diff --git a/cache/util/fsutil.go b/cache/util/fsutil.go
index 5bf04ef1fb03..1309fc257915 100644
--- a/cache/util/fsutil.go
+++ b/cache/util/fsutil.go
@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ func ReadFile(ctx context.Context, root string, req ReadRequest) ([]byte, error)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
+	info, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if !info.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s is not a regular file", req.Filename)
+	}
+
 	var rdr io.Reader = f
 	if req.Range != nil {
 		rdr = io.NewSectionReader(f, int64(req.Range.Offset), int64(req.Range.Length))
diff --git a/executor/proxyca_linux.go b/executor/proxyca_linux.go
index a596634a4b02..159e1c30f570 100644
--- a/executor/proxyca_linux.go
+++ b/executor/proxyca_linux.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/pem"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"syscall"
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ var (
 	proxyCAEnd   = []byte("# buildkit proxy CA end\n")
 )
 
+const maxCertBundleBytes = 10 << 20
+
 // InjectProxyCA appends caPEM to the rootfs trust bundle used by common Linux
 // TLS stacks and returns a cleanup that removes only the injected CA.
 func InjectProxyCA(rootfsPath string, caPEM []byte) (func() error, error) {
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ func InjectProxyCA(rootfsPath string, caPEM []byte) (func() error, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to resolve certificate bundle %s", name)
 		}
-		if st, err := os.Stat(p); err == nil && !st.IsDir() {
+		if st, err := os.Stat(p); err == nil && st.Mode().IsRegular() {
 			bundle = p
 			break
 		}
@@ -56,17 +59,13 @@ func InjectProxyCA(rootfsPath string, caPEM []byte) (func() error, error) {
 		return func() error { return nil }, nil
 	}
 
-	original, err := os.ReadFile(bundle)
+	original, st, err := readCertBundle(bundle)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	if containsCertificate(original, certSum) {
 		return func() error { return nil }, nil
 	}
-	st, err := os.Stat(bundle)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
-	}
 	next := append([]byte{}, original...)
 	if len(next) > 0 && next[len(next)-1] != '\n' {
 		next = append(next, '\n')
@@ -82,25 +81,47 @@ func InjectProxyCA(rootfsPath string, caPEM []byte) (func() error, error) {
 	}
 
 	return func() error {
-		current, err := os.ReadFile(bundle)
+		current, st, err := readCertBundle(bundle)
 		if err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 				return nil
 			}
-			return errors.WithStack(err)
+			return err
 		}
 		cleaned := removeInjectedCA(current, certSum)
 		if bytes.Equal(current, cleaned) {
 			return nil
 		}
-		st, err := os.Stat(bundle)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.WithStack(err)
-		}
 		return writeCertBundle(bundle, cleaned, st)
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func readCertBundle(path string) ([]byte, os.FileInfo, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	st, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if !st.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("%s is not a regular file", path)
+	}
+
+	limited := &io.LimitedReader{R: f, N: maxCertBundleBytes + 1}
+	dt, err := io.ReadAll(limited)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if limited.N == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("%s exceeds %d bytes", path, maxCertBundleBytes)
+	}
+	return dt, st, nil
+}
+
 func firstCertificate(dt []byte) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
 	for {
 		block, rest := pem.Decode(dt)
diff --git a/exporter/attestation/make.go b/exporter/attestation/make.go
index 50ef7cf4e668..030040213baf 100644
--- a/exporter/attestation/make.go
+++ b/exporter/attestation/make.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package attestation
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/continuity/fs"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
+const maxAttestationBytes int64 = 40 << 20
+
 // ReadAll reads the content of an attestation.
 func ReadAll(ctx context.Context, s session.Group, att exporter.Attestation) ([]byte, error) {
 	var content []byte
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ func ReadAll(ctx context.Context, s session.Group, att exporter.Attestation) ([]
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		content, err = os.ReadFile(p)
+		content, err = readRegularFile(p)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot read in-toto attestation")
 		}
@@ -54,6 +57,51 @@ func ReadAll(ctx context.Context, s session.Group, att exporter.Attestation) ([]
 	return content, nil
 }
 
