From 8b694707d847907e9da9e288692b24b428c184a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 12:35:17 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/6] shared depth training --- .../track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py | 1283 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1283 insertions(+) create mode 100644 records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f788b5804 --- /dev/null +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py @@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@ +""" +The `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` scripts are intended as good launching-off points for new participants, not SOTA configs. We'll accept PRs that tune, improve, or simplify these scripts without significantly increasing complexity, but competitive submissions should stay in the `/records` folder. + +Hard stop: To keep readable for newcomers, let's make sure `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` never are longer than 1500 lines. +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import copy +import glob +import io +import math +import os +import random +import subprocess +import sys +import time +import uuid +import zlib +from pathlib import Path + +try: + import zstandard + _COMPRESSOR = "zstd" +except ImportError: + _COMPRESSOR = "zlib" + +import numpy as np +import sentencepiece as spm +import torch +import torch.distributed as dist +import torch.nn.functional as F +from torch import Tensor, nn +from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP + +# ----------------------------- +# HYPERPARAMETERS +# ----------------------------- + +class Hyperparameters: + data_path = os.environ.get("DATA_PATH", "./data/datasets/fineweb10B_sp1024") + train_files = os.path.join(data_path, "fineweb_train_*.bin") + val_files = os.path.join(data_path, "fineweb_val_*.bin") + tokenizer_path = os.environ.get("TOKENIZER_PATH", "./data/tokenizers/fineweb_1024_bpe.model") + run_id = os.environ.get("RUN_ID", str(uuid.uuid4())) + seed = int(os.environ.get("SEED", 42)) + + val_batch_size = int(os.environ.get("VAL_BATCH_SIZE", 524_288)) + val_loss_every = int(os.environ.get("VAL_LOSS_EVERY", 500)) + train_log_every = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_LOG_EVERY", 100)) + + iterations = int(os.environ.get("ITERATIONS", 20000)) + warmdown_iters = int(os.environ.get("WARMDOWN_ITERS", 3000)) + warmup_steps = int(os.environ.get("WARMUP_STEPS", 20)) + train_batch_tokens = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_BATCH_TOKENS", 786_432)) + train_seq_len = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_SEQ_LEN", 2048)) + max_wallclock_seconds = float(os.environ.get("MAX_WALLCLOCK_SECONDS", 600.0)) + qk_gain_init = float(os.environ.get("QK_GAIN_INIT", 1.5)) + + vocab_size = int(os.environ.get("VOCAB_SIZE", 1024)) + num_layers = int(os.environ.get("NUM_LAYERS", 10)) + num_kv_heads = int(os.environ.get("NUM_KV_HEADS", 4)) + model_dim = int(os.environ.get("MODEL_DIM", 512)) + num_heads = int(os.environ.get("NUM_HEADS", 8)) + mlp_mult = float(os.environ.get("MLP_MULT", 3.0)) + tie_embeddings = bool(int(os.environ.get("TIE_EMBEDDINGS", "1"))) + rope_base = float(os.environ.get("ROPE_BASE", 10000.0)) + logit_softcap = float(os.environ.get("LOGIT_SOFTCAP", 30.0)) + + embed_lr = float(os.environ.get("EMBED_LR", 0.6)) + head_lr = float(os.environ.get("HEAD_LR", 0.008)) + tied_embed_lr = float(os.environ.get("TIED_EMBED_LR", 0.03)) + tied_embed_init_std = float(os.environ.get("TIED_EMBED_INIT_STD", 0.005)) + matrix_lr = float(os.environ.get("MATRIX_LR", 0.02)) + scalar_lr = float(os.environ.get("SCALAR_LR", 0.02)) + muon_momentum = float(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM", 0.99)) + muon_backend_steps = int(os.environ.get("MUON_BACKEND_STEPS", 5)) + muon_momentum_warmup_start = float(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM_WARMUP_START", 0.92)) + muon_momentum_warmup_steps = int(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM_WARMUP_STEPS", 1500)) + beta1 = float(os.environ.get("BETA1", 0.9)) + beta2 = float(os.environ.get("BETA2", 0.95)) + adam_eps = float(os.environ.get("ADAM_EPS", 1e-8)) + grad_clip_norm = float(os.environ.get("GRAD_CLIP_NORM", 0.3)) + weight_decay = float(os.environ.get("WEIGHT_DECAY", 0.04)) + + eval_stride = int(os.environ.get("EVAL_STRIDE", 64)) + eval_batch_seqs = int(os.environ.get("EVAL_BATCH_SEQS", 32)) + + bigram_vocab_size = int(os.environ.get("BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE", 16384)) + bigram_dim = int(os.environ.get("BIGRAM_DIM", 128)) + shared_mlp_enabled = bool(int(os.environ.get("SHARED_MLP_ENABLED", "1"))) + shared_encoder_mlp_ids = os.environ.get("SHARED_ENCODER_MLP_IDS", "") + shared_decoder_mlp_ids = os.environ.get("SHARED_DECODER_MLP_IDS", "") + + swa_enabled = bool(int(os.environ.get("SWA_ENABLED", "1"))) + swa_start_frac = float(os.environ.get("SWA_START_FRAC", 0.4)) + swa_every = int(os.environ.get("SWA_EVERY", 50)) + +# ----------------------------- +# MUON OPTIMIZER +# ----------------------------- + +def zeropower_via_newtonschulz5(G: Tensor, steps: int = 10, eps: float = 1e-7) -> Tensor: + a, b, c = (3.4445, -4.7750, 2.0315) + X = G.bfloat16() + X /= X.norm() + eps + transposed = G.size(0) > G.size(1) + if transposed: + X = X.T + for _ in range(steps): + A = X @ X.T + B = b * A + c * A @ A + X = a * X + B @ X + return X.T if transposed else X + + +class Muon(torch.optim.Optimizer): + def __init__(self, params, lr: float, momentum: float, backend_steps: int, nesterov: bool = True, weight_decay: float = 0.0): + super().__init__( + params, + dict(lr=lr, momentum=momentum, backend_steps=backend_steps, nesterov=nesterov, weight_decay=weight_decay), + ) + + @torch.no_grad() + def step(self, closure=None): + loss = None + if closure is not None: + with torch.enable_grad(): + loss = closure() + distributed = dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized() + world_size = dist.get_world_size() if distributed else 1 + rank = dist.get_rank() if distributed else 0 + + for group in self.param_groups: + params = group["params"] + if not params: + continue + lr = group["lr"] + momentum = group["momentum"] + backend_steps = group["backend_steps"] + nesterov = group["nesterov"] + + total_params = sum(int(p.numel()) for p in params) + updates_flat = torch.zeros(total_params, device=params[0].device, dtype=torch.bfloat16) + + curr = 0 + for i, p in enumerate(params): + if i % world_size == rank and p.grad is not None: + g = p.grad + state = self.state[p] + if "momentum_buffer" not in state: + state["momentum_buffer"] = torch.zeros_like(g) + buf = state["momentum_buffer"] + buf.mul_(momentum).add_(g) + if nesterov: + g = g.add(buf, alpha=momentum) + g = zeropower_via_newtonschulz5(g, steps=backend_steps) + g *= max(1, g.size(0) / g.size(1)) ** 0.5 + updates_flat[curr : curr + p.numel()] = g.reshape(-1) + curr += p.numel() + + if distributed: + dist.all_reduce(updates_flat, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + + wd = group.get("weight_decay", 0.0) + curr = 0 + for p in params: + g = updates_flat[curr : curr + p.numel()].view_as(p).to(dtype=p.dtype) + if wd > 0: + p.data.mul_(1.0 - lr * wd) + p.add_(g, alpha=-lr) + curr += p.numel() + return loss + + +# ----------------------------- +# TOKENIZER-AGNOSTIC EVALUATION +# ----------------------------- + +def build_sentencepiece_luts( + sp: spm.SentencePieceProcessor, vocab_size: int, device: torch.device +) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]: + sp_vocab_size = int(sp.vocab_size()) + table_size = max(sp_vocab_size, vocab_size) + base_bytes_np = np.zeros((table_size,), dtype=np.int16) + has_leading_space_np = np.zeros((table_size,), dtype=np.bool_) + is_boundary_token_np = np.ones((table_size,), dtype=np.bool_) + for token_id in range(sp_vocab_size): + if sp.is_control(token_id) or sp.is_unknown(token_id) or sp.is_unused(token_id): + continue + is_boundary_token_np[token_id] = False + if sp.is_byte(token_id): + base_bytes_np[token_id] = 1 + continue + piece = sp.id_to_piece(token_id) + if piece.startswith("\u2581"): + has_leading_space_np[token_id] = True + piece = piece[1:] + base_bytes_np[token_id] = len(piece.encode("utf-8")) + return ( + torch.tensor(base_bytes_np, dtype=torch.int16, device=device), + torch.tensor(has_leading_space_np, dtype=torch.bool, device=device), + torch.tensor(is_boundary_token_np, dtype=torch.bool, device=device), + ) + + +def load_validation_tokens(pattern: str, seq_len: int) -> Tensor: + files = [Path(p) for p in sorted(glob.glob(pattern))] + if not files: + raise FileNotFoundError(f"No files found for pattern: {pattern}") + tokens = torch.cat([load_data_shard(file) for file in files]).contiguous() + usable = ((tokens.numel() - 1) // seq_len) * seq_len + if usable <= 