diff --git a/.bazelci/presubmit.yml b/.bazelci/presubmit.yml
index 6268e40851..7e6af7849d 100644
--- a/.bazelci/presubmit.yml
+++ b/.bazelci/presubmit.yml
@@ -359,6 +359,8 @@ tasks:
     test_targets: *default_linux_targets
     coverage_targets: *default_linux_targets
     post_shell_commands: *coverage_validation_post_shell_commands
+    run_targets:
+      - //test:build_script_path_mapping_test_binary
   linux_docs:
     name: Docs
     platform: ubuntu2204
diff --git a/cargo/private/BUILD.bazel b/cargo/private/BUILD.bazel
index 1c66efaffc..a2e8b6bc05 100644
--- a/cargo/private/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/cargo/private/BUILD.bazel
@@ -1,6 +1,24 @@
 load("@bazel_skylib//:bzl_library.bzl", "bzl_library")
 load("//rust:defs.bzl", "rust_binary")
 
+config_setting(
+    name = "compilation_mode_dbg",
+    values = {"compilation_mode": "dbg"},
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
+
+config_setting(
+    name = "compilation_mode_fastbuild",
+    values = {"compilation_mode": "fastbuild"},
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
+
+config_setting(
+    name = "compilation_mode_opt",
+    values = {"compilation_mode": "opt"},
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
+
 rust_binary(
     name = "copy_file",
     srcs = ["copy_file.rs"],
@@ -10,9 +28,9 @@ rust_binary(
 
 bzl_library(
     name = "bzl_lib",
+    srcs = glob(["**/*.bzl"]),
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
     deps = [
         "//rust:bzl_lib",
     ],
-    srcs = glob(["**/*.bzl"]),
-    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
diff --git a/cargo/private/cargo_build_script.bzl b/cargo/private/cargo_build_script.bzl
index b4665cbe3a..304b8ab4b7 100644
--- a/cargo/private/cargo_build_script.bzl
+++ b/cargo/private/cargo_build_script.bzl
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ load("@bazel_skylib//rules:common_settings.bzl", "BuildSettingInfo")
 load("@rules_cc//cc:action_names.bzl", "ACTION_NAMES")
 load("@rules_cc//cc/common:cc_common.bzl", "cc_common")
 load("//rust:defs.bzl", "rust_common")
-load("//rust:rust_common.bzl", "BuildInfo", "CrateGroupInfo", "DepInfo")
+load("//rust:rust_common.bzl", "BuildInfo", "DepInfo")
 
 # buildifier: disable=bzl-visibility
 load(
@@ -356,6 +356,7 @@ def _cargo_build_script_impl(ctx):
         list: A list containing a BuildInfo provider
     """
     script = ctx.executable.script
+    script_target = ctx.attr.script[0] if type(ctx.attr.script) == "list" else ctx.attr.script
     toolchain = find_toolchain(ctx)
     out_dir = ctx.actions.declare_directory(ctx.label.name + ".out_dir")
     env_out = ctx.actions.declare_file(ctx.label.name + ".env")
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@ def _cargo_build_script_impl(ctx):
     # https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/15486
     runfiles_dir, runfiles_inputs, runfiles_args = _create_runfiles_dir(
         ctx = ctx,
-        script = ctx.attr.script,
+        script = script_target,
         data_runfiles = ctx.attr.data_runfiles,
         retain_list = ctx.attr._cargo_manifest_dir_filename_suffixes_to_retain[BuildSettingInfo].value,
         workspace_name = workspace_name,
@@ -594,20 +595,8 @@ def _cargo_build_script_impl(ctx):
             for dep_build_info in dep[rust_common.dep_info].transitive_build_infos.to_list():
                 build_script_inputs.append(dep_build_info.out_dir)
 
