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    <title>CSCI-128 Fall 2024</title>

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    <meta name="author" content="James Shima" />
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            <h1>CSCI 128 Fall 2024</h1>

            <h2>
                <a href="csci128.html">Home</a> |
                <a href="lecture.html">Lecture</a> |
                <a href="tips.html">Tutorials</a> |
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        <main>
            <h2>Tutorials</h2>
            <h3>Week 1 - Basics</h3>
<body>
<pre><code class="python">
# This is a comment you can write any thing you want here
# Name: James Shima
# Purpose of this python program: show some basic examples

"""
This is a multi line comment
I can write comments on multiple lines without using a #
everytime!
"""

# if you want to comment out a peace of your code (program),
# highlight it, hold CONTROL and also press / to comment it out and repeat to undo


# to undo a change(s) hold CONTROL and press z


# ================ TYPES ===================

x = 5 # this is a INTEGER aka a whole number (we will call it an Integer in this class)

x = 5.1 # this is a FLOAT aka a number with a decimal place

x = "Hello" # this is a STRING, which is data that holds letters or keyboard CHARACTERS as they appear in the quotes
# You can tell this is a string due to the quotes "" around it
# you can also use '' single quotes to make a string but I like the double quotes for a string and '' for a string with just
# one letter aka a CHAR

x = 'A' # this is a STRING as well but more formally called a CHAR.  A string is a group/multiple CHARs or keyboard characters

x = [] # this is a LIST, it can hold multiple variables/types or items for you. This one is empty
x = [5, 5.1, "Hello", 'A', 0, 3.14] # they are usefull for storing groups of things in one place

5 # what does this do?
# NOTHING! its just a 5 floating in empty space within our program without a variable to be assigned to xd
# this is an example of a SEMANTIC ERROR (an error that works but doesn't do what we want)


x = float("infinity") # trick if you need infinity

x = input("Enter your name> ") # this is the input function, it takes input from the user and stores it in x AS A STRING!!!!
# the string "Enter your name> " is a custom prompt for the user to see what to input, it is also generally called
# a parameter, more on this and functions later...

print("Hello World") # this is the print function, it takes in anything and outputs it to the user to see

print(x) # printing a variable

print(f"The user put in {x}") # this is print with an f string. f strings allow you to put variables or expresions
# inside a string for example f"The value of 2+2 is {2+2}" --> The value of 2+2 is 4
print(f"The value of 2+2 is {2+2}") # --> The value of 2+2 is 4

x = "3.3" # is this a float or a string?

x = float("3.3") # what about now

x = "5" # is x a string or an int?

x = int("5") # what about now?


# ever unsure of what type something is?
print(type(x))


x = x + 1 # How is this possible???

# = does not mean equals! it means assign a new value to the left hand side.
# so this is assigning x to be what x is currently, but with one added to it
# so if x is initally 5, then x = x+1, would make x now be 6 as x = x-->(5) + 1 is 6

# WE WILL USE THIS TRICK A LOT SO DON'T MIX THIS UP


# what's e? SCIENTIFIC NOTATION!
x = 1e3 # scientific notation (USEFUL for your first assignment)
x = 5.2e11 # 520000000000.0 lot nicer than writing all those zeros!
# 1e3 means 1 * 10^3 = 1000
# CAREFUL this give you a float and not an int so use the x = int(x) statement if needed

x = x % 2 # Gives us the remainder when dividing by 2
# (think back to 3rd grade long division and you did R for the remainder)
# this is the R value! It is useful for solving many problems

x = x // 2 # division but chop off any decimal point (gives us a integer without rounding)

"""
Variable Names:
- Must not start with a number (but can after the first character)
- No spaces!
- Should be specific (not a or b or c... etc.)
- Seperate words with an underscore i.e. (variable_with_long_name) this is called Snake Case
- No dashes! or other special symbols except _
- No words reserved for python (sum max min count int print ...) are a few No Nos
"""
</code></pre>

<h2>Week 2 - Lists, Strings, and Binary Oh My!</h2>
<h3>f-strings</h3>
f strings or "format" strings are a nice way to print your output without using commas
<pre><code>
x = 5
print(f"the value of x is {x}")
print(f"x+1 is {x+1}!")
# the value of x is 5
# x+1 is 6
</code></pre>
Nice right!?
<h3>Rounding</h3>
f strings allow you to round floats as well!
<pre><code> print(f"round this number to 2 decimal places {2.111111:.2f}")</code></pre>
just add the :.Xf where X is the number of decimal places to add/round. This works even if its zero it wil add X amount of zeros to the end.
<h3>String Magic</h3>
<pre><code>
x = "hello"
y = " world!"
print(x+y)
# hello world!

