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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>非結構化的資料處理</title>
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<body style="opacity: 0">
<slides class="layout-widescreen">
<slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
<!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
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<h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
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<p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
<p style="margin-top: 6px; margin-left: -2px;">2019/5/8</p>
</hgroup>
</slide>
<slide class=""><hgroup><h2>課程大綱</h2></hgroup><article id="section">
<ul>
<li>純文字的資料處理
<ul>
<li>分割與擷取</li>
<li>搜尋與取代</li>
<li>正則表示式</li>
</ul></li>
<li>中文資料的編碼</li>
<li>練習</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>純文字的資料處理</h2></hgroup><article id="section-1">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>strsplit</code></h2></hgroup><article id="strsplit">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>args(strsplit)</pre>
<pre >## function (x, split, fixed = FALSE, perl = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
## NULL</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>strsplit("abc", "a")</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## [1] "" "bc"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>strsplit(c("abc", "baca"), "a")</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## [1] "" "bc"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "b" "c"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>利用<code>strsplit</code>搭配中括號抓取資料</h2></hgroup><article id="strsplit-1">
<ul>
<li>能不能利用 <code>strsplit</code> 找出 <code><author>...</author></code> 之間的文字？</li>
</ul>
<pre ><fortune>
<quote>Okay, let's stand up and be counted: who has been writing diamond graph code? Mine's 60 lines.</quote>
<author>Barry Rowlingson</author>
<context>in a discussion about the patent for diamond graphs</context>
<source>R-help</source>
<date>August 2003</date>
</fortune>
<fortune>
<quote>Bug, undocumented behaviour, feature? I don't know. It all seems to work in 1.6.0, so everyone should downgrade now... :)</quote>
<author>Barry Rowlingson</author>
<context>NA</context>
<source>R-help</source>
<date>July 2003</date>
</fortune>
<fortune>
<quote>I'm always thrilled when people discover what lexical scoping really means.</quote>
<author>Robert Gentleman</author>
<context>NA</context>
<source>Statistical Computing 2003, Reisensburg</source>
<date>June 2003</date>
</fortune>
<fortune>
<quote>My institution has a particularly diabolical policy on intellectual property, especially on software.</quote>
<author>Ross Ihaka</author>
<context>NA</context>
<source>R-help</source>
<date>August 2003</date>
</fortune>
<fortune>
<quote>If you imagine that this pen is Trellis, then Lattice is not this pen.</quote>
<author>Paul Murrell</author>
<context>on the difference of Lattice (which eventually was called grid) and Trellis</context>
<source>DSC 2001, Wien</source>
<date>March 2001</date>
</fortune></pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>strsplit</code></h2></hgroup><article id="strsplit-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- readLines("http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~wush978/rdataengineer/fortunes.xml")
. <- strsplit(x, "<author>")</pre>
<ul>
<li>在<code>.</code>中(<code>.</code>是<code>list</code>)
<ul>
<li>原文有<code><author></code>的字串，會被分割為長度是 2 的字串</li>
<li>原文沒有<code><author></code>的字串，長度是1</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>length(.[[1]])</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>length(.[[3]])</pre>
<pre >## [1] 2</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>strsplit</code></h2></hgroup><article id="strsplit-3">
<ul>
<li>寫迴圈處理</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>.tokens <- c()
for(.token in .) {
if (length(.token) == 2) stop("")
}</pre>
<ul>
<li>與R互動，看看<code>.token</code></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>.tokens <- c()
for(.token in .) {
if (length(.token) == 2) .tokens <- c(.tokens, .token[2])
}
.tokens</pre>
<pre >## [1] "Barry Rowlingson</author>" "Barry Rowlingson</author>"
## [3] "Robert Gentleman</author>" "Ross Ihaka</author>"
## [5] "Paul Murrell</author>"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>strsplit</code></h2></hgroup><article id="strsplit-4">
<ul>
<li>再用<code></author></code>切一次</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>. <- strsplit(.tokens, "</author>")
unlist(.)</pre>
<pre >## [1] "Barry Rowlingson" "Barry Rowlingson" "Robert Gentleman"
## [4] "Ross Ihaka" "Paul Murrell"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>小挑戰</h2></hgroup><article id="section-2">
<ul>
<li>請用相同的作法，找出<code>x</code>中的<code><date></code>與<code></date></code>之間的文字</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>download.file(
"http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~wush978/rdataengineer/fortunes250.xml.gz",
destfile = .tmp.path <- tempfile(fileext = ".gz"),
mode = "wb"
)
x250 <- readLines(.tmp.path)</pre>
<ul>
