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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>R語言的環境建置與基礎</title>
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</head>
<body style="opacity: 0">
<slides class="layout-widescreen">
<slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
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<hgroup class="auto-fadein">
<h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
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<p data-config-presenter><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></p>
<p style="margin-top: 6px; margin-left: -2px;">2019/5/8</p>
</hgroup>
</slide>
<slide class=""><hgroup><h2>課程大綱</h2></hgroup><article id="section">
<ul>
<li>安裝R 與Rstudio</li>
<li>Rstudio 功能簡介</li>
<li>Expression、變數與字串</li>
<li>函數的使用</li>
<li>套件的使用</li>
<li>R 語言的基礎物件與型態</li>
<li>R 語言的錯誤處理與除錯</li>
<li>安裝R 語言翻轉教室</li>
<li>R Basic 系列習題解說</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>安裝R 與Rstudio</h2></hgroup><article id="r-rstudio">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>事前注意事項</h2></hgroup><article id="section-1">
<ul>
<li>檢查Windows使用者名稱是否包含中文
<ul>
<li>若包含中文，請參考：<a href='https://github.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/wiki/Windows%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E8%88%87Rstudio%E7%9A%84%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8%E8%AA%BF%E6%A0%A1' title=''>Windows中文使用者與Rstudio的環境變數調校</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>有問題可以：
<ul>
<li>請教助教</li>
<li>到<a href='https://gitter.im/wush978/DataScienceAndR' title=''>聊天室</a>貼圖發問</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>安裝 R</h2></hgroup><article id="r">
<ul>
<li>建議安裝 3.4.2 版本，可以從 <a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12' title=''>MRAN Snapshot</a> 上下載</li>
<li>依據作業系統做選擇:
<ul>
<li><a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12/windows/' title=''>Windows</a> –> <a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12/windows/base/' title=''>base</a> –> <a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12/bin/windows/base/R-3.4.2-win.exe' title=''>Download R 3.4.2 for Windows</a> –> 打開下載後的檔案並安裝</li>
<li><a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12/bin/macosx/' title=''>Mac OS X</a> –> <a href='https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/snapshot/2017-10-12/bin/macosx/R-3.5.1.pkg' title=''>R-3.4.2.pkg</a> –> 打開下載後的檔案並安裝</li>
<li>[Linux] 請參考官方網站上不同distribution的安裝說明，</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>安裝Rstudio</h2></hgroup><article id="rstudio">
<ul>
<li>Google “Rstudio Download”</li>
<li>安裝社群版</li>
<li><strong>Windows 基於中文編碼問題的相容性，請務必安裝</strong></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Rstudio 功能簡介</h2></hgroup><article id="rstudio-">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>界面介紹</h2></hgroup><article id="section-2" class="fullimg admin-with-cogwheels">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>程式碼編輯區(1)</h2></hgroup><article id="section-3">
<ul>
<li>主要撰寫程式碼的區域</li>
<li>具備多種功能協助我們使用程式碼</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>語法錯誤提示</h2></hgroup><article id="section-4">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/error-hint.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>自動完成與說明文件</h2></hgroup><article id="section-5">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/auto-completion.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>對稱的括號提示</h2></hgroup><article id="section-6">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/parantheses-match.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>Console(2)</h2></hgroup><article id="console2">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/console.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>環境資訊(3)</h2></hgroup><article id="section-7">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/Selection_037.png' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>檔案系統、說明文件與圖片(4)</h2></hgroup><article id="section-8">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/Selection_039.png' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>檔案系統、說明文件與圖片(4)</h2></hgroup><article id="section-9">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/Selection_042.png' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>檔案系統、說明文件與圖片(4)</h2></hgroup><article id="section-10">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/Selection_043.png' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Expression、變數與字串</h2></hgroup><article id="expression">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>學習目標</h2></hgroup><article id="section-11">
