新增「多线程与 GIL」章节，收尾第五部分运行时

Prodesire · Prodesire · commit a9356160dc1a · 2026-06-26T21:19:11.000+08:00
diff --git a/.vitepress/config.mts b/.vitepress/config.mts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
         items: [
           { text: 'Python 运行环境初始化', link: '/runtime/initialization/' },
           { text: '模块与 import 机制', link: '/runtime/import-system/' },
-          { text: '多线程与 GIL（编写中…）', link: '/' }
+          { text: '多线程与 GIL', link: '/runtime/gil/' }
         ]
       },
       {
diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 - [Python 运行环境初始化](runtime/initialization/index.md)
 - [模块与 import 机制](runtime/import-system/index.md)
-- 多线程与 GIL
+- [多线程与 GIL](runtime/gil/index.md)
 
 ## 第 6 部分：内存管理
 
diff --git a/index.md b/index.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 - [ ] 第 5 部分：运行时
     - [x] Python 运行环境初始化
     - [x] 模块与 import 机制
-    - [ ] 多线程与 GIL
+    - [x] 多线程与 GIL
 - [ ] 第 6 部分：内存管理
     - [ ] 内存分配与引用计数（pymalloc）
     - [ ] 循环垃圾回收（分代 GC）
diff --git a/runtime/gil/allow-threads.svg b/runtime/gil/allow-threads.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<svg width="100%" viewBox="0 0 640 230" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" font-family="-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'PingFang SC','Microsoft YaHei',sans-serif">
+<title>I/O 与 C 扩展主动让出 GIL</title>
+<desc>线程在做阻塞操作前会主动放下 GIL。CPython 的惯用法是一对宏 Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS 和 Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS，把可能阻塞的系统调用如读文件、等网络、sleep 夹在中间，进去前 drop_gil 放下棒，出来后 take_gil 拿回。于是一个线程等 I/O 时棒被别的线程拿去跑，I/O 等待被重叠掉。NumPy 这类 C 扩展做大块纯计算时也会释放 GIL，让多线程真正并行算数。</desc>
+<defs>
+  <style>
+    .ti{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;}
+    .h{font-size:11px;font-weight:600;}
+    .d{font-size:9.5px;}
+    .c{font-size:10px;font-family:'SF Mono','JetBrains Mono',ui-monospace,Consolas,monospace;}
+  </style>
+  <filter id="sh" x="-30%" y="-30%" width="160%" height="160%"><feDropShadow dx="0" dy="1.4" stdDeviation="2" flood-color="#2A2A28" flood-opacity="0.12"/></filter>
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+</defs>
+
+<rect x="0" y="0" width="640" height="230" fill="#FBFAF6"/>
+<text x="320" y="26" text-anchor="middle" class="ti" fill="#2E2972">阻塞前主动放下棒，别的线程趁机跑</text>
+
+<rect x="60" y="56" width="520" height="104" rx="12" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#BFD8C4" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<g class="c">
+  <rect x="80" y="74" width="200" height="30" rx="6" fill="url(#gB)" stroke="#D8B86A"/><text x="180" y="93" text-anchor="middle" fill="#8A6D1F">Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS</text>
+  <text x="295" y="93" fill="#9A4A2F">↓ drop_gil 放下棒</text>
+  <rect x="80" y="110" width="200" height="30" rx="6" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6"/><text x="180" y="129" text-anchor="middle" fill="#33322E">read() / sleep（阻塞）</text>
+  <text x="295" y="129" fill="#3C5C46">没占棒 → 别人能跑</text>
+</g>
+<rect x="80" y="146" width="200" height="0" />
+<text x="180" y="140" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#8A6D1F"></text>
+
+<rect x="360" y="74" width="200" height="66" rx="8" fill="url(#gG)" stroke="#BFD8C4"/>
+<text x="460" y="100" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2F6B43">另一线程拿到棒</text>
+<text x="460" y="120" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">在这段时间真正并行</text>
+
+<text x="320" y="186" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">I/O 密集线程、释放 GIL 的 C 扩展（NumPy 等）→ 真正利用多核</text>
+<text x="320" y="208" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">「GIL 让多线程没用」只对纯 Python 的 CPU 密集成立</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/runtime/gil/eval-breaker.svg b/runtime/gil/eval-breaker.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
