README

Default variable:
  var i int // 0
  var a, b, c bool // false
  i int

Assign value:
  // Short define variable with starting value
  a := 1
  b := a + 1

  // Standard style for define variable
  var x string
  x = "Hello world"
  // or
  var x string = "Hello World"
  var x = "Hello World"

  // Define multiple vars
  var (
    a = 5
    b = 10
    c = 15
  )

  // Error: syntax error: unexpected string at end of statement
  x string
  x = "Hello world"

  // Error: undefined: x
  x = "Hello World"

** Define function with pararam input and return
  func swap(x, y int) int {}
  func swap(x, y string) (string, string) {}
  func swap(x, y string) (z string) {}
  func slip(x, y int) (a, b int) {} // a, b is defined in the top of function, and return nothing.

for
  // using as while, for
  for i <= 10 {}

  for i; i <= 10; i++ {}

  for key, value := range anArray {}

  // _ means not use _ variable in for scope.
  for _, value := range anArray {}

  // like while
  for true {}

if // the same other languages
switch ... case // without break at end of case.

** Arrays
  var x [5]int
  x[0] = 1
  ....

  x := [5]int{1,2,3,4,5};

  x := [5]int{
    1,
    2,
    3,
    4,
    5, // the comma is required.
  };

Slices // A slice is a segment of an array. Like arrays slices are indexable and have a length. Unlike arrays this length is allowed to change. 
  var x []int // create a slices with length is 0

  // create a slice with length is 2
  x := make([]int, 2)

  // min length 5, max length 10
  x := make([]float64, 5, 10)

  x := []int{1,2,3,4,5};

  // Get list value of x from 0 to 3
  a := x[0:3];

Slice Functions: append, copy
  slice1 := []int{1,2,3}
  slice2 := append(slice1, 4, 5)
  fmt.Println(slice1, slice2) // [1 2 3] [1 2 3 4 5]

  slice1 := []int{1,2,3}
  slice2 := make([]int, 2)
  copy(slice2, slice1)
  fmt.Println(slice1, slice2) // [1 2 3] [1 2]

  // Error: first argument to append must be slice; have [3]int
  slice1 := [3]int{1,2,3}
  slice2 := append(slice1, 4, 5) // Error here

Maps: A map is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
  // Not initialize, can not use.
  var x map[string]int

  x := make(map[string]int)
  x["key"] = 10
  fmt.Println(x["key"], len(x)) // 10 1

  // Get length of map
  len(x)

  // Delete an item in map
  delete(x, "key");

  // get element not in map.
  fmt.Println(x["unknow"]) // 0

  // Check element in map.
  if name, ok := x["key"]; ok {
    fmt.Println(name, ok)
  }

  // Short initilize map
  elements := map[string]string{
    "H":  "Hydrogen",
    "He": "Helium",
  }

  // Map in map
  elements := map[string]map[string]string{
    "H": map[string]string{
      "name":"Hydrogen",
      "state":"gas",
    },
    "He": map[string]string{
      "name":"Helium",
      "state":"gas",
    },
  }

** Functions
  // params type and output type
  func sum(a int, b int) int { return a + b}

  // return multiple value
  func sum(a int, b int) (int, int) { return (a + b), (a - b)}
  // get results
  x, y := sum(1, 2);

  // Variadic Functions: dynamic input
  func add(args ...int) int {}
  fmt.Println(add(1,2,3))

  // Closure
  func main() {
    add := func(x, y int) int {
      return x + y
    }
    fmt.Println(add(1,1))
  }
  // return a function.
  func makeEvenGenerator() func() uint {
    i := uint(0)
    return func() (ret uint) {
      ret = i
      i += 2
      return
    }
  }
  nextEven := makeEvenGenerator()
  fmt.Println(nextEven()) // 0
  fmt.Println(nextEven()) // 2
  fmt.Println(nextEven()) // 4

  // Recursion
  func factorial(x uint) uint {
    if x == 0 {
      return 1
    }
    return x * factorial(x-1)
  }

Defer, Panic & Recover
  // make sure after complete function, do the other function begining with "defer" keyword
  f, _ := os.Open(filename)
  defer f.Close() // must close file after Open, but when we've done to use file.

** Pointers
  func zero(xPtr *int) {
    *xPtr = 0
  }
  zero(&x);
  // Or
  x := new(int); // create a pointer
  zero(x);

** Structs and Interfaces
Structs
  type Circle struct {
    x float64
    y float64
    r float64
  }

  type Circle struct {
    x, y, r float64
  }

  ** Initialization
  var c Circle
  // Or
  c := new(Circle)
  // Or
  c := Circle{x: 0, y: 0, r: 5}
  // Or
  c := Circle{0, 0, 5}

  // Access fields
  fmt.Println(c.x, c.y, c.r)
  c.x = 10
  c.y = 5

  ** Method
  func (c Circle) area() float64 {
    return math.Pi * c.r*c.r
  }
  c.area();

  ** Embedded type
  type Person struct {
    Name string
  }
  func (p *Person) Talk() {
    fmt.Println("Hi, my name is", p.Name)
  }
  type Android struct {
    Person // embedded Person into Android. That means Android is Person
    Model string
  }
  a := new(Android)
  a.Talk();

  ** Interfaces
  type Shape interface {
    area() float64
  }

  // using as an input
  func totalArea(shapes ...Shape) float64 {
    var area float64
    for _, s := range shapes {
      area += s.area()
    }
    return area
  }

  // As a field
  type MultiShape struct {
    shapes []Shape
  }