-    for dep in ctx.attr.deps:
-        dep_infos = []
-        if DepInfo in dep:
-            dep_infos = [dep[DepInfo]]
-        else:
-            dep_infos = [
-                dep_variant_info.dep_info
-                for dep_variant_info in dep[CrateGroupInfo].dep_variant_infos.to_list()
-                if dep_variant_info.dep_info
-            ]
-
-        for dep_info in dep_infos:
-            for dep_build_info in dep_info.transitive_build_infos.to_list():
-                build_script_inputs.append(dep_build_info.out_dir)
+    for dep_build_info in script_target[DepInfo].transitive_build_infos.to_list():
+        build_script_inputs.append(dep_build_info.out_dir)
 
     experimental_symlink_execroot = ctx.attr._experimental_symlink_execroot[BuildSettingInfo].value or \
                                     _feature_enabled(ctx, "symlink-exec-root")
@@ -632,7 +621,7 @@ def _cargo_build_script_impl(ctx):
             runfiles_dir,
         ] + extra_output,
         tools = [
-            ctx.attr.script[DefaultInfo].files_to_run,
+            script_target[DefaultInfo].files_to_run,
             tools,
         ],
         inputs = depset(build_script_inputs, transitive = [runfiles_inputs]),
@@ -663,6 +652,27 @@ def _cargo_build_script_impl(ctx):
         ),
     ]
 
+_COMPILATION_MODE = "//command_line_option:compilation_mode"
+
+def _cargo_build_script_compilation_mode_transition_impl(_settings, attr):
+    return {
+        _COMPILATION_MODE: attr.target_compilation_mode,
+    }
+
+_cargo_build_script_compilation_mode_transition = transition(
+    implementation = _cargo_build_script_compilation_mode_transition_impl,
+    inputs = [],
+    outputs = [_COMPILATION_MODE],
+)
+
+def _get_cargo_build_script_cfg():
+    build_script_cfg = config.exec()
+    if hasattr(build_script_cfg, "and_then"):
+        build_script_cfg = build_script_cfg.and_then(_cargo_build_script_compilation_mode_transition)
+    return build_script_cfg
+
+_cargo_build_script_cfg = _get_cargo_build_script_cfg()
+
 cargo_build_script = rule(
     doc = (
         "A rule for running a crate's `build.rs` files to generate build information " +
@@ -709,11 +719,6 @@ cargo_build_script = rule(
             cfg = "target",
             executable = True,
         ),
-        "deps": attr.label_list(
-            doc = "The Rust build-dependencies of the crate",
-            providers = [[DepInfo], [CrateGroupInfo]],
-            cfg = "exec",
-        ),
         "link_deps": attr.label_list(
             doc = dedent("""\
                 The subset of the Rust (normal) dependencies of the crate that
@@ -741,14 +746,19 @@ cargo_build_script = rule(
             doc = "The binary script to run, generally a `rust_binary` target.",
             executable = True,
             mandatory = True,
-            cfg = "exec",
-            providers = [rust_common.crate_info],
+            cfg = _cargo_build_script_cfg,
+            providers = [rust_common.crate_info, DepInfo],
         ),
         "tools": attr.label_list(
             doc = "Tools required by the build script.",
             allow_files = True,
             cfg = "exec",
         ),
+        "target_compilation_mode": attr.string(
+            doc = "The parent target's compilation mode.",
+            mandatory = True,
+            values = ["dbg", "fastbuild", "opt"],
+        ),
         "use_default_shell_env": attr.int(
             doc = dedent("""\
                 Whether or not to include the default shell environment for the build
diff --git a/cargo/private/cargo_build_script_wrapper.bzl b/cargo/private/cargo_build_script_wrapper.bzl
index 995323b7c1..5200ba12c2 100644
--- a/cargo/private/cargo_build_script_wrapper.bzl
+++ b/cargo/private/cargo_build_script_wrapper.bzl
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ load(
 )
 load("//rust:defs.bzl", "rust_binary")
 