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+<title>eval_breaker：聚合所有待办的一个标志</title>
+<desc>每条字节码都去检查多个标志太亏。CPython 用一个聚合标志 eval_breaker：只要任何一件待办发生，让棒、信号、待处理回调、异步异常，就把这一个标志置位。求值循环每轮只需做一次廉价的原子读，eval_breaker 没置位就径直执行下一条指令，只有它置位了才进去逐项核对到底是哪件事。常态下多线程的检查成本几乎可以忽略。</desc>
+<defs>
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+    .ti{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;}
+    .h{font-size:11px;font-weight:600;}
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+
+<rect x="0" y="0" width="640" height="240" fill="#FBFAF6"/>
+<text x="320" y="26" text-anchor="middle" class="ti" fill="#2E2972">eval_breaker：一次廉价检查，管住所有待办</text>
+
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+  <rect x="24" y="56" width="150" height="26" rx="6" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6"/><text x="99" y="74" text-anchor="middle" fill="#33322E">gil_drop_request</text>
+  <rect x="24" y="90" width="150" height="26" rx="6" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6"/><text x="99" y="108" text-anchor="middle" fill="#33322E">收到信号</text>
+  <rect x="24" y="124" width="150" height="26" rx="6" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6"/><text x="99" y="142" text-anchor="middle" fill="#33322E">待处理回调</text>
+  <rect x="24" y="158" width="150" height="26" rx="6" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6"/><text x="99" y="176" text-anchor="middle" fill="#33322E">异步异常</text>
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+<text x="315" y="134" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">任一待办 → 置位</text>
+
+<path d="M174,69 C210,80 210,108 238,112" fill="none" stroke="#8E8B80" stroke-width="1.3" marker-end="url(#ah)"/>
+<path d="M174,103 H238" fill="none" stroke="#8E8B80" stroke-width="1.3" marker-end="url(#ah)"/>
+<path d="M174,137 H238" fill="none" stroke="#8E8B80" stroke-width="1.3" marker-end="url(#ah)"/>
+<path d="M174,171 C210,160 210,140 238,134" fill="none" stroke="#8E8B80" stroke-width="1.3" marker-end="url(#ah)"/>
+
+<!-- loop check -->
+<rect x="440" y="76" width="180" height="88" rx="11" fill="url(#gG)" stroke="#BFD8C4" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="530" y="98" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2F6B43">求值循环每轮</text>
+<text x="530" y="120" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#2F6B43">一次原子读</text>
+<text x="530" y="138" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">没置位 → 直接跑下一条</text>
+<text x="530" y="153" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">置位了 → 进去逐项核对</text>
+<path d="M390,120 H438" fill="none" stroke="#8E8B80" stroke-width="1.6" marker-end="url(#ah)"/>
+
+<text x="320" y="210" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">常态零负担 —— 只有真有事时才付出逐项检查的代价</text>
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diff --git a/runtime/gil/gil-baton.svg b/runtime/gil/gil-baton.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
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+<title>GIL 是一根执行权接力棒</title>
+<desc>GIL 本质是一把互斥锁，规则只有一条：一个线程必须先持有 GIL 才能执行字节码。于是 GIL 像一根接力棒，谁攥着它谁才能跑求值循环，其他线程只能排队等棒。多核机器上有多个线程，但因为只有一根棒，同一时刻仍只有一个线程在真正执行 Python 代码。图中线程 1 持棒运行，线程 2 和线程 3 在等待。</desc>
+<defs>
+  <style>
+    .ti{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;}
+    .h{font-size:11px;font-weight:600;}
+    .d{font-size:10px;}
+    .c{font-size:10px;font-family:'SF Mono','JetBrains Mono',ui-monospace,Consolas,monospace;}
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+  <filter id="sh" x="-30%" y="-30%" width="160%" height="160%"><feDropShadow dx="0" dy="1.4" stdDeviation="2" flood-color="#2A2A28" flood-opacity="0.12"/></filter>
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+
+<rect x="0" y="0" width="620" height="250" fill="#FBFAF6"/>
+<text x="310" y="28" text-anchor="middle" class="ti" fill="#2E2972">只有一根棒，谁攥着谁才能跑</text>