<ul>
<li>瞭解什麼是<code>expression</code>(敘述)
<ul>
<li>建立變數(assignment)</li>
<li>計算</li>
<li>呼叫函數</li>
</ul></li>
<li>瞭解函數、參數</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-1">
<ul>
<li>R 的程式是由一個又一個的expression所構成</li>
<li>Console 會回應每一個「完整」的expression</li>
<li>Console上的<code>></code>代表「R 正準備接受下一個expression」</li>
<li>輸入<code>Enter</code>後，R會檢查expression有沒有結束
<ul>
<li>結束的話，就會開始進行運算</li>
<li>沒結束的話，在下一行會出現<code>+</code>提示使用者expression尚未結束</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>運算的<code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-2">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/expression1.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
<aside class='note'><section><ul>
<li>介紹 + - * /</li>
</ul></section></aside>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>運算的<code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-3">
<p><img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wush978/DataScienceAndR/gh-pages/slide/assets/img/expression2.gif' style='max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; '></img></p>
<aside class='note'><section><ul>
<li>先乘除後加減</li>
<li>括號最優先: 括號是子expression</li>
</ul></section></aside>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>運算的<code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-4">
<ul>
<li>先乘除後加減，括號更優先</li>
<li>Console上的<code>+</code>代表「R 認為expression沒有結束」</li>
<li>完成expression後R 才會處理</li>
<li><code>ESC</code>可以中斷expression</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>註解與<code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-5">
<ul>
<li>輸入到console的程式碼，都會被當成expression處理</li>
<li><code>#</code>之後的程式碼不會被處理，稱為「註解」</li>
<li>ps. 投影片之後會用以下格式Demo程式碼的執行結果:</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1 + 1</pre>
<pre >## [1] 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>#1 + 1</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>運算順序 與 子<code>expression</code></h2></hgroup><article id="expression-6">
<ul>
<li>在一個<code>expression</code>中，可能包含多個子<code>expression</code></li>
<li>R 會依照順序做運算，並且把子<code>expression</code>的運算結果與子<code>expression</code>本身做替換</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>((( 1 + 1 ) + 1) + 1)
((2 + 1) + 1)
(3 + 1)
4</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>範例：請問以下的<code>expression</code>會用怎樣的順序做運算？</h2></hgroup><article id="expression-7">
<ul>
<li><code>:</code>、<code>*</code>、<code>^</code>與<code>%%</code>都是運算子</li>
<li>可不可以與R互動找到答案？
<ul>
<li><code>??operator</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>其他網路上的資源
<ul>
<li><a href='https://www.statmethods.net/management/operators.html' title=''>Operators</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>3 ^ 2 * 2 + 10 %% 3</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>變數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-12">
<ul>
<li>變數的概念很接近數學的「未知數」
<ul>
<li>可透過<code>=</code>或<code><-</code>來建立變數</li>
</ul></li>
<li><code>變數的名稱 = expression</code></li>
<li>範例：</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>y <- x + 1</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>x</code> 代入 1 則 <code>y</code> 為 2</li>
<li><code>x</code> 代入 2 則 <code>y</code> 為 3</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>變數與計算</h2></hgroup><article id="section-13">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1
###
y <- x + 1
y <- 1 + 1
y <- 2</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>變數與計算</h2></hgroup><article id="section-14">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 10
(1 + 2 * x)
(1 + 2 * 10)</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><a href='https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-are-valid-names_003f' title=''>變數名稱的規範</a></h2></hgroup><article id="section-15">
<p>A syntactic name is a string the parser interprets as this type of expression. It consists of letters, numbers, and the dot and (for versions of R at least 1.9.0) underscore characters, and starts with either a letter or a dot not followed by a number. Reserved words are not syntactic names.</p>
<ul>
<li>不用記，問R就好</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>變數名稱的規範</h2></hgroup><article id="section-16">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1
.x <- 1
_x <- 1
x_1 <- 1
