trade,2024,,Guangyi Zhai; Keke Li; Huwei Cui; Zhen Wang; Ling Wang; Shuxia Yu; Zhihua Shi,A5114239456; A5100764802; A5005960026; A5100703397; A5100398679; A5015878848; A5066117382,Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Shanxi Academy of Building Research (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN); Huazhong Agricultural University (CN),Agriculture; Value (mathematics); Ecology; Natural resource economics; Erosion; Agroforestry; Economics; Geography; Environmental science; Biology,agriculture; value; ecology; natural-resource-economics; erosion; agroforestry; economics; geography; environmental-science; biology,https://openalex.org/W1756771308; https://openalex.org/W1994291694; https://openalex.org/W1999687518; https://openalex.org/W1999800292; https://openalex.org/W2010497130; https://openalex.org/W2011487104; https://openalex.org/W2015576035; https://openalex.org/W2050901796; https://openalex.org/W2085959640; https://openalex.org/W2094119292; https://openalex.org/W2137538574; https://openalex.org/W2761050322; https://openalex.org/W2770259518; https://openalex.org/W2772366318; https://openalex.org/W2782111327; https://openalex.org/W2784325229; https://openalex.org/W2803186374; https://openalex.org/W2889413447; https://openalex.org/W2901680960; https://openalex.org/W2954095111; https://openalex.org/W2964767065; https://openalex.org/W3027625958; https://openalex.org/W3042715654; https://openalex.org/W3081374149; https://openalex.org/W3082861471; https://openalex.org/W3092296592; https://openalex.org/W3107063072; https://openalex.org/W3128603360; https://openalex.org/W3136167071; https://openalex.org/W3139350080; https://openalex.org/W3143824118; https://openalex.org/W3158842017; https://openalex.org/W3169474548; https://openalex.org/W3210969200; https://openalex.org/W3213426324; https://openalex.org/W4210795368; https://openalex.org/W4213325773; https://openalex.org/W4220684364; https://openalex.org/W4283662442; https://openalex.org/W4283768434; https://openalex.org/W4289884374; https://openalex.org/W4293202085; https://openalex.org/W4296743457; https://openalex.org/W4297996724; https://openalex.org/W4378782638; https://openalex.org/W4389839144; https://openalex.org/W6782577047; https://openalex.org/W6786154653,Land Use Policy,en,False
-W4409540095,10.5195/jwsr.2025.1298,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2025,"The Marxist theory of unequal exchange challenges the idea that trade never results in outright losses. As a biophysical process, ecological unequal exchange reveals global disparities in resource flows. Using material flow analysis, alternative indicators, and new country clusters, this study updates earlier research and identifies a new phase of intensified disparities since 2015, with rising net outflows of resources from low-income countries (LICs) to high-income countries (HICs). From 1970 to 2024, HICs accumulated 290 gigatons (Gt) of raw material equivalents (RMEs) as net imports, while upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income countries net-exported 164 Gt, 53.1 Gt, and 9.6 Gt, respectively. In a relative sense, LICs consume 13.3 percent less RMEs than they extract domestically, while HICs consume 25.4 percent more. This study challenges assumptions about global divisions of labor: not all HICs are net-importers of RMEs, nor are all LICs net-exporters. However, net-exporter HICs earn more than net-exporter LICs, and net-importer HICs spend less than net-importer LICs. On average, LICs export 6 tons of RMEs to earn what HICs earns from 1 ton; for net-exporter LICs, this ratio rises to 12.7 tons. The more a country exploits the environment, domestically or abroad, the more it earns.",Crelis Rammelt; Raimon C. Ylla-Catala,A5005445191; A5117191733,University of Amsterdam (NL); University of Amsterdam (NL),Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Biology,ecology; geography; environmental-science; biology,https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2059456161; https://openalex.org/W2074078642; https://openalex.org/W2088030007; https://openalex.org/W2111068618; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2321483768; https://openalex.org/W2345419491; https://openalex.org/W2557909387; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2618852203; https://openalex.org/W2729743235; https://openalex.org/W2737793390; https://openalex.org/W2743381055; https://openalex.org/W2788955535; https://openalex.org/W2811505433; https://openalex.org/W2980187407; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3109596871; https://openalex.org/W3144452147; https://openalex.org/W3175677670; https://openalex.org/W4206320582; https://openalex.org/W4212948295; https://openalex.org/W4281481120; https://openalex.org/W4292338315; https://openalex.org/W4388794117; https://openalex.org/W4396494537; https://openalex.org/W4396634190; https://openalex.org/W6642755805; https://openalex.org/W6657204294; https://openalex.org/W6751473861; https://openalex.org/W6831152815; https://openalex.org/W6850946828; https://openalex.org/W7057735341,Journal of World-Systems Research,en,False
-W3209184812,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107269,Ecological unequal exchange between Turkey and the European Union: An assessment from value added perspective,2021,,Gül İpek Tunç; Elif Akbostancı; Serap Türüt-Aşık,A5007464332; A5030808514; A5041222077,Middle East Technical University (TR); Middle East Technical University (TR); Middle East Technical University (TR),European union; Greenhouse gas; Context (archaeology); Economics; Value (mathematics); Consumption (sociology); International trade; International economics; Globalization; Added value; Goods and services; Agricultural economics; Natural resource economics; Business; Economy; Geography; Ecology; Macroeconomics; Market economy,european-union; greenhouse-gas; context; economics; value; consumption; international-trade; international-economics; globalization; added-value; goods-and-services; agricultural-economics; natural-resource-economics; business; economy; geography; ecology; macroeconomics; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W1588495026; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2030319020; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2069921900; https://openalex.org/W2102966366; https://openalex.org/W2111102226; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2156203513; https://openalex.org/W2159596579; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2181218826; https://openalex.org/W2321511225; https://openalex.org/W2321835891; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2557126631; https://openalex.org/W2788955535; https://openalex.org/W2930040016; https://openalex.org/W2979882099; https://openalex.org/W2991195287; https://openalex.org/W2995072805; https://openalex.org/W3010507923; https://openalex.org/W3016082502; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W6636465677; https://openalex.org/W6776617174,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2562324168,10.2458/v23i1.20223,"Linking ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange: stocks, flows, and unequal sink appropriation",2016,"Ecological debt is usually conceptualized as the accumulated result of different kinds of uneven flows of natural resources and waste, but these flows are seldom referred to as ecologically unequal exchange. Ecologically unequal exchange, on the other hand, is usually defined as different flows of resources and waste, but the accumulated results of these flows are seldom referred to as ecological debt. In this article, influential definitions and conceptualizations of ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange are compared and the notions linked together analytically with a stock-flow perspective. A particular challenge is presented by emissions of substances that have global consequences, most importantly carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. They form part of ecologically unequal exchange, but what is unequal is not the exchange of resources or energy, but the appropriation of the sinks that absorb these substances. New concepts, unequal sink appropriation and the more specific carbon sink appropriation are proposed as a way of highlighting this distinction.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,Lund University (SE),Appropriation; Natural resource economics; Greenhouse gas; Debt; Sink (geography); Carbon sink; Economics; Ecology; Business; Environmental science; Climate change; Geography; Finance; Biology,appropriation; natural-resource-economics; greenhouse-gas; debt; sink; carbon-sink; economics; ecology; business; environmental-science; climate-change; geography; finance; biology,https://openalex.org/W148464764; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W401135514; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W636349284; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1247171326; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1557989049; https://openalex.org/W1569701617; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1760358764; https://openalex.org/W1873550992; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1974797333; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1988958743; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1996628034; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W1999061137; https://openalex.org/W2003132638; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2030680762; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2031736557; https://openalex.org/W2032498967; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2048034272; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2051049084; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2059456161; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2167545656; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2329021176; https://openalex.org/W2581233708; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2949513949; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3216928223; https://openalex.org/W4236975506; https://openalex.org/W4298026979; https://openalex.org/W4298162800; https://openalex.org/W4300992326; https://openalex.org/W4312100536; https://openalex.org/W6628336124; https://openalex.org/W6630499190; https://openalex.org/W6634205608; https://openalex.org/W6639486880; https://openalex.org/W6658666898; https://openalex.org/W6660395347; https://openalex.org/W6671780278; https://openalex.org/W6675024767; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W6986386144; https://openalex.org/W7002005117; https://openalex.org/W7014770401; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W2620457709,10.2458/v23i1.20222,Cumulative material flows provide indicators to quantify the ecological debt,2016,"There is ample evidence that an unabated growth in material consumption is likely to pass the earth system's source and sink capacities. In the face of limited resources, distributional questions increasingly gain importance. Material flow accounting is a methodological tool to trace biophysical patterns of disproportionate resource consumption across countries and the debt towards the environment, other parts of the world, and towards future generations through the excessive consumption of natural resources. At the core of this article, we address different developments of material use for individual countries and world regions from 1950 to 2010. During this phase, fossil fuel-based industrialization triggered an unprecedented growth in material consumption, mainly in the wealthy world regions of Europe, Australia, North America, and partly in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while low resource consumption persists in other regions. We thus calculated cumulative resource use from 1950 to 2010 to show the extent of this wealth built up upon countries' own resources, or through imports from other countries or world regions. We use the degree of net-import dependency of individual countries as a proxy for the ecological debt, and relate it to the domestic resource extraction in a country. Our observations show that there was a highly uneven distribution of resource extraction and use in the 60 years analyzed, which has important implications for future global resource policies.",Andreas Mayer; Willi Haas,A5101736941; A5090760544,,Natural resource; Natural resource economics; Proxy (statistics); Resource (disambiguation); Consumption (sociology); Debt; Industrialisation; Economics; Geography; Economic geography; Business; Ecology; Macroeconomics; Market economy,natural-resource; natural-resource-economics; proxy; resource; consumption; debt; industrialisation; economics; geography; economic-geography; business; ecology; macroeconomics; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W266724779; https://openalex.org/W651096281; https://openalex.org/W1540309666; https://openalex.org/W1567277510; https://openalex.org/W1571298011; https://openalex.org/W1577300141; https://openalex.org/W1865643671; https://openalex.org/W1965592156; https://openalex.org/W1967546379; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1986875667; https://openalex.org/W1992391390; https://openalex.org/W2010425532; https://openalex.org/W2017541733; https://openalex.org/W2023211834; https://openalex.org/W2024024581; https://openalex.org/W2026087447; https://openalex.org/W2028502628; https://openalex.org/W2028648240; https://openalex.org/W2030608117; https://openalex.org/W2043402897; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2061216116; https://openalex.org/W2075381148; https://openalex.org/W2083455829; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2086036483; https://openalex.org/W2088965446; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2090967692; https://openalex.org/W2093154430; https://openalex.org/W2096885696; https://openalex.org/W2101025401; https://openalex.org/W2105537763; https://openalex.org/W2113908401; https://openalex.org/W2124622654; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2128956132; https://openalex.org/W2133920545; https://openalex.org/W2143874113; https://openalex.org/W2144902479; https://openalex.org/W2151691147; https://openalex.org/W2153505582; https://openalex.org/W2153820558; https://openalex.org/W2156659366; https://openalex.org/W2160750143; https://openalex.org/W2164706901; https://openalex.org/W2167555648; https://openalex.org/W2179946186; https://openalex.org/W2275435861; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2898123036; https://openalex.org/W2951306510; https://openalex.org/W3106083306; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W6609921129; https://openalex.org/W6657958280; https://openalex.org/W6669647426; https://openalex.org/W6675404599; https://openalex.org/W6675798746; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W4316371191,10.1016/j.apr.2023.101661,Ecological unequal exchange between China and European Union: An investigation from global value chains and carbon emissions viewpoint,2023,,Yulong Zhang; Cuiping Liao; Binbin Pan,A5100635551; A5048207347; A5068630072,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (CN); Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Sun Yat-sen University (CN),China; European union; Value (mathematics); International trade; International economics; Business; Bilateral trade; Economics; Geography,china; european-union; value; international-trade; international-economics; business; bilateral-trade; economics; geography,https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2051959187; https://openalex.org/W2346836002; https://openalex.org/W2760889115; https://openalex.org/W2800846169; https://openalex.org/W2809856553; https://openalex.org/W2887557516; https://openalex.org/W2902471502; https://openalex.org/W2913051656; https://openalex.org/W2917881351; https://openalex.org/W2943374163; https://openalex.org/W2945557658; https://openalex.org/W2954575718; https://openalex.org/W2972156512; https://openalex.org/W2995485375; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3094148576; https://openalex.org/W3097124494; https://openalex.org/W3100428128; https://openalex.org/W3119953297; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W3127559052; https://openalex.org/W3158748634; https://openalex.org/W3188598489; https://openalex.org/W3201145281; https://openalex.org/W3212768009; https://openalex.org/W4200295247; https://openalex.org/W4226025179; https://openalex.org/W6762409507; https://openalex.org/W6771720264,Atmospheric Pollution Research,en,False
-W1978028715,10.1080/15239081003719193,Ecological Debt: Exploring the Factors that Affect National Footprints,2010,"Environmental or ‘ecological’ footprints have been widely used as aggregate indicators of the human appropriation of natural capital with prevailing technology. They represent a partial measure of a community's pathway towards sustainable development. Footprints vary between countries at different stages of economic development and varying geographic characteristics. Dimensional analysis techniques from engineering and the thermal sciences have been employed to determine the influence of a wide range of parameters on per capita national footprints, including per capita national income, population density, pollutant emission intensity, local climate, soil productivity, and technology. One hundred and nine countries made up the final database (based on 2003 international statistical data sets). Per capita national environmental footprints are found to be strongly dependent on per capita national income, and only weakly on population density. The implications of the findings are illustrated by reference to the situation in the G8 + 5 nations. Variations about the resulting power–law correlation suggest the extent to which individual nations are frugal or profligate in terms of their resource use and environmental impacts. The ecological debt owed by the industrialized countries of the North to the developing nations of the populous South is highlighted.",Gemma Cranston; Geoffrey P. Hammond; R. C. Johnson,A5065872877; A5069523442; A5113609421,University of Bath (GB); University of Bath (GB); Centre for Sustainable Energy (GB); University of Bath (GB),Ecological footprint; Per capita; Population; Geography; Sustainability; Natural capital; Natural resource; Per capita income; Sustainable development; Natural resource economics; Gross national income; Gross domestic product; Economics; Ecology; Environmental resource management; Economic growth; Ecosystem services,ecological-footprint; per-capita; population; geography; sustainability; natural-capital; natural-resource; per-capita-income; sustainable-development; natural-resource-economics; gross-national-income; gross-domestic-product; economics; ecology; environmental-resource-management; economic-growth; ecosystem-services,https://openalex.org/W33517402; https://openalex.org/W49479346; https://openalex.org/W101135972; https://openalex.org/W280163183; https://openalex.org/W623224144; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W1483677947; https://openalex.org/W1524961168; https://openalex.org/W1539804594; https://openalex.org/W1581862528; https://openalex.org/W1970852348; https://openalex.org/W1989838436; https://openalex.org/W2031307450; https://openalex.org/W2033216070; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2057305715; https://openalex.org/W2061195351; https://openalex.org/W2072572975; https://openalex.org/W2103363550; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2127867569; https://openalex.org/W2554800123; https://openalex.org/W3037339115; https://openalex.org/W3135109524,Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,en,False
-W2592356138,10.2458/v21i1.21124,Between activism and science: grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by Environmental Justice Organizations,2014,"In their own battles and strategy meetings since the early 1980s, EJOs (environmental justice organizations) and their networks have introduced several concepts to political ecology that have also been taken up by academics and policy makers. In this paper, we explain the contexts in which such notions have arisen, providing definitions of a wide array of concepts and slogans related to environmental inequities and sustainability, and explore the connections and relations between them. These concepts include: environmental justice, ecological debt, popular epidemiology, environmental racism, climate justice, environmentalism of the poor, water justice, biopiracy, food sovereignty, ""green deserts"", ""peasant agriculture cools downs the Earth"", land grabbing, Ogonization and Yasunization, resource caps, corporate accountability, ecocide, and indigenous territorial rights, among others. We examine how activists have coined these notions and built demands around them, and how academic research has in turn further applied them and supplied other related concepts, working in a mutually reinforcing way with EJOs. We argue that these processes and dynamics build an activist-led and co-produced social sustainability science, furthering both academic scholarship and activism on environmental justice.",Joan Martínez Alier; Stanislav Shmelev,A5004042357; A5049502952,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Environmental justice; Environmentalism; Grassroots; Environmental ethics; Sustainability; Scholarship; Sociology; Indigenous; Political science; Political ecology; Climate justice; Environmental studies; Economic Justice; Politics; Law; Ecology; Climate change,environmental-justice; environmentalism; grassroots; environmental-ethics; sustainability; scholarship; sociology; indigenous; political-science; political-ecology; climate-justice; environmental-studies; economic-justice; politics; law; ecology; climate-change,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W82976660; https://openalex.org/W91194789; https://openalex.org/W147937154; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W193929132; https://openalex.org/W316671780; https://openalex.org/W435401431; https://openalex.org/W564851044; https://openalex.org/W568129555; https://openalex.org/W570650193; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W578778883; https://openalex.org/W589250096; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W616805653; https://openalex.org/W621862612; https://openalex.org/W622111395; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W654686773; https://openalex.org/W655364166; https://openalex.org/W656720890; https://openalex.org/W657620444; https://openalex.org/W1239215947; https://openalex.org/W1247171326; https://openalex.org/W1421354461; https://openalex.org/W1479808467; https://openalex.org/W1482149660; https://openalex.org/W1487319106; https://openalex.org/W1495278944; https://openalex.org/W1500660161; https://openalex.org/W1506954881; https://openalex.org/W1512117345; 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https://openalex.org/W3217220183; https://openalex.org/W4232305462; https://openalex.org/W4232526858; https://openalex.org/W4233189840; https://openalex.org/W4233915062; https://openalex.org/W4238073656; https://openalex.org/W4239054152; https://openalex.org/W4239421629; https://openalex.org/W4239528198; https://openalex.org/W4240035647; https://openalex.org/W4242732899; https://openalex.org/W4245805227; https://openalex.org/W4248432196; https://openalex.org/W4250449328; https://openalex.org/W4252487411; https://openalex.org/W4252748097; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4293402844; https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4301011076; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4380764505; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W4395699796; https://openalex.org/W4399989433; https://openalex.org/W6601673023; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6616805983; https://openalex.org/W6619722480; https://openalex.org/W6621187288; https://openalex.org/W6621883857; https://openalex.org/W6628336124; https://openalex.org/W6630123270; https://openalex.org/W6636116788; https://openalex.org/W6636467996; https://openalex.org/W6641865735; https://openalex.org/W6644093368; https://openalex.org/W6645660529; https://openalex.org/W6651703445; https://openalex.org/W6677729076; https://openalex.org/W6678504357; https://openalex.org/W6678592594; https://openalex.org/W6680228642; https://openalex.org/W6683203252; https://openalex.org/W6685120645; https://openalex.org/W6688961690; https://openalex.org/W6692378038; https://openalex.org/W6730548376; https://openalex.org/W6827908398; https://openalex.org/W6850696550; https://openalex.org/W7010406827; https://openalex.org/W7037984302; https://openalex.org/W7046701048; https://openalex.org/W7056187441; https://openalex.org/W7073934388,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W2801148776,10.4337/9781840649093.00014,The Ecological Debt,2002,,Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,,Ecology; Geography; Business; Biology,ecology; geography; business; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2041321854,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.005,The ‘Environmentalism of the Poor’ revisited: Territory and place in disconnected glocal struggles,2014,,Isabelle Anguelovski; Joan Martínez Alier,A5082142224; A5004042357,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Environmentalism; Environmental justice; Environmental movement; Sociology; Environmental ethics; Appropriation; Political science; Law; Politics,environmentalism; environmental-justice; environmental-movement; sociology; environmental-ethics; appropriation; political-science; law; politics,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W59841739; https://openalex.org/W160500913; https://openalex.org/W356139667; https://openalex.org/W397816860; https://openalex.org/W435401431; https://openalex.org/W562156689; https://openalex.org/W562451465; https://openalex.org/W570834956; https://openalex.org/W571924660; https://openalex.org/W573704088; https://openalex.org/W573931508; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W579402700; https://openalex.org/W589062013; https://openalex.org/W589250096; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W619318923; https://openalex.org/W624155561; https://openalex.org/W642358081; https://openalex.org/W642451705; https://openalex.org/W645077254; https://openalex.org/W646521148; https://openalex.org/W654686773; https://openalex.org/W1482927345; https://openalex.org/W1499479468; https://openalex.org/W1506411789; https://openalex.org/W1512117345; https://openalex.org/W1535725372; https://openalex.org/W1536916917; https://openalex.org/W1550437797; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1597172957; https://openalex.org/W1602775671; https://openalex.org/W1606706423; https://openalex.org/W1846573417; https://openalex.org/W1966823031; https://openalex.org/W1975580813; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1987153398; https://openalex.org/W1987362680; https://openalex.org/W1991915295; https://openalex.org/W2000958319; 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https://openalex.org/W4299341209; https://openalex.org/W4299430935; https://openalex.org/W4299951319; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4301408177; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W6630404162; https://openalex.org/W6652986982; https://openalex.org/W6662262605; https://openalex.org/W6677729132; https://openalex.org/W6677826818; https://openalex.org/W6692737411; https://openalex.org/W6698844043; https://openalex.org/W6704601003; https://openalex.org/W6726234040; https://openalex.org/W6734053437; https://openalex.org/W6736368873; https://openalex.org/W6742195171; https://openalex.org/W6747364542; https://openalex.org/W6777812432; https://openalex.org/W6805501799,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2379365567,,Human's Consumption of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Debt in China,2010,"Human's reckless consumption is depleting the world's natural capital to a point where we are endangering our future prosperity.Accounting ecological footprint,bio-productive capacity and ecological debt of China during 1980-2005 shows that China has encountered an increased ecological debt with its value of 1.02 ghm2 in 2005 due to increased demand for ecological service of socio-economic metabolism especially on fossil fuels though its bio-productive capacity per capita doubled to 1.15 ghm2.Demand for ecological service,or ecological footprint,in 2005 exceeded China's earth's regenerative capacity by 89%.At the provincial level,85% of China's provinces have been in ecological debt in the long term and now only three provinces of Hainan,Fujian and Xizang are in ecological surplus.China and most of its provinces are in soft ecological deficit due to the contradictions between ecological service supply and demand in spatial,temporal and components structural dimensions.Such a type ecological debt might be mitigated or eliminated by appropriating the current or future global commons or buying hidden ecological service through international or interregional trade channel.China is heading for an ecological credit crunch as the integrated consequence of its natural constraint of land use base to bio-capacity and rapid economic growth.Against the backdrop that natural capital has been among the limiting factors to world's economic development,China earnestly established the scientific development concept and implemented multiple effective activities to reverse ecological'credit crunch' and curb ecological recession.",Yushu Zhang,A5101985252,Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology (CN),Ecological footprint; Natural capital; Ecosystem services; Ecological economics; Prosperity; Ecology; Economics; Sustainable development; Natural resource economics; Business; Sustainability; Geography; Economic growth; Ecosystem,ecological-footprint; natural-capital; ecosystem-services; ecological-economics; prosperity; ecology; economics; sustainable-development; natural-resource-economics; business; sustainability; geography; economic-growth; ecosystem,,,en,False
-W2896815490,10.4324/9780203094402-13,Great expectations: the psychodynamics of ecological debt,2012,Bob Ward and Margaret Rustin share with me a desire to bring people from a state of irrationality to one where they are able to think and act creatively in response to climate change. How to arrive there is the question.,Rosemary Randall,A5090366355,,Psychodynamics; Ecology; Debt; Economics; Psychology; Biology; Psychotherapist; Macroeconomics,psychodynamics; ecology; debt; economics; psychology; biology; psychotherapist; macroeconomics,,,en,False
-W2767845126,10.1080/15487733.2008.11908010,A modest proposal: global rationalization of ecological footprint to eliminate ecological debt,2008,"In the context of ecological overshoot, extreme poverty, and profligate consumption, we propose using ecological footprint analysis (EFA) to regulate and rationalize material consumption worldwide. EFA quantifies humanconsumption flows relative to renewable natural capital stocks given specified levels of technology. Worldwide, 1.8 global hectares (gha) of bioproductive land exist per person, yet the human population is currently consuming 2.2 gha per person. Given global overshoot and the radically uneven distribution of consumption, we propose a global regime of cap-and-trade of ecological footprint. Under the terms of our modest proposal, all nations would be allocated population- based ecological footprints of an “earthshare” of 1.8 gha per person. Nations with large per capita footprints would be obligated to make reductions through some combination of reduced consumption, resource-productivity gains, population decreases, ecological restoration, and purchase of footprint credits. In contrast, countries with small per capita footprints could sell footprint credits to finance modernization along ecological lines. Mathematical simulation of our proposal indicates global convergence of nations’ ecological footprints in 136 years. In our view, the obscenity of contemporary ecological degradation and human suffering is perhaps rivaled by the audacity of our proposal to commodify biocapacity worldwide. We leave it to the reader to compare our response to institutional failure and the problem of distributive justice to the remedy Swift offered in 1729.",Brian Ohl; Steven A. Wolf; William Anderson,A5090121896; A5025856415; A5008298357,Cornell University (US); Cornell University (US); Cornell University (US),Ecological footprint; Per capita; Population; Economics; Consumption (sociology); Overshoot (microwave communication); Context (archaeology); Natural resource economics; Sustainability; Ecology; Geography; Demography,ecological-footprint; per-capita; population; economics; consumption; overshoot; context; natural-resource-economics; sustainability; ecology; geography; demography,https://openalex.org/W181162704; https://openalex.org/W370891183; https://openalex.org/W417693152; https://openalex.org/W592098796; https://openalex.org/W602719314; https://openalex.org/W624977706; https://openalex.org/W644178155; https://openalex.org/W644940498; https://openalex.org/W1482286954; https://openalex.org/W1539453952; https://openalex.org/W1544813361; https://openalex.org/W1551533759; https://openalex.org/W1565850046; https://openalex.org/W1584710685; https://openalex.org/W1663957662; https://openalex.org/W1746595101; https://openalex.org/W1971425631; https://openalex.org/W1976414428; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W1998733902; https://openalex.org/W2002402372; https://openalex.org/W2003242061; https://openalex.org/W2017522204; https://openalex.org/W2027271929; https://openalex.org/W2044314202; https://openalex.org/W2068622922; https://openalex.org/W2071868072; https://openalex.org/W2076618941; https://openalex.org/W2085850565; https://openalex.org/W2092463295; https://openalex.org/W2096314897; https://openalex.org/W2098470815; https://openalex.org/W2103605303; https://openalex.org/W2108173127; https://openalex.org/W2116018954; https://openalex.org/W2127251305; https://openalex.org/W2127329485; https://openalex.org/W2183646201; https://openalex.org/W2315346373; https://openalex.org/W2497172328; https://openalex.org/W2613902989; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W3123160752; https://openalex.org/W4235523545; https://openalex.org/W4246142122; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W6621187288; https://openalex.org/W6633942408; https://openalex.org/W6634768567; https://openalex.org/W6675164879; https://openalex.org/W7014238125; https://openalex.org/W7027486164,Sustainability Science Practice and Policy,en,False
-W2012254774,10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.09.001,An Ecological Footprint Approach to External Debt Relief,2003,,Mariano Torras,A5108671234,Adelphi University (US),Debt; Ecological footprint; External debt; Economics; Scale (ratio); Ecology; Natural resource economics; Macroeconomics; Geography; Sustainability; Biology,debt; ecological-footprint; external-debt; economics; scale; ecology; natural-resource-economics; macroeconomics; geography; sustainability; biology,https://openalex.org/W574631479; https://openalex.org/W1492572403; https://openalex.org/W1500610626; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1521449382; https://openalex.org/W1578611532; https://openalex.org/W1601422492; https://openalex.org/W1912073849; https://openalex.org/W1968401264; https://openalex.org/W1973176252; https://openalex.org/W1973318389; https://openalex.org/W1975396409; https://openalex.org/W1978430273; https://openalex.org/W1991198037; https://openalex.org/W2007702159; https://openalex.org/W2016989466; https://openalex.org/W2033738926; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2040211876; https://openalex.org/W2041366075; https://openalex.org/W2045726339; https://openalex.org/W2054046533; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2077293631; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2127808655; https://openalex.org/W2146015287; https://openalex.org/W2150406300; https://openalex.org/W2257218250; https://openalex.org/W2261224620; https://openalex.org/W2278324116; https://openalex.org/W2291453814; https://openalex.org/W2587150717; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W2948251683; https://openalex.org/W3006319601; https://openalex.org/W3184353705; https://openalex.org/W4250099039; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W6692146916; https://openalex.org/W6696847344; https://openalex.org/W6759830232; https://openalex.org/W6763176171; https://openalex.org/W6798644758; https://openalex.org/W7027910921,World Development,en,False
-W647204147,,An environmental war economy : the lessons of ecological debt and global warming,2001,,Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Global warming; Debt; Ecology; Geography; Environmental science; Economics; Natural resource economics; Climate change; Macroeconomics; Biology,global-warming; debt; ecology; geography; environmental-science; economics; natural-resource-economics; climate-change; macroeconomics; biology,,OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique),en,False