+
+<!-- the baton (GIL) -->
+<rect x="250" y="58" width="120" height="36" rx="18" fill="url(#gB)" stroke="#D8B86A" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="310" y="81" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#8A6D1F">GIL（棒）</text>
+
+<!-- thread 1: running -->
+<rect x="40" y="120" width="160" height="90" rx="12" fill="url(#gG)" stroke="#BFD8C4" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="120" y="146" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2F6B43">线程 1</text>
+<text x="120" y="168" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#2F6B43">持棒 · 执行字节码</text>
+<text x="120" y="190" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">求值循环运行中</text>
+<path d="M280,94 C220,108 160,112 130,118" fill="none" stroke="#D8B86A" stroke-width="2.4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+
+<!-- thread 2: waiting -->
+<rect x="230" y="120" width="160" height="90" rx="12" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6" filter="url(#sh)"/>
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+<!-- thread 3: waiting -->
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+
+<text x="310" y="234" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">8 个线程也只有 1 根棒 —— 同一时刻只有 1 个线程在跑 Python 字节码</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/runtime/gil/gil-handoff.svg b/runtime/gil/gil-handoff.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
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+<title>GIL 的协作式切换</title>
+<desc>GIL 在线程间传递是协作式的，由两端配合。等待端线程在 take_gil 里定时等待，默认 5 毫秒，若超时 GIL 仍被同一线程攥着，就设置 gil_drop_request 标志，相当于催对方让棒。持有端线程不会被强行打断，它在求值循环的检查点主动查看有没有谁在催，一旦发现 gil_drop_request 就 drop_gil 让棒，给别人机会，再 take_gil 抢回。合起来：等待线程催，持有线程在检查点主动让，别人抢到棒。</desc>
+<defs>
+  <style>
+    .ti{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;}
+    .h{font-size:11px;font-weight:600;}
+    .d{font-size:9.5px;}
+    .c{font-size:10px;font-family:'SF Mono','JetBrains Mono',ui-monospace,Consolas,monospace;}
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+
+<rect x="0" y="0" width="640" height="250" fill="#FBFAF6"/>
+<text x="320" y="26" text-anchor="middle" class="ti" fill="#2E2972">协作式：等待方催，持有方主动让</text>
+
+<!-- holder -->
+<rect x="40" y="56" width="250" height="150" rx="12" fill="url(#gG)" stroke="#BFD8C4" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="165" y="78" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2F6B43">持有线程（正在跑）</text>
+<rect x="60" y="92" width="210" height="40" rx="8" fill="#FFF" stroke="#BFD8C4"/>
+<text x="165" y="110" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#2F6B43">求值循环检查点</text>
+<text x="165" y="124" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">看到 gil_drop_request？</text>
+<rect x="60" y="146" width="210" height="44" rx="8" fill="url(#gR)" stroke="#E8C9B5"/>
+<text x="165" y="166" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#9A4A2F">drop_gil → take_gil</text>
+<text x="165" y="181" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A4A2F">主动让棒，再抢回</text>
+
+<!-- waiter -->
+<rect x="350" y="56" width="250" height="150" rx="12" fill="url(#gN)" stroke="#D8D3C6" filter="url(#sh)"/>
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+<rect x="370" y="92" width="210" height="40" rx="8" fill="#FFF" stroke="#D8D3C6"/>
+<text x="475" y="110" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#33322E">take_gil：定时等</text>
+<text x="475" y="124" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">最多 5ms（switch interval）</text>
+<rect x="370" y="146" width="210" height="44" rx="8" fill="url(#gR)" stroke="#E8C9B5"/>
+<text x="475" y="166" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#9A4A2F">超时 → SET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST</text>
+<text x="475" y="181" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A4A2F">催对方让棒</text>