. <- 1
.1 <- 1
中文 <- 1</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>字串</h2></hgroup><article id="section-17">
<ul>
<li>前後利用<code>"</code>或<code>'</code>所夾住的文字，在程式碼中會視為字串(character)</li>
<li>文字的意義就是「文字」，不做運算</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1 + 1</pre>
<pre >## [1] 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>"1 + 1"</pre>
<pre >## [1] "1 + 1"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>"1" + '1' # 文字不可相加</pre>
<pre >## Error in "1" + "1": 二元運算子中有非數值引數</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>變數 vs 字串</h2></hgroup><article id="vs-" class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>a <- 1
plot.new()
title(main = "a")</pre>
<p><img src="R-Installation-Basic_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="192" /></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>plot.new()
title(main = a) # 變數會有「代換」的動作</pre>
<p><img src="R-Installation-Basic_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" width="192" /></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>函數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-18">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>plot.new()
title(main = "a")</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>plot.new</code>、<code>title</code>等是R的函數</li>
<li>變數代表「值」</li>
<li>函數代表「動作」
<ul>
<li>我們可以把連續的動作取名字，當成函數</li>
<li>例：<code>plot.new</code>代表建立一個空白的圖、<code>title</code>代表建立標題</li>
</ul></li>
<li>使用變數：<code>變數的名字</code></li>
<li>呼叫函數：<code>函數的名字(...)</code></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>寫R 會運用大量的函數</h2></hgroup><article id="r-">
<ul>
<li><a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)#Mandelbrot_set' title=''>Wiki: Mandelbrot set</a> 請同學分辨以下的expressions中的名字，哪些是變數哪些是函數？</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r r-source-small'>install.packages("caTools") # install external package
library(caTools) # external package providing write.gif function
jet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",
"yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))
dx <- 1500 # define width
dy <- 1400 # define height
C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx))
C <- matrix(C, dy, dx) # reshape as square matrix of complex numbers
Z <- 0 # initialize Z to zero
X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) # initialize output 3D array
for (k in 1:20) { # loop with 20 iterations
Z <- Z^2 + C # the central difference equation
X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) # capture results
}
write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100)</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>函數的名稱與參數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-19">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>install.packages("caTools") # install external package</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>install.packages</code>是函數的名字，告訴R要做什麼動作</li>
<li><code>"caTools"</code>是<code>install.packages</code>的參數，告訴R 動作的細節</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>呼叫函數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-20">
<ul>
<li>呼叫函數是一種<code>expression</code></li>
<li>參數可以是任何的<code>expression</code></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx))</pre>
<ul>
<li>使用<code>complex</code>的函數時，指定了名稱為<code>real</code>與<code>imag</code>的兩個參數
<ul>
<li><code>real</code>的參數的值是<code>rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy)</code>這個<code>expression</code></li>
<li><code>rep</code>與<code>seq</code>也都是函數</li>
<li>這個<code>expression</code>中有三層的函數呼叫（巢狀函數）</li>
</ul></li>
<li>參數<code>real</code>的值中的<code>seq</code>函數的前兩個參數<code>-2.2</code>與<code>1.0</code>沒有名字，第三個參數的名字是<code>length.out</code></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>函數的定義</h2></hgroup><article id="section-21">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>?seq</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>Usage</code>章節說明函數的定義</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>函數的定義</h2></hgroup><article id="section-22">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>## Default S3 method:
seq(from = 1, to = 1, by = ((to - from)/(length.out - 1)),
length.out = NULL, along.with = NULL, ...)</pre>
<ul>
<li>用兩種方式表示參數：<code>參數的名字</code> 或 <code>參數的名字 = 預設值</code></li>
<li>用逗號分隔不同的參數</li>
<li><code>...</code>是不定參數，表示函數接受額外的參數（註：除了列出的名字以外的參數）</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>不定參數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-23" class="columns-2">