0: + raise ValueError(f"Validation split is too short for TRAIN_SEQ_LEN={seq_len}") + return tokens[: usable + 1] + + +def eval_val( + args: Hyperparameters, + model: nn.Module, + rank: int, + world_size: int, + device: torch.device, + grad_accum_steps: int, + val_tokens: Tensor, + base_bytes_lut: Tensor, + has_leading_space_lut: Tensor, + is_boundary_token_lut: Tensor, +) -> tuple[float, float]: + local_batch_tokens = args.val_batch_size // (world_size * grad_accum_steps) + if local_batch_tokens < args.train_seq_len: + raise ValueError( + "VAL_BATCH_SIZE must provide at least one sequence per rank; " + f"got VAL_BATCH_SIZE={args.val_batch_size}, WORLD_SIZE={world_size}, " + f"GRAD_ACCUM_STEPS={grad_accum_steps}, TRAIN_SEQ_LEN={args.train_seq_len}" + ) + local_batch_seqs = local_batch_tokens // args.train_seq_len + total_seqs = (val_tokens.numel() - 1) // args.train_seq_len + seq_start = (total_seqs * rank) // world_size + seq_end = (total_seqs * (rank + 1)) // world_size + val_loss_sum = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + val_token_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + val_byte_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + model.eval() + with torch.inference_mode(): + for batch_seq_start in range(seq_start, seq_end, local_batch_seqs): + batch_seq_end = min(batch_seq_start + local_batch_seqs, seq_end) + raw_start = batch_seq_start * args.train_seq_len + raw_end = batch_seq_end * args.train_seq_len + 1 + local = val_tokens[raw_start:raw_end].to(device=device, dtype=torch.int64, non_blocking=True) + x = local[:-1].reshape(-1, args.train_seq_len) + y = local[1:].reshape(-1, args.train_seq_len) + with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): + batch_loss = model(x, y).detach() + batch_token_count = float(y.numel()) + val_loss_sum += batch_loss.to(torch.float64) * batch_token_count + val_token_count += batch_token_count + prev_ids = x.reshape(-1) + tgt_ids = y.reshape(-1) + token_bytes = base_bytes_lut[tgt_ids].to(dtype=torch.int16) + token_bytes += (has_leading_space_lut[tgt_ids] & ~is_boundary_token_lut[prev_ids]).to(dtype=torch.int16) + val_byte_count += token_bytes.to(torch.float64).sum() + if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized(): + dist.all_reduce(val_loss_sum, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + dist.all_reduce(val_token_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + dist.all_reduce(val_byte_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + val_loss = val_loss_sum / val_token_count + bits_per_token = val_loss.item() / math.log(2.0) + tokens_per_byte = val_token_count.item() / val_byte_count.item() + model.train() + return float(val_loss.item()), float(bits_per_token * tokens_per_byte) + + +# ----------------------------- +# POST-TRAINING QUANTIZATION (INT8 legacy + INT6 mixed) +# ----------------------------- + +CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( + pattern + for pattern in os.environ.get( + "CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS", + "attn_scale,attn_scales,mlp_scale,mlp_scales,resid_mix,resid_mixes,q_gain,skip_weight,skip_weights,smear,bigram.scale", + ).split(",") + if pattern +) +FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( + pattern + for pattern in os.environ.get("FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS", "tok_emb,blocks.8.attn.c_k").split(",") + if pattern +) +INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( + pattern + for pattern in os.environ.get( + "INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS", + ",".join(CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS), + ).split(",") + if pattern +) +INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_MAX_NUMEL = 65_536 +INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_STORE_DTYPE = torch.float16 +INT8_PER_ROW_SCALE_DTYPE = torch.float16 +INT8_CLIP_PERCENTILE = 99.99984 +INT8_CLIP_Q = INT8_CLIP_PERCENTILE / 100.0 + +def tensor_nbytes(t: Tensor) -> int: + return int(t.numel()) * int(t.element_size()) + +def quantize_float_tensor(t: Tensor) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: + t32 = t.float() + if t32.ndim == 2: + clip_abs = ( + torch.quantile(t32.abs(), INT8_CLIP_Q, dim=1) + if t32.numel() + else torch.empty((t32.shape[0],), dtype=torch.float32) + ) + clipped = torch.maximum(torch.minimum(t32, clip_abs[:, None]), -clip_abs[:, None]) + scale = (clip_abs / 