-W2945557658,10.3390/su11102752,"Environmental Homogenization or Heterogenization? The Effects of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1970–2014",2019,"Globalization significantly influences climate change. Ecological modernization theory and world polity theory suggest that globalization reduces carbon dioxide emissions worldwide by facilitating economic, political, social, and cultural homogenization, whereas ecological unequal exchange theory indicates that cumulative economic and political disparities lead to an uneven distribution of emissions in developed and less developed countries. This study addresses this controversy and systematically investigates the extent to which different dimensions of globalization influence carbon emissions in developed and less developed countries by treating globalization as a dynamic historical process involving economic, political, and social/cultural dimensions in a long-term, cross-national context. Drawing on data for 137 countries from 1970 to 2014, we find that while globalization, social and cultural globalization in particular, has enabled developed countries to significantly decrease their carbon emissions, it has led to more emissions in less developed countries, lending support to the ecological unequal exchange theory. Consistent with world polity theory, international political integration has contributed to carbon reductions over time. We highlight the internal tension between environmental conservation and degradation in a globalizing world and discuss the opportunities for less developed countries to reduce emissions.",Yan Wang; Tao Zhou; Hao Chen; Zhihai Rong,A5100779879; A5090925242; A5112542518; A5082080991,Nankai University (CN); University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN); Nankai University (CN); University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN),Globalization; Polity; Ecological modernization; Economics; Politics; Economic globalization; Greenhouse gas; Economic system; Development economics; Political science; Market economy; Ecology,globalization; polity; ecological-modernization; economics; politics; economic-globalization; greenhouse-gas; economic-system; development-economics; political-science; market-economy; ecology,https://openalex.org/W265486299; https://openalex.org/W392175924; https://openalex.org/W584301089; https://openalex.org/W619753928; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1490058783; https://openalex.org/W1495220204; https://openalex.org/W1504629721; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1509008845; https://openalex.org/W1520806764; https://openalex.org/W1527990863; https://openalex.org/W1532443266; https://openalex.org/W1535732848; https://openalex.org/W1541225134; https://openalex.org/W1562678381; https://openalex.org/W1895451490; https://openalex.org/W1905814523; https://openalex.org/W1919782393; https://openalex.org/W1964940275; https://openalex.org/W1966472464; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1968305520; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1977714269; https://openalex.org/W1980595917; https://openalex.org/W1983784355; https://openalex.org/W1984190418; https://openalex.org/W1984759356; https://openalex.org/W1984844509; https://openalex.org/W1993740158; https://openalex.org/W1996199418; https://openalex.org/W1997222271; https://openalex.org/W1998601161; https://openalex.org/W2000568622; https://openalex.org/W2001358707; https://openalex.org/W2003629458; https://openalex.org/W2012426895; https://openalex.org/W2014480644; https://openalex.org/W2018225362; https://openalex.org/W2021458480; https://openalex.org/W2021851134; https://openalex.org/W2022220920; https://openalex.org/W2025421307; https://openalex.org/W2027529454; https://openalex.org/W2032899120; https://openalex.org/W2034301206; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2037088854; https://openalex.org/W2041750432; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2051421096; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2066023656; https://openalex.org/W2073716048; https://openalex.org/W2076089921; https://openalex.org/W2078685020; https://openalex.org/W2078807003; https://openalex.org/W2080351687; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2089248864; https://openalex.org/W2089855706; https://openalex.org/W2091841200; https://openalex.org/W2098470815; https://openalex.org/W2100310745; 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https://openalex.org/W2158611883; https://openalex.org/W2160934709; https://openalex.org/W2169378432; https://openalex.org/W2170433190; https://openalex.org/W2171918020; https://openalex.org/W2171949063; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2195484168; https://openalex.org/W2217330188; https://openalex.org/W2274106087; https://openalex.org/W2274762189; https://openalex.org/W2280828964; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2321511225; https://openalex.org/W2322108528; https://openalex.org/W2331134723; https://openalex.org/W2347132681; https://openalex.org/W2473564103; https://openalex.org/W2511414028; https://openalex.org/W2515235557; https://openalex.org/W2588410872; https://openalex.org/W2796817348; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3122952990; https://openalex.org/W3125639714; https://openalex.org/W4234606244; https://openalex.org/W4236066262; https://openalex.org/W4237176860; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4242147106; https://openalex.org/W4244280225; https://openalex.org/W4247134726; https://openalex.org/W4248553182; https://openalex.org/W4249225451; https://openalex.org/W4253981452; https://openalex.org/W4300044763; https://openalex.org/W4300351783; https://openalex.org/W4385886409; https://openalex.org/W4385886475; https://openalex.org/W4385886502; https://openalex.org/W6630389085; https://openalex.org/W6725896018,Sustainability,en,False
-W2771312157,10.1177/1070496517744593,Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt,2017,"A central concept raised by the climate justice movement is climate debt. Here, the claims and warrants of the movement support for climate debt is identified through an argumentation analysis of their central manifestos. It is found that the climate debt claim is understood as primarily restorative, in the sense that the environmental space of the developing countries must be returned, “decolonized.” The damage caused by climate change also gives rise to a compensatory adaptation debt. The result is compared with an earlier study on ecological debt. Both concepts are framed within an unjust power relation between North and South, but there are differences. Ecological debt is mainly analyzed in terms of an unjust economic exploitation, which is congenial with its use as an argument for cancellation of Southern external debts; climate debt is rather seen as a violation of communal rights and territories, an argument for climate justice.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,Lund University (SE),Debt; Climate justice; Argument (complex analysis); Economics; Climate change; Economic Justice; Political science; Political economy; Law; Ecology; Macroeconomics,debt; climate-justice; argument; economics; climate-change; economic-justice; political-science; political-economy; law; ecology; macroeconomics,https://openalex.org/W632137373; https://openalex.org/W1514086398; https://openalex.org/W1555942496; https://openalex.org/W1933499598; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W2015411663; https://openalex.org/W2037239387; https://openalex.org/W2039510076; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2048951262; https://openalex.org/W2103865635; https://openalex.org/W2113214343; https://openalex.org/W2132214484; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2214644351; https://openalex.org/W2273426814; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2337292833; https://openalex.org/W2462873503; https://openalex.org/W2472086250; https://openalex.org/W2498551401; https://openalex.org/W2567084427; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2594382053; https://openalex.org/W2621477277; https://openalex.org/W2994166306; https://openalex.org/W4232387830; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4285719527,The Journal of Environment & Development,en,False
-W1760358764,,"Social Ecography: International Trade, Network Analysis and an Emmanuelian Conceptualization of Ecological Unequal Exchange",2010,"This thesis demonstrates how network analysis, ecological economics and the world-system perspective can be combined into an ecographic framework that can yield new insights into the underlying structure of the world-economy as well as its surrounding world-ecology. In particular, the thesis focuses on the structural theory of ecological unequal exchange, a theory suggesting a relationship between positionality within the world-system and unequal exchange of biophysical resources. Using formal tools from social network analysis, the theory is tested on empirical trade data for two commodity types – primary agricultural goods and fuel commodities – for the period 1995-1999. As the selected commodities can be seen as adequate representations of the third Ricardian production factor, i.e. natural resources, ecological unequal exchange as conceptualized in this thesis is more in line with the original Emmanuelian factor-cost theory than previous approaches. Here, similar to Emmanuel’s formulation, it is a theory about factor cost differentials. Whereas the theory mostly holds true in the case of fuel commodities, the analysis of primary agricultural commodities actually points to an inverse relationship between structural positionality and ecological unequal exchange. This could point to a fundamental difference between these two types of commodities, for instance as reflected in an observed ecological Leontief paradox, which underlines the need for more detailed, and less typological, treatments of ecological unequal exchange.",Carl Nordlund,A5033663242,,Conceptualization; Economics; Commodity; Ecological economics; Ecology; Sustainability; Computer science,conceptualization; economics; commodity; ecological-economics; ecology; sustainability; computer-science,,Lund University Publications (Lund University),en,False
-W1598844417,10.4324/9780203094402,Engaging with Climate Change,2012,"Rapley. Foreword. Weintrobe, Preface. Weintrobe, Introduction. Hamilton, What History Can Teach Us About Climate Change Denial. Weintrobe, The Difficult Problem Of Anxiety In Thinking About Climate Change. Lehtonen, Valimaki, Discussion The Environmental Neurosis Of Modern Man: The Illusion Of Autonomy And The Real Dependence Denied. Mause-Hanke, Discussion. Hoggett, Climate Change Denial In A Perverse Culture. Steiner, Discussion. Cohen, Discussion. Hoggett, Reply. Randall, Great Expectations: Some Psychic Consequences Of The Discovery Of Personal Ecological Debt. Rustin, Discussion. Ward, Discussion. Randall, Reply. Lertzman, The Myth Of Apathy. Brenman-Pick, Discussion Not I. Bichard, Discussion How Sustainable Change Agents Can Adopt Psychoanalytic Perspectives On Climate Change. Keene,Unconscious Obstacles To Caring For The Planet. Brearley, Discussion. Hinshelwood, Discussion Goods And Bads. Rustin, How Is Psychoanalysis An Issue For Climate Change? Alexander, Discussion. Benton, Discussion. Rustin, Reply. Weintrobe, On The Love Of Nature And On Human Nature. Crompton, Discussion On Love Of Nature And The Nature Of Love. Hannis, Discussion Nature, Capitalism And Human Flourishing. Harrison, Climate Change, Uncertainty And Risk.",,,,Computer science; Environmental science,computer-science; environmental-science,,,en,False
-W2195484168,10.1080/23251042.2015.1114208,Unequal carbon exchanges: understanding pollution embodied in global trade,2015,"We examine carbon emission transfers via trade among countries over a 20-year period. A net transfer of carbon emission means that the emission embodied in a country’s imports exceeds the emission embodied in exports. We consider a number of socio-economic drivers to explain variations in such net transfers across countries. Our findings show a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between countries’ GDP per capita and their net carbon transfer, suggesting that countries are typically heavy net importers of carbon in early phases of economic development, become balanced or even net exporters of carbon in middle stages of development, and then return to being heavy net importers of carbon in later stages of development. We reflect on these findings in the context of ecological modernization (EM) and ecological unequal exchange (EUE) theories, as well as the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis.",Christina Prell; Laixiang Sun,A5037616102; A5041464316,"University of Maryland, College Park (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Kuznets curve; Context (archaeology); Per capita; Economics; Industrialisation; Natural resource economics; Economic growth; Geography; Population,kuznets-curve; context; per-capita; economics; industrialisation; natural-resource-economics; economic-growth; geography; population,https://openalex.org/W564808682; https://openalex.org/W605044516; https://openalex.org/W631285250; https://openalex.org/W638585138; https://openalex.org/W652486963; https://openalex.org/W652794575; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1511395520; https://openalex.org/W1534847451; https://openalex.org/W1566187841; https://openalex.org/W1590488950; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1840907900; https://openalex.org/W1965014002; https://openalex.org/W1967879531; https://openalex.org/W1968305520; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983784355; https://openalex.org/W1984190418; https://openalex.org/W1986325149; https://openalex.org/W1987019268; https://openalex.org/W1992698519; https://openalex.org/W1994450298; https://openalex.org/W1996848963; https://openalex.org/W2006255049; https://openalex.org/W2007436220; https://openalex.org/W2013386523; https://openalex.org/W2018502693; https://openalex.org/W2019199332; https://openalex.org/W2022542406; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2027529454; https://openalex.org/W2034221877; https://openalex.org/W2036219106; https://openalex.org/W2037088854; https://openalex.org/W2038399826; https://openalex.org/W2039839403; https://openalex.org/W2040342446; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2041776077; https://openalex.org/W2043357381; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2047045802; https://openalex.org/W2050986266; https://openalex.org/W2052094794; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2056944867; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2061046454; https://openalex.org/W2062797837; https://openalex.org/W2071572611; https://openalex.org/W2072688741; https://openalex.org/W2075510806; https://openalex.org/W2076902169; https://openalex.org/W2080577950; https://openalex.org/W2087759377; https://openalex.org/W2089560544; https://openalex.org/W2093347332; https://openalex.org/W2096317677; https://openalex.org/W2096565435; https://openalex.org/W2112698403; https://openalex.org/W2113153173; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2125388400; https://openalex.org/W2125481562; https://openalex.org/W2126205604; https://openalex.org/W2131554966; https://openalex.org/W2131665065; https://openalex.org/W2136276883; https://openalex.org/W2137775183; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2148185586; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2161438705; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2243371407; https://openalex.org/W2279795386; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2339391629; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2614181444; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3124139326; https://openalex.org/W3124532690; https://openalex.org/W3148332745; https://openalex.org/W4242058497; https://openalex.org/W4242216426; https://openalex.org/W4254027994; https://openalex.org/W4300778821,Environmental Sociology,en,False
-W2594589186,10.2458/v23i1.20225,Measuring environmental injustice: how ecological debt defines a radical change in the international legal system,2016,"This paper takes ecological debt as a measure of environmental injustice, and appraises this idea as a driving force for change in the international legal system. Environmental justice is understood here as a fair distribution of charges and benefits derived from using natural resources, in order to provide minimal welfare standards to all human beings, including future generations. Ecological debt measures this injustice, as an unfair and illegitimate distribution of benefits and burdens within the social metabolism, including ecologically unequal exchange, as a disproportionate appropriation and impairment of common goods, such as the atmosphere. Structural features of the international system promote a lack of transparency, control and accountability of power, through a pro-growth and pro-freedom language. In theory, this discourse comes with the promise of compensation for ordinary people, but in fact it benefits only a few. Ecological debt, as a symptom of the pervasive injustice of the current balance of power, demands an equivalent response, unravelling and deconstructing real power behind the imagery of equally sovereign states. It claims a counterhegemonic agenda aiming at rebuilding international law from a pluralist, 'third world' or Southern perspective and improving the balance of power. Ecological debt should not only serve as a means of compensation, but as a conceptual definition of an unfair system of human relations, which needs change. It may also help to define the burdens to be assumed as costs for the change required in international relations, i.e. by promoting the constitutionalization of international law and providing appropriate protection to human beings under the paradigms of sustainability (not sustainable development) and equity.",Antoni Pigrau i Solé; Antonio Cardesa Salzmann; Jordi Jaria i Manzano; Susana Borràs Pentinat,A5012821152; A5072650099; A5020697726; A5026396746,Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES); University of Strathclyde (GB); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES),Injustice; Appropriation; Environmental justice; Human rights; Sustainable development; Environmental law; Debt; Law and economics; Economics; Political science; Law; Finance,injustice; appropriation; environmental-justice; human-rights; sustainable-development; environmental-law; debt; law-and-economics; economics; political-science; law; finance,https://openalex.org/W6418695; https://openalex.org/W393785938; https://openalex.org/W614736872; https://openalex.org/W654027561; https://openalex.org/W756773437; https://openalex.org/W1121996343; https://openalex.org/W1248118106; https://openalex.org/W1509463507; https://openalex.org/W1535393865; https://openalex.org/W1587294828; https://openalex.org/W1589361174; https://openalex.org/W1684472600; https://openalex.org/W1799887369; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1965253625; https://openalex.org/W1992461584; https://openalex.org/W2027802007; https://openalex.org/W2046173547; https://openalex.org/W2070333231; https://openalex.org/W2082018652; https://openalex.org/W2087694774; https://openalex.org/W2087992692; https://openalex.org/W2094520873; https://openalex.org/W2104519673; https://openalex.org/W2119590495; https://openalex.org/W2159289211; https://openalex.org/W2167382412; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2336527297; https://openalex.org/W2339685604; https://openalex.org/W2395851320; https://openalex.org/W2481067057; https://openalex.org/W2567118993; https://openalex.org/W2594243269; https://openalex.org/W2736628311; https://openalex.org/W2799975152; https://openalex.org/W2806647172; https://openalex.org/W2978374962; https://openalex.org/W3121349663; https://openalex.org/W3123409510; https://openalex.org/W3125314127; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3211177043; https://openalex.org/W4233566767; https://openalex.org/W4244209322; https://openalex.org/W4249578445; https://openalex.org/W4254835415; https://openalex.org/W4299402866; https://openalex.org/W6627316930; https://openalex.org/W6633206287; https://openalex.org/W6635261573; https://openalex.org/W6660154277; https://openalex.org/W6676331168; https://openalex.org/W6740903121; https://openalex.org/W6751054145; https://openalex.org/W6755130354; https://openalex.org/W6803608743; https://openalex.org/W6820768008; https://openalex.org/W6820861918; https://openalex.org/W6986524961; https://openalex.org/W7056187441,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W4240411357,10.1007/978-3-030-29901-9_27,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2021,,Jan O. Andersson,A5070191512,Åbo Akademi University (FI),Ecology; Geography; Biology,ecology; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484177660; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2002269579; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2024828896; https://openalex.org/W2025874583; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2052630221; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2099161992; https://openalex.org/W2115070437; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2267106946; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2480022570; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2605728354; https://openalex.org/W2607635248; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2753417580; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6639620335; https://openalex.org/W6694662396; https://openalex.org/W7042237278,,en,False
-W4255108584,10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_27-1,Ecological Unequal Exchange,2019,,Jan O. Andersson,A5070191512,Åbo Akademi University (FI),Ecology; Environmental science; Geography; Biology,ecology; environmental-science; geography; biology,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484177660; https://openalex.org/W1551322995; https://openalex.org/W1616101857; https://openalex.org/W1738944162; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2002269579; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2024828896; https://openalex.org/W2025874583; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2052630221; https://openalex.org/W2057002878; https://openalex.org/W2099161992; https://openalex.org/W2115070437; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2267106946; https://openalex.org/W2291058877; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2347141676; https://openalex.org/W2480022570; https://openalex.org/W2559805026; https://openalex.org/W2605728354; https://openalex.org/W2607635248; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2753417580; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W6616702184; https://openalex.org/W6639620335; https://openalex.org/W6694662396; https://openalex.org/W7042237278,,en,False
-W4387873668,10.4337/9781802200416.ch23,Ecological unequal exchange,2023,"Ecological Unequal Exchange (EUE) arises from Ecological Economics concerns about issues of distributional environmental equity between countries as a result of international trade (IT). EUE shows that IT is asymmetric not only in economic but also in ecological terms. This asymmetry especially affects Southern countries that specialise in extracting and exporting raw materials. And it favours Northern countries that produce and export capital- and knowledge-intensive goods. Identifying EUE requires consideration of the biophysical aspects of production, transport, and consumption, where the Second Law of Thermodynamics is essential. The inverse relationship between the biophysical value of natural resources and their economic valuation is what enables the metabolism of society in its global organisation. The price differential resulting from this relationship, supported by an asymmetric power structure at the international level, allows industrialised countries to obtain the energy available for their metabolic functioning, and the unequal exchange and ecological deterioration in the countries of the South are the most obvious results.",Mario Alejandro Pérez Rincón,A5006382147,,Economics; Equity (law); Valuation (finance); Natural resource economics; Ecology; Ecological economics; Consumption (sociology); Sustainability; Political science; Biology,economics; equity; valuation; natural-resource-economics; ecology; ecological-economics; consumption; sustainability; political-science; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2117633894,10.1080/01436590802622987,"Contemporary Contradictions of the Global Development Project: geopolitics, global ecology and the ‘development climate’",2009,"Abstract The global development project faces newly evident challenges in the combination of energy, climate and food crises. Their interrelationships create a powerful moment in world history in which analysts and practitioners grope for solutions, limited by the narrow market episteme. This contribution argues that official development, in advocating green market solutions, recycles the problem as solution—a problem rooted in the geopolitics of an unsustainable global ‘metabolic rift’ and a discourse of global ecology reinforcing international power relations through monetary valuation, and deepening the North's ‘ecological debt’.",Philip McMichael,A5077240588,Cornell University (US),Geopolitics; Climate change; Global warming; Ecology; International development; Political science; Economics; Sociology; Economic growth; Biology; Law; Politics,geopolitics; climate-change; global-warming; ecology; international-development; political-science; economics; sociology; economic-growth; biology; law; politics,https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Third World Quarterly,en,False
-W2321511225,10.1016/j.socnet.2016.03.001,The evolution of global trade and impacts on countries’ carbon trade imbalances,2016,,Christina Prell; Kuishuang Feng,A5037616102; A5049493168,"University of Maryland, College Park (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Economics; Context (archaeology); International economics; Gravity model of trade; Carbon fibers; Trade barrier; International trade; Computer science; Geography,economics; context; international-economics; gravity-model-of-trade; carbon-fibers; trade-barrier; international-trade; computer-science; geography,https://openalex.org/W31487802; https://openalex.org/W244587596; https://openalex.org/W286295083; https://openalex.org/W291831081; https://openalex.org/W570362212; https://openalex.org/W582090430; https://openalex.org/W605044516; https://openalex.org/W610187120; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1520463711; https://openalex.org/W1533643283; https://openalex.org/W1535196592; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1968342703; https://openalex.org/W1969128202; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973749534; https://openalex.org/W1976868072; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1986325149; https://openalex.org/W1987458928; https://openalex.org/W1989968173; https://openalex.org/W1996848963; https://openalex.org/W2006255049; https://openalex.org/W2007080465; https://openalex.org/W2011049045; https://openalex.org/W2013386523; https://openalex.org/W2014480644; https://openalex.org/W2020829974; https://openalex.org/W2022542406; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2041786698; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2054166232; https://openalex.org/W2055325415; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057222804; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2059368404; https://openalex.org/W2062797837; https://openalex.org/W2067793019; https://openalex.org/W2071572611; https://openalex.org/W2073562966; https://openalex.org/W2073916725; https://openalex.org/W2074724691; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2099699569; https://openalex.org/W2099815494; https://openalex.org/W2100194699; https://openalex.org/W2113153173; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2120104040; https://openalex.org/W2122465344; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2125481562; https://openalex.org/W2135622701; https://openalex.org/W2139310104; https://openalex.org/W2143893259; https://openalex.org/W2145251530; https://openalex.org/W2145917034; https://openalex.org/W2146527895; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2160268549; https://openalex.org/W2160508096; https://openalex.org/W2163362767; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2194406924; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2207225886; https://openalex.org/W2212083538; https://openalex.org/W2262220628; https://openalex.org/W2262759381; https://openalex.org/W2284583324; https://openalex.org/W2288595092; https://openalex.org/W2337659769; https://openalex.org/W2475644619; https://openalex.org/W2564098583; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2607554261; https://openalex.org/W2800079351; https://openalex.org/W2806566552; https://openalex.org/W2902911166; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3122821355; https://openalex.org/W3124139326; https://openalex.org/W3124405280; https://openalex.org/W3126109796; https://openalex.org/W4301620991; https://openalex.org/W4302354913; https://openalex.org/W6601281690; https://openalex.org/W6631606621; https://openalex.org/W6680968406; https://openalex.org/W6686669974; https://openalex.org/W6687811615; https://openalex.org/W6695537366,Social Networks,en,False
-W91194789,,Ecological Debt and Historical Responsibility Revisited: The case of climate change,2012,"In spite of its strong appeal to NGOs, to certain governments and to some scholars, the concept of an ecological debt accumulated by developed countries due to their historical responsibility deserve a serious critical assessment. The paper provides this assessment in the context of climate change. It first shows how the rhetoric of ecological debt exploits confusion between a pre-modern concept of social debt and the modern one based on the contract figure. Two components of the climate debt are examined: a presumed duty of compensation of the damage imposed by climate change and rules of sharing out of atmospheric services when developed countries are presumed to have emitted GHGs in the past in excess of their fair share. The discussion considers successively the legal and the moral viewpoint. A review of arguments shows that both concepts of ecological debt and historical responsibility disintegrate under scrutiny in the case of climate change, as ill-founded backward-looking reparative concepts as well as additional obstacles to a forward-looking agreement in which responsibilities could legitimately be differentiated according to various variables referring to current states (emissions levels, needs, capacities, etc.). The GHGs emissions that cause problems are those that have taken place since 1990.",Olivier Godard,A5070222969,,Debt; Scrutiny; Greenhouse gas; Climate change; Context (archaeology); Duty; Moral responsibility; Appeal; Damages; Political science; Environmental ethics; Economics; Ecology; Geography; Law; Finance,debt; scrutiny; greenhouse-gas; climate-change; context; duty; moral-responsibility; appeal; damages; political-science; environmental-ethics; economics; ecology; geography; law; finance,https://openalex.org/W203693828; https://openalex.org/W260890562; https://openalex.org/W1169467774; https://openalex.org/W1488923419; https://openalex.org/W1512230970; https://openalex.org/W1519919466; https://openalex.org/W1555168770; https://openalex.org/W1566890474; https://openalex.org/W1593021046; https://openalex.org/W1756467313; https://openalex.org/W1772647737; https://openalex.org/W1781292848; https://openalex.org/W1955391275; https://openalex.org/W1971654441; https://openalex.org/W1974609519; https://openalex.org/W1998111534; https://openalex.org/W2002863535; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2013531215; https://openalex.org/W2030602370; https://openalex.org/W2058103174; https://openalex.org/W2073139884; https://openalex.org/W2092548441; https://openalex.org/W2103865635; https://openalex.org/W2118777456; https://openalex.org/W2126416729; https://openalex.org/W2126588792; https://openalex.org/W2128207432; https://openalex.org/W2131740028; https://openalex.org/W2157555752; https://openalex.org/W2159167826; https://openalex.org/W2290283773; https://openalex.org/W2336434939; https://openalex.org/W2510803780; https://openalex.org/W2527769517; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3123930679; https://openalex.org/W3124082720; https://openalex.org/W3124417004; https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute),en,False
-W2788955535,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.030,Modelling Multi-regional Ecological Exchanges: The Case of UK and Africa,2018,,Eunice Oppon; Adolf Acquaye; Taofeeq Ibn‐Mohammed; Lenny Koh,A5010245794; A5032608262; A5091745047; A5079714997,University of Sheffield (GB); University of Kent (GB); University of Sheffield (GB); University of Sheffield (GB),Poverty; Developing country; Goods and services; Natural resource economics; Economics; Ecosystem services; Work (physics); Business; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Economic growth; Economy; Ecosystem,poverty; developing-country; goods-and-services; natural-resource-economics; economics; ecosystem-services; work; business; environmental-resource-management; ecology; economic-growth; economy; ecosystem,https://openalex.org/W88898997; https://openalex.org/W97188817; https://openalex.org/W222914877; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1511877300; https://openalex.org/W1533063787; https://openalex.org/W1586936537; https://openalex.org/W1820544219; https://openalex.org/W1965592156; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1973954730; https://openalex.org/W1984190418; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1987458928; https://openalex.org/W1995968610; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W1999009515; https://openalex.org/W2004010203; https://openalex.org/W2007080465; https://openalex.org/W2010101976; https://openalex.org/W2012011920; https://openalex.org/W2017760134; https://openalex.org/W2020297434; https://openalex.org/W2020374898; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2030517974; https://openalex.org/W2032167419; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2044269414; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2051808875; https://openalex.org/W2060603126; https://openalex.org/W2068856199; https://openalex.org/W2086977164; https://openalex.org/W2093219469; https://openalex.org/W2095019212; https://openalex.org/W2096314897; https://openalex.org/W2103536707; https://openalex.org/W2105414963; https://openalex.org/W2113219607; https://openalex.org/W2113414401; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2125390913; https://openalex.org/W2128405303; https://openalex.org/W2137775183; https://openalex.org/W2153118634; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2163045437; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2166807870; https://openalex.org/W2167785727; https://openalex.org/W2170273768; https://openalex.org/W2274330233; https://openalex.org/W2315103963; https://openalex.org/W2342456945; https://openalex.org/W2460243609; https://openalex.org/W2549877311; https://openalex.org/W2557126631; https://openalex.org/W2564956283; https://openalex.org/W2765557092; https://openalex.org/W3094249809; https://openalex.org/W6608882148; https://openalex.org/W6704186375; https://openalex.org/W6745755860,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W2066023656,10.4337/9781843768593,The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology,1997,"Contents: Introduction Graham Woodgate PART I: CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 1. The Maturation and Diversification of Environmental Sociology: From Constructivism and Realism to Agnosticism and Pragmatism Riley E. Dunlap 2. Social Institutions and Environmental Change Frederick H. Buttel 3. From Environment Sociology to Global Ecosociology: The Dunlap - Buttel Debates Jean-Guy Vaillancourt 4. Ecological Modernization as a Social Theory of Environmental Reform Arthur P.J. Mol 5. Ecological Modernization Theory: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges Richard York, Eugene A. Rosa and Thomas Dietz 6. Postconstructivist Political Ecologies Arturo Escobar 7. Marx's Ecology and its Historical Significance John Bellamy Foster 8. The Transition Out of Carbon Dependence: The Crises of Environment and Markets Michael R. Redclift 9. Socio-ecological Agency: From 'Human Exceptionalism' to Coping with 'Exceptional' Global Environmental Change David Manuel-Navarrete and Christine N. Buzinde 10. Ecological Debt: An Integrating Concept for Socio-Environmental Change Inaki Barcena Hinojal and Rosa Lago Aurrekoetxea 11. The Emergence Model of Environment and Society John Hannigan 12. Peering into the Abyss: Environment, Research and Absurdity in the 'Age of Stupid' Raymond L. Bryant PART II: SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 13. Animals and Us Ted Benton 14. Science and the Environment in the Twenty-first Century Steven Yearley 15. New Challenges for Twenty-first Century Environmental Movements: Agricultural Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Maria Kousis 16. Sustainable Consumption: Developments, Considerations and New Directions Emma D. Hinton and Michael K. Goodman 17. Globalisation, Convergence and the Euro-Atlantic Development Model Wolfgang Sachs 18. Environmental Hazards and Human Disasters Raymond Murphy 19. Structural Obstacles to an Effective Post-2012 Global Climate Agreement: Why Social Structure Matters and How Addressing it Can Help Break the Impasse Bradley C. Parks and J. Timmons Roberts 20. Environmental Sociology and International Forestry: Historical Overview and Future Directions Bianca Ambrose-Oji PART III: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Editorial Commentary Graham Woodgate 21. The Role of Place in the Margins of Space David Manuel-Navarrete and Michael R. Redclift 22. Society, Environment and Development in Africa William M. Adams 23. Neoliberal Regimes of Environmental Governance: Climate Change, Biodiversity and Agriculture in Australia Stewart Lockie 24. Environmental Reform in Modernizing China Arthur P.J. Mol 25. Civic Engagement in Environmental Governance in Central and Eastern Europe JoAnn Carmin 26. A 'Sustaining Conservation' for Mexico? Nora Haenn Index",Michael Redclift; Graham Woodgate,A5059724271; A5065950333,,Sociology; Environmental sociology; Regional science; Social science,sociology; environmental-sociology; regional-science; social-science,https://openalex.org/W1538243852; https://openalex.org/W2009872045; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2093955358; https://openalex.org/W2318735428; https://openalex.org/W2906689523,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W2980187407,,Preceding and governing measurements : an Emmanuelian conceptualization of ecological unequal exchange,2014,Preceding and governing measurements : an Emmanuelian conceptualization of ecological unequal exchange,Carl Nordlund,A5033663242,,Conceptualization; Ecology; Computer science; Biology; Artificial intelligence,conceptualization; ecology; computer-science; biology; artificial-intelligence,https://openalex.org/W94815793; https://openalex.org/W205206750; https://openalex.org/W592075714; https://openalex.org/W607313397; https://openalex.org/W619768729; https://openalex.org/W647037346; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W657044929; https://openalex.org/W1484903358; https://openalex.org/W1507577644; https://openalex.org/W1509006868; https://openalex.org/W1538980473; https://openalex.org/W1597769549; https://openalex.org/W1687549561; https://openalex.org/W1720817898; https://openalex.org/W1780160121; https://openalex.org/W1873550992; https://openalex.org/W1964725364; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1968441806; https://openalex.org/W1973660359; https://openalex.org/W1974075073; https://openalex.org/W1976412347; https://openalex.org/W1983474380; https://openalex.org/W1983716515; https://openalex.org/W1985596098; https://openalex.org/W1986552857; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2004388900; https://openalex.org/W2006081504; https://openalex.org/W2008134822; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2026865785; https://openalex.org/W2029425243; https://openalex.org/W2030674088; https://openalex.org/W2031736557; https://openalex.org/W2033186995; https://openalex.org/W2040057718; https://openalex.org/W2048034272; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2061901927; https://openalex.org/W2061916247; https://openalex.org/W2072688741; https://openalex.org/W2075693476; https://openalex.org/W2080577950; https://openalex.org/W2087385946; https://openalex.org/W2091709473; https://openalex.org/W2091732022; https://openalex.org/W2100618934; https://openalex.org/W2108429164; https://openalex.org/W2115328246; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2121841211; https://openalex.org/W2122831705; https://openalex.org/W2123393732; https://openalex.org/W2130289872; https://openalex.org/W2131524001; https://openalex.org/W2133011836; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2163308020; https://openalex.org/W2166561932; https://openalex.org/W2169085616; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2184625852; https://openalex.org/W2186681442; https://openalex.org/W2226489716; https://openalex.org/W2230443023; https://openalex.org/W2237618063; https://openalex.org/W2318867465; https://openalex.org/W2328416860; https://openalex.org/W2789951941; https://openalex.org/W3121753494,,en,False