<h3>沒有不定參數的函數，不能接受額外的參數</h3>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>plot.new()</pre>
<p><img src="R-Installation-Basic_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" width="720" /></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>plot.new(main = "a") # Error</pre>
<pre >## Error in plot.new(main = "a"): unused argument (main = "a")</pre>
<h3>有不定參數的函數，接受額外的參數</h3>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq()</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(lalalalove = 1) # No error</pre>
<pre >## Warning: In seq.default(lalalalove = 1) :
## extra argument 'lalalalove' will be disregarded</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>呼叫函數時，參數的比對</h2></hgroup><article id="section-26">
<ul>
<li>有名字的參數優先比對相同名字的參數</li>
<li>沒有名字的參數則依照順序比對剩下的參數</li>
<li><code>seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx)</code>
<ul>
<li><code>dx</code>是<code>length.out</code>參數的值</li>
<li><code>-2.2</code>是<code>from</code>的值</li>
<li><code>1.0</code>是<code>to</code>的值</li>
</ul></li>
<li>沒比對到的參數，會使用預設值（如果有的話），否則會出現錯誤</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>mean()</pre>
<pre >## Error in mean.default(): 缺少引數 "x"，也沒有預設值</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>進入函數</h2></hgroup><article id="section-27">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>debug(seq)
seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx)</pre>
<ul>
<li>可以探索R實際上丟給函數的參數</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>呼叫函數的順序</h2></hgroup><article id="section-28">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dx <- 1500 # define width
dy <- 1400 # define height
C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx))</pre>
<ul>
<li>在建立<code>C</code>之前，R 會先計算<code>seq</code>函數的結果，然後計算<code>rep</code>函數的結果，最後才計算<code>complex</code>函數的結果</li>
<li>同學可以反白部份的<code>expression</code>進行檢查</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>套件的使用</h2></hgroup><article id="section-29">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>套件的目的</h2></hgroup><article id="section-30">
<ul>
<li>擴充R的功能
<ul>
<li>處理網頁的套件: <code>XML</code>、<code>xml2</code>、<code>jsonlite</code></li>
<li>爬網站的套件: <code>httr</code></li>
<li>跑進階分析(某篇paper的演算法)的套件: <code>supc</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>整理函數
<ul>
<li>整理資料: <code>dplyr</code></li>
<li>繪圖: <code>ggplot2</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>提供資料
<ul>
<li>棒球資料: <code>Lahman</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>將程式碼轉移到其他人的電腦上運作
<ul>
<li><a href='https://youtu.be/OCQU6M4pPiw' title=''>五分鐘學會「如何使用Rstudio建立R套件 」</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>安裝套件的<code>install.packages</code>函數</h2></hgroup><article id="install.packages">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>?install.packages</pre>
<ul>
<li>重要的參數：<code>pkgs</code>，代表要安裝的套件的名稱
<ul>
<li><code>pkgs</code>的參數要不要加上字串</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>載入套件的<code>library</code>函數</h2></hgroup><article id="library">
<ul>
<li>只能載入已經安裝的套件</li>
<li>載入後才能直接使用套件的函數
<ul>
<li><code>write.gif</code>是<code>caTools</code>的函數</li>
<li>沒載入的話，要使用<code>caTools::write.gif</code>來使用（<code>套件名稱::函數名稱</code>）</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>library(caTools)</pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>例外</strong>: <code>library</code>的參數不需要加上引號
<ul>
<li>技術細節：<a href='http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html' title=''>Advanced R: Non-standard evaluation</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>探索R 的世界</h2></hgroup><article id="r--1">
<p>探索套件 –> 探索函數</p>
<p>重現範例 –> 修改範例</p>
<ul>
<li>先看套件的說明文件
<ul>
<li>套件本身的<code>DESCRIPTION</code></li>
<li><code>vignettes</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>尋找有價值的範例並重現之</li>
<li>修改範例的時候，才需要看函數的定義與參數的用法</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>範例：學習 Mandelbrot set</h2></hgroup><article id="mandelbrot-set">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>install.packages("caTools") # install external package
library(caTools) # external package providing write.gif function
jet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",
"yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))
dx <- 1500 # define width
dy <- 1400 # define height
C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),
imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx))
