Note.txt

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Other Operators

Assignment Operators
=       equal 
+=       a=a+b
-=
/=
*=

Relational Operators
==
!=
<=
>=
<

Logical Operators
&&  and
||  Or
!   Not

Bitwise Operators

&   AND
!   BINARY OR 
^   BINARRY XOR
~   BINARY ONE COMPLEMENT
<<  BINARRY SIFT LEFT
>>  BINARAY SIFT RIGHT

OTHER CONDITIONS
sizeof      sizeof Data type Passed
?:          return value based on CONDITIONS
&           memeory address of operand 
.           access menory of struct
->          used with pointers to access class or struct varibles 
<<          print out put value
>>          get input  value





STATEMENTS IN C++     IF ELSE STATEMENTS 

if conditon is true then  then run block of code
NESTED STATEMENTS
we can also use id satement in if statemnet

IF WE HAVE ONLY ONE CONDITION WE CAN ALSO EMITT {}


LOOPS 
 for        
 while              
 do while       run one the check condition

we can also pass several condition in side loop and verify  them on the base of our conditions

for LOOPS
initilize expression  test condition  Body of loop and   Update  expression

stop using infinite Loop like

for(int i=1; i>=; i++){
    Block of code run infinte time never stop
}

FOR LOOP IS USED     WHEN WE KNOW THE NUMBER OF ITERATIONS
WHILE / DO WHILE LOOP IS USED     WHEN NUMBER OF ITERATIONS IS UNKNOWN

While loop
    WHILE(condition){
        Body of Loop
    }

    if consdition is true Block of code runs

DO WHILE LOOP
    it is exicuted at one then it check out the conditions

BREAK 
    iT TERMINATE THE all LOOP when it is concounter
    
    if(consdition to break){
        break;
    } 
COUNTNUE
    it will skip the item when it meet that condition move to next ITERATIONS
    
    if(condition to break){
        continue
    }
    run next step in loop

SWITCH STATEMENTS
    equal to constant if value match then run block of code  and use break statemnet
    also used Default statemnet if no consdition is match then Default  case runs

GOTO STATEMENTS 
 it is used to jum into any part of program     but it make Logic more complex 
 
 {
     goto jump;
 }
 jump: average = sum /(i-1)
 return 0

Basic statemnet of goto in C++


FUNCTIONS IN CPP
MAIN POINTS AND  bASIC OF FUNCTION
    Two main types User defined and Pre-defined Libraies
    when function invoke run block of code
    Two method of declearing FUNCTIONS
1
    returnType functionName(parameter) {
        function body
    } 
2
    void greet(){

    }

when we are using void() means function will not return anything
if we want to return a value from a function we need to define the DATATYPE we return from function
return also means that function have ended 



Study about the Most used libraries in cpp
OVERLOADING FUNCTIONS 
    functions having same name but differnt arguments pass or differnt type data types passes 

functions with default parameters
if no parameter is passed them Default parameter  will be taken 

ONE WE PASSED DEFAULT PARAMETER TO A FUNCTION ALL PAARMETERS MUST HAVE DEFAULT VALUES


VariBle CLASSES IN C++
 Every varible in C++ has two featurs 
 TYPE CLASS
 STORAGE CLASS

TYPE CLASS
    CAN store varibles int , flaot  , char

Storage Class has $ major Types 
LOCAL  VARIBLES 
GLOBAL VARIBLES
STATIC LOCAL VARIBLES
REGITER VARIBLES
THREAD LOCAL VARIBLE 

LOCAL VARIBLES
     defined and used inside of a function
    life is destroyed when function exits 

GLOBAL VARIBLE
        defined outside of a function  can be used in whole program
        life end when programm ends 

Static LOCAL VARIBLES
        exists onlt inside of a function when declear similar to local 
        But it life starts when function Start and End when Program End 
        STATIC is used before declearing 

REGITER VARIBLE
    used in particular function only 
    deprected in C++ 11  it is faster store  varibles in process 

THREAD LOCAL VARIBLES
    thread local keyword is used in define it 


RECURSSION IN c++
 function call itsef inside of a function
factorial is a common example of it 
    if erro it is harder to debugg 

REFERANCE IN c++
    RETURN a value by referance in a function and used in a programm


