fix(core): Don't let a throwing `beforeSendSpan` callback escape into user code #53348

Job	Run time
Get CI Metadata / Get Metadata	4s
Check PR branches	1s
Check file formatting	1s
Check lockfile	1s
Build	1s
Cloudflare Integration Tests	1s
Deno Unit Tests	1s
Build bundles	1s
Build tarballs	1s
Check for faulty .d.ts files	1s
Bun Unit Tests	1s
Browser Unit Tests	1s
Circular Dependency Check	1s
Bun Integration Tests	1s
Bundler Plugin Integration Tests (Node ${{ matrix.node }})	1s
Node (${{ matrix.node }})${{ (((matrix.typescript && format(' (TS {0})', matrix.typescript))) \|\| '') }} Integration Tests	1s
All required jobs passed or were skipped	5s
Lint	1s
Build Lambda layer	1s
Node (${{ matrix.node }}) Unit Tests	1s
Deno Integration Tests	1s
PW ${{ matrix.bundle }} Tests	1s
E2E ${{ (matrix.label \|\| matrix.test-application) }} Test (optional)	1s
Playwright ${{ matrix.bundle }}${{ ((matrix.project && (matrix.project != 'chromium') && format(' {0}', matrix.project)) \|\| '') }}${{ ((matrix.shard && format(' ({0}/{1})', matrix.shard, matrix.shards)) \|\| '') }} Tests	1s
Upload Artifacts	1s
Size Check	1s
E2E ${{ (matrix.label \|\| matrix.test-application) }} Test	1s
	34s

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