C <- matrix(C, dy, dx) # reshape as square matrix of complex numbers
Z <- 0 # initialize Z to zero
X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) # initialize output 3D array
for (k in 1:20) { # loop with 20 iterations
Z <- Z^2 + C # the central difference equation
X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) # capture results
}
write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100)</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>如何探索套件</h2></hgroup><article id="section-31">
<ul>
<li>Google</li>
<li><a href='https://cloud.r-project.org/web/views/' title=''>CRAN Task View</a></li>
<li>增廣見聞
<ul>
<li><a href='https://www.facebook.com/groups/1210634969026548/?ref=bookmarks' title=''>台灣R軟體Club</a></li>
<li><a href='https://www.facebook.com/groups/242102892820317/' title=''>大數俱樂部</a></li>
<li><a href='https://www.r-bloggers.com/' title=''>R-bloggers</a></li>
<li><a href='https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-packages' title=''>R-packages R Mailing List</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>交流、問老師</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>R 語言的基礎物件與型態</h2></hgroup><article id="r--2">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>R 物件</h2></hgroup><article id="r--3">
<ul>
<li>所有的東西都是一種「R 物件」
<ul>
<li><strong>資料</strong></li>
<li>函數</li>
<li>環境</li>
<li>外部指標</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>向量</h2></hgroup><article id="section-32">
<ul>
<li>複雜的R 物件們都是由基礎的R 物件所組合的。</li>
<li>所有的R 「資料」物件（以下簡稱R物件）都是「向量」</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1:3 # x 是一個R物件，是一個向量（不只一個值）
x[1] # 第一個值</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[2] # 第二個值</pre>
<pre >## [1] 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>length(x) # 長度</pre>
<pre >## [1] 3</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>型態</h2></hgroup><article id="section-33">
<ul>
<li>R 的向量有以下若干種型態：
<ul>
<li><code>logical</code> 裝布林(<code>TRUE</code>/<code>FALSE</code>)的向量</li>
<li><code>integer</code> 裝整數(4 bytes)的向量</li>
<li><code>numeric</code> 裝浮點數(8 bytes)的向量</li>
<li><code>character</code> 裝字串(C-style)的向量</li>
<li><code>list</code> 裝R物件的向量</li>
</ul></li>
<li><code>class</code>可以查詢物件的型態、<code>str</code>可以查詢物件的結構</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>範例</h2></hgroup><article id="section-34">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>g <- lm(dist ~ speed, cars)
str(g)</pre>
<pre >## List of 12
## $ coefficients : Named num [1:2] -17.58 3.93
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "speed"
## $ residuals : Named num [1:50] 3.85 11.85 -5.95 12.05 2.12 ...
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:50] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
## $ effects : Named num [1:50] -303.914 145.552 -8.115 9.885 0.194 ...
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:50] "(Intercept)" "speed" "" "" ...
## $ rank : int 2
## $ fitted.values: Named num [1:50] -1.85 -1.85 9.95 9.95 13.88 ...
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:50] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
## $ assign : int [1:2] 0 1
## $ qr :List of 5
## ..$ qr : num [1:50, 1:2] -7.071 0.141 0.141 0.141 0.141 ...
## .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
## .. .. ..$ : chr [1:50] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
## .. .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "speed"
## .. ..- attr(*, "assign")= int [1:2] 0 1
## ..$ qraux: num [1:2] 1.14 1.27
## ..$ pivot: int [1:2] 1 2
## ..$ tol : num 1e-07
## ..$ rank : int 2
## ..- attr(*, "class")= chr "qr"
## $ df.residual : int 48
## $ xlevels : Named list()
## $ call : language lm(formula = dist ~ speed, data = cars)
## $ terms :Classes 'terms', 'formula' language dist ~ speed
## .. ..- attr(*, "variables")= language list(dist, speed)
## .. ..- attr(*, "factors")= int [1:2, 1] 0 1
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
## .. .. .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "dist" "speed"
## .. .. .. ..$ : chr "speed"
## .. ..- attr(*, "term.labels")= chr "speed"
## .. ..- attr(*, "order")= int 1
## .. ..- attr(*, "intercept")= int 1
## .. ..- attr(*, "response")= int 1
## .. ..- attr(*, ".Environment")=<environment: R_GlobalEnv>
## .. ..- attr(*, "predvars")= language list(dist, speed)
## .. ..- attr(*, "dataClasses")= Named chr [1:2] "numeric" "numeric"
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "dist" "speed"