+
+<!-- arrows -->
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+<path d="M165,206 C165,228 475,228 475,208" fill="none" stroke="#2F6B43" stroke-width="1.6" marker-end="url(#ahg)"/>
+<text x="320" y="244" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#2F6B43">让棒后，等待线程抢到棒开始跑</text>
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diff --git a/runtime/gil/gil-tradeoff.svg b/runtime/gil/gil-tradeoff.svg
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+<title>GIL 的取舍与出路</title>
+<desc>GIL 的代价很明确：纯 Python 的 CPU 密集任务无法靠多线程吃满多核。绕开它的常见办法：I/O 密集放心用 threading，GIL 在 I/O 时会让出；CPU 密集用 multiprocessing 开多进程，每个进程有自己的解释器和 GIL，真正并行；重计算下沉到会释放 GIL 的 C 扩展如 NumPy；更远的方向是 3.12 起的子解释器与 per-interpreter GIL。GIL 不是设计缺陷，而是用牺牲一种并行换来实现简单、单线程高效、与海量 C 扩展轻松互操作。</desc>
+<defs>
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+<text x="320" y="26" text-anchor="middle" class="ti" fill="#2E2972">受限场景：纯 Python 的 CPU 密集 —— 怎么绕</text>
+
+<rect x="24" y="56" width="150" height="100" rx="11" fill="url(#gG)" stroke="#BFD8C4" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="99" y="80" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2F6B43">I/O 密集</text>
+<text x="99" y="104" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#2F6B43">threading</text>
+<text x="99" y="126" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">I/O 时让棒</text>
+<text x="99" y="142" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#3C5C46">天然能重叠</text>
+
+<rect x="190" y="56" width="150" height="100" rx="11" fill="url(#gB)" stroke="#C3D2E8" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="265" y="80" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#28415F">CPU 密集</text>
+<text x="265" y="104" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#28415F">multiprocessing</text>
+<text x="265" y="126" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">多进程，各有 GIL</text>
+<text x="265" y="142" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">真正并行</text>
+
+<rect x="356" y="56" width="150" height="100" rx="11" fill="url(#gB)" stroke="#C3D2E8" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="431" y="80" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#28415F">重计算</text>
+<text x="431" y="104" text-anchor="middle" class="c" fill="#28415F">C 扩展</text>
+<text x="431" y="126" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">NumPy 等释放 GIL</text>
+<text x="431" y="142" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">多核算数</text>
+
+<rect x="522" y="56" width="96" height="100" rx="11" fill="url(#gP)" stroke="#CCC7F1" filter="url(#sh)"/>
+<text x="570" y="80" text-anchor="middle" class="h" fill="#2E2972">未来</text>
+<text x="570" y="104" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">子解释器</text>
+<text x="570" y="122" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#46453F">per-interp</text>
+<text x="570" y="138" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">3.12+</text>
+
+<text x="320" y="194" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">GIL 不是缺陷，是权衡：牺牲一种并行，换来实现简单、单线程高效、C 扩展易写</text>
+<text x="320" y="216" text-anchor="middle" class="d" fill="#9A988F">懂不懂 GIL，常是「为什么多线程没变快」与「该用线程还是进程」的分水岭</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/runtime/gil/index.md b/runtime/gil/index.md
diff --git a/runtime/gil/refcount-race.svg b/runtime/gil/refcount-race.svg
diff --git a/runtime/gil/threads-no-speedup.svg b/runtime/gil/threads-no-speedup.svg

Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export default defineConfig({`
`83`	`83`	`items: [`
`84`	`84`	`{ text: 'Python 运行环境初始化', link: '/runtime/initialization/' },`
`85`	`85`	`{ text: '模块与 import 机制', link: '/runtime/import-system/' },`
`86`		`- { text: '多线程与 GIL（编写中…）', link: '/' }`
	`86`	`+ { text: '多线程与 GIL', link: '/runtime/gil/' }`
`87`	`87`	`]`
`88`	`88`	`},`
`89`	`89`	`{`