print(x*5)
# hellohellohellohellohello

print(f'{(x+" ")*5}') # notice I had to change "" and '' in an f string!
# hello hello hello hello hello
</code></pre>
<h3>String Methods</h3>
the .split() method will seperate a string into elements of a list seperated by whitespace(by default) i.e(spaces newlines tabs)
or by a common seperator between the strings that is provided. The .join() method will take in a list and do the opposite of split joining each element of the list by the String
example
<pre><code>
s = "hello world!"
s = s.split()
print(s)
# ["hello", "world!"]

s = " ".join(s)
print(s)
# hello world!

s = "hello@$!there@$!mate"
s = s.split("@$!")
print(s)
# ["hello", "there", "mate"]

s = "@".join(["my","dog","tommy"])
print(f"{s}")
# my@dog@tommy
</code></pre>

<h3>Lists and List Methods</h3>
<ul>
    <li>sorted() sorts a list</li>
    <li>map() applies a function to each list member</li>
    <li>max() takes the max value from the list</li>
    <li>min() takes the minimum value from the list</li>
    <li>.index() takes in an element and returns the first index of its location</li>
    <li>.append() adds an element to the end of a list</li>
    <li>.pop() removes an element from the end of a list</li>
    <li>.remove() removes all element from the the list</li>
    <li>list() creates a new list/converts something into a new list</li>
    <li>[] creates a new empty list i.e. l = []</li>

</ul>
<pre><code>
l = []
l.append(1)
l.append(3)
l.append(2)
print(l)
# [1, 3, 2]

l = sorted(l)
print(l)
# [1, 2, 3]

l = list(map(str, l))
print(l)
# ["1", "2", "3"]
l = list(map(int, l)) # convert each element back to int

print(f"MAX:{max(l)}, MIN:{min(l)}")
# MAX:3, MIN:1

l.pop()
print(l)
# [1, 2]

l.index(1)
# 0
l.index(2)
# 1
l.index("hello")
# Error!
</code></pre>
<h3>Slicing</h3>
uses the [] operator -> [start index : end index(non-inclusive) : optional step]<br><br>
REMEBER THIS: <br>
<h4>Reverse a string/list</h4>
<pre><code>
l = [1,2,3]
l = l[::-1]
print(l)
# [3,2,1]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>
s = "hello"
print(s[0])
# h

print(s[-1])
# o

print(s[-2])
# l

print(s[1:])
# ello

print(s[2:4])
# ll

print(s[::-1])
# olleh

"""
Everything above applies to lists as well
"""
</code></pre>


<h3>Mutable vs Immutable</h3>
Mutable -> you can change/reassign an element in it! ex: lists, dictionaries<br>
Immutable -> you cannot change any of its elements! example: strings, tuples
<pre><code>
l = ["H","I"]
l[0] = "h"
# ["h", "I"]

s = "hello"
s[0] = 'H'
# ERROR strings are Immutable!

# you have to make a new entire string to accomplish this!
s = "H" + s[1:]
# or just...
s = "Hello"
print(s)
# Hello
</code></pre>

<h2>BINARY</h2>
<p>
    Binary is how computers understand instructions or know what to do. Binary is simply a string of 1's and 0's. When python runs under the hood, the computer is actually reading what we tell it to do in this format. <br>i.e print("hello") -> 010101011110101011110101010101101000001010101110101<br>
    Binary is actually a number system with base 2.  We humans use a base 10 number system due to us having 10 fingers. i.e 15 in base 10 is just 15 while in binary it is 1111.  How this works
    is simple. 15 = 1 * 10^1 + 5 * 10^0 for base 10! 15 = 1*2^3 + 1*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 1*2^0 for base 2 (binary).  Generally a number in any base can be calculated as. Number = {0...base-1} * base^place + ... + {0...base-1} * base^0.  All that to say when our computers do math or calculations, its doing them in base 2 then just converting or showing us the result in base 10! For example 2+2 = 0010 + 0010 = 0100 = 4

</p>
In python
<pre><code>print(bin(4)) # "0b100"</code></pre> the 0b means its a binary string in python, if you want just the numbers you can do bin(4)[2:]
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