127.0).clamp_min(1.0 / 127.0) + q = torch.clamp(torch.round(clipped / scale[:, None]), -127, 127).to(torch.int8).contiguous() + return q, scale.to(dtype=INT8_PER_ROW_SCALE_DTYPE).contiguous() + clip_abs = float(torch.quantile(t32.abs().flatten(), INT8_CLIP_Q).item()) if t32.numel() else 0.0 + scale = torch.tensor(clip_abs / 127.0 if clip_abs > 0 else 1.0, dtype=torch.float32) + q = torch.clamp(torch.round(torch.clamp(t32, -clip_abs, clip_abs) / scale), -127, 127).to(torch.int8).contiguous() + return q, scale + + +def _classify_param(name: str) -> str: + is_shared_mlp = name.startswith("encoder_mlps.") or name.startswith("decoder_mlps.") + if "tok_emb" in name or "lm_head" in name: + return "embed" + if ".mlp." in name or is_shared_mlp: + return "mlp" + if "bigram" in name: + return "bigram" + if ".attn." in name or (".proj." in name and ".mlp." not in name and not is_shared_mlp): + return "attn" + return "other" + +def quantize_intN_per_row(t: Tensor, clip_range: int = 31) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: + t32 = t.float() + if t32.ndim == 2: + row_max = t32.abs().amax(dim=1) + scale = (row_max / clip_range).clamp_min(1e-12).to(torch.float16) + scale = scale.clamp_min(torch.finfo(torch.float16).tiny) + q = torch.clamp(torch.round(t32 / scale.float()[:, None]), -(clip_range+1), clip_range).to(torch.int8) + return q, scale + amax = t32.abs().max().item() + scale = torch.tensor(max(amax / clip_range, 1e-12), dtype=torch.float16) + q = torch.clamp(torch.round(t32 / scale.float()), -(clip_range+1), clip_range).to(torch.int8) + return q, scale + +def mixed_quantize_int6(state_dict: dict[str, Tensor], int6_cats: set[str]): + result: dict[str, Tensor] = {} + meta: dict[str, object] = {} + for name, tensor in state_dict.items(): + t = tensor.detach().cpu().contiguous() + cat = _classify_param(name) + is_shared_mlp = name.startswith("encoder_mlps.") or name.startswith("decoder_mlps.") + if not t.is_floating_point() or t.numel() <= 8192: + result[name] = t.to(torch.float16) if t.is_floating_point() else t + meta[name] = "passthrough" + continue + if any(p in name for p in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS): + result[name] = t.float() + meta[name] = "passthrough_ctrl" + continue + if any(pattern in name for pattern in FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS): + result[name] = t.to(dtype=torch.float16).contiguous() + meta[name] = "passthrough_fp16" + continue + if cat in int6_cats and t.ndim >= 1: + clip = 31 if (is_shared_mlp or cat != "mlp") else 15 + q, s = quantize_intN_per_row(t, clip_range=clip) + result[name + ".q"] = q + result[name + ".scale"] = s + meta[name] = {"type": f"int{6 if (is_shared_mlp or cat != 'mlp') else 5}"} + else: + q, s = quantize_float_tensor(t) + result[name + ".q"] = q + result[name + ".scale"] = s + meta[name] = {"type": "int8"} + return result, meta + +def dequantize_mixed_int6(result: dict[str, Tensor], meta: dict[str, object], + template_sd: dict[str, Tensor]) -> dict[str, Tensor]: + out: dict[str, Tensor] = {} + for name, orig in template_sd.items(): + info = meta[name] + orig_dtype = orig.dtype + if info in ("passthrough", "passthrough_ctrl", "passthrough_fp16"): + t = result[name] + if t.dtype == torch.float16 and orig_dtype in (torch.float32, torch.bfloat16): + t = t.to(orig_dtype) + out[name] = t + continue + q, s = result[name + ".q"], result[name + ".scale"] + if s.ndim > 0: + out[name] = (q.float() * s.float().view(q.shape[0], *([1] * (q.ndim - 1)))).to(orig_dtype) + else: + out[name] = (q.float() * float(s.item())).to(orig_dtype) + return out + + +# ----------------------------- +# DATA LOADING +# ----------------------------- + +def load_data_shard(file: Path) -> Tensor: + header_bytes = 256 * np.dtype(" None: + self.file_idx = (self.file_idx + 1) % len(self.files) + self.tokens = load_data_shard(self.files[self.file_idx]) + self.pos = 0 + + def take(self, n: int) -> Tensor: + chunks: list[Tensor] = [] + remaining = n + while remaining > 0: + avail = self.tokens.numel() - self.pos + if avail <= 0: + self._advance_file() + continue + k = min(remaining, avail) + chunks.append(self.tokens[self.pos : self.pos + k]) + self.pos += k + remaining -= k + return chunks[0] if len(chunks) == 1 else torch.cat(chunks) + + +class DistributedTokenLoader: + def __init__(self, pattern: str, rank: int, world_size: int, device: torch.device): + self.rank = rank + self.world_size = world_size + self.device = device + self.stream = TokenStream(pattern) + + def next_batch(self, global_tokens: int, seq_len: int, grad_accum_steps: int) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: + local_tokens = global_tokens // (self.world_size * grad_accum_steps) + per_rank_span = local_tokens + 1 + chunk = self.stream.take(per_rank_span * self.world_size) + start = self.rank * per_rank_span + local = chunk[start : start + per_rank_span].to(dtype=torch.int64) + x = local[:-1].reshape(-1, seq_len) + y = local[1:].reshape(-1, seq_len) + return x.to(self.device, non_blocking=True), y.to(self.device, non_blocking=True) + + +# ----------------------------- +# TRANSFORMER MODULES +# ----------------------------- + +class RMSNorm(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, eps: float | None = None): + super().__init__() + self.eps = eps + + def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: + return F.rms_norm(x, (x.size(-1),), eps=self.eps) + + +class CastedLinear(nn.Linear): + def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: + w = self.weight.to(x.dtype) + bias = self.bias.to(x.dtype) if self.bias is not None else None + return F.linear(x, w, bias) + + +def restore_low_dim_params_to_fp32(module: nn.Module) -> None: + with torch.no_grad(): + for name, param in module.named_parameters(): + if (param.ndim < 2 or any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS)) and param.dtype != torch.float32: + param.data = param.data.float() + + +class Rotary(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim: int, base: float = 10000.0): + super().__init__() + inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2, dtype=torch.float32) / dim)) + self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False) + self._seq_len_cached = 0 + self._cos_cached: Tensor | None = None + self._sin_cached: Tensor | None = None + + def forward(self, seq_len: int, device: torch.device, dtype: torch.dtype) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: + if ( + self._cos_cached is None + or self._sin_cached is None + or self._seq_len_cached != seq_len + or self._cos_cached.device != device + ): + t = torch.arange(seq_len, device=device, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype) + freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq.to(device)) + self._cos_cached = freqs.cos()[None, None, :, :] + self._sin_cached = freqs.sin()[None, None, :, :] + self._seq_len_cached = seq_len + return self._cos_cached.to(dtype=dtype), self._sin_cached.to(dtype=dtype) + + +def apply_rotary_emb(x: Tensor, cos: Tensor, sin: Tensor) -> Tensor: + half = x.size(-1) // 2 + x1, x2 = x[..., :half], x[..., half:] + return torch.cat((x1 * cos + x2 * sin, x1 * (-sin) + x2 * cos), dim=-1) + + +class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, rope_base: float, qk_gain_init: float): + super().__init__() + if dim % num_heads != 0: + raise ValueError("model_dim must be divisible by num_heads") + if num_heads % num_kv_heads != 0: + raise ValueError("num_heads must be divisible by num_kv_heads") + self.num_heads = num_heads + self.num_kv_heads = num_kv_heads + self.head_dim = dim // num_heads + if self.head_dim % 2 != 0: + raise ValueError("head_dim must be even for RoPE") + kv_dim = self.num_kv_heads * self.head_dim + self.c_q = CastedLinear(dim, dim, bias=False) + self.c_k = CastedLinear(dim, kv_dim, bias=False) + self.c_v = CastedLinear(dim, kv_dim, bias=False) + self.proj = CastedLinear(dim, dim, bias=False) + self.proj._zero_init = True + self.q_gain = nn.Parameter(torch.full((num_heads,), qk_gain_init, dtype=torch.float32)) + self.rotary = Rotary(self.head_dim, base=rope_base) + + def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: + bsz, seqlen, dim = x.shape + q = self.c_q(x).reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + k = self.c_k(x).reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_kv_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + v = self.c_v(x).reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_kv_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) + q = F.rms_norm(q, (q.size(-1),)) + k = F.rms_norm(k, (k.size(-1),)) + cos, sin = self.rotary(seqlen, x.device, q.dtype) + q = apply_rotary_emb(q, cos, sin) + k = apply_rotary_emb(k, cos, sin) + q = q * self.q_gain.to(dtype=q.dtype)[None, :, None, None] + y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention( + q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True, + enable_gqa=(self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads), + ) + y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().reshape(bsz, seqlen, dim) + return self.proj(y) + + +class MLP(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim: int, mlp_mult: float): + super().