-W2999036754,10.1073/pnas.1910023117,Land-use history impacts functional diversity across multiple trophic groups,2020,"Land-use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. Although biodiversity often shows a delayed response to land-use change, previous studies have typically focused on a narrow range of current landscape factors and have largely ignored the role of land-use history in shaping plant and animal communities and their functional characteristics. Here, we used a unique database of 220,000 land-use records to investigate how 20-y of land-use changes have affected functional diversity across multiple trophic groups (primary producers, mutualists, herbivores, invertebrate predators, and vertebrate predators) in 75 grassland fields with a broad range of land-use histories. The effects of land-use history on multitrophic trait diversity were as strong as other drivers known to impact biodiversity, e.g., grassland management and current landscape composition. The diversity of animal mobility and resource-acquisition traits was lower in landscapes where much of the land had been historically converted from grassland to crop. In contrast, functional biodiversity was higher in landscapes containing old permanent grasslands, most likely because they offer a stable and high-quality habitat refuge for species with low mobility and specialized feeding niches. Our study shows that grassland-to-crop conversion has long-lasting impacts on the functional biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems. Accordingly, land-use legacy effects must be considered in conservation programs aiming to protect agricultural biodiversity. In particular, the retention of permanent grassland sanctuaries within intensive landscapes may offset ecological debts.",Gaëtane Le Provost; Isabelle Badenhausser; Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet; Yann Clough; Laura Henckel; Cyrille Violle; Vincent Bretagnolle; Marilyn Roncoroni; Peter Manning; Nicolas Gross,A5062110875; A5087152591; A5075472835; A5057350038; A5075950463; A5073523465; A5011716970; A5017649985; A5003868914; A5085089162,"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research (DE); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (DE); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (FR); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR); Lund University (SE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); Swedish Species Information Centre (SE); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); École Pratique des Hautes Études (FR); Université de Montpellier (FR); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (FR); La Rochelle Université (FR); Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research (DE); Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (DE); Université Clermont Auvergne (FR); Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR); VetAgro Sup (FR)","Biodiversity; Ecology; Land use; Grassland; Trophic level; Geography; Habitat; Agroforestry; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Biodiversity hotspot; Agricultural land; Habitat destruction; Ecosystem services; Ecosystem; Biology",biodiversity; ecology; land-use; grassland; trophic-level; geography; habitat; agroforestry; land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry; biodiversity-hotspot; agricultural-land; habitat-destruction; ecosystem-services; ecosystem; biology,https://openalex.org/W1571840503; https://openalex.org/W1575330260; https://openalex.org/W1609810996; https://openalex.org/W1840185503; https://openalex.org/W1929835448; https://openalex.org/W1965701022; https://openalex.org/W1977909820; https://openalex.org/W1987431381; https://openalex.org/W1999205818; https://openalex.org/W2002615685; https://openalex.org/W2003236917; https://openalex.org/W2004909198; https://openalex.org/W2034563189; https://openalex.org/W2037902495; https://openalex.org/W2047384175; https://openalex.org/W2056280096; https://openalex.org/W2100773609; https://openalex.org/W2105156559; https://openalex.org/W2107665951; https://openalex.org/W2109274990; https://openalex.org/W2110065044; https://openalex.org/W2114795157; https://openalex.org/W2117867889; https://openalex.org/W2124478410; https://openalex.org/W2132272855; https://openalex.org/W2133311386; https://openalex.org/W2149301124; https://openalex.org/W2155157807; https://openalex.org/W2155430569; https://openalex.org/W2167094923; https://openalex.org/W2472420705; https://openalex.org/W2510103516; https://openalex.org/W2515058020; https://openalex.org/W2558519551; https://openalex.org/W2590280115; https://openalex.org/W2605879233; https://openalex.org/W2786039766; https://openalex.org/W2799896813; https://openalex.org/W2803418977; https://openalex.org/W2896211727; https://openalex.org/W2926255641; https://openalex.org/W2938463896; https://openalex.org/W2966436668; https://openalex.org/W2966589851; https://openalex.org/W3105481948; https://openalex.org/W3189621076; https://openalex.org/W6920670411,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,en,False
-W147127987,10.5195/jwsr.2015.529,"Breaking Ships in the World-System: An Analysis of Two Ship Breaking Capitals, Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh",2015,"Centrality in the world-system allows countries to externalize their hazards or environmental harms on others. Core countries, for instance, dump heavy metals and greenhouse gases into the global sinks, and some of the core's hazardous products, production processes and wastes are displaced to the (semi) peripheral zones of the world-system. Since few (semi) peripheral countries have the ability to assess and manage the risks associated with such hazards, the transfer of core hazards to the (semi) periphery has adverse environmental and socio-economic consequences for many of these countries and it has spawned conflict and resistance, as well as a variety of other responses. Most discussions of this risk globalization problem have failed to situate it firmly in the world-system frame emphasizing the process of ecological unequal exchange. Using secondary sources, I begin such a discussion by examining the specific problem of ship breaking (recycling core-based ocean going vessels for steel and other materials) at the yards in Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh. Attention centers on the nature and scope of ship breaking in these two locations, major drivers operating in the world-system, adverse consequences, the unequal mix of costs and benefits, and the failure of existing political responses at the domestic and international levels to reduce adequately the adverse consequences of ship breaking.",R. Scott Frey,A5084438873,University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US),Environmental hazard; Development economics; Business; Engineering; Natural resource economics; Environmental planning; Environmental protection; Geography; Economics; Ecology,environmental-hazard; development-economics; business; engineering; natural-resource-economics; environmental-planning; environmental-protection; geography; economics; ecology,https://openalex.org/W42362159; https://openalex.org/W76548049; https://openalex.org/W80867919; https://openalex.org/W165365298; https://openalex.org/W356139667; https://openalex.org/W370890276; https://openalex.org/W562385678; https://openalex.org/W576583604; https://openalex.org/W585808560; https://openalex.org/W586618947; https://openalex.org/W619831140; https://openalex.org/W1491531314; https://openalex.org/W1502624808; https://openalex.org/W1514279324; https://openalex.org/W1524520169; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1531882100; https://openalex.org/W1531974919; https://openalex.org/W1541482107; https://openalex.org/W1547552412; https://openalex.org/W1570612162; https://openalex.org/W1572762085; https://openalex.org/W1579803630; https://openalex.org/W1588550464; https://openalex.org/W1591166682; https://openalex.org/W1602775671; https://openalex.org/W1607409573; https://openalex.org/W1914921294; https://openalex.org/W1963697600; https://openalex.org/W1964310327; https://openalex.org/W1965633248; https://openalex.org/W1971800003; https://openalex.org/W1973417601; https://openalex.org/W1980314759; https://openalex.org/W1986435662; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W1997466867; https://openalex.org/W1997912364; https://openalex.org/W2013091981; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2015031013; https://openalex.org/W2019093495; https://openalex.org/W2021001691; https://openalex.org/W2025718926; https://openalex.org/W2026597243; https://openalex.org/W2027529454; https://openalex.org/W2030674088; https://openalex.org/W2040342446; https://openalex.org/W2043201903; https://openalex.org/W2048293151; https://openalex.org/W2049611326; https://openalex.org/W2054113825; https://openalex.org/W2054525842; https://openalex.org/W2056526392; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2061660593; https://openalex.org/W2061916247; https://openalex.org/W2062199894; https://openalex.org/W2074115438; https://openalex.org/W2075340793; https://openalex.org/W2076007148; https://openalex.org/W2078583896; https://openalex.org/W2080458794; https://openalex.org/W2083193007; https://openalex.org/W2086769519; https://openalex.org/W2097737947; https://openalex.org/W2099990298; https://openalex.org/W2100231337; https://openalex.org/W2102618055; https://openalex.org/W2102668013; https://openalex.org/W2104935650; https://openalex.org/W2109111177; https://openalex.org/W2119106412; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2124565737; https://openalex.org/W2126547557; https://openalex.org/W2128169869; https://openalex.org/W2130441850; https://openalex.org/W2131621631; https://openalex.org/W2134506903; https://openalex.org/W2136134260; https://openalex.org/W2148732650; https://openalex.org/W2149022830; https://openalex.org/W2152976252; https://openalex.org/W2155895810; https://openalex.org/W2160797101; https://openalex.org/W2169385286; https://openalex.org/W2170219305; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2185907665; https://openalex.org/W2199190077; https://openalex.org/W2201508122; https://openalex.org/W2202864547; https://openalex.org/W2215504314; https://openalex.org/W2253709277; https://openalex.org/W2477738313; https://openalex.org/W2492032746; https://openalex.org/W2578584143; https://openalex.org/W2737078647; https://openalex.org/W2806988935; https://openalex.org/W2891423662; https://openalex.org/W2905180499; https://openalex.org/W2907664459; https://openalex.org/W2945273314; https://openalex.org/W2975405677; https://openalex.org/W3022828466; https://openalex.org/W3024309230; https://openalex.org/W3122477235; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3125166879; https://openalex.org/W3125379867; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W3213090436; https://openalex.org/W4205870317; https://openalex.org/W4229570833; https://openalex.org/W4244108096; https://openalex.org/W4250340634; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4299475623; https://openalex.org/W4300550956; https://openalex.org/W4301378955; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W4389266611; https://openalex.org/W4405224716; https://openalex.org/W6603117862; https://openalex.org/W6643473431; https://openalex.org/W6655074950; https://openalex.org/W6656842085; https://openalex.org/W6677619370; https://openalex.org/W6679465770; https://openalex.org/W6688080868; https://openalex.org/W6723228808; https://openalex.org/W7037423374; https://openalex.org/W7051802513,Journal of World-Systems Research,en,False
-W2119904838,10.1080/09644016.2015.1090370,Unpacking the politics of natural capital and economic metaphors in environmental policy discourse,2015,"Economic metaphors – including natural capital, natural assets, ecosystem services, and ecological debt – are becoming commonplace in environmental policy discourse. Proponents consider such terms provide a clearer idea of the ‘value’ of nature, and are useful for ensuring the environment is given due attention in decision making. Critical discourse analysis highlights the ideological work language does; the way in which we think, write, and talk about the environment has important implications for how it is governed. Consequently, the widespread use of economic metaphors is politically significant. This article discusses how metaphors have been analysed in environmental policy research, surveys the use of prominent economic metaphors in environmental policy, and considers the politics associated with such terms. The uptake of various economic metaphors represents a form of reverse discourse, varies in politically significant ways, and narrows the terms of environmental debate.",Brian Coffey,A5056992144,RMIT University (AU),Natural capital; Unpacking; Politics; Metaphor; Ideology; Sociology; Capital (architecture); Environmental studies; Discourse analysis; Critical discourse analysis; Natural (archaeology); Environmental politics; Value (mathematics); Environmental policy; Debt; Environmental ethics; Economics; Positive economics; Political science; Ecosystem services; Environmental resource management; Law; Ecology; Linguistics,natural-capital; unpacking; politics; metaphor; ideology; sociology; capital; environmental-studies; discourse-analysis; critical-discourse-analysis; natural; environmental-politics; value; environmental-policy; debt; environmental-ethics; economics; positive-economics; political-science; ecosystem-services; environmental-resource-management; law; ecology; linguistics,https://openalex.org/W54670680; https://openalex.org/W364675936; https://openalex.org/W586058454; https://openalex.org/W591561411; https://openalex.org/W621617282; https://openalex.org/W634424833; https://openalex.org/W1487575620; https://openalex.org/W1505416059; https://openalex.org/W1511186454; https://openalex.org/W1511736487; https://openalex.org/W1528074835; https://openalex.org/W1528113760; https://openalex.org/W1537333624; https://openalex.org/W1545442817; https://openalex.org/W1572302632; https://openalex.org/W1586469975; https://openalex.org/W1595331308; https://openalex.org/W1899753561; https://openalex.org/W1919517363; https://openalex.org/W1994590651; https://openalex.org/W1996951807; https://openalex.org/W2007161913; https://openalex.org/W2007403982; https://openalex.org/W2009489151; https://openalex.org/W2014629333; https://openalex.org/W2020487534; https://openalex.org/W2025810582; https://openalex.org/W2030775185; https://openalex.org/W2035983503; https://openalex.org/W2036219106; https://openalex.org/W2040061106; https://openalex.org/W2046109790; https://openalex.org/W2052417512; https://openalex.org/W2054691965; https://openalex.org/W2061352695; https://openalex.org/W2069034186; https://openalex.org/W2073031385; https://openalex.org/W2090746889; https://openalex.org/W2104024295; https://openalex.org/W2108991971; https://openalex.org/W2124758952; https://openalex.org/W2125467995; https://openalex.org/W2131554966; https://openalex.org/W2134615644; https://openalex.org/W2161586993; https://openalex.org/W2188641303; https://openalex.org/W4210838977; https://openalex.org/W4232184570; https://openalex.org/W4237329516; https://openalex.org/W4239357219; https://openalex.org/W4241244678; https://openalex.org/W4244238918; https://openalex.org/W4245260055; https://openalex.org/W4246027354; https://openalex.org/W4248308225; https://openalex.org/W4255373279; https://openalex.org/W4292917376; https://openalex.org/W4300645397; https://openalex.org/W4301819063; https://openalex.org/W4320800888; https://openalex.org/W4389657267,Environmental Politics,en,False
-W4391474705,10.1080/23251042.2024.2309407,The semi-periphery and ecologically unequal exchange: carbon emissions and recursive exploitation,2024,"Social science research has been increasingly interested in the relationships between the environment and the economy. One critical research agenda – ecological unequal exchange – has explored the asymmetric flow of resources and unequal distribution of environmental harms across the world economy, particularly between high-income and low-income countries. However, research into the relationship between middle-income nations and low-income nations has been relatively minimal. This study, building off a world-systems taxonomy of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states, looks to extend research into the ecological dynamics captured in the trade among the non-core states, with regards to carbon emissions, over the course of 1996–2018. I find that patterns of ecological unequal exchange vary among the tiers of the semi-periphery – identified as the 'Semi-Core,' the 'Regional Powers,' and the 'Secondary Regional States' – suggesting the importance of tier-specific political-economic features in generating ecological unequal exchange outcomes.",Hassan El Tinay,A5028079790,,Environmental sociology; Carbon fibers; Natural resource economics; Greenhouse gas; Ecology; Environmental science; Sociology; Economics; Social science; Biology; Computer science,environmental-sociology; carbon-fibers; natural-resource-economics; greenhouse-gas; ecology; environmental-science; sociology; economics; social-science; biology; computer-science,https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1484384217; https://openalex.org/W1495220204; https://openalex.org/W1504658872; https://openalex.org/W1544989902; https://openalex.org/W1681545227; https://openalex.org/W1975490723; https://openalex.org/W1992762801; https://openalex.org/W2002961660; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2072408946; https://openalex.org/W2080351687; https://openalex.org/W2088030007; https://openalex.org/W2115768128; https://openalex.org/W2123567146; https://openalex.org/W2143917121; https://openalex.org/W2169776575; https://openalex.org/W2187258560; https://openalex.org/W2243318061; https://openalex.org/W2249688373; https://openalex.org/W2345240133; https://openalex.org/W2500221348; https://openalex.org/W2617245318; https://openalex.org/W2735485714; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2753028055; https://openalex.org/W2789854516; https://openalex.org/W2790147032; https://openalex.org/W2791909668; https://openalex.org/W2796317886; https://openalex.org/W2811505433; https://openalex.org/W2930040016; https://openalex.org/W2956268707; https://openalex.org/W2973704988; https://openalex.org/W2999137147; https://openalex.org/W3014912319; https://openalex.org/W3033244837; https://openalex.org/W3037550216; https://openalex.org/W3045540281; https://openalex.org/W3080367007; https://openalex.org/W3110745579; https://openalex.org/W3206338816; https://openalex.org/W4232456625; https://openalex.org/W4233208757; https://openalex.org/W4236945833; https://openalex.org/W4238756271; https://openalex.org/W4242816708; https://openalex.org/W4246066143; https://openalex.org/W4254461681; https://openalex.org/W4372348656; https://openalex.org/W4400789899; https://openalex.org/W7002005117; https://openalex.org/W7047669798,Environmental Sociology,en,False
-W1765082176,10.60082/2817-5069.1347,"Leading Towards a Level Playing Field, Repaying Ecological Debt, or Making Environmental Space: Three Stories about International Environmental Cooperation",2005,"This article considers a number of different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between South and North in the environmental context, focusing on international responses to climate change and, in particular, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It explores three stories about international environmental cooperation. One derives from the concept of ""ecological debt,"" the second comes from the concept of ""environmental space,"" and the third, which might be said to underlie the U.S. approach to the Kyoto Protocol at the present time, is labelled ""leading towards a level playing field."" The article provides an overview of all three stories, and attempts to offer some insight into the very different visions of the international community that they encapsulate.",Karin Mickelson,A5075761661,Universidad Braulio Carrillo (CR),Vision; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Kyoto Protocol; Convention; Context (archaeology); Field (mathematics); Debt; Climate change; Space (punctuation); International community; Political science; Environmental resource management; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Sociology; Geography; Business; Law; Economics; Politics; Computer science,vision; united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change; kyoto-protocol; convention; context; field; debt; climate-change; space; international-community; political-science; environmental-resource-management; environmental-ethics; ecology; sociology; geography; business; law; economics; politics; computer-science,,Osgoode Hall law journal,en,False
-W2901782820,10.2458/v25i1.22013,"Public knowledge, attitudes and perception of ecological debt",2018,"The concept of ecological debt describes the ecological relations between industrialized (developed) and developing countries and the environment. It refers to the responsibility held by those who live in industrialized countries, as well as their accomplices in the South, for the continuing destruction of the planet due to production and consumption patterns. Ecological debt is a potentially powerful tool for re-discussing relations between North and South and for rethinking sustainable development policies. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the public's knowledge, attitude towards, and perceptions of topics related to the concept of ecological debt. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire among residents of Athens, the capital of Greece. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this issue has been explored, with regard to public opinion and this is the beginning of a discussion on public understanding of ecological debt. The survey reveals that the concept of ecological debt is not widely understood; but the participants seem to agree on the causes of its generation and on its association with external financial debt. The research findings guide alternative proposals to relevant social movements and/or organizations for the design of wake-up policies.",Efi Drimili; Efthimios Zervas,A5107969561; A5010764655,Hellenic Open University (GR); Hellenic Open University (GR),Debt; Public opinion; Perception; Consumption (sociology); Sustainable development; Political science; Business; Sociology; Psychology; Finance; Social science,debt; public-opinion; perception; consumption; sustainable-development; political-science; business; sociology; psychology; finance; social-science,https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1515669283; https://openalex.org/W1523895391; https://openalex.org/W1581783538; https://openalex.org/W1584129281; https://openalex.org/W1605140183; https://openalex.org/W1963486613; https://openalex.org/W1973899709; https://openalex.org/W1986875667; https://openalex.org/W1992688562; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2038699019; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2089327955; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2137540105; https://openalex.org/W2272890368; https://openalex.org/W2319568853; https://openalex.org/W2562324168; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2594589186; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2620457709; https://openalex.org/W2757478421; https://openalex.org/W2759503593; https://openalex.org/W2913390697; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4300483823; https://openalex.org/W4301375542; https://openalex.org/W4394846027; https://openalex.org/W6629265512; https://openalex.org/W6631258106; https://openalex.org/W6850696550,Journal of Political Ecology,en,False
-W2140675380,,VLIR-BVO project 2003 'Elaboration of the concept of ecological debt',2004,,Erik Paredis; Jesse Lambrecht; Gert Goeminne; Wouter Vanhove,A5041144613; A5048787297; A5007488495; A5024639661,,Elaboration; Geography; Environmental science; Philosophy,elaboration; geography; environmental-science; philosophy,https://openalex.org/W44884755; https://openalex.org/W68797825; https://openalex.org/W101332654; https://openalex.org/W222966551; https://openalex.org/W647204147; https://openalex.org/W810233521; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1976776799; https://openalex.org/W2012254774; https://openalex.org/W2018661949; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2085683054; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2167369155; https://openalex.org/W2226489716; https://openalex.org/W2274729279; https://openalex.org/W2301672513; https://openalex.org/W2339579267; https://openalex.org/W2746485780; https://openalex.org/W3048682234; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3159280209,Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University),en,False
-W3017089289,10.4324/9781315207094-4,Expanding treadmill of production analysis within green criminology by integrating metabolic rift and ecological unequal exchange theories,2020,"This chapter draws upon the treadmill of production (ToP) theoretical framework to demonstrate how capitalism produces environmental crimes and harms at both the local and global level. The chapter begins with a description of ToP before extending the political economic orientation of ToP by connecting it to two other radical political economic theories designed to make the linkage between capitalism and ecological destruction more visible: metabolic rift theory and ecological unequal exchange theory. The authors of this chapter argue that these views help round out the ToP approach and can be applied to understand any number of environmental crimes and injustices associated with ecological disorganisation. Encouraging further exploration by green criminologists, the authors make the case for establishing stronger connections to the ecological Marxist and environmental sociology literatures, as well as to the growing number of empirical studies in those fields that support these approaches.",Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett,A5018094670; A5001040330; A5088849050; A5088301346,,Environmental sociology; Production (economics); Ecology; Sociology; Economics; Biology; Microeconomics,environmental-sociology; production; ecology; sociology; economics; biology; microeconomics,,,en,False
-W4387183420,10.3389/fenvs.2023.1269691,The impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry,2023,"This paper uses the panel data of manufacturing subdivision industry from 2000 to 2014 to calculate the exchange of ecological inequality through MRIO model. On this basis, the systematic GMM model is used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the unequal exchange of manufacturing ecology. In addition, the ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry is decomposed into ecological unequal exchange on the production side, on the consumption side, with developed regions and with lessdeveloped regions. The study finds that: 1) Industry-wide research indicates that FDI inflows have a significant positive impact on reducing the unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector. This finding contributes to the existing literature on the effects of FDI on ecological inequality. 2) Path-specific studies reveal that FDI primarily reduces ecological inequality in the manufacturing sector through technological effects. However, the scale and structural effects of FDI exacerbate ecological inequality, confirming the findings of some scholars. This nuanced understanding of the effects of FDI on ecological inequality adds to the existing body of research. 3) From the perspective of FDI sources, FDI from Asian countries and regions is more beneficial for improving China’s ecological unequal exchange. This finding provides guidance for China’s FDI attraction policies. 4) Assessing pollution emissions inventories based on the principle of production responsibility is unfair to China from both the production and consumption perspectives. 5) From a regional perspective, FDI effectively reduces the impact of ecological unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector between China and developed economies. These findings confirm that China bears an unequal exchange in the trade process and enrich the understanding of the impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange.",Mengqi Gong; Longle Wang; Xiaofan Li,A5061660679; A5071018060; A5100637080,Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN),Foreign direct investment; China; Production (economics); Inequality; Manufacturing; Consumption (sociology); Economics; Economic geography; Ecology; Manufacturing sector; Business; International economics; Geography; Macroeconomics; Biology,foreign-direct-investment; china; production; inequality; manufacturing; consumption; economics; economic-geography; ecology; manufacturing-sector; business; international-economics; geography; macroeconomics; biology,https://openalex.org/W1977411201; https://openalex.org/W2012251817; https://openalex.org/W2024725622; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2164703638; https://openalex.org/W2263563523; https://openalex.org/W2523304678; https://openalex.org/W2557909387; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W2788098830; https://openalex.org/W2886351347; https://openalex.org/W2898613847; https://openalex.org/W2974680376; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3096720883; https://openalex.org/W3122661090; https://openalex.org/W3152730200; https://openalex.org/W4211145470; https://openalex.org/W4306691580; https://openalex.org/W4384393255,Frontiers in Environmental Science,en,False
-W3124841667,,"Leading Towards a Level Playing Field, Repaying Ecological Debt, or Making Environmental Space: Three Stories About International Environmental Cooperation",2005,"This article considers a number of different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between South and North in the environmental context, focusing on international responses to climate change and, particular, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It explores three stories about international cooperation. One derives from the concept of ""ecological debt,"" the second comes from the concept of ""environmental space,"" and the third, which might be said to underlie the U.S. approach to the Kyoto Protocol at the present time, is labelled ""leading towards a level playing field."" This article provides an overview of all three stories, and attempts to offer some insight into the very different visions of the international community that they encapsulate.",Karin Mickelson,A5075761661,,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Political science; Convention; Humanities; Kyoto Protocol; Ethnology; Vision; Context (archaeology); Sociology; Climate change; Geography; Ecology; Law; Archaeology; Art; Anthropology,united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change; political-science; convention; humanities; kyoto-protocol; ethnology; vision; context; sociology; climate-change; geography; ecology; law; archaeology; art; anthropology,,eYLS (Yale Law School),en,False
-W4415915422,10.1080/10455752.2025.2579886,Two Sides of the Same Coin: A Synthesis of Economic and Ecological Unequal Exchange,2025,"Capitalism perpetuates injustices by appropriating vast amounts of human effort and natural wealth across regions and populations, all under the guise of economic cooperation and mutual benefit. Marxist and ecological approaches to unequal exchange (UE) both seek to expose these transfers. Yet without theoretical integration, they fail to support crucial alliances between social and environmental justice movements. This paper therefore approaches UE as the convergence of labour, material, monetary, and currency imbalances. While individual imbalances may indicate asymmetry, their combined effect reveals deeper, systemic injustices. In 2022, after excluding productivity gaps, UE (expressed in monetary terms) amounted to a gain of US$ 3.1 trillion for the economies of the centre (equivalent to 27% of their combined Domestic Value Added, DVA) and a loss of US$ 1.7 trillion for the periphery (108%). When productivity gaps are included, the centre's gain rises to US$ 8.8 trillion (76%), while the periphery loses US$ 6.9 trillion – equivalent to a staggering 440% of DVA. These imbalances reflect not a deviation from some “true” or “fair” monetary value of nature or labour, but rather expose a system sustained by extraction and exploitation. Balance cannot be restored within such a system; it must be transformed.",Crelis Rammelt,A5005445191,University of Amsterdam (NL),Capitalism; Production (economics); Sustainability,capitalism; production; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W1964911611; https://openalex.org/W1967540883; https://openalex.org/W1975529595; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W1993258255; https://openalex.org/W1997312490; https://openalex.org/W2014634665; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2076881948; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2345419491; https://openalex.org/W2515104092; https://openalex.org/W2624693595; https://openalex.org/W2794556575; https://openalex.org/W2899120092; https://openalex.org/W3083280272; https://openalex.org/W3144452147; https://openalex.org/W4211221020; https://openalex.org/W4234010666; https://openalex.org/W4251638621; https://openalex.org/W4282567479; https://openalex.org/W4361289971; https://openalex.org/W4387429400; https://openalex.org/W4388661872; https://openalex.org/W4396494537; https://openalex.org/W4401091536; https://openalex.org/W4409155547; https://openalex.org/W4409540095; https://openalex.org/W4412018112; https://openalex.org/W6908880526,Capitalism Nature Socialism,en,False
-W4242353811,10.4324/9780203076989-29,Environmental justice and ecological debt in Belgium: the UMICORE case,2013,"The notion of ecological debt focuses on unequal exploitation of the global commons, and includes pollution, disproportionate use of the environment and ‘theft’ of southern resources by northern countries. The calculations of such environmental damages represent a practical tool for pursuing environmental justice. This chapter takes a more local view of the notion of ecological debt, by applying the same principles around an industrial site in a Northern country. ‘Ecological debt’ is in this context equivalent to ‘environmental liability’. A company has assets and liabilities, i.e. debts. The environmental liabilities rarely appear in the balance sheets. Similarly, the ecological debts of rich countries do not appear in their macroeconomic accounts. We focus on historically created ecological damage, considering impacts on health and capabilities, the major collateral damages infl icted in the recent past by the emissions of a particular site in Belgium run by the company UMICORE. In the fi rst section, we present the notions of environmental justice, ecological debt and particularly the idea of ‘private ecological debt’ or environmental liability. The second section describes the methodology for evaluating the ecological debt in the case under study. Section three shows the calculations and results. In section four, we discuss the advantages of collaborative or co-operative research between scientists and civil society actors, which lie at the heart of the present book, and the resulting practical and theoretical contributions of this study.",,,,Environmental justice; Debt; Economic Justice; Ecology; Geography; Political science; Business; Biology; Finance; Law,environmental-justice; debt; economic-justice; ecology; geography; political-science; business; biology; finance; law,,,en,False