<li>請用相同的作法，找出<code>x250</code>中的<code><date></code>與<code></date></code>之間的文字</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>strsplit</code>的<code>fixed</code>參數</h2></hgroup><article id="strsplitfixed">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>strsplit("a.b.c", ".")</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## [1] "" "" "" "" ""</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>strsplit("a.b.c", ".", fixed = TRUE)</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## [1] "a" "b" "c"</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>.</code> 是正則表示式的特殊字元，有特殊的含意
<ul>
<li><code>fixed = TRUE</code>之後，R會忽略正則表示式</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>搜尋 <code>grep</code></h2></hgroup><article id="grep">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grep(pattern = "author", x)</pre>
<pre >## [1] 3 10 17 24 31</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grep(pattern = "author", x, value = TRUE)</pre>
<pre >## [1] " <author>Barry Rowlingson</author>"
## [2] " <author>Barry Rowlingson</author>"
## [3] " <author>Robert Gentleman</author>"
## [4] " <author>Ross Ihaka</author>"
## [5] " <author>Paul Murrell</author>"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grepl(pattern = "author", x)</pre>
<pre >## [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [12] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [23] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
## [34] FALSE FALSE</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>取代 <code>gsub</code></h2></hgroup><article id="gsub">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>(. <- grep(pattern = "author", x[1:10], value = TRUE))</pre>
<pre >## [1] " <author>Barry Rowlingson</author>"
## [2] " <author>Barry Rowlingson</author>"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>(. <- gsub(pattern = " <author>", replacement = "", ., fixed = TRUE))</pre>
<pre >## [1] "Barry Rowlingson</author>" "Barry Rowlingson</author>"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>(. <- gsub(pattern = "</author>", replacement = "", ., fixed = TRUE))</pre>
<pre >## [1] "Barry Rowlingson" "Barry Rowlingson"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>小挑戰</h2></hgroup><article id="section-3">
<ul>
<li>怎麼用上面的方式，找出名字中包含<code>Paul</code>的人？</li>
<li>尋找<code>x250</code>中<code><author></code>與<code></author></code>中包含Paul的人</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>正則表示式：大絕招</h2></hgroup><article id="section-4">
<p>正則表示式是一種描述文字模式的語言。 它不是單純依照應用歸納出來的工具，背後具有相當的數學基礎。 正則表示式的誕生，來自於美國數學家Stephen Cole Kleene在超過半個世紀之前的研究成果：Kleene (1956)。 目前各種程式語言中，幾乎都內建正則表示式，但是他們的語法主要分成兩個派系：</p>
<pre >一種語法出自於電機電子工程師學會(IEEE)制定的標準
一種語法，則來自於另一個程式語言：Perl</pre>
<p>正則表示是可以讓我們撰寫程式來自文字中比對、取代甚至是抽取各種資訊。以下我們將從簡單的應用開始介紹。</p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>grep</code></h2></hgroup><article id="grep-1" class="r-source-small">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grep("<author>.*Paul.*</author>", x, value = TRUE)</pre>
<pre >## [1] " <author>Paul Murrell</author>"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grep("<author>.*Paul.*</author>", x250, value = TRUE)</pre>
<pre >## [1] " <author>Paul Murrell</author>"
## [2] " <author>Paul Gilbert, Douglas Bates, and Brian D. Ripley</author>"
## [3] " <author>Paul Murrell</author>"
## [4] " <author>Gustaf Rydevik and Paul Gilbert</author>"
## [5] " <author>Paul R. Stanley</author>"</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>pattern</code>參數中的<code>"<author>.*Paul.*</author>"</code>
<ul>
<li><code>.</code>與<code>.*</code>是特殊字元</li>
<li><code>.</code>代表一個任意字元</li>
<li><code>*</code>代表前面的符號重複無限次</li>
<li><code>.*</code>代表任意長度的任意符號</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>子模式(sub-pattern)，用<code>(</code>與<code>)</code>表示</h2></hgroup><article id="sub-pattern">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>m <- regexec("<author>(.*)</author>", x)
. <- regmatches(x, m)
.[1:5]</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## character(0)
##
## [[2]]
## character(0)
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "<author>Barry Rowlingson</author>" "Barry Rowlingson"
##
## [[4]]
## character(0)
##
## [[5]]
## character(0)</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>適當的利用<code>sapply</code>化簡程式碼</h2></hgroup><article id="sapply">
<ul>
<li>在字串處理時，常常需要對每一個list的element作挑選或計算長度</li>
<li><code>sapply(., length)</code>可以得到每一個element的長度</li>
<li><code>sapply(., "[", 2)</code>可以得到每一個element vector的第二個element</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>(. <- .[sapply(., length) == 2])</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## [1] "<author>Barry Rowlingson</author>" "Barry Rowlingson"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "<author>Barry Rowlingson</author>" "Barry Rowlingson"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "<author>Robert Gentleman</author>" "Robert Gentleman"
##
## [[4]]
## [1] "<author>Ross Ihaka</author>" "Ross Ihaka"
##
## [[5]]
## [1] "<author>Paul Murrell</author>" "Paul Murrell"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>sapply(., "[", 2)</pre>
<pre >## [1] "Barry Rowlingson" "Barry Rowlingson" "Robert Gentleman"
## [4] "Ross Ihaka" "Paul Murrell"</pre>
<ul>
<li>不熟悉的同學，仍然可以寫迴圈慢慢作</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>參考閱讀</h2></hgroup><article id="section-5">
<ul>