__init__() + hidden = int(mlp_mult * dim) + self.fc = CastedLinear(dim, hidden, bias=False) + self.proj = CastedLinear(hidden, dim, bias=False) + self.proj._zero_init = True + + def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: + x = torch.relu(self.fc(x)) + return self.proj(x.square()) + + +def resolve_mlp_ids(spec: str, depth: int, enable_sharing: bool) -> list[int]: + if not enable_sharing: + return list(range(depth)) + if spec: + ids = [int(tok.strip()) for tok in spec.split(",") if tok.strip()] + if len(ids) != depth: + raise ValueError(f"Expected {depth} MLP ids, got {len(ids)} from {spec!r}") + elif depth == 6: + ids = [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2] + elif depth == 5: + ids = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0] + else: + ids = list(range(depth)) + if any(idx < 0 for idx in ids): + raise ValueError(f"MLP ids must be non-negative, got {ids}") + return ids + + +class SmearGate(nn.Module): + """Blend each token's embedding with the previous token's embedding.""" + def __init__(self, dim: int): + super().__init__() + self.gate = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) + + def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: + g = torch.sigmoid(self.gate.to(dtype=x.dtype))[None, None, :] + x_prev = torch.cat([torch.zeros_like(x[:, :1]), x[:, :-1]], dim=1) + return (1 - g) * x + g * x_prev + + +class BigramHashEmbedding(nn.Module): + """Hash consecutive token pairs into a learned embedding table.""" + def __init__(self, bigram_vocab_size: int, bigram_dim: int, model_dim: int): + super().__init__() + self.bigram_vocab_size = bigram_vocab_size + self.embed = nn.Embedding(bigram_vocab_size, bigram_dim) + nn.init.zeros_(self.embed.weight) + self.proj = CastedLinear(bigram_dim, model_dim, bias=False) if bigram_dim != model_dim else None + if self.proj is not None: + nn.init.zeros_(self.proj.weight) + self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(0.05, dtype=torch.float32)) + + def bigram_hash(self, tokens: Tensor) -> Tensor: + t = tokens.to(torch.int32) + mod = self.bigram_vocab_size - 1 + out = torch.empty_like(t) + out[..., 0] = mod + out[..., 1:] = torch.bitwise_xor(36313 * t[..., 1:], 27191 * t[..., :-1]) % mod + return out.long() + + def forward(self, token_ids: Tensor) -> Tensor: + h = self.embed(self.bigram_hash(token_ids)) + if self.proj is not None: + h = self.proj(h) + return h * self.scale.to(dtype=h.dtype) + + +class Block(nn.Module): + def __init__(self, dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, rope_base: float, qk_gain_init: float): + super().__init__() + self.attn_norm = RMSNorm() + self.mlp_norm = RMSNorm() + self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(dim, num_heads, num_kv_heads, rope_base, qk_gain_init) + self.attn_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) + self.mlp_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) + self.resid_mix = nn.Parameter(torch.stack((torch.ones(dim), torch.zeros(dim))).float()) + + def forward_attn(self, x: Tensor, x0: Tensor) -> Tensor: + mix = self.resid_mix.to(dtype=x.dtype) + x = mix[0][None, None, :] * x + mix[1][None, None, :] * x0 + attn_out = self.attn(self.attn_norm(x)) + return x + self.attn_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * attn_out + + def forward_mlp(self, x: Tensor, mlp_out: Tensor) -> Tensor: + return x + self.mlp_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * mlp_out + + +class GPT(nn.Module): + def __init__( + self, + vocab_size: int, + num_layers: int, + model_dim: int, + num_heads: int, + num_kv_heads: int, + mlp_mult: float, + tie_embeddings: bool, + tied_embed_init_std: float, + logit_softcap: float, + rope_base: float, + qk_gain_init: float, + bigram_vocab_size: int = 0, + bigram_dim: int = 128, + shared_mlp_enabled: bool = True, + shared_encoder_mlp_ids: str = "", + shared_decoder_mlp_ids: str = "", + ): + super().