-W2424450747,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.006,Where have all the funds gone? Multiregional input-output analysis of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development,2016,,Fabio Monsalve; Jorge Zafrilla; María‐Ángeles Cadarso,A5081118602; A5047259057; A5036506113,University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES); University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES); University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES),Sustainability; Agriculture; Distribution (mathematics); Business; Sustainable development; Economics; Rural development; Natural resource economics; Geography; Ecology,sustainability; agriculture; distribution; business; sustainable-development; economics; rural-development; natural-resource-economics; geography; ecology,https://openalex.org/W749416070; https://openalex.org/W1492289444; https://openalex.org/W1493472778; https://openalex.org/W1542047764; https://openalex.org/W1650067763; https://openalex.org/W1895628710; https://openalex.org/W1956760944; https://openalex.org/W1964085940; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W1971309533; https://openalex.org/W1982813761; https://openalex.org/W1987219067; https://openalex.org/W1988324589; https://openalex.org/W1992683955; https://openalex.org/W1995968610; https://openalex.org/W1998830031; https://openalex.org/W2009852955; https://openalex.org/W2010351240; https://openalex.org/W2020393050; https://openalex.org/W2026535485; https://openalex.org/W2029670485; https://openalex.org/W2033554029; https://openalex.org/W2035943368; https://openalex.org/W2037089594; https://openalex.org/W2041490855; https://openalex.org/W2045987553; https://openalex.org/W2049663377; https://openalex.org/W2050650868; https://openalex.org/W2052603662; https://openalex.org/W2058450398; https://openalex.org/W2062825804; https://openalex.org/W2065289804; https://openalex.org/W2083280785; https://openalex.org/W2087939361; https://openalex.org/W2093445010; https://openalex.org/W2096081303; https://openalex.org/W2100016968; https://openalex.org/W2102966366; https://openalex.org/W2113219607; https://openalex.org/W2126205604; https://openalex.org/W2144975314; https://openalex.org/W2145917034; https://openalex.org/W2158804744; https://openalex.org/W2162141368; https://openalex.org/W2162550487; https://openalex.org/W2166001406; https://openalex.org/W2171050209; https://openalex.org/W2318764153; https://openalex.org/W2319851860; https://openalex.org/W2322974595; https://openalex.org/W2323325301; https://openalex.org/W2332875009; https://openalex.org/W2335259225; https://openalex.org/W2399179509; https://openalex.org/W3121873832; https://openalex.org/W3124228636; https://openalex.org/W3125711463; https://openalex.org/W6622074492; https://openalex.org/W6641122997; https://openalex.org/W6662088076; https://openalex.org/W6981294069,Ecological Economics,en,False
-W4312219881,10.1080/14747731.2022.2157992,"Climate, violence, resource extraction and ecological debt: global implications of an assassination on South Africa's coal mining belt",2022,"Extractivism has attracted inspiring resistance in South Africa, but far-reaching lessons from one site of struggle in KwaZulu-Natal Province are sobering. The October 2020 assassination of Fikile Ntshangase, an anti-coal activist, reflects difficult political-economic and political-ecological terrain. The critical role of gendered activism in former apartheid-era Bantustans underlay concrete problems Ntshangase faced when confronted by male coal-mine labourers. There was no ‘Just Transition’ programme to decarbonize the mine at the time. The corporation that benefited from the assassination, Petmin, was expanding into Ntshangase's village. In the process, not only did the need to cease coal mining become of enormous global concern, but Petmin’s role in international circuits of capital also gave rise to a new round of global-local and socio-ecological linkages. Some involve the World Bank while others entail solidarity with victims of the same firm near the United States city of Cleveland.",Patrick Bond,A5061884523,University of Johannesburg (ZA),Solidarity; Political ecology; Politics; Political science; Corporation; Resource (disambiguation); Debt; Economy; Political economy; Development economics; Business; Sociology; Economics; Law,solidarity; political-ecology; politics; political-science; corporation; resource; debt; economy; political-economy; development-economics; business; sociology; economics; law,https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W1862751979; https://openalex.org/W2534779911; https://openalex.org/W2971750072; https://openalex.org/W4285190786,Globalizations,en,False
-W4250250916,10.2307/j.ctt183p4mr,Ecological Debt,2009,,Andrew Simms,A5112290444,,Environmental science; Economics; Ecology; Biology,environmental-science; economics; ecology; biology,,Pluto Press eBooks,en,False
-W2594382053,,Asymmetries : Conceptualizing Environmental Inequalities as Ecological Debt and Ecologically Unequal Exchange,2017,"In this compilation thesis, consisting of six papers and an introductory chapter, the concepts of ecological debt, climate debt, ecologically unequal exchange, and unequal carbon sink appropriation are at the centre. Their intellectual and political histories are traced to environmental justice movements, ecological economics and neo-Marxist economics. They are developed conceptually and linked together analytically using a stock-flow perspective. Special concern is devoted to climate debt as understood by the climate justice movement. Its claims on climate debt are identified, their normative assumptions tested and climate debt is quantified as consisting of both an emission debt and an adaptation debt. The last paper focus on a historical case study, where a method for measuring ecologically unequal exchange – time-space appropriation – is applied to discuss core and peripheries in the early modern world system, indicating a Sinocentric world economy. In the introductory chapter, sections on critical realism and mixed methods research position the thesis theoretically and methodologically. The concepts at the centre of the thesis are synthesized into what is called an ecological-economic asymmetries approach. Further, the possibilities to base the approach on ecological Marxism and historical-geographical materialism are explored and a potential future research strategy sketched.",Rikard Warlenius,A5020507738,,Debt; Appropriation; Ecological economics; Economics; Positive economics; Political science; Sociology; Social science; Neoclassical economics; Ecology; Sustainability; Epistemology; Macroeconomics,debt; appropriation; ecological-economics; economics; positive-economics; political-science; sociology; social-science; neoclassical-economics; ecology; sustainability; epistemology; macroeconomics,,Lund University Publications (Lund University),en,False
-W409900855,,Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice : Women Write Political Ecology,2009,Ecological Debt: Embodied Debt Ariel Salleh PART I - HISTORIES The Devaluation of Women's Labour Silvia Federici Who is the 'He' of He Who Decides in Economic Discourse? Ewa Charkiewicz The Diversity Matrix: Relationship and Complexity Susan Hawthorne PART II - MATTER Development for Some is Violence for Others Nalini Nayak Nuclearised Bodies and Militarised Space Zohl de Ishtar Women and Deliberative Water Management Andrea Moraes and Ellie Perkins PART III - GOVERNANCE Mainstreaming Trade and Millennium Development Goals? Gig Francisco and Peggy Antrobus Policy and the Measure of Woman Marilyn Waring Feminist Ecological Economics in Theory and Practice Sabine U. O'Hara PART IV - ENERGY Who Pays for Kyoto Protocol? Selling Oxygen and Selling Sex Ana Isla How Global Warming is Gendered Meike Spitzner Women and the Abuja Declaration for Energy Sovereignty Leigh Brownhill and Terisa E. Turner PART V - MOVEMENT Ecofeminist Political Economy and the Politics of Money Mary Mellor Saving Women: Saving the Commons Leo Podlashuc From Eco-Sufficiency to Global Justice Ariel Salleh Index,Ariel Salleh,A5050075228,,Ecological economics; Politics; Political science; Economy; Sociology; Gender studies; Ecology; Economics; Law; Sustainability,ecological-economics; politics; political-science; economy; sociology; gender-studies; ecology; economics; law; sustainability,,,en,False
-W2023267627,10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.021,Natural capital: The limiting factor,2006,,Joshua Farley; Herman E. Daly,A5090686681; A5027651591,"University of Vermont (US); University of Maryland, College Park (US)",Footprint; Ecological footprint; Environmental science; Occupancy; Natural resource; Land use; Geography; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Sustainability,footprint; ecological-footprint; environmental-science; occupancy; natural-resource; land-use; geography; environmental-resource-management; ecology; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W121151744; https://openalex.org/W571165093; https://openalex.org/W617737805; https://openalex.org/W1530567397; https://openalex.org/W1564107706; https://openalex.org/W1574252464; https://openalex.org/W1574645189; https://openalex.org/W1608237007; https://openalex.org/W1927063796; https://openalex.org/W1936774573; https://openalex.org/W1970317388; https://openalex.org/W1970376522; https://openalex.org/W1994485043; https://openalex.org/W1999061137; https://openalex.org/W2008143266; https://openalex.org/W2012341183; https://openalex.org/W2027271929; https://openalex.org/W2048973844; https://openalex.org/W2057931959; https://openalex.org/W2073080915; https://openalex.org/W2099799233; https://openalex.org/W2112484287; https://openalex.org/W2149161296; https://openalex.org/W2151301860; https://openalex.org/W2164556042; https://openalex.org/W2481880397; https://openalex.org/W2555957898; https://openalex.org/W3137224376; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W6672806637; https://openalex.org/W6684132962; https://openalex.org/W6757687813,Ecological Engineering,en,False
-W3164354311,,Environmental justice and ecological debt in Belgium: The UMICORE case,2013,,Nick Meynen; Léa Sébastien,A5032018808; A5110959155,,Environmental justice; Debt; Environmental resource management; Political science; Natural resource economics; Economics; Ecology; Business; Geography; Finance; Biology,environmental-justice; debt; environmental-resource-management; political-science; natural-resource-economics; economics; ecology; business; geography; finance; biology,,,en,False
-W2796372547,10.4337/9781849805520.00019,Ecological Debt: An Integrating Concept for Socio-Environmental Change,2010,"This thoroughly revised Handbook provides an assessment of the scope and content of environmental sociology, and sets out the intellectual and practical challenges posed by the urgent need for policy and action to address accelerating environmental change.",Iñaki Bárcena Hinojal; Rosa Lago Aurrekoetxea,A5040506861; A5037022026,,Scope (computer science); Action (physics); Environmental change; Debt; Environmental resource management; Sociology; Political science; Environmental planning; Ecology; Business; Geography; Environmental science; Computer science; Climate change; Biology,scope; action; environmental-change; debt; environmental-resource-management; sociology; political-science; environmental-planning; ecology; business; geography; environmental-science; computer-science; climate-change; biology,,Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks,en,False
-W3210510104,10.1080/13549839.2021.1983795,"Circularity, entropy, ecological conflicts and LFFU",2021,"The economy is not circular, it is increasingly entropic. Energy from the photosynthesis of the distant past, fossil fuels, is burned and dissipated. Even without further economic growth the industrial economy would need new supplies of energy and materials extracted from the “commodity frontiers”, producing also more waste (including excessive amounts of greenhouse gases). Therefore, new ecological distribution conflicts (EDC) arise all the time. Such EDCs are often “valuation contests” displaying incommensurable plural values. Examples from the Atlas of Environmental Justice are given of coal, oil and gas-related conflicts in several countries combining local and global complaints. Claims for climate justice and recognition of an ecological debt have been put forward by environmentalists from the South since 1991, together with a strategy of leaving fossil fuels underground (LFFU) through bottom-up movements. This could make a substantial contribution to the decrease in carbon dioxide emissions.",Joan Martínez Alier,A5004042357,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES),Greenhouse gas; Fossil fuel; Natural resource economics; Plural; Valuation (finance); Coal; Economics; Ecological economics; Commodity; Environmental justice; Energy security; Ecology; Sustainability; Environmental science; Economy; Geography; Renewable energy; Market economy,greenhouse-gas; fossil-fuel; natural-resource-economics; plural; valuation; coal; economics; ecological-economics; commodity; environmental-justice; energy-security; ecology; sustainability; environmental-science; economy; geography; renewable-energy; market-economy,https://openalex.org/W39838849; https://openalex.org/W91194789; https://openalex.org/W106908474; https://openalex.org/W647036171; https://openalex.org/W1505091764; https://openalex.org/W1541584794; https://openalex.org/W1595652305; https://openalex.org/W1803673662; https://openalex.org/W1862702728; https://openalex.org/W1963684733; https://openalex.org/W1963985712; https://openalex.org/W1973318389; https://openalex.org/W1979816480; https://openalex.org/W1992262753; https://openalex.org/W2030626342; https://openalex.org/W2041321854; https://openalex.org/W2048051304; https://openalex.org/W2053216029; https://openalex.org/W2056619110; https://openalex.org/W2076926005; https://openalex.org/W2079856242; https://openalex.org/W2082793946; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2118628106; https://openalex.org/W2131236975; https://openalex.org/W2132214484; https://openalex.org/W2155200498; https://openalex.org/W2271137388; https://openalex.org/W2313084143; https://openalex.org/W2324550751; https://openalex.org/W2342655129; https://openalex.org/W2567287119; https://openalex.org/W2592356138; https://openalex.org/W2598540519; https://openalex.org/W2772693920; https://openalex.org/W2772802389; https://openalex.org/W2790216946; https://openalex.org/W2791564097; https://openalex.org/W2797346201; https://openalex.org/W2797434453; https://openalex.org/W2801608957; https://openalex.org/W2883168693; https://openalex.org/W2889685062; https://openalex.org/W2891857460; https://openalex.org/W2892221156; https://openalex.org/W2901758408; https://openalex.org/W2921021117; https://openalex.org/W2981711509; https://openalex.org/W2991613651; https://openalex.org/W3011803474; https://openalex.org/W3023793666; https://openalex.org/W3033432264; https://openalex.org/W3047060341; https://openalex.org/W3090697615; https://openalex.org/W3091617824; https://openalex.org/W3091902962; https://openalex.org/W3092621118; https://openalex.org/W3094134127; https://openalex.org/W3098302150; https://openalex.org/W3100044586; https://openalex.org/W3107877676; https://openalex.org/W3120723020; https://openalex.org/W3129731695; https://openalex.org/W3139265487; https://openalex.org/W3146360081; https://openalex.org/W3154286314; https://openalex.org/W3197396347; https://openalex.org/W3205393210; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4233919019; https://openalex.org/W4241340504; https://openalex.org/W4241852105; https://openalex.org/W4252072419; https://openalex.org/W4252277488; https://openalex.org/W4254369197; https://openalex.org/W4301267015; https://openalex.org/W4311608047; https://openalex.org/W4387882599,Local Environment,en,False
-W4394877371,10.3390/su16083371,Exploring the Impact of FDI and Technological Progress Path on Ecological Unequal Exchange within Manufacturing Industry in China,2024,"Under the premise of jointly promoting global ecological and environmental governance, as an important promoter of economic globalization and the main communicator of low-carbon technology, how does FDI contribute to EUE? In addition, technology can affect ecological inequality exchange by affecting production methods and other aspects, so what role does the path of technological progress play in it? These questions are the focus of this paper. Ecological unequal exchange is calculated using the MRIO model, and this study further examines the influence of FDI on this exchange in the manufacturing sector via technological progress using the systematic GMM model. The study discovered the following: (1) The full sample study reveals that FDI inflows can significantly reduce the EUE of the manufacturing industry, but FDI exacerbates the EUE in the manufacturing industry by further worsening it through the pathway of technological progress (2) Further research finds that the effect of FDI on the EUE in the manufacturing sector through technological progress path will be different due to the source of FDI vary, the causes of ecological unequal exchange, the time period, and the development of a technological progress path.",Mengqi Gong; Weike Zhang,A5061660679; A5101610023,Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN); Wuhan Institute of Technology (CN),Foreign direct investment; Technological change; Manufacturing; Economic geography; Globalization; Premise; China; Industrial organization; Business; Path dependence; Manufacturing sector; Sample (material); Corporate governance; Economics; Ecology; International economics; Marketing; Geography; Market economy; Macroeconomics; Management,foreign-direct-investment; technological-change; manufacturing; economic-geography; globalization; premise; china; industrial-organization; business; path-dependence; manufacturing-sector; sample; corporate-governance; economics; ecology; international-economics; marketing; geography; market-economy; macroeconomics; management,https://openalex.org/W1495220204; https://openalex.org/W1970139579; https://openalex.org/W2012011920; https://openalex.org/W2057810683; https://openalex.org/W2091748877; https://openalex.org/W2367636902; https://openalex.org/W2371455775; https://openalex.org/W2381991480; https://openalex.org/W2618067250; https://openalex.org/W2743178718; https://openalex.org/W3010013823; https://openalex.org/W3122619127; https://openalex.org/W3124744803; https://openalex.org/W3125697804; https://openalex.org/W3212855748; https://openalex.org/W6738354462; https://openalex.org/W7005270004,Sustainability,en,False
-W2087385946,10.1080/14747730701345218,"Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change",2007,"The globalization of economic production fundamentally reshapes how a ‘fair’ solution to the climate change problem must be forged. Emissions are increasing sharply in developing countries as wealthy nations ‘offshore’ the energy- and natural resource-intensive stages of production. We review a new and relatively under-utilized theory of ‘ecologically unequal exchange’ and apply it to the case of climate change. We describe four distinct principles that have been proposed to assign responsibility for carbon emissions, discuss their inadequacies, and briefly lay out some ‘hybrid’ proposals currently under consideration. We suggest combining hybrid proposals with environmental aid packages that help poorer nations transition from carbon-intensive pathways of development to more climate-friendly development trajectories, using remuneration from the so-called ‘ecological debt’. In the context of deadlock over a completely inadequate Kyoto Protocol, we argue that fairness principles, climate science, and an understanding of globalization and development must be integrated. La globalización de la producción económica cambia completamente la forma de cómo una “simple”solución al problema del cambio climatológico debe de ser alterado. Las emisiones han aumentado bruscamente en los países en desarrollo mientras que los países ricos operan en el extranjero las fases intensas de producción de energía y utilización de recursos naturales. Hemos revisado una teoría nueva y relativamente poco utilizada de ‘intercambio ecológico desigual’ y la hemos aplicado al caso del cambio del clima. Describimos cuatro principios distintos que se propusieron para asignar la responsabilidad a las emisiones de carbón, discutimos sus faltas de adecuación y planeamos brevemente unas propuestas ‘híbridas'que se encuentran actualmente bajo consideración. Sugerimos combinar las propuestas híbridas con los paquetes de ayuda para el medio ambiente que ayuden a las naciones más pobres a hacer la transición de las vías intensivas de desarrollo de carbón a trayectorias de desarrollo más adaptable al clima, usando renumeración de la llamada ‘deuda ecológica’. En el contexto sobre un Protocolo de Kyoto estancado y completamente inadecuado, discutimos que la justicia, ciencia climatológica y el entendimiento de globalización y desarrollo deben integrarse.",J. Timmons Roberts; Bradley C. Parks,A5082988195; A5047978847,Williams (United States) (US); William & Mary (US); Millennium Challenge Corporation (US),Globalization; Welfare economics; Kyoto Protocol; Climate change; Context (archaeology); Political science; Economy; Natural resource; Geography; Natural resource economics; Economic system; Economics; Ecology,globalization; welfare-economics; kyoto-protocol; climate-change; context; political-science; economy; natural-resource; geography; natural-resource-economics; economic-system; economics; ecology,https://openalex.org/W18714912; https://openalex.org/W53023682; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W414522172; https://openalex.org/W564021603; https://openalex.org/W571951978; https://openalex.org/W608430605; https://openalex.org/W613588134; https://openalex.org/W651598703; https://openalex.org/W1503706120; https://openalex.org/W1527117602; https://openalex.org/W1552736777; https://openalex.org/W1563281257; https://openalex.org/W1565850046; https://openalex.org/W1580621702; https://openalex.org/W1583029312; https://openalex.org/W1593994209; https://openalex.org/W1594846353; https://openalex.org/W1607694897; https://openalex.org/W1823886455; https://openalex.org/W1970732996; https://openalex.org/W1979153761; https://openalex.org/W1980981591; https://openalex.org/W1993184008; https://openalex.org/W1996879967; https://openalex.org/W1998804088; https://openalex.org/W2005340918; https://openalex.org/W2008178580; https://openalex.org/W2013402297; https://openalex.org/W2017032566; https://openalex.org/W2021458480; https://openalex.org/W2027255868; https://openalex.org/W2030978014; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2038981142; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2069512745; https://openalex.org/W2069551332; https://openalex.org/W2076095769; https://openalex.org/W2077858203; https://openalex.org/W2083170299; https://openalex.org/W2084528250; https://openalex.org/W2095688137; https://openalex.org/W2101062956; https://openalex.org/W2101108903; https://openalex.org/W2109558192; https://openalex.org/W2125388400; https://openalex.org/W2126212614; https://openalex.org/W2173400697; https://openalex.org/W2174103482; https://openalex.org/W2182089091; https://openalex.org/W2259217146; https://openalex.org/W2341034567; https://openalex.org/W2392627374; https://openalex.org/W2487688836; https://openalex.org/W2501585505; https://openalex.org/W2528256758; https://openalex.org/W2799152616; https://openalex.org/W3102500135; https://openalex.org/W3121653486; https://openalex.org/W3123081990; https://openalex.org/W3123592998; https://openalex.org/W3124119720; https://openalex.org/W3159280209; https://openalex.org/W4230109911; https://openalex.org/W4232708887; https://openalex.org/W4234534685; https://openalex.org/W4237018467; https://openalex.org/W4247796865; https://openalex.org/W4285719527; https://openalex.org/W4299448508,Globalizations,en,False
-W3135111755,10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107480,Improvement and application of the three-dimensional ecological footprint model,2021,"The ecological footprint (EF) is an important tool for assessing ecological resource occupancy. The three-dimensional (3D) EF changes the EF from a plane to a column, and the bottom (EFsize) represents the human appropriation of the annual natural resource flow provided by the earth, while the height (EFdepth) represents the number of years required to regenerate the resources consumed within 1 year. According to the difference in the human demands for the productive functions of land, this paper improves the 3D EF model based on three sub-items, namely, the basic land footprint (including the footprint of cropland, grazing land and fishing grounds), which captures the demands of the physical part of food and clothing; forest land footprint, which captures wood and carbon absorption demands; and the built-up land footprint, which captures production and living space demands. The improved model is a 3D structure with three different heights. The bottom shows human appropriation of annual natural flows of the sub-items, and there is competition between the sub-items. The sub-heights are related to the overshoot of the sub-items. The forest land footprint depth is earlier and deeper than the 3D EF, and the footprint depth of the built-up land and basic land kept the natural depth. Therefore, humans perceive climate change, but their daily survival is not significantly affected. The flow occupancy ratio (orflow) and the accumulated ecological debt depth (EFdepthaccum) are introduced to analyse the closeness to the overshooting state and the years of using existing resources to eliminate historical ecological debt, respectively.",Mingli Bi; Cuiyou Yao; Gaodi Xie; Jingya Liu; Keyu Qin,A5008414446; A5045501264; A5102898759; A5101510723; A5016482157,Capital University of Economics and Business (CN); Capital University of Economics and Business (CN); Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (CN); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN); Institute of Oceanology (CN),Ecological footprint; Environmental science; Footprint; Occupancy; Land use; Natural resource; Environmental resource management; Ecology; Geography; Sustainability,ecological-footprint; environmental-science; footprint; occupancy; land-use; natural-resource; environmental-resource-management; ecology; geography; sustainability,https://openalex.org/W1583147110; https://openalex.org/W1670321511; https://openalex.org/W1966364945; https://openalex.org/W1978430273; https://openalex.org/W1985203887; https://openalex.org/W1993351177; https://openalex.org/W2000984567; https://openalex.org/W2023267627; https://openalex.org/W2030498171; https://openalex.org/W2038398724; https://openalex.org/W2041447960; https://openalex.org/W2043244602; https://openalex.org/W2049235562; https://openalex.org/W2061195351; https://openalex.org/W2082737326; https://openalex.org/W2085596282; https://openalex.org/W2096885696; https://openalex.org/W2102387788; https://openalex.org/W2124350766; https://openalex.org/W2158809385; https://openalex.org/W2162648754; https://openalex.org/W2173448856; https://openalex.org/W2318167787; https://openalex.org/W2343073829; https://openalex.org/W2367839488; https://openalex.org/W2555754221; https://openalex.org/W2583237449; https://openalex.org/W2591241614; https://openalex.org/W2610836651; https://openalex.org/W2622029016; https://openalex.org/W2738104081; https://openalex.org/W2782393706; https://openalex.org/W2806335189; https://openalex.org/W2809858641; https://openalex.org/W2887510779; https://openalex.org/W2891411478; https://openalex.org/W2897191418; https://openalex.org/W2898686451; https://openalex.org/W2905314297; https://openalex.org/W2915580847; https://openalex.org/W2915905786; https://openalex.org/W2942854102; https://openalex.org/W2945757657; https://openalex.org/W2966517724; https://openalex.org/W3016419643; https://openalex.org/W3125042908; https://openalex.org/W3159645282; https://openalex.org/W6775626879; https://openalex.org/W7071651851,Ecological Indicators,en,False
-W2051634160,10.1080/01436597.2013.786288,"Carbon Markets, Debt and Uneven Development",2013,"Abstract The United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (cdm) has been envisaged as a powerful tool for reconciling the global South’s environment and development problematic. By allowing Southern states to produce and sell carbon credits into the Kyoto Protocol’s compliance market, many predicted a growing North–South transfer of carbon finance, technology and profit. Confronted by deep crisis in global carbon markets, however, the cdm, rather than spurring development, is furnishing the conditions for rising debt and insecurity since project costs must be financed upfront, with the expectation that future project revenue will subsequently fulfil these obligations. This paper analyses the dialectic entanglements between the cdm’s ex post and market-dependent financing structure, the carbon market crisis and uneven development, based on the contention that cdm-related debt reveals the deeply unequal power relations that underpin contemporary approaches to climate change mitigation, whereby the North’s ecological debt is displaced, both materially and financially, onto Southern actors.",Kate Ervine,A5000155071,Schlumberger (Ireland) (IE),Clean Development Mechanism; Kyoto Protocol; Carbon finance; Debt; Carbon credit; Revenue; Economics; Profit (economics); Carbon market; Debt crisis; Climate Finance; Carbon offset; Business; Greenhouse gas; Finance; Economic growth; Developing country; Ecology,clean-development-mechanism; kyoto-protocol; carbon-finance; debt; carbon-credit; revenue; economics; profit; carbon-market; debt-crisis; climate-finance; carbon-offset; business; greenhouse-gas; finance; economic-growth; developing-country; ecology,,Third World Quarterly,en,False
-W2021230127,10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62758-4,Cut ecological debt or humanity is at risk,2007,,Catherine Brahic,A5005093501,,Humanity; Planetary boundaries; Debt; Astrobiology; Environmental ethics; Ecology; Environmental science; Biology; Business; Political science; Sustainable development; Philosophy; Law; Finance,humanity; planetary-boundaries; debt; astrobiology; environmental-ethics; ecology; environmental-science; biology; business; political-science; sustainable-development; philosophy; law; finance,,The New Scientist,en,False
-W2026461148,10.1007/s10460-014-9567-6,Structural impediments to sustainable groundwater management in the High Plains Aquifer of western Kansas,2014,,Matthew R. Sanderson; R. Scott Frey,A5001783283; A5084438873,Waters (United States) (US); Kansas State University (US); University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US),Aquifer; Groundwater; Agriculture; Resource (disambiguation); Sustainability; Natural resource economics; Rift valley; Water resource management; Geography; Ecology; Environmental science; Economics; Geology; Biology,aquifer; groundwater; agriculture; resource; sustainability; natural-resource-economics; rift-valley; water-resource-management; geography; ecology; environmental-science; economics; geology; biology,https://openalex.org/W60146509; https://openalex.org/W82035503; https://openalex.org/W141261431; https://openalex.org/W228880448; https://openalex.org/W565701012; https://openalex.org/W616635769; https://openalex.org/W628027292; https://openalex.org/W1480446199; https://openalex.org/W1487290281; https://openalex.org/W1494624469; https://openalex.org/W1512183817; https://openalex.org/W1526407077; https://openalex.org/W1550246025; https://openalex.org/W1554641608; https://openalex.org/W1603268398; https://openalex.org/W1803117247; https://openalex.org/W1898499425; https://openalex.org/W1907583418; https://openalex.org/W1966605003; https://openalex.org/W1981704037; https://openalex.org/W1982690502; https://openalex.org/W1986286171; https://openalex.org/W1990164247; https://openalex.org/W2006759735; https://openalex.org/W2015619480; https://openalex.org/W2016536997; https://openalex.org/W2017929814; https://openalex.org/W2020935901; https://openalex.org/W2021515498; https://openalex.org/W2023528362; https://openalex.org/W2031839214; https://openalex.org/W2036713768; https://openalex.org/W2047856663; https://openalex.org/W2049888754; https://openalex.org/W2056926496; https://openalex.org/W2064766425; https://openalex.org/W2075293243; https://openalex.org/W2079188934; https://openalex.org/W2092254604; https://openalex.org/W2093027911; https://openalex.org/W2099743616; https://openalex.org/W2104246777; https://openalex.org/W2104336388; https://openalex.org/W2108057681; https://openalex.org/W2119211517; https://openalex.org/W2122854726; https://openalex.org/W2126772797; https://openalex.org/W2133022495; https://openalex.org/W2142043891; https://openalex.org/W2159642665; https://openalex.org/W2165702945; https://openalex.org/W2166417404; https://openalex.org/W2169986832; https://openalex.org/W2175723801; https://openalex.org/W2226396244; https://openalex.org/W2291738616; https://openalex.org/W2418036091; https://openalex.org/W2516204427; https://openalex.org/W3044225635; https://openalex.org/W3147387277; https://openalex.org/W3147701359; https://openalex.org/W3148727043; https://openalex.org/W4211124652; https://openalex.org/W4211244051; https://openalex.org/W4233654598; https://openalex.org/W4234302912; https://openalex.org/W4241892371; https://openalex.org/W4244588123; https://openalex.org/W4248466517; https://openalex.org/W4251548203; https://openalex.org/W4297775561; https://openalex.org/W4300360800; https://openalex.org/W4319588009; https://openalex.org/W6604253536; https://openalex.org/W6619976831; https://openalex.org/W6655690080; https://openalex.org/W7024744069; https://openalex.org/W7065650524,Agriculture and Human Values,en,False
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diff --git a/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.bib b/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.bib
deleted file mode 100644
index 18ed67c..0000000
--- a/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.bib
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,333 +0,0 @@
-% =====================================================================
-% semillas_ied.bib — corpus semilla sintético para el caso de uso IED
-% =====================================================================
-% NO son papers reales. Autores, títulos, DOIs y journals son inventados
-% pero plausibles, modelados a partir del patrón observado en la
-% literatura real sobre intercambio ecológicamente desigual, deuda
-% ecológica y huella ecológica transferida.
-%
-% Estructura intencional del corpus semilla:
-%   - Cluster "marcos teóricos" (Bunker-style, Hornborg-style):     ~5 refs
-%   - Cluster "estudios empíricos IED" Global South-led:             ~8 refs
-%   - Cluster "estudios empíricos IED" Global North-led:            ~6 refs
-%   - Cluster "metodología / materiales":                            ~4 refs
-%   - Cluster "crítica y tensiones internas":                        ~3 refs
-%   - Refs "huérfanas" (sin keywords/abstract) para testear parser:  ~4 refs
-%
-% CAMPO EXTRA vs BibTeX estándar:
-%   - affiliation = {Pais}: país principal de afiliación del paper.
-%     Lo lee 02_load_bibtex.py y lo mapea a authors_affiliations para
-%     permitir análisis de asimetrías Norte-Sur. No es un campo BibTeX
-%     estándar; es metadata específica de esta sandbox.
-% =====================================================================
-
-@article{bunker1984dep,
-  author    = {Bunker, Stephen G.},
-  title     = {Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-               Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-               1600--1980},
-  journal   = {American Journal of Sociology},
-  year      = {1984},
-  volume    = {89},
-  number    = {5},
-  pages     = {1017--1064},
-  doi       = {10.1086/227972},
-  keywords  = {unequal exchange, ecological exchange, periphery, world-system},
-  abstract  = {We develop a framework for analyzing unequal ecological exchange
-               between core and peripheral regions, drawing on the case of the
-               Brazilian Amazon.},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{hornborg1998ecology,
-  author    = {Hornborg, Alf},
-  title     = {Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-               World System Theory and Ecological Economics},
-  journal   = {Ecological Economics},
-  year      = {1998},
-  volume    = {25},
-  number    = {1},
-  pages     = {127--136},
-  doi       = {10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6},
-  keywords  = {unequal exchange, ecological economics, world-system, throughput},
-  abstract  = {We articulate world-system theory and ecological economics to
-               develop a biophysical theory of unequal exchange.},
-  affiliation = {SE},
-}
-
-@article{ricardo1817principles,
-  author    = {Ricardo, David},
-  title     = {On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation},
-  year      = {1817},
-  keywords  = {political economy, comparative advantage, classical},
-  affiliation = {UK},
-  % Sin journal, sin doi: referencia clásica antigua. Testea el parser.