Array 
    Most Important Data Type in Programming 
    we can decalare a arry with data type and  [ ]
    store data in arary in memeory addresses 

    Intilize an Array 
    int [6]={10,12,15,15,68,59};
    we can also insitize an empty arry compiler automatically Calaculate

    If we insilize 6 varible in an array and give three Items  compiler will assigin random value in remaining spaces 
                        
    Muti deminsional Array
        flaot x[2][3][5]            This can Hold Up to 30 items
        we can also Insilize Multi dimensionL ARRAY  Like normal Array 
        int  test[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};
 Three DimensionL Arary 
    int test[2][3][4]={
        { 
        {1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4}
        },
        {
        {1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},
        }
    }                        
Meaning two Sub arrays In two Arrays Three SUb Arrays and Each Arrat Have Four Items 


PASSING ARRAY TO A FUNCTION 
    it handel passing an array toa function in such away to save memory 
    array  passed as a parameter  of function we inside a function manuplate the Original Arrays

WE CAN ALSO  RETURN AN ARRAY FROM A FUNCTION AN ARRAY IS NOT RETURN FROM A FUNCTION INSTED MEMORY  ADDRESS IS RETURN  WITH THE HELP OF POINTERS      

STRINGSS :
    starndar C++ Libarary for string 
    C string

In C
    string is collections of Characters store in a Array  C++ also suppot This      

In C++
    string is used to declear a string 
    getline(cin, str);   is used to get Line fo text from the user     

STRUCTURE IN C++
    it is collection of varibles of differnt data Types  similar to Class 
    when they are created No Memeory is allocated to them 
        It is Blue print of Varibles 
        Membors fo struct are access By . Notitotion 



REALATING STRUCTURES WITH FUNCTIONS 
structure are Varible and Data can Be passed to a function 

Pointers:
    Varibles that can store Memeory addres of othe Varible 

Pointers and Structure 
    Pointer can be created of  Like flaot int  OR can Be created for used defined Like Structe 
    address of Varible is store in Pointer Varible and Pointes towards varible
    Varibles can be access By Pointers 


Enumeration In CPP
    are use to defined data types That consists  of Intergral constants 
    we can also0 defined deaults Values In enum 
    used for Creating Blue print of Valribles 
        
Classs 
    Blue print of Object 
    public can Be access by all anywhere in Program
    privite  can be  only access with in class

Constructor :
    is a function that is called when a Object is created 
    dose,t have type and public 
    If we have not defined a constructor in our class, then the C++ compiler will automatically create a default constructor with an empty code and no parameters.    

Pointers :
    used to store memory address of a varible in a It 
    are declear by * and get address by & 
    we can also change Data in Pointers and memory 

   Array and Pointers 
    we can also use Pointer in array and get the memory address of Items 

Memory Managment   new and delete
    Dynamic memory allocation 
    In other programming Languages compiler automatically  manage Memeory But not in C++
    we have to delocate  memory memory manually after we have no use 
    useing NEW and DELETE Operator 

    if program we a large amount of memeory system may carsh   using  no memory avalible   
    delete can prevent it           

    Make memory Managment more efficent 

Inherantice
    featur of Object Orinatation Programming  allow use to creat new classe from existing base classes
    Derived class Inherantice featurs of base class and can add additional featurs 
    if in relation 

    public : 
        if derf=ived class is declear in public then members  of base class are inherited by derived class  just as they are
    private :
         In this case, all the members of the base class become private members in the derived class.         
    proctected :
        The public members of the base class become protected members in the derived class.

        privated cannot be access 

 Data hiding is a fundamental concept of Obejct Orination Programming . It restric acccess of private members from  outside of class 
 procted members can be  access by derived class and are inaccessable from outside.

 Friend Functions that break this rule and allow us to access member functions from outside the class.             
    A friend function can access the private and protected data of a class

Templates :
    allow us to write generic program; 
        function template ; can use class template  to creat a single class
        class template ;    make code short and managable
         a blueprint or formula for creating a generic class or a function.`
Polimerization is as same as Inherantice 
    , the same entity (function or object) behaves differently in different scenarios.
    
Exception Handeler
    are error handeler as Try {} catch {} throw err()