diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index dfefc0c..4d0e8b2 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ trace:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 	@echo "Converting seed to Wasm and tracing execution (release mode)..."
-	@cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm $(CRASH) --stdout 2>/dev/null | \
+	@cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(if $(TARGET),--target $(TARGET)) $(CRASH) --stdout 2>/dev/null | \
 		cargo run --release -p spacewasm_util --bin spacewasm-trace -- --stdin --limit $(or $(LIMIT),50)
 
 # Convert seed to Wasm and trace execution (debug mode with ASAN)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ trace-debug:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 	@echo "Converting seed to Wasm and tracing execution (debug mode with ASAN)..."
-	@cargo run -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm $(CRASH) --stdout 2>/dev/null | \
+	@cargo run -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(if $(TARGET),--target $(TARGET)) $(CRASH) --stdout 2>/dev/null | \
 		RUSTFLAGS="-Zsanitizer=address" cargo +nightly run -p spacewasm_util --bin spacewasm-trace -- --stdin --limit $(or $(LIMIT),50)
 
 # Convert fuzzer seed to Wasm
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ seed-to-wasm:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 	@if [ -n "$(OUT)" ]; then \
-		cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(CRASH) $(OUT); \
+		cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(if $(TARGET),--target $(TARGET)) $(CRASH) $(OUT); \
 	else \
-		cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(CRASH) $(CRASH).wasm; \
+		cargo run --release -p spacewasm-fuzzing --bin seed_to_wasm -- $(if $(TARGET),--target $(TARGET)) $(CRASH) $(CRASH).wasm; \
 	fi
 
 # Trace Wasm file execution (release mode)
diff --git a/crates/fuzzing/src/bin/seed_to_wasm.rs b/crates/fuzzing/src/bin/seed_to_wasm.rs
index 89c73cb..61affd2 100644
--- a/crates/fuzzing/src/bin/seed_to_wasm.rs
+++ b/crates/fuzzing/src/bin/seed_to_wasm.rs
@@ -4,80 +4,102 @@
 //! wasm-smith to generate valid Wasm. This tool converts seeds to Wasm
 //! for analysis with other tools (disassemblers, trace utilities, etc.).
 //!
+//! The `no_traps` and `validate` fuzz targets configure wasm-smith
+//! differently, so a seed must be decoded with the same generator that
+//! produced it. Select it with `--target` (default: `no_traps`).
+//!
 //! Usage:
-//!   seed_to_wasm <seed-file> [output.wasm]
-//!   seed_to_wasm <seed-file> --stdout
+//!   seed_to_wasm [--target no_traps|validate] <seed-file> [output.wasm]
+//!   seed_to_wasm [--target no_traps|validate] <seed-file> --stdout
 
-use arbitrary::{Arbitrary, Unstructured};
-use spacewasm_fuzzing::generators::NoTrapsModule;
+use spacewasm_fuzzing::generators::{wasm_from_seed, Target};
 use std::env;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::{self, Write};
 use std::process;
 
+fn usage(program: &str) -> ! {
+    eprintln!("Usage: {program} [--target no_traps|validate] <seed-file> [output.wasm]");
+    eprintln!("       {program} [--target no_traps|validate] <seed-file> --stdout");
+    eprintln!();
+    eprintln!("Convert fuzzer seed artifacts to Wasm binaries.");
+    eprintln!();
+    eprintln!("Options:");
+    eprintln!(
+        "  --target <no_traps|validate>  Generator to decode the seed with (default: no_traps)"
+    );
+    eprintln!();
+    eprintln!("Examples:");
+    eprintln!("  {program} fuzz/artifacts/no_traps/crash-xxx output.wasm");
+    eprintln!(
+        "  {program} --target validate fuzz/artifacts/validate/crash-xxx --stdout | wasm2wat"
+    );
+    process::exit(1);
+}
+
 fn main() {
     let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+    let program = args
+        .first()
+        .cloned()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "seed_to_wasm".to_string());
 
-    if args.len() < 2 {
-        eprintln!("Usage: {} <seed-file> [output.wasm]", args[0]);
-        eprintln!("       {} <seed-file> --stdout", args[0]);
-        eprintln!();
-        eprintln!("Convert fuzzer seed artifacts to Wasm binaries.");
-        eprintln!();
-        eprintln!("Examples:");
-        eprintln!("  # Write to file");
-        eprintln!(
-            "  {} fuzz/artifacts/no_traps/crash-xxx output.wasm",
-            args[0]
-        );
-        eprintln!();
-        eprintln!("  # Write to stdout");
-        eprintln!(
-            "  {} fuzz/artifacts/no_traps/crash-xxx --stdout | wasm2wat",
-            args[0]
-        );
-        process::exit(1);
+    // Pull the optional `--target` flag out of the argument list; everything
+    // else stays positional so existing invocations keep working.
+    let mut target = Target::NoTraps;
+    let mut positional: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    let mut i = 1;
+    while i < args.len() {
+        if args[i] == "--target" {
+            target = match args.get(i + 1).map(String::as_str) {
+                Some("no_traps") => Target::NoTraps,
+                Some("validate") => Target::Validate,
+                other => {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "Invalid --target '{}' (expected no_traps or validate)",
+                        other.unwrap_or("")
+                    );
+                    usage(&program);
+                }
+            };
+            i += 2;
+        } else {
+            positional.push(args[i].clone());
+            i += 1;
+        }
     }
 