+_TARGET_COMPILATION_MODE = select({
+    str(Label("//cargo/private:compilation_mode_dbg")): "dbg",
+    str(Label("//cargo/private:compilation_mode_fastbuild")): "fastbuild",
+    str(Label("//cargo/private:compilation_mode_opt")): "opt",
+})
+
 def cargo_build_script(
         *,
         name,
@@ -213,6 +219,7 @@ def cargo_build_script(
         data_runfiles = ":{}-".format(name),
         data = data,
         tools = tools,
+        target_compilation_mode = _TARGET_COMPILATION_MODE,
         crate_features = crate_features,
         version = version,
         allow_build_script_to_detect_nonhermetic_paths = allow_build_script_to_detect_nonhermetic_paths,
@@ -220,7 +227,6 @@ def cargo_build_script(
         build_script_env_files = build_script_env_files,
         use_default_shell_env = sanitized_use_default_shell_env,
         links = links,
-        deps = deps,
         link_deps = link_deps,
         rustc_flags = rustc_flags,
         visibility = visibility,
diff --git a/cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps/build_script_deps.bzl b/cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps/build_script_deps.bzl
index a445ae54ee..a6b0f8b9d7 100644
--- a/cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps/build_script_deps.bzl
+++ b/cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps/build_script_deps.bzl
@@ -12,13 +12,19 @@ DepActionsInfo = provider(
 def _collect_dep_actions_aspect_impl(target, ctx):
     actions = []
     actions.extend(target.actions)
-    for dep in ctx.rule.attr.deps:
-        actions.extend(dep[DepActionsInfo].actions)
+    attr_name = "script" if hasattr(ctx.rule.attr, "script") else "deps"
+    if hasattr(ctx.rule.attr, attr_name):
+        deps = getattr(ctx.rule.attr, attr_name)
+        if type(deps) != "list":
+            deps = [deps]
+        for dep in deps:
+            if DepActionsInfo in dep:
+                actions.extend(dep[DepActionsInfo].actions)
     return [DepActionsInfo(actions = actions)]
 
 collect_dep_actions_aspect = aspect(
     implementation = _collect_dep_actions_aspect_impl,
-    attr_aspects = ["deps"],
+    attr_aspects = ["deps", "script"],
 )
 
 def _outputs_contain(outputs, substring):
@@ -47,6 +53,14 @@ def _build_script_deps_test_impl(ctx):
         ("-exec-" in rlib_output.path) or ("-exec/bin/" in rlib_output.path),
         "Expected rlib output to be in an exec configuration, but got: {}".format(rlib_output.path),
     )
+    if hasattr(config.exec(), "and_then"):
+        asserts.true(
+            env,
+            "--codegen=opt-level=0" in build_script_deps_action.argv,
+            "Expected build script dependencies to use fastbuild compilation mode, but got: {}".format(
+                build_script_deps_action.argv,
+            ),
+        )
     return analysistest.end(env)
 
 build_script_deps_test = analysistest.make(
@@ -78,6 +92,12 @@ def build_script_test_suite(name):
         target_under_test = ":build_script_deps_in_exec_mode",
     )
 
+    if hasattr(config.exec(), "and_then"):
+        native.filegroup(
+            name = "transition_and_then_supported",
+            tags = ["manual"],
+        )
+
     native.test_suite(
         name = name,
         tests = ["build_script_deps_in_exec_mode_test"],
diff --git a/test/BUILD.bazel b/test/BUILD.bazel
index a4ac9507e4..231564d6a1 100644
--- a/test/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/test/BUILD.bazel
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 load("@rules_shell//shell:sh_binary.bzl", "sh_binary")
 