## $ model :'data.frame': 50 obs. of 2 variables:
## ..$ dist : num [1:50] 2 10 4 22 16 10 18 26 34 17 ...
## ..$ speed: num [1:50] 4 4 7 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 ...
## ..- attr(*, "terms")=Classes 'terms', 'formula' language dist ~ speed
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "variables")= language list(dist, speed)
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "factors")= int [1:2, 1] 0 1
## .. .. .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
## .. .. .. .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "dist" "speed"
## .. .. .. .. ..$ : chr "speed"
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "term.labels")= chr "speed"
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "order")= int 1
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "intercept")= int 1
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "response")= int 1
## .. .. ..- attr(*, ".Environment")=<environment: R_GlobalEnv>
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "predvars")= language list(dist, speed)
## .. .. ..- attr(*, "dataClasses")= Named chr [1:2] "numeric" "numeric"
## .. .. .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "dist" "speed"
## - attr(*, "class")= chr "lm"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>向量化的運算</h2></hgroup><article id="section-35">
<ul>
<li>R 內建迴圈</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1:3 # `:` 可以快速產生序列，`1:3` 代表從1至3間隔為1的數列
y <- 2:4
x + y</pre>
<pre >## [1] 3 5 7</pre>
<h3>範例：如何快速判斷<code>p</code>是不是質數</h3>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>p <- 257
. <- 2:(p-1) # 2 和 p-1之間的所有整數
# 檢查他們是不是p的因數（餘數為0）
. <- p %% . # 計算餘數
. <- . == 0 # 拿餘數與0比較
any(.) # 有沒有任何的因數，有因數的話p就不是值數</pre>
<pre >## [1] FALSE</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># which(.) # 看看那一個是因數</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>向量化的對齊</h2></hgroup><article id="section-36">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1:3
y <- 1:6
x + y # R會重複比較短的向量，補到一樣長之後再做運算</pre>
<pre >## [1] 2 4 6 5 7 9</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>[</code>的操作</h2></hgroup><article id="section-37">
<ul>
<li><code>[</code>可以從向量中讀出特定的資料</li>
<li><code>[</code>是一種特別的函數
<ul>
<li>第一個參數在<code>[</code>的左邊</li>
<li>其他參數在<code>[</code>與<code>]</code>之間</li>
<li>參數有不同的型態，會有不同的效果</li>
<li><code>[</code> 可以與 <code><-</code>或<code>=</code>搭配，修改向量的值</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>[</code> + 數值向量</h2></hgroup><article id="section-38">
<ul>
<li><code>x[1]</code>會從<code>x</code>中取出第一個位置的元素</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1:3
x[1]</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[1:2]</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[-2]</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1 3</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>[</code> + 布林向量</h2></hgroup><article id="section-39">
<ul>
<li><code>x[c(T, F, T)]</code>會取出對應位置為<code>T</code>的位置的元素</li>
<li>常見於條件篩選</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>set.seed(1)
x <- rnorm(10) # 10000個標準常態分佈的隨機亂數
x[x > 1] # 超過1的元素</pre>
<pre >## [1] 1.595281</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[x > -1 & x < 1] # 1 與 -1 之間的元素</pre>
<pre >## [1] -0.6264538 0.1836433 -0.8356286 0.3295078 -0.8204684 0.4874291
## [7] 0.7383247 0.5757814 -0.3053884</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>y <- rnorm(10)
x[y > 1] # 那些y超過1的對應位置的x</pre>
<pre >## [1] -0.6264538 0.3295078</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>[</code> + 字串向量</h2></hgroup><article id="section-40">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1:26
names(x) <- letters
x["n"]</pre>
<pre >## n
## 14</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[c("n", "w", "w", "a")]</pre>
<pre >## n w w a