<li><a href='https://datascienceandr.org/articles/RegularExpression.html' title=''>正則表示式：文字處理的大絕招</a></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>練習</h2></hgroup><article id="section-6">
<ul>
<li>用正則表示式，找出x250中包含<code>Ripley</code>的那行文字</li>
<li>尋找<code>x250</code>中<code><author></code>與<code></author></code>中包含<code>Ripley</code>的人</li>
<li>找出所有出現過的作者，與他們的出現次數（還要用 and 做切割）</li>
</ul>
<aside class='note'><section><pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>grep("Ripley", x250, value = TRUE)
grep("<author>.*Ripley.*</author>", x250, value = TRUE)
m <- regexec("<author>(.*)</author>", x250)
. <- regmatches(x250, m)
. <- .[sapply(., length) >= 2]
. <- sapply(., "[", 2)
. <- strsplit(., split = "and")
. <- unlist(.)
. <- trimws(.)
sort(table(.))</pre></section></aside>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>編碼問題</h2></hgroup><article id="section-7">
<ul>
<li>電腦的資料，最終都是0和1</li>
<li>怎麼把一連串的0和1解讀成數字或文字？型態</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>(. <- as.raw(17))</pre>
<pre >## [1] 11</pre>
<ul>
<li>這是 0 / 1 的十六進位表示法</li>
<li><code>11</code> 代表 <code>1 * 16 + 1</code></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>showBits <- function(r) stats::symnum(as.logical(rawToBits(r)), symbols = c("0", "1"))
showBits(as.raw(17))</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>編碼問題</h2></hgroup><article id="section-8" class="height-80p">
<ul>
<li>一個整數在R中有4個bytes(8個0/1)
<ul>
<li>一個bytes可以用兩個16進位表示，稱為<code>hex code</code></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<div class="bigtable">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center;">
int
</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">
hex
</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">
bits
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00000000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10000000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
2
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
02
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01000000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
3
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
03
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11000000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
4
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
04
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00100000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
5
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
05
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10100000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
6
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
06
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01100000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
7
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
07
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11100000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
8
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
18
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00011000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
9
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
19
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10011000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1a
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01011000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1b
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11011000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
12
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1c
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00111000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
13
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1d
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10111000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
14
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1e
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01111000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
15
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
1f
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11111000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
16
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
20
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00000100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
17
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
21
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10000100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
18
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
01000100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
19
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
23
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
11000100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
20
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
24
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
00100100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
21
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
25
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
10100100
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;">
22
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">
26