-    let seed_file = &args[1];
-    let seed_bytes = fs::read(seed_file).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        eprintln!("Failed to read seed file '{}': {}", seed_file, e);
+    let Some(seed_file) = positional.first().cloned() else {
+        usage(&program);
+    };
+
+    let seed_bytes = fs::read(&seed_file).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        eprintln!("Failed to read seed file '{seed_file}': {e}");
         process::exit(1);
     });
 
-    // Generate Wasm from seed
-    let mut unstructured = Unstructured::new(&seed_bytes);
-    let module = match NoTrapsModule::arbitrary(&mut unstructured) {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("Failed to generate Wasm from seed: {:?}", e);
-            eprintln!("The seed may be too small or corrupted.");
-            process::exit(1);
-        }
-    };
-
-    let wasm_bytes = module.wasm();
+    let wasm_bytes = wasm_from_seed(&seed_bytes, target).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        eprintln!("Failed to generate Wasm from seed: {e:?}");
+        eprintln!("The seed may be too small or corrupted.");
+        process::exit(1);
+    });
 
-    // Output handling
-    if args.len() > 2 && args[2] == "--stdout" {
-        // Write to stdout
-        io::stdout().write_all(wasm_bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            eprintln!("Failed to write to stdout: {}", e);
+    // Output: `--stdout` or an optional file path (default: <seed>.wasm).
+    if positional.get(1).map(String::as_str) == Some("--stdout") {
+        io::stdout().write_all(&wasm_bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            eprintln!("Failed to write to stdout: {e}");
             process::exit(1);
         });
     } else {
-        // Write to file
-        let output_file = if args.len() > 2 {
-            args[2].clone()
-        } else {
-            // Default: seed filename + .wasm
-            format!("{}.wasm", seed_file)
-        };
+        let output_file = positional
+            .get(1)
+            .cloned()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{seed_file}.wasm"));
 
-        eprintln!("Writing to: {}", output_file);
+        eprintln!("Writing to: {output_file}");
 
-        fs::write(&output_file, wasm_bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            eprintln!("Failed to write '{}': {}", output_file, e);
+        fs::write(&output_file, &wasm_bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            eprintln!("Failed to write '{output_file}': {e}");
             process::exit(1);
         });
 
diff --git a/crates/fuzzing/src/generators.rs b/crates/fuzzing/src/generators.rs
index ff69827..d89947d 100644
--- a/crates/fuzzing/src/generators.rs
+++ b/crates/fuzzing/src/generators.rs
@@ -171,3 +171,57 @@ impl<'a> Arbitrary<'a> for NoTrapsModule {
         Self::new(u)
     }
 }
+
+/// Which fuzz target's generator produced a seed.
+///
+/// The `no_traps` and `validate` targets configure wasm-smith differently
+/// ([`NoTrapsModule`] sets `disallow_traps`), so they consume input bytes
+/// differently and produce different modules from the same seed. A seed must be
+/// decoded with the generator that produced it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Target {
+    /// The `no_traps` target, which uses [`NoTrapsModule`].
+    NoTraps,
+    /// The `validate` target, which uses [`FuzzModule`].
+    Validate,
+}
+
+/// Generate the Wasm module a fuzz `target` would produce from `seed`.
+///
+/// This reproduces what the corresponding fuzz target feeds to its oracle, so a
+/// crash artifact can be decoded back into the exact module that triggered it.
+pub fn wasm_from_seed(seed: &[u8], target: Target) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut u = Unstructured::new(seed);
+    match target {
+        Target::NoTraps => NoTrapsModule::new(&mut u).map(|m| m.wasm),
+        Target::Validate => FuzzModule::new(&mut u).map(|m| m.wasm),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // A fixed seed with enough bytes for wasm-smith to build a non-trivial module.
+    fn seed() -> Vec<u8> {
+        (0..=u8::MAX).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn targets_produce_different_wasm_from_same_seed() {
+        // The two generators configure wasm-smith differently, so the same seed
+        // yields different modules -- which is why seed_to_wasm must decode with
+        // the generator that produced the seed.
+        let no_traps = wasm_from_seed(&seed(), Target::NoTraps).unwrap();
+        let validate = wasm_from_seed(&seed(), Target::Validate).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(no_traps, validate);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wasm_from_seed_is_deterministic() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            wasm_from_seed(&seed(), Target::Validate).unwrap(),
+            wasm_from_seed(&seed(), Target::Validate).unwrap(),
+        );
+    }
+}