diff --git a/panini/middleware/error.py b/panini/middleware/error.py
index ea6681e..3cfd95c 100644
--- a/panini/middleware/error.py
+++ b/panini/middleware/error.py
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ async def send_any(self, subject: str, message, send_func, *args, **kwargs):
 
     async def listen_any(self, msg, callback):
         try:
-            response = await callback(msg)
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+                response = await callback(msg)
+            else:
+                response = callback(msg)
             return response
         except self.error as e:
             if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(self.callback):
diff --git a/panini/middleware/prometheus_monitoring.py b/panini/middleware/prometheus_monitoring.py
index 91fa626..eac6ddc 100644
--- a/panini/middleware/prometheus_monitoring.py
+++ b/panini/middleware/prometheus_monitoring.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import time
 
 from prometheus_client import CollectorRegistry, Histogram, Counter, push_to_gateway
@@ -104,7 +105,10 @@ async def listen_any(self, msg, callback):
 
         if "status" in self.labels:
             try:
-                response = await callback(msg)
+                if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+                    response = await callback(msg)
+                else:
+                    response = callback(msg)
             except Exception:
                 labels["status"] = "failure"
                 self.monitor_listen(start_time, labels)
@@ -112,7 +116,10 @@ async def listen_any(self, msg, callback):
             else:
                 labels["status"] = "success"
         else:
-            response = await callback(msg)
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+                response = await callback(msg)
+            else:
+                response = callback(msg)
 
         self.monitor_listen(start_time, labels)
 
diff --git a/panini/middleware/reader_emulator_middleware.py b/panini/middleware/reader_emulator_middleware.py
index 566c345..36174fa 100644
--- a/panini/middleware/reader_emulator_middleware.py
+++ b/panini/middleware/reader_emulator_middleware.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import uuid
 
 from panini.app import get_app
@@ -38,7 +39,10 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
     async def listen_any(self, message: Msg, callback):
         message.subject = message.subject[len(self._prefix) + 1 :]
-        response = await callback(message)
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+            response = await callback(message)
+        else:
+            response = callback(message)
         return response
 
     async def send_any(self, subject: str, message, send_func, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/panini/middleware/writer_emulator_middleware.py b/panini/middleware/writer_emulator_middleware.py
index 01af282..fac0e7d 100644
--- a/panini/middleware/writer_emulator_middleware.py
+++ b/panini/middleware/writer_emulator_middleware.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import json
 import os
 import threading
@@ -116,11 +117,17 @@ async def listen_publish(self, msg, callback):
             }
         )
 
-        await callback(msg)
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+            await callback(msg)
+        else:
+            callback(msg)
 
     async def listen_request(self, msg, callback):
 
-        response = await callback(msg)
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(callback):
+            response = await callback(msg)
+        else:
+            response = callback(msg)
 
         self._writer.add(
             {