-}
-
-@incollection{wallis1969,
-  author    = {Wallis, Victor},
-  title     = {The Ecology of Unequal Exchange},
-  booktitle = {Environments and Societies},
-  publisher = {Macmillan},
-  year      = {1969},
-  keywords  = {ecology, unequal exchange, marxism},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{aldas2018biophysical,
-  author    = {Aldas, C. and {\'A}lvarez, M. and Orta, L.},
-  title     = {Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-               on Asymmetric Exchange},
-  journal   = {Ecological Economics},
-  year      = {2018},
-  volume    = {144},
-  pages     = {137--152},
-  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001},
-  keywords  = {biophysical trade, Ecuador, unequal exchange, Latin America},
-  abstract  = {We compute the physical trade balance of Ecuador to expose
-               asymmetric ecological exchange.},
-  affiliation = {EC},
-}
-
-@article{pereira2019physical,
-  author    = {Pereira, J. and Silva, R. and Costa, P.},
-  title     = {Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-               Analysis},
-  journal   = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
-  year      = {2019},
-  volume    = {23},
-  number    = {4},
-  pages     = {812--826},
-  doi       = {10.1111/jiec.12830},
-  keywords  = {material flow analysis, Brazil, biophysical trade, periphery},
-  abstract  = {Material flow analysis applied to Brazilian trade shows persistent
-               physical deficits with the Global North.},
-  affiliation = {BR},
-}
-
-@article{reyes2020deuda,
-  author    = {Reyes, G. and Carrasco, H.},
-  title     = {Deuda ecol{\'o}gica del Per{\'u} con el mundo, 1990--2018},
-  journal   = {Ecolog{\'i}a Pol{\'i}tica},
-  year      = {2020},
-  number    = {59},
-  pages     = {45--62},
-  keywords  = {deuda ecol{\'o}gica, Per{\'u}, comercio, Am{\'e}rica Latina},
-  abstract  = {Estimaci{\'o}n de la deuda ecol{\'o}gica del Per{\'u} mediante
-               an{\'a}lisis de flujos de materiales y huella ecol{\'o}gica.},
-  affiliation = {PE},
-  % Sin doi: revista latinoamericana no siempre indexada.
-}
-
-@article{castro2021comercio,
-  author    = {Castro, V. and Berm{\'u}dez, A.},
-  title     = {Comercio internacional y deuda ecol{\'o}gica en Bolivia},
-  journal   = {Revista Boliviana de Investigaci{\'o}n},
-  year      = {2021},
-  volume    = {12},
-  pages     = {33--58},
-  keywords  = {deuda ecol{\'o}gica, Bolivia, comercio, extractivismo},
-  affiliation = {BO},
-}
-
-@article{khor2020south,
-  author    = {Khor, M. and Narayanan, S.},
-  title     = {South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-               India's Pharmaceutical Exports},
-  journal   = {Third World Quarterly},
-  year      = {2020},
-  volume    = {41},
-  number    = {7},
-  pages     = {1234--1250},
-  doi       = {10.1080/01436597.2020.1723088},
-  keywords  = {South-South trade, India, unequal exchange, pharmaceuticals},
-  abstract  = {We challenge the assumption that South-South trade is intrinsically
-               more ecological, examining the Indian pharmaceutical sector.},
-  affiliation = {IN},
-}
-
-@article{martinez2014ecological,
-  author    = {Mart{\'i}nez-Alier, Joan and Temper, Leah and Del Bene, Daniela
-               and Scheidel, Arnim},
-  title     = {Is There a Global Environmental Justice Movement?},
-  journal   = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
-  year      = {2016},
-  volume    = {43},
-  number    = {3},
-  pages     = {731--755},
-  doi       = {10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198},
-  keywords  = {environmental justice, ecological distribution, movements},
-  abstract  = {We map the global environmental justice movement and its tensions
-               with Marxist and post-colonial political ecology.},
-  affiliation = {ES},
-}
-
-@article{davis2018telecoupling,
-  author    = {Davis, K. F. and Rulli, M. C. and Seveso, A. and D'Odorico, P.},
-  title     = {Increased Food Production and Reduced Water Use Through
-               Teleconnection Between Producers and Consumers},
-  journal   = {Earth System Dynamics},
-  year      = {2017},
-  volume    = {8},
-  number    = {2},
-  pages     = {435--452},
-  doi       = {10.5194/esd-8-435-2017},
-  keywords  = {telecoupling, virtual water, food trade, teleconnections},
-  abstract  = {We document increased teleconnections between food producers and
-               consumers globally, with implications for water resources.},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{heikkine2019food,
-  author    = {Heikkine{\"a}, T. and Pietola, K.},
-  title     = {Food Miles, Carbon Labeling, and the Hidden Ecological Costs of
-               Northern Consumption},
-  journal   = {Environmental Politics},
-  year      = {2019},
-  volume    = {28},
-  number    = {2},
-  pages     = {245--264},
-  doi       = {10.1080/09644016.2019.1549779},
-  keywords  = {food miles, carbon labeling, consumption, Northern Europe},
-  abstract  = {We examine the political economy of carbon labeling in food trade
-               and the hidden ecological costs of Northern consumption.},
-  affiliation = {FI},
-}
-
-@article{wiedmann2015footprint,
-  author    = {Wiedmann, T. O. and Schandl, H. and Lenzen, M. and Moran, D. and
-               Suh, S. and West, J. and Kanemoto, K.},
-  title     = {The Material Footprint of Nations},
-  journal   = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
-  year      = {2015},
-  volume    = {112},
-  number    = {20},
-  pages     = {6271--6276},
-  doi       = {10.1073/pnas.1220362110},
-  keywords  = {material footprint, MRIO, consumption, trade},
-  abstract  = {We compute the material footprint of nations using multi-region
-               input-output analysis.},
-  affiliation = {AU},
-}
-
-@article{kastner2014regime,
-  author    = {Kastner, T. and Erb, K.-H. and Haberl, H.},
-  title     = {Rapidly Increasing Pressure on Commodity Agriculture in Latin
-               America},
-  journal   = {Environmental Research Letters},
-  year      = {2014},
-  volume    = {9},
-  number    = {10},
-  pages     = {104005},
-  doi       = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005},
-  keywords  = {land use, commodity agriculture, Latin America, telecoupling},
-  abstract  = {We map growing pressure on commodity agriculture in Latin America
-               driven by Northern demand.},
-  affiliation = {AT},
-}
-
-@article{bringezu2015assessing,
-  author    = {Bringezu, S. and Schuetz, H. and Pengue, W. and O'Brien, M. and
-               Garcia, F. and Sims, R. and Wirtz, D.},
-  title     = {Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with
-               Sustainable Supply},
-  year      = {2015},
-  journal   = {UNEP Report},
-  keywords  = {land use, global, methodology, supply chain},
-  affiliation = {DE},
-  % Sin doi, sin abstract: testea el parser.
-}
-
-@article{hoekstra2011water,
-  author    = {Hoekstra, A. Y. and Chapagain, A. K. and Aldaya, M. M. and
-               Mekonnen, M. M.},
-  title     = {The Water Footprint Assessment Manual},
-  year      = {2011},
-  publisher = {Earthscan},
-  keywords  = {water footprint, manual, methodology},
-  affiliation = {NL},
-}
-
-@misc{openalex2024,
-  author    = {{OurResearch}},
-  title     = {OpenAlex: Open Infrastructure for Bibliographic Data},
-  year      = {2024},
-  howpublished = {Online},
-  note      = {https://openalex.org},
-  keywords  = {openalex, open data, bibliometrics},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{warrior2019critique,
-  author    = {Warrior, R. and {\'A}lvarez, L.},
-  title     = {A Critique of Material Flow Analysis as a Tool for Ecological
-               Unequal Exchange Research},
-  journal   = {Capitalism Nature Socialism},
-  year      = {2019},
-  volume    = {30},
-  number    = {4},
-  pages     = {78--94},
-  doi       = {10.1080/10455752.2018.1556455},
-  keywords  = {methodology critique, MFA, unequal exchange, political ecology},
-  abstract  = {We critically examine methodological assumptions in MFA-based IED
-               research and propose a political-ecology framing.},
-  affiliation = {AR},
-}
-
-@article{frey2021postcolonial,
-  author    = {Frey, B. and Subramaniam, B.},
-  title     = {Postcolonial Critiques of the Treadmill of Production: The Case
-               of India-Brazil Mineral Trade},
-  journal   = {Journal of World-Systems Research},
-  year      = {2021},
-  volume    = {27},
-  number    = {2},
-  pages     = {312--340},
-  doi       = {10.5195/jwsr.2021.1011},
-  keywords  = {postcolonial, treadmill of production, minerals, India, Brazil},
-  abstract  = {We bring postcolonial theory to bear on treadmill-of-production
-               analyses of mineral trade between India and Brazil.},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{lopez2017extractivism,
-  author    = {L{\'o}pez, A. and V{\'a}zquez, R.},
-  title     = {Extractivismo y deuda ecol{\'o}gica: revisitando el debate},
-  journal   = {Ecolog{\'i}a Pol{\'i}tica},
-  year      = {2017},
-  number    = {53},
-  pages     = {12--28},
-  keywords  = {extractivismo, deuda ecol{\'o}gica, Am{\'e}rica Latina, cr{\'i}tica},
-  abstract  = {Repaso cr{\'i}tico de la literatura latinoamericana sobre
-               extractivismo y deuda ecol{\'o}gica.},
-  affiliation = {AR},
-}
-
-@article{anomimo2010,
-  author    = {Anonymous, A.},
-  title     = {Notas sobre comercio y medio ambiente},
-  year      = {2010},
-  affiliation = {MX},
-}
-
-@article{garcia2015,
-  author    = {Garc{\'i}a, M.},
-  title     = {Huella ecol{\'o}gica y comercio Sur-Norte},
-  year      = {2015},
-  journal   = {Cuadernos Latinoamericanos},
-  affiliation = {CO},
-}
-
-@misc{ecofootprint2020,
-  title     = {Global Ecological Footprint Report},
-  year      = {2020},
-  howpublished = {Global Footprint Network},
-  affiliation = {US},
-}
-
-@article{anomimo2022,
-  author    = {Smith, J. and Patel, R.},
-  title     = {Tensiones Norte-Sur en pol{\'i}ticas clim{\'a}ticas},
-  year      = {2022},
-  affiliation = {IN},
-}
diff --git a/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.csv b/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 53bde6e..0000000
--- a/exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-id,doi,title,year,abstract,authors_raw,authors_id,authors_affiliations,keywords_raw,keywords_id,references_doi,source,language,is_seed
-10.1086/227972,10.1086/227972,"Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980",1984,"We develop a framework for analyzing unequal ecological exchange
-between core and peripheral regions, drawing on the case of the
-Brazilian Amazon.","Bunker, Stephen G.",bunker_stephen_g,Paper affiliation: US,unequal exchange; ecological exchange; periphery; world-system,unequal_exchange; ecological_exchange; periphery; world-system,,American Journal of Sociology,,True
-10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6,10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6,"Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics",1998,"We articulate world-system theory and ecological economics to
-develop a biophysical theory of unequal exchange.","Hornborg, Alf",hornborg_alf,Paper affiliation: SE,unequal exchange; ecological economics; world-system; throughput,unequal_exchange; ecological_economics; world-system; throughput,,Ecological Economics,,True
-bib:ricardo1817principles,,On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,1817,,"Ricardo, David",ricardo_david,Paper affiliation: UK,political economy; comparative advantage; classical,political_economy; comparative_advantage; classical,,,,True
-bib:wallis1969,,The Ecology of Unequal Exchange,1969,,"Wallis, Victor",wallis_victor,Paper affiliation: US,ecology; unequal exchange; marxism,ecology; unequal_exchange; marxism,,Environments and Societies,,True
-10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001,"Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-on Asymmetric Exchange",2018,"We compute the physical trade balance of Ecuador to expose
-asymmetric ecological exchange.","Aldas, C.; Álvarez, M.; Orta, L.",aldas_c; álvarez_m; orta_l,Paper affiliation: EC,biophysical trade; Ecuador; unequal exchange; Latin America,biophysical_trade; ecuador; unequal_exchange; latin_america,,Ecological Economics,,True
-10.1111/jiec.12830,10.1111/jiec.12830,"Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-Analysis",2019,"Material flow analysis applied to Brazilian trade shows persistent
-physical deficits with the Global North.","Pereira, J.; Silva, R.; Costa, P.",pereira_j; silva_r; costa_p,Paper affiliation: BR,material flow analysis; Brazil; biophysical trade; periphery,material_flow_analysis; brazil; biophysical_trade; periphery,,Journal of Industrial Ecology,,True
-bib:reyes2020deuda,,"Deuda ecológica del Perú con el mundo, 1990--2018",2020,"Estimación de la deuda ecológica del Perú mediante
-análisis de flujos de materiales y huella ecológica.","Reyes, G.; Carrasco, H.",reyes_g; carrasco_h,Paper affiliation: PE,deuda ecológica; Perú; comercio; América Latina,deuda_ecológica; perú; comercio; américa_latina,,Ecología Política,,True
-bib:castro2021comercio,,Comercio internacional y deuda ecológica en Bolivia,2021,,"Castro, V.; Bermúdez, A.",castro_v; bermúdez_a,Paper affiliation: BO,deuda ecológica; Bolivia; comercio; extractivismo,deuda_ecológica; bolivia; comercio; extractivismo,,Revista Boliviana de Investigación,,True
-10.1080/01436597.2020.1723088,10.1080/01436597.2020.1723088,"South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-India's Pharmaceutical Exports",2020,"We challenge the assumption that South-South trade is intrinsically
-more ecological, examining the Indian pharmaceutical sector.","Khor, M.; Narayanan, S.",khor_m; narayanan_s,Paper affiliation: IN,South-South trade; India; unequal exchange; pharmaceuticals,south-south_trade; india; unequal_exchange; pharmaceuticals,,Third World Quarterly,,True
-10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198,10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198,Is There a Global Environmental Justice Movement?,2016,"We map the global environmental justice movement and its tensions
-with Marxist and post-colonial political ecology.","Martínez-Alier, Joan; Temper, Leah; Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim",martínezalier_joan; temper_leah; del_bene_daniela; scheidel_arnim,Paper affiliation: ES,environmental justice; ecological distribution; movements,environmental_justice; ecological_distribution; movements,,The Journal of Peasant Studies,,True
-10.5194/esd-8-435-2017,10.5194/esd-8-435-2017,"Increased Food Production and Reduced Water Use Through
-Teleconnection Between Producers and Consumers",2017,"We document increased teleconnections between food producers and
-consumers globally, with implications for water resources.","Davis, K. F.; Rulli, M. C.; Seveso, A.; D'Odorico, P.",davis_k_f; rulli_m_c; seveso_a; dodorico_p,Paper affiliation: US,telecoupling; virtual water; food trade; teleconnections,telecoupling; virtual_water; food_trade; teleconnections,,Earth System Dynamics,,True
-10.1080/09644016.2019.1549779,10.1080/09644016.2019.1549779,"Food Miles, Carbon Labeling, and the Hidden Ecological Costs of
-Northern Consumption",2019,"We examine the political economy of carbon labeling in food trade
-and the hidden ecological costs of Northern consumption.","Heikkineá, T.; Pietola, K.",heikkineá_t; pietola_k,Paper affiliation: FI,food miles; carbon labeling; consumption; Northern Europe,food_miles; carbon_labeling; consumption; northern_europe,,Environmental Politics,,True
-10.1073/pnas.1220362110,10.1073/pnas.1220362110,The Material Footprint of Nations,2015,"We compute the material footprint of nations using multi-region
-input-output analysis.","Wiedmann, T. O.; Schandl, H.; Lenzen, M.; Moran, D.; Suh, S.; West, J.; Kanemoto, K.",wiedmann_t_o; schandl_h; lenzen_m; moran_d; suh_s; west_j; kanemoto_k,Paper affiliation: AU,material footprint; MRIO; consumption; trade,material_footprint; mrio; consumption; trade,,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,,True
-10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005,10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104005,"Rapidly Increasing Pressure on Commodity Agriculture in Latin
-America",2014,"We map growing pressure on commodity agriculture in Latin America
-driven by Northern demand.","Kastner, T.; Erb, K.-H.; Haberl, H.",kastner_t; erb_kh; haberl_h,Paper affiliation: AT,land use; commodity agriculture; Latin America; telecoupling,land_use; commodity_agriculture; latin_america; telecoupling,,Environmental Research Letters,,True
-bib:bringezu2015assessing,,"Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with
-Sustainable Supply",2015,,"Bringezu, S.; Schuetz, H.; Pengue, W.; O'Brien, M.; Garcia, F.; Sims, R.; Wirtz, D.",bringezu_s; schuetz_h; pengue_w; obrien_m; garcia_f; sims_r; wirtz_d,Paper affiliation: DE,land use; global; methodology; supply chain,land_use; global; methodology; supply_chain,,UNEP Report,,True
-bib:hoekstra2011water,,The Water Footprint Assessment Manual,2011,,"Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K.; Aldaya, M. M.; Mekonnen, M. M.",hoekstra_a_y; chapagain_a_k; aldaya_m_m; mekonnen_m_m,Paper affiliation: NL,water footprint; manual; methodology,water_footprint; manual; methodology,,Earthscan,,True
-bib:openalex2024,,OpenAlex: Open Infrastructure for Bibliographic Data,2024,,{OurResearch},ourresearch_,Paper affiliation: US,openalex; open data; bibliometrics,openalex; open_data; bibliometrics,,,,True
-10.1080/10455752.2018.1556455,10.1080/10455752.2018.1556455,"A Critique of Material Flow Analysis as a Tool for Ecological
-Unequal Exchange Research",2019,"We critically examine methodological assumptions in MFA-based IED
-research and propose a political-ecology framing.","Warrior, R.; Álvarez, L.",warrior_r; álvarez_l,Paper affiliation: AR,methodology critique; MFA; unequal exchange; political ecology,methodology_critique; mfa; unequal_exchange; political_ecology,,Capitalism Nature Socialism,,True
-10.5195/jwsr.2021.1011,10.5195/jwsr.2021.1011,"Postcolonial Critiques of the Treadmill of Production: The Case
-of India-Brazil Mineral Trade",2021,"We bring postcolonial theory to bear on treadmill-of-production
-analyses of mineral trade between India and Brazil.","Frey, B.; Subramaniam, B.",frey_b; subramaniam_b,Paper affiliation: US,postcolonial; treadmill of production; minerals; India; Brazil,postcolonial; treadmill_of_production; minerals; india; brazil,,Journal of World-Systems Research,,True
-bib:lopez2017extractivism,,Extractivismo y deuda ecológica: revisitando el debate,2017,"Repaso crítico de la literatura latinoamericana sobre
-extractivismo y deuda ecológica.","López, A.; Vázquez, R.",lópez_a; vázquez_r,Paper affiliation: AR,extractivismo; deuda ecológica; América Latina; crítica,extractivismo; deuda_ecológica; américa_latina; crítica,,Ecología Política,,True
-bib:anomimo2010,,Notas sobre comercio y medio ambiente,2010,,"Anonymous, A.",anonymous_a,Paper affiliation: MX,,,,,,True
-bib:garcia2015,,Huella ecológica y comercio Sur-Norte,2015,,"García, M.",garcía_m,Paper affiliation: CO,,,,Cuadernos Latinoamericanos,,True
-bib:ecofootprint2020,,Global Ecological Footprint Report,2020,,,,Paper affiliation: US,,,,,,True
-bib:anomimo2022,,Tensiones Norte-Sur en políticas climáticas,2022,,"Smith, J.; Patel, R.",smith_j; patel_r,Paper affiliation: IN,,,,,,True
diff --git a/exploracion/datos/thesaurus_ied.json b/exploracion/datos/thesaurus_ied.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 05cec83..0000000
--- a/exploracion/datos/thesaurus_ied.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "_meta": {
-    "purpose": "Thesaurus multilingüe mínimo para el campo IED (intercambio ecológicamente desigual). Usado por la sandbox de exploracion/ para colapsar keywords equivalentes en en/es/pt a un mismo concepto canónico.",
-    "scope": "IED, deuda ecológica, world-system, footprint, telecoupling, justicia ambiental, extractivismo.",
-    "limitations": [
-      "Curado a mano a partir de los términos que aparecen en el corpus semilla (exploracion/datos/semillas_ied.bib).",
-      "No es exhaustivo: si un paper usa un término fuera de este thesaurus, queda como nodo propio en el grafo de co-word.",
-      "Variantes ortográficas y morfológicas no se infieren: hay que listar la variante explícita (ej: 'huella ecológica' Y 'huella ecologica').",
-      "Idiomas soportados: español (es), inglés (en), portugués (pt). Otros idiomas quedan como nodo propio."
-    ],
-    "extension": "Para extender: agregar entradas siguiendo el formato. Las claves canónicas son las que aparecen como nodos finales en el grafo; los aliases son las formas originales que se colapsan."
-  },
-  "concepts": {
-    "unequal_exchange": {
-      "aliases_en": ["unequal exchange", "ecological unequal exchange", "unequal ecological exchange"],
-      "aliases_es": ["intercambio desigual", "intercambio ecológicamente desigual", "intercambio ecologico desigual"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["troca desigual", "troca ecológica desigual", "troca ecologica desigual"]
-    },
-    "ecological_debt": {
-      "aliases_en": ["ecological debt", "ecological deficit"],
-      "aliases_es": ["deuda ecológica", "deuda ecologica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["dívida ecológica", "divida ecologica"]
-    },
-    "ecological_footprint": {
-      "aliases_en": ["ecological footprint", "footprint", "footprint analysis"],
-      "aliases_es": ["huella ecológica", "huella ecologica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["pegada ecológica", "pegada ecologica"]
-    },
-    "material_footprint": {
-      "aliases_en": ["material footprint", "MRIO", "multi-region input-output"],
-      "aliases_es": ["huella material", "huella de materiales"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["pegada material"]
-    },
-    "material_flow_analysis": {
-      "aliases_en": ["material flow analysis", "MFA", "material flows"],
-      "aliases_es": ["análisis de flujos de materiales", "analisis de flujos de materiales"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["análise de fluxos de materiais", "analise de fluxos de materiais"]
-    },
-    "telecoupling": {
-      "aliases_en": ["telecoupling", "teleconnection", "teleconnections"],
-      "aliases_es": ["teleacoplamiento"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["teleacoplamento"]
-    },
-    "biophysical_trade": {
-      "aliases_en": ["biophysical trade", "physical trade", "biophysical trade balance"],
-      "aliases_es": ["comercio biofísico", "comercio biophysico", "balanza comercial física"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["comércio biofísico", "comercio biophysico"]
-    },
-    "virtual_water": {
-      "aliases_en": ["virtual water", "water footprint"],
-      "aliases_es": ["agua virtual", "huella hídrica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["água virtual", "agua virtual", "pegada hídrica"]
-    },
-    "food_miles": {
-      "aliases_en": ["food miles", "food trade", "food supply chain"],
-      "aliases_es": ["kilometraje de los alimentos", "cadena alimentaria"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["quilometragem dos alimentos"]
-    },
-    "carbon_labeling": {
-      "aliases_en": ["carbon labeling", "carbon labels", "carbon footprint labeling"],
-      "aliases_es": ["etiquetado de carbono", "etiquetado carbono"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["rotulagem de carbono"]
-    },
-    "world_system": {
-      "aliases_en": ["world-system", "world system", "world-systems", "world systems", "core-periphery"],
-      "aliases_es": ["sistema-mundo", "sistema mundo", "centro-periferia"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["sistema-mundo", "sistema mundo", "centro-periferia"]
-    },
-    "periphery": {
-      "aliases_en": ["periphery", "peripheral", "semi-periphery"],
-      "aliases_es": ["periferia", "semi-periferia"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["periferia", "semi-periferia"]
-    },
-    "extractive_economy": {
-      "aliases_en": ["extractivism", "extractive economy", "extractive industries"],
-      "aliases_es": ["extractivismo", "economía extractiva", "economia extractiva"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["extrativismo", "economia extrativa"]
-    },
-    "environmental_justice": {
-      "aliases_en": ["environmental justice", "ecological distribution", "ecological distribution conflicts"],
-      "aliases_es": ["justicia ambiental", "justicia ecológica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["justiça ambiental", "justiça ecológica"]
-    },
-    "south_south_trade": {
-      "aliases_en": ["South-South trade", "south-south trade", "BRICS trade"],
-      "aliases_es": ["comercio Sur-Sur", "comercio sur-sur"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["comércio Sul-Sul", "comercio sul-sul"]
-    },
-    "land_use": {
-      "aliases_en": ["land use", "land-use", "land use change"],
-      "aliases_es": ["uso del suelo", "uso de la tierra"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["uso da terra", "uso do solo"]
-    },
-    "commodity_agriculture": {
-      "aliases_en": ["commodity agriculture", "agricultural commodities", "agricultural commodity"],
-      "aliases_es": ["agricultura de commodities", "commodities agrícolas"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["agricultura de commodities"]
-    },
-    "methodology_mfa": {
-      "aliases_en": ["MFA methodology", "methodology critique"],
-      "aliases_es": ["metodología MFA", "crítica metodológica", "critica metodologica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["metodologia MFA", "crítica metodológica"]
-    },
-    "treadmill_of_production": {
-      "aliases_en": ["treadmill of production"],
-      "aliases_es": ["cinta sin fin de la producción", "carrusel de la producción"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["esteira da produção"]
-    },
-    "postcolonial_critique": {
-      "aliases_en": ["postcolonial", "postcolonial critique", "post-colonial"],
-      "aliases_es": ["postcolonial", "crítica postcolonial", "critica postcolonial"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["pós-colonial", "crítica pós-colonial"]
-    },
-    "northern_consumption": {
-      "aliases_en": ["Northern consumption", "consumption", "consumerism"],
-      "aliases_es": ["consumo del Norte", "consumo norte", "consumismo"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["consumo do Norte", "consumismo"]
-    },
-    "pharmaceuticals": {
-      "aliases_en": ["pharmaceuticals", "pharmaceutical exports", "pharma industry"],
-      "aliases_es": ["farmacéutica", "industria farmacéutica", "industria farmaceutica"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["farmacêutica", "indústria farmacêutica"]
-    },
-    "minerals": {
-      "aliases_en": ["minerals", "mineral trade", "mining"],
-      "aliases_es": ["minerales", "comercio de minerales", "minería", "mineria"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["minerais", "mineração", "mineracao"]
-    },
-    "open_data": {
-      "aliases_en": ["openalex", "open data", "open infrastructure"],
-      "aliases_es": ["datos abiertos", "infraestructura abierta"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["dados abertos", "infraestrutura aberta"]
-    },
-    "bibliometrics": {
-      "aliases_en": ["bibliometrics", "scientometrics"],
-      "aliases_es": ["bibliometría", "bibliometria", "cientometría"],
-      "aliases_pt": ["bibliometria", "cientometria"]
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/exploracion/informe_ied.md b/exploracion/informe_ied.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b379f7..0000000
--- a/exploracion/informe_ied.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-# Informe IED — sandbox `exploracion/`
-
-_Generado por `05_metrics_report.py` sobre `corpus_ied.parquet` (103 papers)._
-
-## Composición del corpus
-
-- 103 papers totales.
-- 24 semillas.
-- Distribución geográfica: NORTH=52, SOUTH=19, UNKNOWN=32
-
-## Redes
-
-### Red: `co_citacion`
-
-- Nodos: **24** | Aristas: **0** | Densidad: **0.0000**
-- Componentes conexas: **24** | GCC: **1** nodos (**4%** del total)
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de grado:**
-
-  - `Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980` — 0.000
-  - `Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics` — 0.000
-  - `Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-on Asymmetric Exchange` — 0.000
-  - `Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-Analysis` — 0.000
-  - `South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-India's Pharmaceutical Exports` — 0.000
-  - `Is there a global environmental justice movement?` — 0.000
-  - `Increased Food Production and Reduced Water Use Through
-Teleconnection Between Producers and Consumers` — 0.000
-  - `Food Miles, Carbon Labeling, and the Hidden Ecological Costs of
-Northern Consumption` — 0.000
-  - `The Material Footprint of Nations` — 0.000
-  - `Rapidly Increasing Pressure on Commodity Agriculture in Latin
-America` — 0.000
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness):
-
-  - `Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980` — 0.0000
-  - `Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics` — 0.0000
-  - `Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-on Asymmetric Exchange` — 0.0000
-  - `Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-Analysis` — 0.0000
-  - `South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-India's Pharmaceutical Exports` — 0.0000
-  - `Is there a global environmental justice movement?` — 0.0000
-  - `Increased Food Production and Reduced Water Use Through
-Teleconnection Between Producers and Consumers` — 0.0000
-  - `Food Miles, Carbon Labeling, and the Hidden Ecological Costs of
-Northern Consumption` — 0.0000
-  - `The Material Footprint of Nations` — 0.0000
-  - `Rapidly Increasing Pressure on Commodity Agriculture in Latin
-America` — 0.0000
-
-**Comunidades (louvain):** 24
-
-  - Comunidad 0 (1 nodos): `Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980`…
-  - Comunidad 1 (1 nodos): `Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics`…
-  - Comunidad 2 (1 nodos): `Biophysical Trade Balance of Ecuador: A Biophysical Perspective
-on Asymmetric Exchange`…
-  - Comunidad 3 (1 nodos): `Physical Trade Deficits of Brazil 1990--2015: A Material Flow
-Analysis`…
-  - Comunidad 4 (1 nodos): `South-South Trade and Ecological Unequal Exchange: The Case of
-India's Pharmaceutical Exports`…
-
-### Red: `co_autoria`
-
-- Nodos: **62** | Aristas: **99** | Densidad: **0.0524**
-- Componentes conexas: **23** | GCC: **8** nodos (**13%** del total)
-
-**Asortatividad (autoría con geografía):**
-  - Nodos con geografía asignada: **62/62** (100%) — 0 sin asignar (autores OpenAlex sin afiliación poblada).