## 14 23 23 1</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>關於<code>[</code></h2></hgroup><article id="section-41">
<ul>
<li><code>x[...]</code>一定與<code>x</code>會是相同的型態</li>
<li><code>[</code>的效果與<code>x</code>的型態無關，與<code>[]</code>之間的物件的型態有關</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class="segue dark nobackground level1"><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>安裝R 語言翻轉教室</h2></hgroup><article id="r--4">
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>一行指令安裝做作業的系統</h2></hgroup><article id="section-42">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>source("http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~wush978/R/init-swirl.R")</pre>
<ul>
<li>DataScienceAndR中有許多的單元，是我們的作業主要來源</li>
<li>上課沒教到的部份（細節），同學要在作業中學習</li>
<li>還會需要額外的指令安裝其他題目</li>
<li>疑難排解： <a href='https://gitter.im/wush978/DataScienceAndR' title=''>https://gitter.im/wush978/DataScienceAndR</a></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>這周請同學完成：</h2></hgroup><article id="section-43">
<ul>
<li>00-Hello-DataScienceAndR</li>
<li>01-RBasic-01-Introduction</li>
<li>01-RBasic-02-Data-Structure-Vectors</li>
<li>01-RBasic-03-Data-Structure-Object</li>
<li>01-RBasic-04-Factors</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>list</code></h2></hgroup><article id="list">
<ul>
<li>R 物件的向量
<ul>
<li>element 可以是各種向量、函數、環境…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>需要使用<code>[[</code>或<code>$</code>才能接觸到裝載的向量</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>g <- lm(dist ~ speed, cars)
g[[1]]</pre>
<pre >## (Intercept) speed
## -17.579095 3.932409</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>g$coefficients</pre>
<pre >## (Intercept) speed
## -17.579095 3.932409</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>學習如何從console的輸出充判斷一般的向量與<code>list</code></h2></hgroup><article id="consolelist">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>g[1]</pre>
<pre >## $coefficients
## (Intercept) speed
## -17.579095 3.932409</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>list(g[[1]])</pre>
<pre >## [[1]]
## (Intercept) speed
## -17.579095 3.932409</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>g[[1]]</pre>
<pre >## (Intercept) speed
## -17.579095 3.932409</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>屬性</h2></hgroup><article id="section-44">
<ul>
<li>R 物件的屬性是一個「有名字的<code>list</code>」</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>. <- g[[1]]
attributes(.)</pre>
<pre >## $names
## [1] "(Intercept)" "speed"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>str(.)</pre>
<pre >## Named num [1:2] -17.58 3.93
## - attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "speed"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2>利用<code>str</code>了解R 物件的結構</h2></hgroup><article id="strr-">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>str(g[1])</pre>
<pre >## List of 1
## $ coefficients: Named num [1:2] -17.58 3.93
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:2] "(Intercept)" "speed"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>list</code> 與樹狀結構</h2></hgroup><article id="list-">
<h3>樹狀結構</h3>
<ul>
<li>除了root，每個node都有一個<strong>唯一的</strong>parent node
<ul>
<li><code>parent ---> children</code></li>
</ul></li>
<li>root的parent是空</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="R-Installation-Basic_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-24-1.png" width="720" /></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>list</code> 與樹狀結構</h2></hgroup><article id="list--1">
<ul>
<li>這是不是樹狀結構?</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="R-Installation-Basic_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-25-1.png" width="720" /></p>
</article></slide><slide class=""><hgroup><h2><code>list</code> 與樹狀結構</h2></hgroup><article id="list--2">
<ul>
<li>這是不是樹狀結構?</li>
</ul>