+sh_binary(
+    name = "build_script_path_mapping_test_binary",
+    srcs = ["build_script_path_mapping_test.sh"],
+    data = ["build_script_path_mapping_test.py"],
+)
+
 sh_binary(
     name = "query_test_binary",
     srcs = ["query_test_binary.sh"],
diff --git a/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.py b/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f736ce23f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import json
+import sys
+
+
+CRATE_NAME_ARGUMENT = "--crate-name=dep_of_a_build_script"
+
+
+def path_for_fragment(path_fragments, fragment_id):
+    labels = []
+    while fragment_id:
+        fragment = path_fragments[fragment_id]
+        labels.append(fragment["label"])
+        fragment_id = fragment.get("parentId")
+    return "/".join(reversed(labels))
+
+
+def artifact_paths(action_graph, artifact_ids):
+    artifacts = {artifact["id"]: artifact for artifact in action_graph["artifacts"]}
+    path_fragments = {
+        fragment["id"]: fragment
+        for fragment in action_graph["pathFragments"]
+    }
+    return sorted(
+        path_for_fragment(path_fragments, artifacts[artifact_id]["pathFragmentId"])
+        for artifact_id in artifact_ids
+    )
+
+
+def strip_config_segment(path):
+    segments = path.split("/")
+    if len(segments) > 2 and segments[0] in ("bazel-out", "blaze-out"):
+        segments[1] = "cfg"
+    return "/".join(segments)
+
+
+def input_paths(action_graph, dep_set_ids):
+    dep_sets = {dep_set["id"]: dep_set for dep_set in action_graph["depSetOfFiles"]}
+    artifact_ids = set()
+    pending = list(dep_set_ids)
+    while pending:
+        dep_set = dep_sets[pending.pop()]
+        artifact_ids.update(dep_set.get("directArtifactIds", []))
+        pending.extend(dep_set.get("transitiveDepSetIds", []))
+    return artifact_paths(action_graph, artifact_ids)
+
+
+def normalized_action(action_graph, action):
+    # aquery's actionKey preserves the unmodified configuration segments. Compare
+    # the fields used to construct the path-mapped spawn instead.
+    return {
+        "arguments": action.get("arguments", []),
+        "environmentVariables": sorted(
+            action.get("environmentVariables", []),
+            key=lambda variable: (variable["key"], variable.get("value", "")),
+        ),
+        "executionInfo": sorted(
+            action.get("executionInfo", []),
+            key=lambda entry: (entry["key"], entry.get("value", "")),
+        ),
+        "executionPlatform": action.get("executionPlatform"),
+        "inputs": sorted(
+            strip_config_segment(path)
+            for path in input_paths(action_graph, action.get("inputDepSetIds", []))
+        ),
+        "outputs": sorted(
+            strip_config_segment(path)
+            for path in artifact_paths(action_graph, action.get("outputIds", []))
+        ),
+        "paramFiles": action.get("paramFiles", []),
+    }
+
+
+def process_wrapper_inputs(action_graph, action):
+    return [
+        path
+        for path in input_paths(action_graph, action.get("inputDepSetIds", []))
+        if path.endswith("/util/process_wrapper/process_wrapper")
+    ]
+
+
+def fail(message, details=None):
+    if details is not None:
+        message += "\n" + json.dumps(details, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
+    raise AssertionError(message)
+
+
+def main():
+    action_graph = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    crate_actions = [
+        action
+        for action in action_graph.get("actions", [])
+        if CRATE_NAME_ARGUMENT in action.get("arguments", [])
+    ]
+    # rust_binary adds each dependency to deps and proc_macro_deps so filter_deps
+    # can select the dependency with the required provider. The proc_macro_deps
+    # action remains in aquery but is not an input to the build script binary.
+    actions = [
+        action
+        for action in crate_actions
+        if "--codegen=opt-level=0" in action.get("arguments", [])
+    ]
+    if len(actions) != 2:
+        fail("Expected two fastbuild dep_of_a_build_script Rustc actions", crate_actions)
+
+    configuration_ids = {action.get("configurationId") for action in actions}
+    if len(configuration_ids) != 2:
+        fail("Expected target and exec configurations", actions)
+
+    normalized_actions = [
+        normalized_action(action_graph, action)
+        for action in actions
+    ]
+    execution_info = normalized_actions[0]["executionInfo"]
+    if not any(entry["key"] == "supports-path-mapping" for entry in execution_info):
+        fail("Expected supports-path-mapping execution info", execution_info)
+
+    if normalized_actions[0] != normalized_actions[1]:
+        fail(
+            "Expected identical path-mapped target and build-script dependency spawns",
+            normalized_actions,
+        )
+
+    process_wrappers = [
+        process_wrapper_inputs(action_graph, action)
+        for action in actions
+    ]
+    if process_wrappers[0] != process_wrappers[1]:
+        fail(
+            "Expected target and build-script dependencies to use the same process_wrapper",
+            process_wrappers,
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.sh b/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..2f3ef08657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/build_script_path_mapping_test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+cd "${BUILD_WORKSPACE_DIRECTORY}"
+
+bazel_command=("${BAZEL:-bazel}")
+if [[ -n "${BAZEL_OUTPUT_BASE:-}" ]]; then
+    bazel_command+=("--output_base=${BAZEL_OUTPUT_BASE}")
+fi
+
+if ! "${bazel_command[@]}" query //cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps:transition_and_then_supported >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+"${bazel_command[@]}" aquery \
+    --compilation_mode=fastbuild \
+    --experimental_output_paths=strip \
+    --include_commandline \
+    --include_param_files \
+    --output=jsonproto \
+    'mnemonic("Rustc", deps(set(//cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps:dep_of_a_build_script //cargo/tests/unit/build_script_deps:build_script_deps_in_exec_mode)))' \
+    | python3 test/build_script_path_mapping_test.py