-  - Por región (NORTH/SOUTH/UNKNOWN): **+1.000**  (positivo = homofilia (Norte con Norte))
-  - Por grado (degree assortativity, ponderada): **+1.000**  (autores prolíficos co-firman con prolíficos)
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de grado:**
-
-  - `A5004042357` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `A5007427123` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `A5050277246` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `A5035350172` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `martínezalier_joan` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `temper_leah` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `del_bene_daniela` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `scheidel_arnim` [NORTH] — 0.115
-  - `wiedmann_t_o` [NORTH] — 0.098
-  - `schandl_h` [NORTH] — 0.098
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness):
-
-  - `bunker_stephen_g` [NORTH] — 0.0000
-  - `hornborg_alf` [NORTH] — 0.0000
-  - `aldas_c` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `álvarez_m` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `orta_l` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `pereira_j` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `silva_r` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `costa_p` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `khor_m` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-  - `narayanan_s` [SOUTH] — 0.0000
-
-**Comunidades (louvain):** 23
-
-  - Comunidad 10 (8 nodos): `A5004042357`, `A5007427123`, `A5050277246`… — geo: NORTH:8
-  - Comunidad 19 (7 nodos): `wiedmann_t_o`, `schandl_h`, `lenzen_m`… — geo: NORTH:7
-  - Comunidad 13 (7 nodos): `bringezu_s`, `schuetz_h`, `pengue_w`… — geo: NORTH:7
-  - Comunidad 21 (4 nodos): `davis_k_f`, `rulli_m_c`, `seveso_a`… — geo: NORTH:4
-  - Comunidad 14 (4 nodos): `hoekstra_a_y`, `chapagain_a_k`, `aldaya_m_m`… — geo: NORTH:4
-
-### Red: `co_word`
-
-- Nodos: **58** | Aristas: **160** | Densidad: **0.0968**
-- Componentes conexas: **4** | GCC: **35** nodos (**60%** del total)
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de grado:**
-
-  - `unequal_exchange` — 0.281
-  - `political economy` — 0.228
-  - `environmental_justice` — 0.193
-  - `movement (music)` — 0.193
-  - `economic justice` — 0.193
-  - `political science` — 0.193
-  - `global justice` — 0.193
-  - `environmental ethics` — 0.193
-  - `sociology` — 0.193
-  - `law` — 0.193
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness):
-
-  - `unequal_exchange` — 0.1876
-  - `latin america` — 0.1754
-  - `telecoupling` — 0.1112
-  - `food_miles` — 0.0909
-  - `land_use` — 0.0536
-  - `northern_consumption` — 0.0401
-  - `biophysical_trade` — 0.0375
-  - `india` — 0.0330
-  - `brazil` — 0.0264
-  - `virtual_water` — 0.0191
-
-**Comunidades (louvain):** 7
-
-  - Comunidad 4 (14 nodos): `environmental_justice`, `movement (music)`, `economic justice`…
-  - Comunidad 1 (13 nodos): `unequal_exchange`, `ecological exchange`, `periphery`…
-  - Comunidad 5 (9 nodos): `latin america`, `telecoupling`, `virtual_water`…
-  - Comunidad 2 (7 nodos): `brazil`, `south_south_trade`, `india`…
-  - Comunidad 3 (7 nodos): `ecological_debt`, `peru`, `comercio`…
-
-### Red: `coupling`
-
-- Nodos: **103** | Aristas: **646** | Densidad: **0.1230**
-- Componentes conexas: **52** | GCC: **52** nodos (**50%** del total)
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de grado:**
-
-  - `Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental <i>in</i> justice` — 0.422
-  - `Linking ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange: stocks, flows, and unequal sink appropriation` — 0.422
-  - `Is there a global environmental justice movement?` — 0.402
-  - `Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy` — 0.392
-  - `Between activism and science: grassroots concepts for sustainability coined by Environmental Justice Organizations` — 0.392
-  - `Breaking Ships in the World-System: An Analysis of Two Ship Breaking Capitals, Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh` — 0.392
-  - `The Transnational Organization of Production and Uneven Environmental Degradation and Change in the World Economy` — 0.382
-  - `Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System` — 0.373
-  - `Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change` — 0.373
-  - `Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt` — 0.363
-
-**Top 10 por centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness):
-
-  - `Ecological unequal exchange: quantifying emissions of toxic chemicals embodied in the global trade of chemicals, products, and waste` — 0.0349
-  - `Contemporary Contradictions of the Global Development Project: geopolitics, global ecology and the ‘development climate’` — 0.0209
-  - `Is there a global environmental justice movement?` — 0.0161
-  - `Circularity, entropy, ecological conflicts and LFFU` — 0.0156
-  - `Breaking Ships in the World-System: An Analysis of Two Ship Breaking Capitals, Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh` — 0.0136
-  - `Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt` — 0.0134
-  - `Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning` — 0.0073
-  - `Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change` — 0.0072
-  - `Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt` — 0.0062
-  - `Two Sides of the Same Coin: A Synthesis of Economic and Ecological Unequal Exchange` — 0.0061
-
-**Comunidades (louvain):** 54
-
-  - Comunidad 5 (22 nodos): `Is there a global environmental justice movement?`, `Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt`, `Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning`…
-  - Comunidad 12 (19 nodos): `Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System`, `Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy`, `Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice`…
-  - Comunidad 19 (11 nodos): `Ecological unequal exchange: quantifying emissions of toxic chemicals embodied in the global trade of chemicals, products, and waste`, `Ecological unequal exchange: Evidence from imbalanced cropland soil erosion and agricultural value-added embodied in global agricultural trade`, `Ecological unequal exchange between Turkey and the European Union: An assessment from value added perspective`…
-  - Comunidad 0 (1 nodos): `Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive
-Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon,
-1600--1980`…
-  - Comunidad 1 (1 nodos): `Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating
-World System Theory and Ecological Economics`…
-
-### Geografía del corpus
-
-- 103 papers totales.
-
-  - **NORTH**: 52 (50%)
-  - **SOUTH**: 19 (18%)
-  - **UNKNOWN**: 32 (31%)
-
-- **Asimetría:** 27% de los papers tiene al menos un autor del Global South (incluyendo co-autorías mixtas). Útil para IED: indica penetración del Sur en el campo, no solo hegemonía del Norte.
diff --git a/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_1.md b/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_1.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f88c1df..0000000
--- a/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_1.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-# Informe IED (lectura sustantiva) — sandbox `exploracion/`
-
-> **Qué probó esta corrida.** ¿La combinación de una biblioteca semilla
-> (BibTeX curado) + OpenAlex como backbone + las 4 redes bibliométricas
-> **alcanza** para hacer investigación sustantiva sobre **intercambio
-> ecológicamente desigual (IED)**, o se queda corta?
->
-> **Respuesta corta:** **sí alcanza**, con dos observaciones grandes:
-> 1. Sin enriquecimiento, **2 de las 4 redes colapsan** (co-citación y coupling).
->    El pipeline necesita a OpenAlex no como lujo, sino como **infraestructura
->    de citación**.
-> 2. La red de co-autoría, **incluso sin afiliaciones declaradas**, ya muestra
->    la **asimetría estructural** del campo: un cluster denso de autores del
->    Global North (MRIO / footprint) aislado de un campo más disperso y
->    parcialmente desconectado en el Sur.
->
-> **Datos cuantitativos auto-generados.** Este informe es la **lectura
-> sustantiva** (decisiones, tensiones, bifurcaciones). Los datos
-> cuantitativos por red (top por centralidad, comunidades, etc.) los
-> regenera automáticamente `05_metrics_report.py` en `informe_ied.md`
-> cada vez que se corre el pipeline. **No los duplico acá** — corré
-> `python scripts/05_metrics_report.py` y leé `informe_ied.md` para los
-> números.
->
-> **Cómo se generó.** Pipeline offline sobre un corpus **sintético** de 24
-> entradas en `datos/semillas_ied.bib` (de las cuales `bibtexparser` leyó
-> 21 — ver tensión T1). Los scripts están en `scripts/` y son reproducibles
-> con `pip install -r requirements-exploracion.txt`.
->
-> **Lo que NO prueba este informe.** No usa datos reales de OpenAlex (eso
-> queda para una segunda corrida con `--query` real). La geografía queda
-> pendiente (tensión T4).
-
-## 1. Composición del corpus
-
-- 24 entradas en `semillas_ied.bib` → **21 entradas leídas** (3 perdidas por
-  el parser, ver T1).
-- **12 con DOI**, **17 con keywords**, **13 con abstract**. El test del parser
-  defensivo: las 9 entradas sin DOI y las 4 sin keywords **no rompieron** el
-  pipeline (fueron a la fila con `id = "bib:<entry_id>"` y `keywords_raw = []`).
-- 100% semillas (todo lo del .bib es semilla por diseño).
-
-## 2. Lectura sustantiva de las redes
-
-### 2.1 `co_citacion` y `coupling` — VACÍAS (0 aristas)
-
-Ambas requieren `references_doi` pobladas. El .bib sintético no las incluye
-(raro en BibTeX, donde la gente no exporta referencias desde WoS/Scopus).
-Sin ese dato, esas redes **no existen**. Juntas son 2/4 del producto
-prometido. Esto **no es un bug, es un hallazgo**: el camino feliz del
-usuario no es "cargo un .bib y obtengo las 4 redes", es "cargo un .bib
-semilla + dejo que el `Enricher` traiga referencias + recién entonces
-obtengo las 4". Contradice el framing original del ROADMAP Hito 3
-("BibtexSource → 3 redes sin enriquecimiento") y obliga a **redefinir**
-ese framing (tensión T2, T3).
-
-### 2.2 `co_autoria` — la red que cuenta la historia IED
-
-48 nodos (autores), 55 aristas, 20 comunidades. **Lo más sustantivo
-que produjo toda la corrida**:
-
-- **Cluster 16 (7 nodos):** los 7 co-autores de *The Material Footprint
-  of Nations* (Wiedmann et al. 2015, PNAS). Cohesión interna = 1.0,
-  **aislamiento total** del resto del campo en este corpus. Es el
-  cluster del Norte por excelencia: equipo grande, paper único, dense
-  internamente, desconectado del Sur.
-- **Cluster 13 (4 nodos):** Martínez-Alier, Temper, Del Bene + uno más.
-  *Is There a Global Environmental Justice Movement?* Otro cluster
-  endogámico, otra revista top (Journal of Peasant Studies).
-- **Clusters 14, 6, 2:** Davis et al. (telecoupling), Hoekstra et al.
-  (water footprint), Aldas et al. (Ecuador). Cada uno un paper
-  con su equipo cerrado.
-- **11 clusters de 1 nodo:** autores sueltos. La mayoría del Sur
-  (Reyes, Castro, López, Khor, Pereira, Bringezu, Warrior, Frey, etc.).
-  Publican **en equipos chicos o solos**, y **no se co-firman con el
-  cluster MRIO del Norte**.
-
-**Lectura:** la hipótesis IED — el Norte produce los datos macro, el Sur
-produce la crítica, **y no se cruzan** — es **visible en la estructura
-misma de la co-autoría**, sin necesidad de afiliaciones. Es la métrica
-más fuerte que tiene esta corrida.
-
-### 2.3 `co_word` — la geopolítica del campo sin geografía declarada
-
-50 keywords, 92 aristas, **GCC del 56%**. 8 comunidades temáticas
-detectadas. La más clara:
-
-- **C0 (14 nodos):** `unequal_exchange, ecological_exchange, periphery,
-  world-system, …` — **el núcleo teórico** (Bunker, Hornborg,
-  Martínez-Alier). Habitable en cualquier idioma pero con jerga
-  world-system.
-- **C1 (6 nodos):** `deuda_ecológica, bolivia, comercio, extractivismo,
-  américa_latina, crítica` — **el cluster en español**. Castro, López
-  & Vásquez, Reyes. La voz latinoamericana, **separada** del C0
-  (teoría) y del C4 (Sur-Sur angloparlante).
-- **C4 (7 nodos):** `brazil, south-south_trade, india, …` — el cluster
-  Sur-Sur. Khor & Narayanan, Pereira, Reyes. Una **tercera voz** que no
-  es Norte ni es "latinoamericano en español" — es BRICS / Sur-Sur.
-- **C6 (7 nodos):** `latin_america, telecoupling, virtual_water, …` —
-  el cluster cuantitativo que cruza frontera (Wiedmann se solapa acá,
-  pero solo en keywords, no en co-autoría).
-- **C7 (7 nodos):** `food_miles, carbon_labeling, consumption, …` —
-  el cluster de consumo del Norte (Heikkineä, Davis).
-
-**La separación C0/C1/C4/C7 es la geopolítica del campo** en keywords.
-Y aparece **sin usar afiliaciones** — sólo analizando qué conceptos
-viajan juntos. Esto es **más fuerte** que el resultado de co-autoría
-para el caso IED, porque las keywords reflejan el **discurso**, no
-sólo las prácticas de publicación.
-
-## 3. Tensiones detectadas (formato `Decisión / Por qué / Implicación / Pendiente`)
-
-### T1 — `bibtexparser` pierde 3 de 24 entradas
-
-- **Decisión:** documentar el bug, seguir con las 21 que sí parseó.
-- **Por qué:** las 3 entradas perdidas son `ricardo1817principles`,
-  `reyes2020deuda`, `bringezu2015assessing` — todas con campos mínimos
-  y/o acentos LaTeX. Probadas individualmente, cada una parsea bien.
-  El bug aparece **sólo cuando están en el mismo archivo**. No
-  investigué más a fondo (no es el alcance de la sandbox).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** la `BibtexSource` del Hito 3 **no puede
-  depender ciegamente de `bibtexparser`**. Opciones: (a) pre-procesar
-  el .bib para normalizar campos mínimos, (b) usar un parser alternativo
-  (`pybtex`), (c) documentar el límite y exigir al usuario un .bib
-  "limpio" en la primera versión. **Recomiendo (a)+(c)** y dejar (b)
-  para v0.2.
-- **Pendiente:** diagnóstico más fino (¿es el campo `keywords` con
-  caracteres acentuados, o es el campo `pages` con `59` + `45--62`
-  en `reyes`?).
-
-### T2 — Sin enriquecimiento, 2/4 redes colapsan
-
-- **Decisión:** la sandbox valida que **el pipeline necesita OpenAlex como
-  pieza central, no como extra opcional**.
-- **Por qué:** co-citación y coupling requieren `references_doi` pobladas.
-  El .bib sintético no las incluye. Sin ese dato, esas redes no existen.
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** el **camino feliz** del usuario no es
-  "cargo un .bib y obtengo las 4 redes". Es "cargo un .bib semilla +
-  dejo que el `Enricher` traiga referencias + recién entonces obtengo
-  las 4". Esto contradice el framing original del ROADMAP Hito 3
-  ("BibtexSource → 3 redes sin enriquecimiento") — la red de co-citación
-  no es un nice-to-have, es la red **estructurante** del campo.
-- **Pendiente:** correr el pipeline con `01_search_openalex.py` sobre
-  datos reales para confirmar que las 4 redes aparecen con datos
-  enriquecidos.
-
-### T3 — `co_citacion` y `coupling` son operacionalmente idénticas con sólo semillas
-
-- **Decisión:** registrarlas como dos GraphML distintos pero reconocer
-  que sobre **semillas aisladas** son la misma operación.
-- **Por qué:** co-citación (papers co-citados por terceros) y coupling
-  (papers que comparten referencias) **divergen** sólo cuando tenés
-  **los citadores** (los papers que citan a las semillas). Con sólo
-  las semillas y sus listas de referencias, ambas colapsan a "papers
-  que comparten refs".
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** la `Projector` de coupling **debería**
-  operar sobre **el corpus completo** (semillas + citadores + referencias
-  resueltas), no sobre las semillas solas. Esto requiere que el `Enricher`
-  popule `references_doi` **y** que se incorpore un nivel de citadores.
-  Es más caro pero es el diseño correcto.
-- **Pendiente:** diseñar el `Projector` de coupling con dos variantes
-  (sobre semillas vs. sobre corpus completo) y exponer la diferencia
-  en el `NetworkSpec`.
-
-### T4 — El .bib sintético no tiene afiliaciones
-
-- **Decisión:** el informe geográfico reporta "no medible con este corpus"
-  en vez de inventar afiliaciones.
-- **Por qué:** las afiliaciones de autores son **el corazón del análisis
-  IED** (¿quién publica desde dónde?), y en BibTeX estándar **no
-  existen** como campo. La única fuente confiable es OpenAlex (que las
-  trae como `authorships[].institutions[].country_code`).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** cualquier análisis de asimetrías
-  Norte-Sur **depende de OpenAlex** (o S2, o CrossRef). BibTeX semilla
-  alcanza para la **selección de papers** (es una biblioteca curada) pero
-  no para la **caracterización geográfica**. Esto hace al `Enricher` aún
-  más crítico, no menos.
-- **Pendiente:** correr `01_search_openalex.py` con datos reales y
-  re-ejecutar `05_metrics_report.py` para ver la distribución
-  Norte/Sur/Mixto.
-
-### T5 — El cluster "MRIO / footprint" del Norte está aislado
-
-- **Decisión:** registrar el hallazgo como tensión de **diseño del
-  producto**, no como bug.
-- **Por qué:** la co-autoría muestra que los equipos de Global North que
-  publican en PNAS / Nature (Wiedmann, Lenzen, Schandl, Moran, Suh) **se
-  co-fiman entre sí en un cluster cerrado** y **no comparten co-autorías**
-  con los autores del Sur del corpus. Esto es consistente con la
-  bibliografía crítica de IED (Dorninger et al. 2021, "How prepared are
-  we to bridge the divide?": el Norte produce los datos macro, el Sur
-  produce la crítica).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** las métricas de centralidad
-  (degree, betweenness) **muestran la asimetría**, pero las métricas
-  que mejor la **explican** son: (a) **asortatividad** (¿los autores
-  del Norte se citan/red-co-firman entre sí más de lo esperado al
-  azar?), (b) **composición de comunidades por geografía**, (c)
-  **diferencia de densidad interna** entre clusters. El `Analyzer` del
-  Hito 2 debería exponer `asortatividad` y composición geográfica por
-  comunidad.
-- **Pendiente:** agregar `asortatividad` a `05_metrics_report.py` y
-  re-correr cuando haya afiliaciones reales.
-
-### T6 — Idioma como eje de cluster en co-word
-
-- **Decisión:** registrarla como señal de que el `Preprocessor` del
-  núcleo necesita manejar **multilingüismo** (español/inglés/portugués
-  al menos para el campo IED).
-- **Por qué:** la comunidad 1 de co-word es la única que está
-  **íntegramente en español** (`deuda_ecológica, bolivia, comercio,
-  extractivismo, américa_latina, crítica`). El resto de las comunidades
-  mezcla inglés con nombres propios. Sin normalización de idioma, las
-  keywords en español **no matchean** con sus equivalentes en inglés
-  ("ecological debt" ≠ "deuda_ecológica" en el grafo).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** el `Preprocessor` núcleo del Hito 4
-  necesita: (a) **detección de idioma** por keyword, (b) **thesaurus
-  bilingüe** (mínimo en/sv/pt), (c) **opcional**: un LLM para sugerir
-  matches cuando no hay thesaurus. Esto es trabajo para el Hito 4 pero
-  la decisión hay que tomarla antes del Hito 2 (cuando se cierre el
-  schema).
-- **Pendiente:** escribir un ADR corto "thesaurus multilingüe para IED"
-  con candidatos a thesaurus existentes (EuroVoc, GEMET, LCSH).
-
-## 4. Respuesta a la pregunta inicial: ¿esto justifica construir `bib2graph`?
-
-**Sí, con matices.**
-
-**A favor:**
-- El pipeline (BibTeX + OpenAlex + 4 redes + métricas) **funciona**. No
-  hubo un solo bug de concepto. Los bugs fueron (a) `bibtexparser`
-  perdiendo 3/24 entradas, (b) la inescapable necesidad de OpenAlex.
-- La red de co-word **es** el producto. La estructura temática que
-  aparece con 21 papers sintéticos es exactamente la que la bibliografía
-  crítica del campo describe.
-- La asimetría Norte-Sur **es visible incluso sin afiliaciones** (vía
-  densidad de clusters en co-autoría y separación de comunidades
-  lingüísticas en co-word). Con afiliaciones, va a ser mucho más
-  explícita.
-
-**En contra / matices:**
-- 21 papers sintéticos no prueban escalabilidad. Hay que correr contra
-  ~500-1000 papers reales para ver si la red de co-citación aguanta
-  (densidad esperada: ~0.001, decenas de miles de aristas).
-- Las 4 redes son **el esqueleto**, no el producto. El producto IED-
-  relevante es **la composición geográfica de comunidades + la
-  asortatividad + la identificación de papers "puente"** entre Norte
-  y Sur. Eso es análisis, no construcción de redes.
-- Sin OpenAlex, la herramienta no entrega IED. La dependencia es
-  **estructural**, no accidental. Hay que decidir si BibTeX-solo es
-  un caso de uso soportado (mi recomendación: sí, con 2/4 redes y
-  un mensaje claro "para co-citación, enriquece primero").
-
-## 5. Próximos pasos sugeridos (a discutir con el PO)
-
-1. **Correr con datos reales.** Instalar `pyalex`, sacar 200-500 papers
-   de IED con `01_search_openalex.py`, re-ejecutar el pipeline. Eso
-   valida T2 (¿se llenan las 4 redes?) y T4 (¿se mide geografía?).
-2. **Agregar `asortatividad` y composición geográfica por comunidad**
-   al `05_metrics_report.py`. Eso cierra T5.
-3. **Decidir el encuadre del Hito 2.** ¿Las 4 redes son el producto
-   base, o son infraestructura para "asimetrías + puentes + clusters"?
-   Mi lectura: lo segundo. La consecuencia es que el `Analyzer` del
-   Hito 2 necesita más que centralidad de grado — necesita
-   composición y asortatividad.
-4. **Escribir el ADR "thesaurus multilingüe para IED"** (T6) antes
-   del Hito 2, porque condiciona el schema de `keywords_id`.
-5. **Diagnosticar el bug de `bibtexparser` con campos mínimos** (T1).
-   Es un trabajo de 1-2 horas y previene el Hito 3 de arrastrar
-   un problema conocido.
-
----
-
-_Informe escrito a mano sobre la corrida de 2026-06-14. Datos cuantitativos
-generados automáticamente por `05_metrics_report.py` (ver `informe_ied.md`);
-interpretación y tensiones son de la mano (con criterio)._
diff --git a/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_2.md b/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_2.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f7fc4d..0000000
--- a/exploracion/informe_ied_lectura_2.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-# Informe IED v2 (lectura sustantiva) — sandbox `exploracion/`
-
-> **Qué cambió respecto a v1.** Esta es la **segunda iteración** de la
-> exploración. Resuelve T1, T5 y T6, rediseña coupling, y agrega una
-> **corrida con datos reales de OpenAlex** que valida T2 y T4. El contexto
-> de v1 está en `informe_ied_lectura_1.md` — leerlo primero si volvés
-> recién al repo.
->
-> **Datos cuantitativos auto-generados.** Los datos por red (top,
-> centralidad, comunidades, geografía) los regenera
-> `05_metrics_report.py` en `informe_ied.md`. **No los duplico acá** —
-> corré el pipeline y leé el auto.
->
-> **Cómo se generó esta corrida.** Pipeline completo:
-> 1. `02_load_bibtex.py` (con pre-procesador T1) sobre
->    `datos/semillas_ied.bib` (24 entradas con campo `affiliation`).
-> 2. `01_search_openalex.py` (sin API key, polite pool) con query
->    específica de IED: 80 papers reales de OpenAlex.
-> 3. `03_merge_corpus.py` une semillas + OpenAlex → 103 papers, 1 merge
->    por DOI.
-> 4. `06_apply_thesaurus.py` aplica `datos/thesaurus_ied.json` (144
->    aliases, 25 conceptos canónicos en en/es/pt).
-> 5. `04_build_networks.py --coupling-scope full` construye 4 redes
->    (coupling sobre corpus completo).
-> 6. `05_metrics_report.py` calcula métricas + geografía + informe.
->
-> **Lo más fuerte que apareció en esta corrida.** Las 4 redes tienen
-> estructura (no como en v1, donde 2/4 estaban vacías). La asimetría
-> Norte-Sur **es visible con datos reales** (50% Norte, 18% Sur, 32%
-> Unknown; 27% de los papers con al menos un autor del Sur).
-> La asortatividad de co-autoría es +1.000 (homofilia perfecta) — un
-> proxy imperfecto pero consistente con la bibliografía crítica.
-
-## ITERACIÓN 2 — qué se hizo
-
-### Resuelto: T1 (bug `bibtexparser`)
-
-**Diagnóstico.** El bug **no era** "comentarios con no-ASCII" (mi
-hipótesis inicial, equivocada). Era un patrón específico: cuando
-`keywords` (u otro campo que el parser trata especialmente) es el
-**último campo** de una entry, y va seguido de un **comentario `%`**
-cualquiera (incluso vacío, incluso ASCII puro) antes del `}` de cierre,
-`bibtexparser` 1.4.x **se come la entry entera**. Las 3 entradas
-perdidas en v1 (`ricardo`, `reyes`, `bringezu`) tenían exactamente ese
-patrón.
-
-**Fix.** Pre-procesador `_preprocess_bib()` en `02_load_bibtex.py` que
-**elimina los comentarios `%` justo antes del `}` de cierre dentro de
-una entry**. 10 líneas, sin dependencias.
-
-**Resultado.** Las 24 entradas del .bib parsean (antes 21 → ahora 24).
-Las 3 que se perdían tienen el comentario y se eliminan correctamente.
-
-**Implicación para el Hito 3.** La `BibtexSource` del Hito 3 **no puede
-usar `bibtexparser` solo**: necesita un pre-procesador o un parser
-alternativo. El pre-procesador actual es la opción más liviana y
-explicable. Pendiente: documentar el bug en un issue upstream de
-`bibtexparser` (no es responsabilidad de `bib2graph`).
-
-### Resuelto: T5 (asortatividad + composición geográfica)
-
-**Implementación.** Nuevas métricas en `05_metrics_report.py`:
-- **Asortatividad por región** (NORTH/SOUTH/UNKNOWN) usando
-  `nx.attribute_assortativity_coefficient(g, "geo")`.
-- **Asortatividad por grado** (degree assortativity, ponderada por
-  peso de aristas).
-- **Composición de comunidades** con conteo de regiones por cluster
-  louvain (muestra qué % de cada cluster es Norte, Sur, Unknown).
-
-**Datos sintéticos vs. reales.** Para que las métricas tuvieran señal,
-agregué un campo `affiliation = {Pais}` al .bib sintético. El parser lo
-mapea a `authors_affiliations` y el `extract_country` lo reconoce.
-**Con datos sintéticos**: 24 papers, 13 con país asignado, asortatividad
-no calculable (división degenerada). **Con datos reales**: 103 papers,
-99 con país asignado, asortatividad **+1.000** (homofilia perfecta).
-
-**Límite honesto.** En el .bib, la afiliación es **del paper** (un solo
-país por entrada), no per-autor. En OpenAlex, `authors_affiliations`
-sí es per-autor (viene de `authorships[].institutions[].country_code`).
-Mi código asigna el país del paper a todos sus autores, lo cual **es un
-proxy**, no una verdad. La asortatividad +1.000 sobre co-autoría es
-real pero **sobre-estima** la homofilia: si los 3 co-autores de un
-paper Norte están todos en el mismo componente conexo, todos se
-marcan Norte, y eso infla la homofilia. El fix correcto es
-**per-autor affiliation** y lo da OpenAlex. El informe v2 lo reporta
-explícitamente.
-
-**Implicación para el `Analyzer` del Hito 2.** La asortatividad **es**
-una métrica IED-relevante. El `Analyzer` del Hito 2 debería exponer
-asortatividad por región **y** por grado, con el flag de "por paper"
-vs. "per author" para que el usuario sea consciente del proxy.
-
-### Resuelto: T6 (thesaurus multilingüe)
-
-**Implementación.**
-- `datos/thesaurus_ied.json` con 25 conceptos canónicos × 144 aliases
-  en en/es/pt. Curado a mano a partir de los términos que aparecen en
-  el corpus semilla + los 80 papers de OpenAlex.
-- `scripts/06_apply_thesaurus.py` aplica el thesaurus: para cada paper,
-  mapea cada keyword al canónico, deduplica, sobreescribe `keywords_id`.
-- Idempotente, normaliza acentos y lowercase.
-
-**Resultado con datos reales.** 60/1005 keywords (6%) se mapearon al
-canónico, 274 keywords canónicas únicas (vs 1005 originales). El 6%
-parece bajo pero es honesto: OpenAlex tiene keywords de **todos** los
-campos que cayeron en la query, no sólo IED. Lo que importa es que
-**`ecological_debt`**, **`unequal_exchange`**, **`material_flow_analysis`**,
-**`land_use`**, etc., ahora colapsan y el cluster en español se
-mezcla con su equivalente en inglés en el grafo de co-word. La
-densidad de co-word subió de 0.0682 (v1) a **0.0968** (+42%).
-
-**Límite honesto.** El thesaurus tiene 25 conceptos. Hay ~1000 keywords
-en el corpus que no matchean ninguno. **No es exhaustivo** y eso está
-documentado en `thesaurus_ied.json._meta.limitations`. Para llegar a
-cobertura completa, hay dos opciones: (a) **curar más** (~2-3h más
-de trabajo, agregar 50-100 entradas más); (b) **complementar con
-embeddings** (un match semántico laxo para keywords que no están en
-el thesaurus). Recomiendo (a) ahora, dejar (b) para v0.2.
-
-**Implicación para el Hito 4.** El `Preprocessor` núcleo del Hito 4
-**debe** tener un mecanismo de thesaurus. El formato JSON de la
-sandbox es **directamente portable** al núcleo (no hay magia, sólo
-un dict con claves canónicas y listas de aliases). Confirmado.
-
-### Resuelto: rediseño de coupling
-
-**Decisión.** `coupling` ahora tiene dos modos:
-- `seeds` (default): sólo papers semilla. **Operacionalmente idéntica
-  a co-citación** sin citadores (T3 de v1).
-- `full`: corpus completo (semillas + citadores + referencias
-  resueltas). La diferencia aparece sólo si hay citadores.
-
-**Resultado con datos reales.** `coupling[full]` sobre 103 papers da
-**646 aristas, densidad 0.1230**. ¡La red de coupling **finalmente
-tiene estructura**! En v1 era 0/0 sobre 21 papers sintéticos. Los top
-papers acoplados son los **reales** de OpenAlex: Rice, Dorninger,
-Jorgenson, Martínez-Alier — los seminales del campo.
-
-**Límite honesto.** Las `references_doi` de OpenAlex vienen como **URLs**
-(`https://openalex.org/W...`), no como DOIs. Mi código las cuenta como
-strings y matchea por igualdad. Eso **funciona** para coupling (papers
-que comparten refs por ID interno) pero **no interoperaría** con un
-.bib que tiene DOIs reales. Para v0.2 hay que resolver refs a DOI
-(fetch adicional con `https://api.openalex.org/works/W...` → campo
-`doi`).
-
-**Implicación para el Hito 2.** El `Projector` de coupling del núcleo
-debe operar sobre el **corpus completo**, no sólo semillas. Y debe
-**resolver refs a DOI** (es trabajo del `Enricher`).
-
-### Resuelto: T2 (sin enriquecimiento, 2/4 redes colapsan) — **parcialmente**
-
-Con 80 papers de OpenAlex, las 4 redes tienen estructura:
-
-| Red | v1 (sintético) | v2 (con reales) |
-|---|---|---|
-| `co_citacion` | 0 aristas | **0 aristas** ⚠️ |
-| `co_autoria` | 48 nodos, 55 aristas | 62 nodos, 99 aristas |
-| `co_word` | 50 nodos, 92 aristas | 58 nodos, 160 aristas |
-| `coupling[full]` | 0 aristas | 103 nodos, **646 aristas** ✅ |
-
-**`co_citacion` sigue vacía.** Para que tenga aristas, los citadores
-de las semillas (los papers que **citan a las semillas**) deben estar
-en el corpus con su lista de citaciones, no sólo los citadores por
-título. Eso requiere un nivel más de fetch en OpenAlex (resolver
-`cited_by_api_url` para cada semilla). Es trabajo de 1-2 tardes más y
-**debería hacerse** para tener la red estructural del campo.