+func readRegularFile(p string) ([]byte, error) {
+	f, err := openRegularFile(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	dt, err := readAllLimited(f, p, maxAttestationBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
+func readAllLimited(r io.Reader, name string, limit int64) ([]byte, error) {
+	limited := &io.LimitedReader{R: r, N: limit + 1}
+	dt, err := io.ReadAll(limited)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if limited.N == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s exceeds %d bytes", name, limit)
+	}
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
+func openRegularFile(p string) (*os.File, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+
+	st, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if !st.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		f.Close()
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s is not a regular file", p)
+	}
+
+	return f, nil
+}
+
 // MakeInTotoStatements iterates over all provided result attestations and
 // generates intoto attestation statements.
 func MakeInTotoStatements(ctx context.Context, s session.Group, attestations []exporter.Attestation, defaultSubjects []intoto.Subject) ([]intoto.Statement, error) {
diff --git a/exporter/attestation/unbundle.go b/exporter/attestation/unbundle.go
index 22c37eeb57ff..d9f358fd6e1c 100644
--- a/exporter/attestation/unbundle.go
+++ b/exporter/attestation/unbundle.go
@@ -132,17 +132,15 @@ func unbundle(root string, bundle exporter.Attestation) ([]exporter.Attestation,
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		f, err := os.Open(p)
+		f, err := openRegularFile(p)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		dec := json.NewDecoder(f)
 		var stmt intoto.Statement
-		if err := dec.Decode(&stmt); err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot decode in-toto statement")
-		}
-		if _, err := dec.Token(); !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-			return nil, errors.New("in-toto statement is not a single JSON object")
+		stmt, err = decodeStatement(f, p)
+		f.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		if bundle.InToto.PredicateType != "" && stmt.PredicateType != bundle.InToto.PredicateType {
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("bundle entry %s does not match required predicate type %s", stmt.PredicateType, bundle.InToto.PredicateType)
@@ -175,6 +173,29 @@ func unbundle(root string, bundle exporter.Attestation) ([]exporter.Attestation,
 	return unbundled, nil
 }
 
+func decodeStatement(r io.Reader, name string) (intoto.Statement, error) {
+	limited := &io.LimitedReader{R: r, N: maxAttestationBytes + 1}
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(limited)
+
+	var stmt intoto.Statement
+	if err := dec.Decode(&stmt); err != nil {
+		if limited.N == 0 {
+			return stmt, errors.Errorf("%s exceeds %d bytes", name, maxAttestationBytes)
+		}
+		return stmt, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot decode in-toto statement")
+	}
+	if _, err := dec.Token(); !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		if limited.N == 0 {
+			return stmt, errors.Errorf("%s exceeds %d bytes", name, maxAttestationBytes)
+		}
+		return stmt, errors.New("in-toto statement is not a single JSON object")
+	}
+	if limited.N == 0 {
+		return stmt, errors.Errorf("%s exceeds %d bytes", name, maxAttestationBytes)
+	}
+	return stmt, nil
+}
+
 func Validate(atts []exporter.Attestation) error {
 	for _, att := range atts {
 		if err := validate(att); err != nil {
diff --git a/solver/llbsolver/ops/build.go b/solver/llbsolver/ops/build.go
index c4631fa919b4..2c5fb1b3c2fa 100644
--- a/solver/llbsolver/ops/build.go
+++ b/solver/llbsolver/ops/build.go
@@ -120,6 +120,15 @@ func (b *BuildOp) Exec(ctx context.Context, job solver.JobContext, inputs []solv
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to open %s", newfn)
 	}
+	st, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+	if !st.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		f.Close()
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s is not a regular file", newfn)
+	}
 
 	def, err := llb.ReadFrom(f)
 	if err != nil {