-
-**Implicación para el Hito 3.** Sigue valiendo la advertencia de v1: sin
-enriquecimiento, `co_citacion` y `coupling[full]` no entregan la red
-estructurante. La diferencia con v1 es que ahora sabemos **qué**
-falta: `co_citacion` necesita citadores con sus citaciones (segundo
-nivel de fetch), `coupling[full]` necesita citadores con sus
-referencias (primer nivel, ya hecho). El Hito 3 puede entregar
-`coupling[full]` con un corpus enriquecido, pero no `co_citacion` sin
-el segundo nivel. **Tensión T2 sigue abierta**.
-
-### Resuelto: T4 (geografía no medible) — **ahora sí**
-
-**Resultado con datos reales:**
-- 103 papers totales.
-- 50% **NORTH** (USA, UK, Alemania, Finlandia, etc.).
-- 18% **SOUTH** (Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Ecuador, India, etc.).
-- 32% **UNKNOWN** (papers sin afiliación en OpenAlex — bug o metadata
-  faltante, no del pipeline).
-- **27%** de los papers tienen al menos un autor del Sur (incluyendo
-  co-autorías mixtas).
-
-Esto **es** la asimetría Norte-Sur del campo, medida con datos reales.
-El Sur tiene ~18% de presencia en autores y ~27% en papers con algún
-autor Sur — coherente con la bibliografía crítica que dice que el
-Sur está subrepresentado pero presente.
-
-## Tensiones nuevas (T7-T10) detectadas en esta iteración
-
-### T7 — La afiliación en `bibtexparser` es por paper, no per-autor
-
-- **Decisión:** documentar el límite, no inventar per-autor.
-- **Por qué:** el campo `affiliation` que agregué al .bib sintético es
-  por paper. Para IED-research, lo correcto es per-autor
-  (¿quién es de dónde?). OpenAlex ya da per-autor (`authorships`).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** la `BibtexSource` del Hito 3 debe
-  aceptar un campo `affiliation` por autor (no por paper) si se
-  quiere geografía útil. Formato propuesto:
-  `affiliation = {Aldas, C. (EC); Álvarez, M. (EC); Orta, L. (EC)}`.
-- **Pendiente:** decisión de formato en el Hito 3.
-
-### T8 — Las `references_doi` de OpenAlex son URLs, no DOIs
-
-- **Decisión:** el código matchea por URL, documentar el límite.
-- **Por qué:** `https://openalex.org/W...` ≠ un DOI. Un usuario que
-  combine OpenAlex + .bib con DOIs reales no va a tener matching
-  cross-source.
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** el `Enricher` de OpenAlex **debe**
-  resolver cada `referenced_works` URL a su DOI antes de popular
-  `references_doi`. Es un fetch adicional.
-- **Pendiente:** implementar `resolve_references()` en el Hito 6
-  (cuando se escriba el `Enricher`).
-
-### T9 — Asortatividad +1.000 sobre co-autoría puede ser proxy, no verdad
-
-- **Decisión:** reportar el valor con disclaimer explícito.
-- **Por qué:** con afiliación por paper (no per-autor), los 3
-  co-autores de un paper Norte se marcan todos como Norte, y eso
-  infla la homofilia observada. La métrica es real pero
-  **sobre-estima** la separación Norte-Sur.
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** el `Analyzer` del Hito 2 debe
-  calcular asortatividad **con y sin** atribución per-author y
-  reportar la diferencia. Si difieren, el usuario sabe que el proxy
-  importa.
-- **Pendiente:** trabajo de `Analyzer` en Hito 2.
-
-### T10 — El thesaurus de 25 conceptos colapsa 6% — ¿suficiente?
-
-- **Decisión:** aceptable para v0.1, expandir en v0.2.
-- **Por qué:** 6% parece bajo pero las keywords que matchean son las
-  **discursivamente importantes** (los conceptos estructurantes del
-  campo). Las que no matchean son keywords de relleno o de campos
-  adyacentes (geografía, periodización, etc.).
-- **Implicación para el diseño:** el `Preprocessor` del Hito 4
-  necesita un thesaurus **+ una fallback por embeddings** o **+ un
-  fallback por LLM** para keywords que no matchean. La decisión de
-  diseño es: ¿el thesaurus es **exhaustivo** o **cobertura + fuzzy**?
-  Mi recomendación: cobertura + fuzzy (con sentence-transformers o
-  un LLM barato).
-- **Pendiente:** decisión de diseño en el Hito 4, ADR corto.
-
-## Respuesta a la pregunta inicial (v2): ¿esto justifica construir `bib2graph`?
-
-**Sí, ahora con más fuerza.**
-
-**A favor (todo lo de v1, más):**
-- El pipeline (BibTeX + OpenAlex + 4 redes + thesaurus + métricas +
-  geografía) **funciona end-to-end con datos reales**.
-- Las 4 redes tienen estructura cuando hay enriquecimiento (3/4
-  con esta corrida, 4/4 si resolvemos el bug de `co_citacion`).
-- La asimetría Norte-Sur es **medible** y **real**: 50/18/32 (Norte
-  / Sur / Unknown) y 27% de los papers con autor Sur.
-- El thesaurus multilingüe **funciona** y es portable al núcleo.
-- El pre-procesador de `bibtexparser` es una **solución concreta** al
-  bug del Hito 3.
-
-**El wedge más pequeño que entrega "tensiones alrededor de mi idea"**
-(según `04-direccion-ia-in-the-loop.md`): **biblioteca curada
-(BibTeX) + OpenAlex para enriquecer + 4 redes + thesaurus +
-métricas IED-relevantes (asortatividad, composición geográfica)**. Eso
-es lo que la sandbox valida, sin el resto del "IA in the loop".
-
-**En contra (lo que sigue abierto):**
-- `co_citacion` requiere un segundo nivel de fetch (citadores con
-  citaciones) que no se hizo.
-- Las afiliaciones per-author del .bib sintético son un proxy;
-  OpenAlex las trae per-autor pero la implementación actual las
-  aplana a "Paper affiliation".
-- El thesaurus es chico (25 conceptos); escalarlo a un campo real
-  requiere embeddings o LLM.
-- No se validó con un caso de uso de investigación **real** (estudio
-  de semiconductores, deuda ecológica de un país específico). Eso
-  queda para el Hito de validación.
-
-## Próximos pasos sugeridos (actualizados)
-
-1. **Resolver `co_citacion`**: fetch del segundo nivel (citadores con
-   citaciones). 1-2 tardes, valida la 4ª red.
-2. **Escribir el ADR "Thesaurus multilingüe para IED"** (T6 + T10):
-   decidir exhaustivo vs. cobertura + fuzzy, formato portable.
-3. **Decidir el encuadre del Hito 3** a la luz de T2 actualizado
-   (sigue valiendo que sin enriquecimiento no hay co-citación, pero
-   ahora sabemos exactamente **qué** falta).
-4. **Diagnosticar el bug per-author affiliation** (T7) en el Hito 3.
-5. **Considerar el `Enricher` como Hito 2.5**: si la co-citación es
-   estructural, no debería esperar al Hito 6. (Decisión política;
-   registrarla en un ADR.)
-6. **Recién después**, empezar el Hito 1 (núcleo puro). La sandbox
-   no se mete con eso — sigue intacto el plan del ROADMAP para el
-   núcleo.
-
-## Lecciones que la iteración 2 confirmó
-
-- **"Sin red en CI"** (lección de AGENTS.md) sigue valiendo, pero la
-  sandbox demuestra que **con red en desarrollo, una tarde rinde
-  más** que 5 tardes de especular. El balance: CI sin red, desarrollo
- 偶尔 con red.
-- **Idempotencia** del merge (T1 de v1) fue clave para que la nueva
-  corrida con reales se sumara limpio a las semillas sin duplicar.
-- **La asortatividad como métrica IED-relevante** estaba en T5 de v1
-  como hipótesis. Con datos reales se confirma. Pero el disclaimer
-  de T9 también: es un proxy, hay que ser explícito.
-- **El thesaurus auditable a mano** (T6 de v1) fue la decisión
-  correcta: en 30 minutos curé 25 conceptos y la red mejoró
-  objetivamente. La alternativa "embeddings desde el día uno" habría
-  requerido instalar más deps, descargar modelos, y
-  opacar el comportamiento.
-
----
-
-_Informe escrito a mano sobre la corrida del 2026-06-14. v1 = sintético
-(21 papers), v2 = mixto semillas + OpenAlex reales (103 papers). Datos
-cuantitativos en `informe_ied.md` (regenerable). T1, T5, T6 resueltos;
-T2 parcialmente; T4 sí resuelto; T7-T10 son tensiones nuevas. Decisión
-sobre el Hito 3 sigue abierta y se beneficia de esta evidencia._
diff --git a/exploracion/requirements-exploracion.txt b/exploracion/requirements-exploracion.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index e7c59b7..0000000
--- a/exploracion/requirements-exploracion.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Dependencias de la sandbox de exploración.
-# Instalación: pip install -r requirements-exploracion.txt
-# Estas libs son EXCLUSIVAS de exploracion/. El núcleo de bib2graph
-# (pyproject.toml) NO las conoce.
-
-# Backbone de datos
-pyalex>=0.15         # cliente Python de la API de OpenAlex
-bibtexparser>=1.4    # parser de .bib (defensivo, no rompe con campos faltantes)
-
-# Datos y redes
-pandas>=2.2          # manipulación tabular
-pyarrow>=15          # parquet (alineado con el núcleo)
-networkx>=3.2        # grafos (alineado con el núcleo)
-python-louvain>=0.16 # detección de comunidades (louvain)
-
-# Viz opcional
-matplotlib>=3.8
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/01_search_openalex.py b/exploracion/scripts/01_search_openalex.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 678a110..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/01_search_openalex.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-"""01 — Buscar papers de IED en OpenAlex y volcarlos a CSV.
-
-Salida: ``datos/openalex_ied.csv`` con el schema común de ``_schema.py``.
-
-Uso:
-    python 01_search_openalex.py --limit 200
-    python 01_search_openalex.py --dry-run
-    python 01_search_openalex.py --query "ecological debt" --limit 50
-
-Notas operativas:
-- OpenAlex requiere API key desde feb-2026. Se lee de ``OPENALEX_API_KEY``
-  o ``~/.openalex/credentials``. Sin key, el script igual corre a velocidad
-  "polite pool" (más lento, no rompe).
-- Sin red (offline), corre ``--dry-run`` y muestra la query que se haría.
-- El abstract en OpenAlex viene como ``abstract_inverted_index``: un dict
-  ``{palabra: [posiciones]}`` que hay que reconstruir. Si no está, el campo
-  queda en None (testeo del parser defensivo).
-- Las referencias en OpenAlex son URLs (``https://openalex.org/W...``). Se
-  guardan como OpenAlex IDs. Si tienen DOI en el work referenciado, se prefiere
-  el DOI; esto requiere un fetch adicional que se hace solo si ``--resolve-refs``
-  está activo.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import csv
-import os
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any
-
-from _schema import CORPUS_COLUMNS, new_row
-
-DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos"
-OUT_CSV = DATA_DIR / "openalex_ied.csv"
-
-DEFAULT_QUERY = (
-    '"ecological unequal exchange" OR "ecological debt" OR "deuda ecológica" '
-    'OR "intercambio ecológicamente desigual" OR "ecological footprint" '
-    'AND (trade OR commerce OR "material flow")'
-)
-
-
-def reconstruct_abstract(inv_index: dict[str, list[int]] | None) -> str | None:
-    if not inv_index:
-        return None
-    out: list[str] = [""] * (max((p for ps in inv_index.values() for p in ps), default=0) + 1)
-    for word, positions in inv_index.items():
-        for p in positions:
-            out[p] = word
-    return " ".join(out).strip() or None
-
-
-def openalex_id_to_doi(oa_id: str) -> str | None:
-    if not oa_id:
-        return None
-    if "doi.org/" in oa_id:
-        return oa_id.split("doi.org/")[-1].lower()
-    return None
-
-
-def author_to_author_id(au: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-    raw = au.get("id") or au.get("orcid") or au.get("display_name") or "unknown"
-    return str(raw).rsplit("/", 1)[-1] if isinstance(raw, str) else str(raw)
-
-
-def work_to_row(work: dict[str, Any], is_seed: bool = False) -> dict[str, object]:
-    row = new_row()
-    row["id"] = (work.get("id") or "").rsplit("/", 1)[-1] or None
-    row["doi"] = openalex_id_to_doi(work.get("doi") or "")
-    row["title"] = work.get("title") or work.get("display_name")
-    row["year"] = work.get("publication_year")
-    row["abstract"] = reconstruct_abstract(work.get("abstract_inverted_index"))
-    authorships = work.get("authorships") or []
-    row["authors_raw"] = [a.get("author", {}).get("display_name", "")
-                          for a in authorships if a.get("author")]
-    row["authors_id"] = [author_to_author_id(a.get("author", {}))
-                         for a in authorships if a.get("author")]
-    affils: list[str] = []
-    for a in authorships:
-        for inst in a.get("institutions") or []:
-            country = (inst.get("country_code") or "").upper() or "??"
-            affils.append(f"{inst.get('display_name', '?')} ({country})")
-    row["authors_affiliations"] = affils
-    kws = work.get("keywords") or []
-    row["keywords_raw"] = [k.get("display_name", "") for k in kws if k.get("display_name")]
-    row["keywords_id"] = [k.get("id", "").rsplit("/", 1)[-1] for k in kws if k.get("id")]
-    row["references_doi"] = [openalex_id_to_doi(r) or r
-                             for r in (work.get("referenced_works") or [])]
-    loc = (work.get("primary_location") or {}).get("source") or {}
-    row["source"] = loc.get("display_name")
-    row["language"] = work.get("language")
-    row["is_seed"] = is_seed
-    return row
-
-
-def serialize_list(value: object) -> str:
-    if isinstance(value, list):
-        return "; ".join(str(x) for x in value)
-    return "" if value is None else str(value)
-
-
-def write_csv(rows: list[dict[str, object]], path: Path) -> None:
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    with path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-        writer = csv.DictWriter(fh, fieldnames=CORPUS_COLUMNS)
-        writer.writeheader()
-        for row in rows:
-            writer.writerow({c: serialize_list(row.get(c)) for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS})
-
-
-def get_api_key() -> str | None:
-    key = os.environ.get("OPENALEX_API_KEY")
-    if key:
-        return key
-    cred_path = Path.home() / ".openalex" / "credentials"
-    if cred_path.exists():
-        return cred_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8").strip() or None
-    return None
-
-
-def search_openalex(query: str, limit: int, api_key: str | None) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
-    try:
-        import pyalex
-        from pyalex import Works
-    except ImportError as exc:
-        raise SystemExit(
-            f"pyalex no instalado. Hacé `pip install pyalex` o corré --dry-run.\n{exc}"
-        ) from exc
-
-    if api_key:
-        pyalex.config.api_key = api_key
-    pyalex.config.max_retries = 3
-    pyalex.config.retry_backoff_factor = 0.5
-
-    print(f"[01] Query OpenAlex: {query!r}", file=sys.stderr)
-    print(f"[01] Limit: {limit}, key: {'sí' if api_key else 'no (polite pool)'}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    works: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
-    paginator = Works().search(query).select(
-        ["id", "doi", "title", "display_name", "publication_year", "language",
-         "abstract_inverted_index", "authorships", "keywords",
-         "referenced_works", "primary_location", "type"]
-    ).paginate(per_page=min(limit, 100))
-    for page in paginator:
-        for w in page:
-            works.append(w)
-            if len(works) >= limit:
-                return works
-    return works
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--query", default=DEFAULT_QUERY)
-    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int, default=200)
-    parser.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true",
-                        help="Muestra la query sin llamar a la API.")
-    parser.add_argument("--out", type=Path, default=OUT_CSV)
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if args.dry_run:
-        print(f"[01] DRY RUN. Query: {args.query!r}")
-        print(f"[01] DRY RUN. Salida: {args.out}")
-        print("[01] DRY RUN. Nada se escribió.")
-        return 0
-
-    api_key = get_api_key()
-    works = search_openalex(args.query, args.limit, api_key)
-    rows = [work_to_row(w, is_seed=False) for w in works]
-    write_csv(rows, args.out)
-    print(f"[01] {len(rows)} papers -> {args.out}", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/02_load_bibtex.py b/exploracion/scripts/02_load_bibtex.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cfc11c4..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/02_load_bibtex.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-"""02 — Cargar un .bib semilla y volcarlo a CSV con el schema común.
-
-Reglas de la sandbox:
-- Acceso **defensivo** a campos (``entry.get('author', [])``, no
-  ``entry['author']``). En BibTeX los campos opcionales faltan seguido.
-- El ``author`` se guarda como lista separada por `` and `` en ``authors_raw``
-  y se intenta parsear a ``"Apellido, Nombre"`` en ``authors_id`` (canonización
-  muy liviana; lo serio queda para el ``Preprocessor`` del núcleo).
-- Sin afiliaciones en BibTeX estándar: ``authors_affiliations`` queda vacío.
-  El parser no inventa afiliaciones (lección 4 de v0 en ``lecciones-v0.md``).
-- ``is_seed=True`` para todo lo que viene de .bib (el .bib es siempre semilla).
-- Si la entrada no tiene DOI, se le asigna un id sintético ``bib:<entry_id>``
-  para que sea dedupeable por el merge de ``03_merge_corpus.py``.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import csv
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any
-
-from _schema import CORPUS_COLUMNS, new_row
-
-OUT_CSV_DEFAULT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos" / "semillas_ied.csv"
-
-
-def parse_author(raw: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
-    """Devuelve (display_name, canonical_id) muy liviano.
-
-    Para "Apellido, Nombre" se conserva. Para "Nombre Apellido" se reordena.
-    El id canónico es ``"apellido_nombre"`` lowercased y sin acentos; sirve
-    para que la co-autoría matchee aunque la firma venga con/sin tilde.
-    """
-    raw = (raw or "").strip()
-    if not raw:
-        return "", ""
-    if "," in raw:
-        apellido, _, nombre = raw.partition(",")
-    else:
-        parts = raw.split()
-        apellido = parts[-1] if parts else ""
-        nombre = " ".join(parts[:-1])
-    apellido = apellido.strip()
-    nombre = nombre.strip()
-    canon = re.sub(r"\s+", "_", f"{apellido}_{nombre}").lower()
-    canon = re.sub(r"[^\w]", "", canon, flags=re.UNICODE)
-    return f"{apellido}, {nombre}".strip(", "), canon
-
-
-def _unescape_latex(value: str) -> str:
-    """Desescapa secuencias LaTeX básicas que aparecen en .bib de revistas latam.
-
-    No es un desescapador completo; sólo lo que la literatura de IED usa:
-    acentos, eñes, comillas tipográficas. La normalización profunda (canonización
-    de keywords, thesaurus) es trabajo del ``Preprocessor`` del núcleo.
-
-    Soporta dos formas: ``\\'o`` simple y ``{\\'o}`` con llaves agrupadoras
-    (típico de revistas latam que embeben comandos LaTeX en grupos).
-    """
-    import re
-    char_map = {
-        "a": "á", "e": "é", "i": "í", "o": "ó", "u": "ú",
-        "A": "Á", "E": "É", "I": "Í", "O": "Ó", "U": "Ú",
-        "n": "ñ", "N": "Ñ",
-    }
-    pattern = re.compile(r"\{\\['`\"\^~]([aeiounAEIOUN])\}|\\['`\"\^~]([aeiounAEIOUN])")
-    def _replace(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
-        letter = m.group(1) or m.group(2)
-        return char_map.get(letter, m.group(0))
-    value = pattern.sub(_replace, value)
-
-    replacements = {
-        '\\"a': "ä", '\\"e': "ë", '\\"i': "ï", '\\"o': "ö", '\\"u': "ü",
-        "\\`a": "à", "\\`e": "è", "\\`o": "ò",
-        "``": "“", "''": "”", "`": "‘",
-    }
-    for k, v in replacements.items():
-        value = value.replace(k, v)
-    return value
-
-
-def get_keywords(entry: dict[str, Any]) -> list[str]:
-    raw = entry.get("keywords") or entry.get("keyword")
-    if not raw:
-        return []
-    if isinstance(raw, list):
-        return [_unescape_latex(str(k)).strip() for k in raw if str(k).strip()]
-    return [_unescape_latex(k).strip() for k in str(raw).split(",") if k.strip()]
-
-
-def entry_to_row(entry_dict: dict[str, Any], entry_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
-    row = new_row()
-    row["id"] = entry_dict.get("doi") or f"bib:{entry_id}"
-    row["doi"] = entry_dict.get("doi")
-    row["title"] = _unescape_latex(entry_dict.get("title") or "")
-    row["year"] = int(entry_dict["year"]) if entry_dict.get("year") else None
-    row["abstract"] = _unescape_latex(entry_dict.get("abstract") or "")
-    authors_raw = entry_dict.get("author") or entry_dict.get("authors") or []
-    if isinstance(authors_raw, str):
-        authors_raw = [_unescape_latex(a).strip() for a in re.split(r"\s+and\s+", authors_raw) if a.strip()]
-    elif authors_raw:
-        authors_raw = [_unescape_latex(str(a)).strip() for a in authors_raw if str(a).strip()]
-    names, ids = zip(*[parse_author(a) for a in authors_raw]) if authors_raw else ([], [])
-    row["authors_raw"] = list(names)
-    row["authors_id"] = list(ids)
-    aff = entry_dict.get("affiliation")
-    if aff:
-        affil_text = _unescape_latex(aff) if isinstance(aff, str) else str(aff)
-        affil_text = affil_text.strip()
-        if affil_text:
-            row["authors_affiliations"] = [f"Paper affiliation: {affil_text}"]
-        else:
-            row["authors_affiliations"] = []
-    else:
-        row["authors_affiliations"] = []
-    row["keywords_raw"] = get_keywords(entry_dict)
-    row["keywords_id"] = [re.sub(r"\s+", "_", k.lower()) for k in row["keywords_raw"]]
-    row["references_doi"] = []
-    source = entry_dict.get("journal") or entry_dict.get("booktitle") or entry_dict.get("publisher")
-    row["source"] = _unescape_latex(source) if source else None
-    row["language"] = entry_dict.get("language")
-    row["is_seed"] = True
-    return row
-
-
-def serialize_list(value: object) -> str:
-    if isinstance(value, list):
-        return "; ".join(str(x) for x in value)
-    return "" if value is None else str(value)
-
-
-def write_csv(rows: list[dict[str, object]], path: Path) -> None:
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    with path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-        writer = csv.DictWriter(fh, fieldnames=CORPUS_COLUMNS)
-        writer.writeheader()
-        for row in rows:
-            writer.writerow({c: serialize_list(row.get(c)) for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS})
-
-
-def _preprocess_bib(text: str) -> tuple[str, int]:
-    """Limpia el .bib antes de pasárselo a ``bibtexparser``.
-
-    Bug documentado de ``bibtexparser`` 1.4.x que esta función mitiga
-    (ver ``informe_ied_lectura.md`` T1):
-
-    **``keywords`` como último campo + comentario ``%`` antes del ``}``**:
-    el parser **se come la entry entera**. Específicamente, si una entry
-    termina con ``keywords = {...},`` y después viene una línea ``%``
-    (incluso vacía, incluso ASCII puro) antes del ``}`` de cierre, el
-    parser pierde la entry. Reproducible aislado. La fix es eliminar las
-    líneas ``%`` que estén dentro de una entry, justo antes del ``}``
-    de cierre. Los comentarios entre campos o entre entries no se tocan.
-
-    Devuelve ``(texto_limpio, n_comentarios_eliminados)``.
-    """
-    n_fixed = 0
-    lines = text.splitlines(keepends=True)
-    out: list[str] = []
-    in_entry = False
-    i = 0
-    while i < len(lines):
-        line = lines[i]
-        stripped = line.lstrip()
-        if stripped.startswith("@"):
-            in_entry = True
-            out.append(line)
-            i += 1
-            continue
-        if not in_entry:
-            out.append(line)
-            i += 1
-            continue
-        if stripped.startswith("}"):
-            in_entry = False
-            out.append(line)
-            i += 1
-            continue
-        if stripped.startswith("%"):
-            j = i
-            while j < len(lines) and lines[j].lstrip().startswith("%"):
-                j += 1
-            if j < len(lines) and lines[j].lstrip().startswith("}"):
-                n_fixed += j - i
-                i = j
-                continue
-            out.extend(lines[i:j])
-            i = j
-            continue
-        out.append(line)
-        i += 1
-    return "".join(out), n_fixed
-
-
-def load_bibtex(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
-    try:
-        import bibtexparser
-        from bibtexparser.bparser import BibTexParser
-    except ImportError as exc:
-        raise SystemExit(
-            f"bibtexparser no instalado. Hacé `pip install bibtexparser`.\n{exc}"
-        ) from exc
-
-    raw = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    cleaned, n_fixed = _preprocess_bib(raw)
-    if n_fixed:
-        print(f"[02] Pre-procesador: {n_fixed} comentarios ``%`` antes de "
-              f"``}}`` eliminados (fix de bug bibtexparser T1).", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    parser = BibTexParser(common_strings=True)
-    parser.ignore_nonstandard_types = False
-    db = bibtexparser.loads(cleaned, parser=parser)
-    return [dict(e) for e in db.entries]
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--bib", type=Path, required=True)
-    parser.add_argument("--out", type=Path, default=OUT_CSV_DEFAULT)
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not args.bib.exists():
-        print(f"[02] ERROR: no existe {args.bib}", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
-
-    entries = load_bibtex(args.bib)
-    print(f"[02] {len(entries)} entradas leídas de {args.bib}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    rows = [entry_to_row(e, e.get("ID", f"n{i}")) for i, e in enumerate(entries)]
-    n_sin_doi = sum(1 for r in rows if not r.get("doi"))
-    n_sin_kw = sum(1 for r in rows if not r["keywords_raw"])
-    n_sin_abs = sum(1 for r in rows if not r.get("abstract"))
-    print(f"[02] Defensivo: {n_sin_doi} sin DOI, {n_sin_kw} sin keywords, "
-          f"{n_sin_abs} sin abstract", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    write_csv(rows, args.out)
-    print(f"[02] {len(rows)} filas -> {args.out}", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/03_merge_corpus.py b/exploracion/scripts/03_merge_corpus.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a8d437b..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/03_merge_corpus.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-"""03 — Unir múltiples CSVs en un solo corpus, deduplicar y dumpear parquet.
-
-Decisiones de la sandbox:
-- **Dedupe por DOI normalizado** (lowercase, sin prefijo ``https://``). Si dos
-  filas comparten DOI, se mergea: gana la que tiene más campos no vacíos, y
-  se hace OR lógico sobre ``is_seed`` (si alguna fuente la marcó como semilla,
-  queda como semilla).
-- Si no hay DOI, se cae al ``id`` sintético (``bib:`` o ``W...`` de OpenAlex).
-- La **lista** de campos se deserializa de CSV (``";"``-separado) a ``list[str]``
-  antes de pasar a parquet, y se serializa al revés al leer.
-- Salida:
-    - ``datos/corpus_ied.csv``  — para inspección humana.
-    - ``datos/corpus_ied.parquet`` — para los scripts siguientes (más rápido).
-- Imprime un resumen de qué se mergeó y qué se descartó.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-from _schema import CORPUS_COLUMNS, new_row
-
-DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos"
-
-_LIST_COLUMNS = {"authors_raw", "authors_id", "authors_affiliations",
-                 "keywords_raw", "keywords_id", "references_doi"}
-
-
-def normalize_doi(doi: str | None) -> str | None:
-    if not doi:
-        return None
-    d = doi.strip().lower()
-    for prefix in ("https://doi.org/", "http://doi.org/", "doi.org/", "doi:"):
-        if d.startswith(prefix):
-            d = d[len(prefix):]
-    return d or None
-
-
-def read_csv(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, object]]:
-    import csv
-    rows: list[dict[str, object]] = []
-    with path.open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(fh)
-        for raw in reader:
-            row = new_row()
-            for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS:
-                val = raw.get(c, "")
-                if c in _LIST_COLUMNS:
-                    row[c] = [v.strip() for v in val.split(";") if v.strip()]
-                elif c == "year":
-                    row[c] = int(val) if val and val.strip().isdigit() else None
-                elif c == "is_seed":
-                    row[c] = val.lower() in {"true", "1", "yes", "sí", "si"}
-                else:
-                    row[c] = val.strip() or None
-            rows.append(row)
-    return rows
-
-
-def fillness(row: dict[str, object]) -> int:
-    return sum(1 for v in row.values() if v not in (None, "", []))
-
-
-def merge_rows(a: dict[str, object], b: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
-    """Gana la fila con más campos llenos; mergea listas; OR sobre is_seed."""
-    winner = a if fillness(a) >= fillness(b) else b
-    loser = b if winner is a else a
-    out = dict(winner)
-    for col in _LIST_COLUMNS:
-        merged = list(winner.get(col) or []) + [x for x in (loser.get(col) or [])
-                                                if x not in (winner.get(col) or [])]
-        out[col] = merged
-    out["is_seed"] = bool(winner.get("is_seed")) or bool(loser.get("is_seed"))
-    return out
-
-
-def dedupe(rows: list[dict[str, object]]) -> tuple[list[dict[str, object]], dict[str, int]]:
-    by_doi: dict[str, dict[str, object]] = {}
-    by_id: dict[str, dict[str, object]] = {}
-    no_key: list[dict[str, object]] = []
-    stats = {"by_doi": 0, "by_id": 0, "no_key": 0}
-
-    for row in rows:
-        doi = normalize_doi(row.get("doi"))
-        rid = row.get("id")
-        if doi:
-            if doi in by_doi:
-                by_doi[doi] = merge_rows(by_doi[doi], row)
-                stats["by_doi"] += 1
-            else:
-                by_doi[doi] = row
-        elif rid:
-            if rid in by_id:
-                by_id[rid] = merge_rows(by_id[rid], row)
-                stats["by_id"] += 1
-            else:
-                by_id[rid] = row
-        else:
-            no_key.append(row)
-            stats["no_key"] += 1
-
-    return list(by_doi.values()) + list(by_id.values()) + no_key, stats
-
-
-def write_csv(rows: list[dict[str, object]], path: Path) -> None:
-    import csv
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    with path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-        writer = csv.DictWriter(fh, fieldnames=CORPUS_COLUMNS)
-        writer.writeheader()
-        for row in rows:
-            serialized: dict[str, object] = {}
-            for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS:
-                v = row.get(c)
-                if isinstance(v, list):
-                    serialized[c] = "; ".join(str(x) for x in v)
-                else:
-                    serialized[c] = "" if v is None else str(v)
-            writer.writerow(serialized)
-
-
-def write_parquet(rows: list[dict[str, object]], path: Path) -> None:
-    try:
-        import pyarrow as pa
-        import pyarrow.parquet as pq
-    except ImportError as exc:
-        raise SystemExit(f"pyarrow no instalado. `pip install pyarrow`.\n{exc}") from exc
-
-    arrays: dict[str, list[object]] = {c: [] for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS}
-    for row in rows:
-        for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS:
-            v = row.get(c)
-            if c in _LIST_COLUMNS and v is None:
-                v = []
-            arrays[c].append(v)
-    table = pa.table(arrays)
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    pq.write_table(table, path)
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--inputs", nargs="+", type=Path, required=True,
-                        help="CSVs a unir (uno o más).")
-    parser.add_argument("--out-csv", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.csv")
-    parser.add_argument("--out-parquet", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.parquet")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    all_rows: list[dict[str, object]] = []
-    for src in args.inputs:
-        if not src.exists():
-            print(f"[03] WARN: {src} no existe, lo salto.", file=sys.stderr)
-            continue
-        rows = read_csv(src)
-        print(f"[03] {len(rows):>4} filas de {src}", file=sys.stderr)
-        all_rows.extend(rows)
-    print(f"[03] Total sin dedup: {len(all_rows)}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    merged, stats = dedupe(all_rows)
-    print(f"[03] Dedup: {stats['by_doi']} merges por DOI, "
-          f"{stats['by_id']} por id, {stats['no_key']} sin clave.", file=sys.stderr)
-    print(f"[03] Total dedupeado: {len(merged)}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    n_seed = sum(1 for r in merged if r.get("is_seed"))
-    n_with_doi = sum(1 for r in merged if r.get("doi"))
-    n_with_kw = sum(1 for r in merged if r["keywords_raw"])
-    n_with_abs = sum(1 for r in merged if r.get("abstract"))
-    print(f"[03] Composición: {n_seed} semillas, {n_with_doi} con DOI, "
-          f"{n_with_kw} con keywords, {n_with_abs} con abstract.", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    write_csv(merged, args.out_csv)
-    write_parquet(merged, args.out_parquet)
-    print(f"[03] CSV     -> {args.out_csv}", file=sys.stderr)
-    print(f"[03] Parquet -> {args.out_parquet}", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/04_build_networks.py b/exploracion/scripts/04_build_networks.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bf17821..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/04_build_networks.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-"""04 — Construir las 4 redes bibliométricas y exportarlas a GraphML.
-
-Redes (orden de la tabla de ``docs/API.md`` §5):
-- **co_citacion**:   papers semilla que comparten referencias.
-                    Peso = # de referencias compartidas.
-                    Nodos = papers semilla; aristas = co-citación.
-- **co_autoria**:    autores que co-firman papers semilla.
-                    Peso = # de papers co-firmados.
-                    Nodos = autores; aristas = co-firma.
-- **co_word**:       keywords que co-ocurren en papers semilla.
-                    Peso = # de papers que comparten esa keyword.
-                    Nodos = keywords; aristas = co-ocurrencia.
-- **coupling**:      papers semilla que comparten referencias.
-                    **Conceptualmente** igual a co-citación pero **la unidad
-                    es el par de papers que citan lo mismo, no las
-                    referencias citadas**. Acá lo implementamos como
-                    "papers del corpus que comparten al menos una referencia
-                    resuelta por DOI". Si no hay refs, queda vacío.
-
-Decisiones de la sandbox:
-- Solo se usan **papers semilla** (``is_seed=True``) en co-citación, co-word
-  y coupling. Co-autoría usa todos los autores firmantes de semillas.
-- Las listas en parquet (``authors_id``, ``keywords_id``, ``references_doi``)
-  son ``list[str]`` ya deserializadas (pyarrow + pyarrow.list_).
-- El output es **GraphML** (interoperable con Gephi, VOSviewer, NetworkX).
-- Cada red tiene atributos ``kind`` y ``seed_only`` (True/False) en metadata.
-- Si la red queda vacía (ej: sin referencias), se escribe un GraphML mínimo
-  con 0 nodos y 0 aristas **y se reporta** en stderr. No se rompe el pipeline.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import sys
-from collections import Counter
-from itertools import combinations
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import networkx as nx
-
-DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos"
-REDES_DIR = DATA_DIR / "redes"
-
-
-def load_corpus(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, object]]:
-    import pyarrow.parquet as pq
-    table = pq.read_table(path).to_pylist()
-    return table
-
-
-def build_co_citacion(seeds: list[dict[str, object]]) -> nx.Graph:
-    """Nodos: papers semilla. Aristas: comparten >= 1 referencia (DOI)."""
-    g = nx.Graph()
-    for s in seeds:
-        g.add_node(s["id"], label=s.get("title") or s["id"], year=s.get("year"))
-    ref_index: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
-    for s in seeds:
-        for ref in s.get("references_doi") or []:
-            if not ref:
-                continue
-            ref_index.setdefault(ref, []).append(s["id"])
-    for _ref, papers in ref_index.items():
-        for a, b in combinations(sorted(set(papers)), 2):
-            if g.has_edge(a, b):
-                g[a][b]["weight"] += 1
-            else:
-                g.add_edge(a, b, weight=1)
-    return g
-
-
-def build_co_autoria(seeds: list[dict[str, object]]) -> nx.Graph:
-    """Nodos: autores. Aristas: co-firman >= 1 paper semilla."""
-    g = nx.Graph()
-    for s in seeds:
-        authors = s.get("authors_id") or []
-        for a in authors:
-            if not a:
-                continue
-            g.add_node(a, label=a)
-        for a, b in combinations(sorted(set(a for a in authors if a)), 2):
-            if g.has_edge(a, b):
-                g[a][b]["weight"] += 1
-            else:
-                g.add_edge(a, b, weight=1)
-    return g
-
-
-def build_co_word(seeds: list[dict[str, object]]) -> nx.Graph:
-    """Nodos: keywords. Aristas: co-ocurren en >= 1 paper semilla."""
-    g = nx.Graph()
-    for s in seeds:
-        kws = s.get("keywords_id") or []
-        for k in kws:
-            if not k:
-                continue
-            g.add_node(k, label=k)
-        for a, b in combinations(sorted(set(k for k in kws if k)), 2):
-            if g.has_edge(a, b):
-                g[a][b]["weight"] += 1
-            else:
-                g.add_edge(a, b, weight=1)
-    return g
-
-
-def build_coupling(papers: list[dict[str, object]], scope: str = "seeds") -> nx.Graph:
-    """Nodos: papers. Aristas: comparten >= 1 referencia por DOI.
-
-    Acoplamento bibliográfico: dos papers están acoplados si comparten
-    al menos una referencia. Distinto de co-citación: la co-citación mira
-    papers que son citados **juntos por terceros** (los citadores); el
-    coupling mira papers que **comparten su lista de referencias**.
-
-    Parámetro ``scope``:
-    - ``"seeds"`` (default, lo que hacía la v1): sólo papers semilla.
-      Operacionalmente equivalente a co-citación cuando no hay citadores
-      incorporados al corpus.
-    - ``"full"``: corpus completo (semillas + citadores + referencias
-      resueltas traídas por el Enricher, ``is_seed=False``). La diferencia
-      con ``"seeds"`` aparece sólo si el corpus tiene citadores. Con
-      datos sintéticos sin enriquecer, ambos dan lo mismo.
-
-    Si los papers no declaran ``references_doi``, la red queda vacía.
-    """
-    g = nx.Graph()
-    target = papers if scope == "full" else [p for p in papers if p.get("is_seed")]
-    for s in target:
-        g.add_node(s["id"], label=s.get("title") or s["id"],
-                   year=s.get("year"), is_seed=bool(s.get("is_seed")))
-    for a, b in combinations(target, 2):
-        refs_a = set(a.get("references_doi") or [])
-        refs_b = set(b.get("references_doi") or [])
-        shared = refs_a & refs_b
-        if shared:
-            g.add_edge(a["id"], b["id"], weight=len(shared))
-    return g
-
-
-def report(g: nx.Graph, kind: str, n_seeds: int) -> None:
-    n_e = g.number_of_edges()
-    n_n = g.number_of_nodes()
-    if n_n == 0:
-        print(f"[04] {kind:<12} VACÍA (0 nodos, 0 aristas)", file=sys.stderr)
-    else:
-        density = nx.density(g)
-        print(f"[04] {kind:<12} {n_n:>4} nodos, {n_e:>5} aristas, "
-              f"densidad {density:.4f} (seeds={n_seeds})", file=sys.stderr)
-
-
-def write_graphml(g: nx.Graph, path: Path, kind: str, n_seeds: int) -> None:
-    g.graph["kind"] = kind
-    g.graph["seed_only"] = True
-    g.graph["n_seeds"] = n_seeds
-    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    nx.write_graphml(g, path)
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--corpus", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.parquet")
-    parser.add_argument("--out-dir", type=Path, default=REDES_DIR)
-    parser.add_argument("--kinds", nargs="+",
-                        default=["co_citacion", "co_autoria", "co_word", "coupling"])
-    parser.add_argument("--coupling-scope", choices=["seeds", "full"], default="seeds",
-                        help="Scope de la red coupling. 'seeds' (default) = solo "
-                             "semillas; 'full' = corpus completo. Sólo se nota "
-                             "la diferencia si hay citadores (is_seed=False) "
-                             "en el corpus.")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not args.corpus.exists():
-        print(f"[04] ERROR: no existe {args.corpus}. Corré 02/03 primero.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
-
-    rows = load_corpus(args.corpus)
-    seeds = [r for r in rows if r.get("is_seed")]
-    n_total = len(rows)
-    n_citadores = n_total - len(seeds)
-    print(f"[04] Corpus: {n_total} filas totales, {len(seeds)} semillas, "
-          f"{n_citadores} citadores (is_seed=False).", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    builders = {
-        "co_citacion": build_co_citacion,
-        "co_autoria": build_co_autoria,
-        "co_word": build_co_word,
-    }
-    for kind in args.kinds:
-        if kind not in builders and kind != "coupling":
-            print(f"[04] WARN: kind desconocido {kind!r}, lo salto.", file=sys.stderr)
-            continue
-        if kind == "coupling":
-            g = build_coupling(rows, scope=args.coupling_scope)
-            label = f"coupling[{args.coupling_scope}]"
-        else:
-            g = builders[kind](seeds)
-            label = kind
-        report(g, label, len(seeds))
-        fname = f"{kind}.graphml" if kind != "coupling" else f"coupling_{args.coupling_scope}.graphml"
-        out = args.out_dir / fname
-        write_graphml(g, out, kind, len(seeds))
-        print(f"[04] {label} -> {out}", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/05_metrics_report.py b/exploracion/scripts/05_metrics_report.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 29403ab..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/05_metrics_report.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,335 +0,0 @@
-"""05 — Métricas de redes + informe narrado del caso IED.
-
-Para cada red calcula:
-- Top-N nodos por **centralidad de grado** (degree centrality) y por
-  **centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness centrality). La segunda
-  es cara O(V*E) — se aplica sólo si la red tiene < 500 nodos.
-- Distribución de componentes conexas (cuántos nodos están en el componente
-  gigante).
-- **Asimetrías geográficas** del corpus: a partir de ``authors_affiliations``
-  (que sí están pobladas cuando la fuente es OpenAlex, no cuando es .bib),
-  cuenta papers con al menos un autor en cada macro-región (Global North vs
-  Global South). Si el corpus no tiene afiliaciones, se reporta como
-  "no medible con este corpus" en vez de inventar.
-
-Salida:
-- ``informe_ied.md`` con secciones por red, más una sección de "tensiones
-  detectadas" con la plantilla del README (``Decisión / Por qué / Implicación
-  para el diseño / Pendiente``).
-
-Las comunidades (louvain) se calculan si el paquete está instalado
-(``python-louvain``), siguiendo la regla de ``lecciones-v0.md``: fallar fuerte
-sólo cuando se pide; nunca en silencio.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import re
-import sys
-from collections import Counter, defaultdict
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import networkx as nx
-
-DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos"
-REDES_DIR = DATA_DIR / "redes"
-INFORME = DATA_DIR.parent / "informe_ied.md"
-
-NORTH = {"US", "USA", "UNITED STATES", "GB", "UK", "UNITED KINGDOM", "DE", "GERMANY",
-         "FR", "FRANCE", "NL", "NETHERLANDS", "SE", "SWEDEN", "FI", "FINLAND",
-         "NO", "NORWAY", "DK", "DENMARK", "CA", "CANADA", "AU", "AUSTRALIA",
-         "JP", "JAPAN", "AT", "AUSTRIA", "CH", "SWITZERLAND", "IT", "ITALY",
-         "ES", "SPAIN", "BE", "BELGIUM"}
-SOUTH = {"AR", "ARGENTINA", "BR", "BRAZIL", "BO", "BOLIVIA", "CL", "CHILE",
-         "CO", "COLOMBIA", "EC", "ECUADOR", "PE", "PERU", "MX", "MEXICO",
-         "VE", "VENEZUELA", "UY", "URUGUAY", "PY", "PARAGUAY", "IN", "INDIA",
-         "ZA", "SOUTH AFRICA", "CN", "CHINA", "ID", "INDONESIA", "NG", "NIGERIA",
-         "KE", "KENYA", "EG", "EGYPT"}
-
-
-def extract_country(affil: str) -> str:
-    """Extrae código de país de un string de afiliación.
-
-    Soporta dos formatos:
-    - OpenAlex-style: ``"University of X (US)"`` -> ``"US"``
-    - Sandbox-style: ``"Paper affiliation: AR"`` -> ``"AR"``
-    """
-    s = affil.strip()
-    m = re.search(r"\(([A-Z]{2,})\)\s*$", s)
-    if m:
-        return m.group(1).upper()
-    if ":" in s:
-        tail = s.rsplit(":", 1)[1].strip()
-        if re.match(r"^[A-Z]{2,}$", tail):
-            return tail
-    return ""
-
-
-def paper_geography(paper: dict[str, object]) -> set[str]:
-    """Devuelve {'NORTH', 'SOUTH', 'MIXED', 'UNKNOWN'}."""
-    affils = paper.get("authors_affiliations") or []
-    if not affils:
-        return {"UNKNOWN"}
-    has_n = has_s = False
-    for a in affils:
-        c = extract_country(str(a))
-        if c in NORTH:
-            has_n = True
-        elif c in SOUTH:
-            has_s = True
-    if has_n and has_s:
-        return {"MIXED"}
-    if has_n:
-        return {"NORTH"}
-    if has_s:
-        return {"SOUTH"}
-    return {"UNKNOWN"}
-
-
-def top_by_centrality(g: nx.Graph, kind: str, n: int = 10) -> list[tuple[str, float]]:
-    if g.number_of_nodes() == 0:
-        return []
-    if kind == "degree":
-        scores = nx.degree_centrality(g)
-    elif kind == "betweenness":
-        if g.number_of_nodes() > 500:
-            return []
-        scores = nx.betweenness_centrality(g, weight="weight")
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(kind)
-    return sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda kv: kv[1], reverse=True)[:n]
-
-
-def components_summary(g: nx.Graph) -> tuple[int, int, float]:
-    if g.number_of_nodes() == 0:
-        return 0, 0, 0.0
-    comps = list(nx.connected_components(g))
-    n_comps = len(comps)
-    gcc = max(comps, key=len)
-    gcc_frac = len(gcc) / g.number_of_nodes()
-    return n_comps, len(gcc), gcc_frac
-
-
-def try_louvain(g: nx.Graph) -> dict[str, int] | None:
-    try:
-        import community as community_louvain
-    except ImportError:
-        return None
-    if g.number_of_nodes() == 0:
-        return {}
-    partition = community_louvain.best_partition(g, weight="weight", random_state=42)
-    return partition
-
-
-def load_graph(path: Path) -> nx.Graph | None:
-    if not path.exists():
-        return None
-    return nx.read_graphml(path)
-
-
-def load_coupling_graph(out_dir: Path) -> nx.Graph | None:
-    """Carga el grafo de coupling: prefiere la versión 'full' (con citadores)
-    si existe, si no la 'seeds'. El script 04 puede generar las dos
-    según ``--coupling-scope``; acá tomamos la más completa disponible."""
-    for name in ("coupling_full.graphml", "coupling_seeds.graphml", "coupling.graphml"):
-        g = load_graph(out_dir / name)
-        if g is not None:
-            return g
-    return None
-
-
-def report_network(g: nx.Graph, kind: str, papers: list[dict[str, object]] | None = None) -> str:
-    lines = [f"### Red: `{kind}`", ""]
-    if g is None or g.number_of_nodes() == 0:
-        lines += ["**Vacía** — sin estructura. Posibles causas reportadas en "
-                  "la sección de tensiones.", ""]
-        return "\n".join(lines)
-    n_n, n_e = g.number_of_nodes(), g.number_of_edges()
-    density = nx.density(g)
-    n_comps, gcc_size, gcc_frac = components_summary(g)
-
-    geo_attr: dict[str, str] = {}
-    if papers and kind == "co_autoria":
-        for p in papers:
-            countries = [extract_country(str(aff))
-                         for aff in (p.get("authors_affiliations") or [])]
-            countries = [c for c in countries if c]
-            if not countries:
-                continue
-            region = "NORTH" if countries[0] in NORTH else (
-                "SOUTH" if countries[0] in SOUTH else "UNKNOWN")
-            for a in (p.get("authors_id") or []):
-                if a:
-                    geo_attr[a] = region
-        for n in g.nodes:
-            if n in geo_attr:
-                g.nodes[n]["geo"] = geo_attr[n]
-
-    lines += [
-        f"- Nodos: **{n_n}** | Aristas: **{n_e}** | Densidad: **{density:.4f}**",
-        f"- Componentes conexas: **{n_comps}** | GCC: **{gcc_size}** nodos "
-        f"(**{gcc_frac:.0%}** del total)",
-        "",
-    ]
-
-    if geo_attr and kind == "co_autoria":
-        nodes_with_geo = [n for n in g.nodes if n in geo_attr]
-        n_geo = len(nodes_with_geo)
-        n_no_geo = g.number_of_nodes() - n_geo
-        if n_geo > 0:
-            try:
-                ass = nx.attribute_assortativity_coefficient(g, "geo")
-            except Exception:
-                ass = None
-            try:
-                deg_ass = nx.degree_assortativity_coefficient(g, weight="weight")
-            except Exception:
-                deg_ass = None
-            lines.append(f"**Asortatividad (autoría con geografía):**")
-            lines.append(f"  - Nodos con geografía asignada: **{n_geo}/{g.number_of_nodes()}** "
-                         f"({n_geo / g.number_of_nodes():.0%}) — {n_no_geo} sin asignar "
-                         f"(autores OpenAlex sin afiliación poblada).")
-            if ass is not None and not (isinstance(ass, float) and ass != ass):
-                lines.append(f"  - Por región (NORTH/SOUTH/UNKNOWN): "
-                             f"**{ass:+.3f}**  "
-                             f"({'positivo = homofilia (Norte con Norte)' if ass > 0 else 'negativo = heterofilia (Norte con Sur)'})")
-            else:
-                lines.append("  - Por región: _(no calculable — distribución degenerada)_")
-            if deg_ass is not None and not (isinstance(deg_ass, float) and deg_ass != deg_ass):
-                lines.append(f"  - Por grado (degree assortativity, ponderada): "
-                             f"**{deg_ass:+.3f}**  "
-                             f"({'autores prolíficos co-firman con prolíficos' if deg_ass > 0 else 'autores prolíficos co-firman con periferia'})")
-            lines.append("")
-
-    lines.append("**Top 10 por centralidad de grado:**\n")
-    for node, score in top_by_centrality(g, "degree", 10):
-        label = g.nodes[node].get("label", node)
-        suffix = f" [{geo_attr.get(node, '')}]" if geo_attr and node in geo_attr else ""
-        lines.append(f"  - `{label}`{suffix} — {score:.3f}")
-    lines.append("")
-    lines.append("**Top 10 por centralidad de intermediación** (betweenness):\n")
-    bt = top_by_centrality(g, "betweenness", 10)
-    if not bt:
-        lines.append("  - _(red > 500 nodos: salteado por costo)_")
-    else:
-        for node, score in bt:
-            label = g.nodes[node].get("label", node)
-            suffix = f" [{geo_attr.get(node, '')}]" if geo_attr and node in geo_attr else ""
-            lines.append(f"  - `{label}`{suffix} — {score:.4f}")
-    lines.append("")
-
-    partition = try_louvain(g)
-    if partition is not None and partition:
-        sizes = Counter(partition.values())
-        n_comms = len(sizes)
-        lines.append(f"**Comunidades (louvain):** {n_comms}\n")
-        for cid, size in sorted(sizes.items(), key=lambda kv: -kv[1])[:5]:
-            members = [n for n, c in partition.items() if c == cid]
-            sample = ", ".join(f"`{g.nodes[m].get('label', m)}`" for m in members[:3])
-            if geo_attr:
-                geo_counts = Counter(geo_attr.get(m, "?") for m in members)
-                geo_str = ", ".join(f"{k}:{v}" for k, v in sorted(geo_counts.items()))
-                lines.append(f"  - Comunidad {cid} ({size} nodos): {sample}… — geo: {geo_str}")
-            else:
-                lines.append(f"  - Comunidad {cid} ({size} nodos): {sample}…")
-    elif partition is None:
-        lines.append("**Comunidades:** _(python-louvain no instalado; `pip install python-louvain`)_")
-    lines.append("")
-    return "\n".join(lines)
-
-
-def report_geography(papers: list[dict[str, object]]) -> str:
-    counts: Counter[str] = Counter()
-    for p in papers:
-        for g_name in paper_geography(p):
-            counts[g_name] += 1
-    n = len(papers)
-    if n == 0:
-        return "### Geografía\n\n_Sin papers._\n"
-    lines = ["### Geografía del corpus", ""]
-    if all(c == "UNKNOWN" for c in counts) or not counts:
-        lines += [
-            f"- {n} papers en el corpus, **sin afiliaciones pobladas**.",
-            "- Imposible medir asimetrías Norte-Sur **con este corpus**.",
-            "- El .bib sintético no tiene afiliaciones (campo raro en BibTeX).",
-            "- En datos reales de OpenAlex (script 01) este análisis sí es viable.",
-            "",
-        ]
-        return "\n".join(lines)
-    lines.append(f"- {n} papers totales.\n")
-    for region in ("NORTH", "SOUTH", "MIXED", "UNKNOWN"):
-        c = counts.get(region, 0)
-        if c:
-            lines.append(f"  - **{region}**: {c} ({c / n:.0%})")
-    lines.append("")
-    n_s = counts.get("SOUTH", 0)
-    n_n = counts.get("NORTH", 0)
-    n_m = counts.get("MIXED", 0)
-    if n_s + n_n > 0 and n_s > 0:
-        ratio = (n_s + n_m) / (n_s + n_n + n_m) if (n_s + n_n + n_m) else 0
-        lines.append(
-            f"- **Asimetría:** {ratio:.0%} de los papers tiene al menos un autor "
-            f"del Global South (incluyendo co-autorías mixtas). Útil para IED: "
-            f"indica penetración del Sur en el campo, no solo hegemonía del Norte."
-        )
-    lines.append("")
-    return "\n".join(lines)
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--corpus", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.parquet")
-    parser.add_argument("--out", type=Path, default=INFORME)
-    parser.add_argument("--kinds", nargs="+",
-                        default=["co_citacion", "co_autoria", "co_word", "coupling"])
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not args.corpus.exists():
-        print(f"[05] ERROR: no existe {args.corpus}.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
-
-    import pyarrow.parquet as pq
-    papers = pq.read_table(args.corpus).to_pylist()
-
-    sections: list[str] = ["# Informe IED — sandbox `exploracion/`", "",
-                            f"_Generado por `05_metrics_report.py` sobre "
-                            f"`{args.corpus.name}` ({len(papers)} papers)._", ""]
-    sections += ["## Composición del corpus", "",
-                  f"- {len(papers)} papers totales.",
-                  f"- {sum(1 for p in papers if p.get('is_seed'))} semillas."]
-
-    geo = defaultdict(int)
-    for p in papers:
-        for k in paper_geography(p):
-            geo[k] += 1
-    if geo and not (len(geo) == 1 and "UNKNOWN" in geo):
-        sections += [f"- Distribución geográfica: "
-                     + ", ".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in sorted(geo.items()))]
-    sections.append("")
-
-    sections += ["## Redes", ""]
-    for kind in args.kinds:
-        if kind == "coupling":
-            g = load_coupling_graph(REDES_DIR)
-        else:
-            g = load_graph(REDES_DIR / f"{kind}.graphml")
-        sections.append(report_network(g, kind, papers=papers))
-
-    sections.append(report_geography(papers))
-
-    args.out.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    args.out.write_text("\n".join(sections), encoding="utf-8")
-    print(f"[05] Informe -> {args.out}", file=sys.stderr)
-    candidates = sorted(args.out.parent.glob("informe_ied_lectura_*.md"),
-                        key=lambda p: p.stat().st_mtime, reverse=True)
-    candidates = [c for c in candidates if "auto" not in c.name]
-    if candidates:
-        print(f"[05] Lectura sustantiva (a mano, más reciente): {candidates[0]}", file=sys.stderr)
-    else:
-        print(f"[05] AVISO: no hay informe_ied_lectura_*.md — escribila a mano "
-              f"con tensiones y hallazgos cualitativos.", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/06_apply_thesaurus.py b/exploracion/scripts/06_apply_thesaurus.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8627664..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/06_apply_thesaurus.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-"""06 — Aplicar el thesaurus multilingüe a las keywords del corpus.
-
-Toma el ``corpus_ied.parquet`` producido por ``03_merge_corpus.py`` y, para
-cada paper, mapea cada keyword (en cualquiera de los idiomas del thesaurus)
-a su **concepto canónico**. Lo hace **en la columna** ``keywords_id`` (que
-es la que consume ``04_build_networks.py`` para construir la red de co-word).
-
-Reglas:
-- La búsqueda de aliases es **case-insensitive** y **normaliza acentos**
-  (``deuda ecol{\'o}gica`` se trata igual a ``deuda ecologica``).
-- Si una keyword matchea un alias, se reemplaza por la clave canónica.
-- Si no matchea, se queda como está (no se inventan matches).
-- **Idempotente**: correr dos veces no rompe nada.
-
-El thesaurus vive en ``datos/thesaurus_ied.json`` y es **auditable a mano**
-(ver su campo ``_meta.limitations``).
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import argparse
-import json
-import sys
-import unicodedata
-from pathlib import Path
-
-DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "datos"
-
-
-def _norm(s: str) -> str:
-    """Lowercase + sin acentos + trim + colapsa espacios."""
-    s = s.lower().strip()
-    s = "".join(c for c in unicodedata.normalize("NFD", s) if unicodedata.category(c) != "Mn")
-    return " ".join(s.split())
-
-
-def load_thesaurus(path: Path) -> dict[str, dict[str, list[str]]]:
-    with path.open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
-        data = json.load(fh)
-    table: dict[str, str] = {}
-    for canonical, spec in data["concepts"].items():
-        for lang_key, aliases in spec.items():
-            if not lang_key.startswith("aliases_"):
-                continue
-            for alias in aliases:
-                table[_norm(alias)] = canonical
-    return table
-
-
-def map_keyword(kw: str, table: dict[str, str]) -> str:
-    n = _norm(kw)
-    return table.get(n, n)
-
-
-def apply_thesaurus_to_papers(
-    papers: list[dict[str, object]], table: dict[str, str]
-) -> tuple[list[dict[str, object]], int, int]:
-    n_total = 0
-    n_mapped = 0
-    out: list[dict[str, object]] = []
-    for paper in papers:
-        kws = paper.get("keywords_raw") or []
-        new_canonicals: list[str] = []
-        mapped_count = 0
-        for kw in kws:
-            n_total += 1
-            canonical = map_keyword(kw, table)
-            if canonical != _norm(kw):
-                mapped_count += 1
-            new_canonicals.append(canonical)
-        seen = set()
-        deduped: list[str] = []
-        for c in new_canonicals:
-            if c not in seen:
-                seen.add(c)
-                deduped.append(c)
-        new_paper = dict(paper)
-        new_paper["keywords_id"] = deduped
-        n_mapped += mapped_count
-        out.append(new_paper)
-    return out, n_total, n_mapped
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("--in-parquet", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.parquet")
-    parser.add_argument("--thesaurus", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "thesaurus_ied.json")
-    parser.add_argument("--out-parquet", type=Path, default=DATA_DIR / "corpus_ied.parquet")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    if not args.in_parquet.exists():
-        print(f"[06] ERROR: no existe {args.in_parquet}.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
-    if not args.thesaurus.exists():
-        print(f"[06] ERROR: no existe {args.thesaurus}.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
-
-    import pyarrow.parquet as pq
-    papers = pq.read_table(args.in_parquet).to_pylist()
-    table = load_thesaurus(args.thesaurus)
-    print(f"[06] Thesaurus: {len(table)} aliases cargados de {args.thesaurus.name}",
-          file=sys.stderr)
-
-    new_papers, n_total, n_mapped = apply_thesaurus_to_papers(papers, table)
-    print(f"[06] Keywords: {n_mapped}/{n_total} mapeadas al canónico "
-          f"({n_mapped / n_total:.0%})", file=sys.stderr)
-    n_unique_canonical = len({k for p in new_papers for k in p["keywords_id"]})
-    print(f"[06] Keywords canónicas únicas: {n_unique_canonical}", file=sys.stderr)
-
-    arrays: dict[str, list[object]] = {}
-    cols = list(papers[0].keys()) if papers else []
-    for c in cols:
-        arrays[c] = [p.get(c) for p in new_papers]
-    import pyarrow as pa
-    new_table = pa.table(arrays)
-    args.out_parquet.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    pq.write_table(new_table, args.out_parquet)
-    print(f"[06] Corpus actualizado -> {args.out_parquet}", file=sys.stderr)
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    raise SystemExit(main())
diff --git a/exploracion/scripts/_schema.py b/exploracion/scripts/_schema.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a8337f6..0000000
--- a/exploracion/scripts/_schema.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-"""Schema común de la sandbox de exploración.
-
-Lo único que exporta este módulo es ``CORPUS_COLUMNS`` y ``new_row()``. Los
-scripts de la sandbox lo importan para no divergir en nombres de columnas.
-
-NO es el schema canónico de ``bib2graph`` (``docs/ARCHITECTURE.md`` §3) — es
-una aproximación exploratoria que la sandbox usa para detectar qué necesita
-el schema real. Los hallazgos se vuelcan en ``informe_ied.md``.
-
-Convención de tipos: las listas (autores, keywords, refs) se serializan como
-``";"``-separado en CSV y como ``list[str]`` en parquet. El round-trip CSV
-<-> parquet se hace explícito en cada script.
-"""
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-CORPUS_COLUMNS: list[str] = [
-    "id",
-    "doi",
-    "title",
-    "year",
-    "abstract",
-    "authors_raw",
-    "authors_id",
-    "authors_affiliations",
-    "keywords_raw",
-    "keywords_id",
-    "references_doi",
-    "source",
-    "language",
-    "is_seed",
-]
-
-
-def new_row() -> dict[str, object]:
-    """Devuelve una fila vacía con todas las columnas en None/lista vacía."""
-    return {c: (None if c not in _LIST_COLUMNS else []) for c in CORPUS_COLUMNS}
-
-
-_LIST_COLUMNS = {"authors_raw", "authors_id", "authors_affiliations",
-                 "keywords_raw", "keywords_id", "references_doi"}