__init__() + if logit_softcap <= 0.0: + raise ValueError(f"logit_softcap must be positive, got {logit_softcap}") + self.tie_embeddings = tie_embeddings + self.tied_embed_init_std = tied_embed_init_std + self.logit_softcap = logit_softcap + self.tok_emb = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, model_dim) + self.bigram = BigramHashEmbedding(bigram_vocab_size, bigram_dim, model_dim) if bigram_vocab_size > 0 else None + self.num_encoder_layers = num_layers // 2 + self.num_decoder_layers = num_layers - self.num_encoder_layers + self.encoder_mlp_ids = resolve_mlp_ids(shared_encoder_mlp_ids, self.num_encoder_layers, shared_mlp_enabled) + self.decoder_mlp_ids = resolve_mlp_ids(shared_decoder_mlp_ids, self.num_decoder_layers, shared_mlp_enabled) + self.num_skip_weights = min(self.num_encoder_layers, self.num_decoder_layers) + self.skip_weights = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(self.num_skip_weights, model_dim, dtype=torch.float32)) + self.smear = SmearGate(model_dim) + self.encoder_mlps = nn.ModuleList( + [MLP(model_dim, mlp_mult) for _ in range(max(self.encoder_mlp_ids, default=-1) + 1)] + ) + self.decoder_mlps = nn.ModuleList( + [MLP(model_dim, mlp_mult) for _ in range(max(self.decoder_mlp_ids, default=-1) + 1)] + ) + self.blocks = nn.ModuleList( + [ + Block(model_dim, num_heads, num_kv_heads, rope_base, qk_gain_init) + for _ in range(num_layers) + ] + ) + self.final_norm = RMSNorm() + self.lm_head = None if tie_embeddings else CastedLinear(model_dim, vocab_size, bias=False) + if self.lm_head is not None: + self.lm_head._zero_init = True + self._init_weights() + + def _init_weights(self) -> None: + if self.tie_embeddings: + nn.init.normal_(self.tok_emb.weight, mean=0.0, std=self.tied_embed_init_std) + num_layers = len(self.blocks) + for name, module in self.named_modules(): + if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): + if getattr(module, "_zero_init", False): + nn.init.zeros_(module.weight) + elif module.weight.ndim == 2 and module.weight.shape[0] >= 64 and module.weight.shape[1] >= 64: + nn.init.orthogonal_(module.weight, gain=1.0) + if ".proj." in name or name.endswith(".proj"): + with torch.no_grad(): + module.weight.mul_(1.0 / math.sqrt(2 * num_layers)) + + def forward(self, input_ids: Tensor, target_ids: Tensor) -> Tensor: + x = self.tok_emb(input_ids) + if self.bigram is not None: + x = x + self.bigram(input_ids) + x = F.rms_norm(x, (x.size(-1),)) + x = self.smear(x) + x0 = x + skips: list[Tensor] = [] + for i in range(self.num_encoder_layers): + block = self.blocks[i] + x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) + x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + skips.append(x) + for i in range(self.num_decoder_layers): + block = self.blocks[self.num_encoder_layers + i] + if skips: + x = x + self.skip_weights[i].to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * skips.pop() + x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) + x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = self.final_norm(x).reshape(-1, x.size(-1)) + targets = target_ids.reshape(-1) + if self.tie_embeddings: + logits_proj = F.linear(x, self.tok_emb.weight) + else: + if self.lm_head is None: + raise RuntimeError("lm_head is required when tie_embeddings=False") + logits_proj = self.lm_head(x) + logits = self.logit_softcap * torch.tanh(logits_proj / self.logit_softcap) + return F.cross_entropy(logits.float(), targets, reduction="mean") + + def forward_logits(self, input_ids: Tensor) -> Tensor: + x = self.tok_emb(input_ids) + if self.bigram is not None: + x = x + self.bigram(input_ids) + x = F.rms_norm(x, (x.size(-1),)) + x = self.smear(x) + x0 = x + skips: list[Tensor] = [] + for i in range(self.num_encoder_layers): + block = self.blocks[i] + x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) + x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + skips.append(x) + for i in range(self.num_decoder_layers): + block = self.blocks[self.num_encoder_layers + i] + if skips: + x = x + self.skip_weights[i].to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * skips.pop() + x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) + x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = self.final_norm(x) + if self.tie_embeddings: + logits_proj = F.linear(x, self.tok_emb.weight) + else: + logits_proj = self.lm_head(x) + return self.logit_softcap * torch.tanh(logits_proj / self.logit_softcap) + + +def eval_val_sliding( + args: Hyperparameters, + base_model: nn.Module, + rank: int, + world_size: int, + device: torch.device, + val_tokens: Tensor, + base_bytes_lut: Tensor, + has_leading_space_lut: Tensor, + is_boundary_token_lut: Tensor, + stride: int, + batch_seqs: int = 32, +) -> tuple[float, float]: + seq_len = args.train_seq_len + total_tokens = val_tokens.numel() - 1 + window_starts = [ws for ws in range(0, total_tokens, stride) + if min(ws + seq_len, total_tokens) - ws >= stride or ws == 0] + total_windows = len(window_starts) + my_s = (total_windows * rank) // world_size + my_e = (total_windows * (rank + 1)) // world_size + my_windows = window_starts[my_s:my_e] + + loss_sum = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + token_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + byte_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) + + base_model.eval() + with torch.inference_mode(): + for bi in range(0, len(my_windows), batch_seqs): + batch_ws = my_windows[bi:bi + batch_seqs] + bsz = len(batch_ws) + x_batch = torch.zeros(bsz, seq_len, dtype=torch.int64, device=device) + y_batch = torch.zeros(bsz, seq_len, dtype=torch.int64, device=device) + wlens: list[int] = [] + for i, ws in enumerate(batch_ws): + end = min(ws + seq_len, total_tokens) + wlen = end - ws + wlens.append(wlen) + chunk = val_tokens[ws:end + 1].to(dtype=torch.int64, device=device) + x_batch[i, :wlen] = chunk[:-1] + y_batch[i, :wlen] = chunk[1:] + with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16): + logits = base_model.forward_logits(x_batch) + nll = F.cross_entropy( + logits.reshape(-1, logits.size(-1)).float(), + y_batch.reshape(-1), + reduction="none", + ).reshape(bsz, seq_len) + for i, ws in enumerate(batch_ws): + wlen = wlens[i] + s = 0 if ws == 0 else max(wlen - stride, 0) + scored_nll = nll[i, s:wlen].to(torch.float64) + loss_sum += scored_nll.sum() + token_count += float(wlen - s) + tgt = y_batch[i, s:wlen] + prev = x_batch[i, s:wlen] + tb = base_bytes_lut[tgt].to(torch.float64) + tb += (has_leading_space_lut[tgt] & ~is_boundary_token_lut[prev]).to(torch.float64) + byte_count += tb.sum() + if rank == 0 and (bi // batch_seqs) % 50 == 0: + done = min(bi + batch_seqs, len(my_windows)) + pct = done / len(my_windows) * 100 + running_bpb = 0.0 + if token_count.item() > 0: + rl = (loss_sum / token_count).item() + running_bpb = rl / math.log(2.0) * (token_count.item() / byte_count.item()) + print(f" sliding_eval [{pct:5.1f}%] {done}/{len(my_windows)} windows running_bpb={running_bpb:.6f}", flush=True) + + if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized(): + dist.all_reduce(loss_sum, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + dist.all_reduce(token_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + dist.all_reduce(byte_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) + + val_loss = (loss_sum / token_count).item() + bits_per_token = val_loss / math.log(2.0) + tokens_per_byte = token_count.item() / byte_count.item() + base_model.train() + return val_loss, bits_per_token * tokens_per_byte + + +# ----------------------------- +# TRAINING +# ----------------------------- + +def main() -> None: + global zeropower_via_newtonschulz5 + + code = Path(__file__).read_text(encoding="utf-8") + args = Hyperparameters() + zeropower_via_newtonschulz5 = torch.compile(zeropower_via_newtonschulz5) + + distributed = "RANK" in os.environ and "WORLD_SIZE" in os.environ + rank = int(os.environ.get("RANK", "0")) + world_size = int(os.environ.get("WORLD_SIZE", "1")) + local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", "0")) + if world_size <= 0: + raise ValueError(f"WORLD_SIZE must be positive, got {world_size}") + if 8 % world_size != 0: + raise ValueError(f"WORLD_SIZE={world_size} must divide 8 so grad_accum_steps stays integral") + grad_accum_steps = 8 // world_size + grad_scale = 1.0 / grad_accum_steps + if not torch.cuda.is_available(): + raise RuntimeError("CUDA is required") + device = torch.device("cuda", local_rank) + torch.cuda.set_device(device) + if distributed: + dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", device_id=device) + dist.barrier() + master_process = rank == 0 + + torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True + torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = True + from torch.backends.cuda import enable_cudnn_sdp, enable_flash_sdp, enable_math_sdp, enable_mem_efficient_sdp + enable_cudnn_sdp(False) + enable_flash_sdp(True) + enable_mem_efficient_sdp(False) + enable_math_sdp(False) + + logfile = None + if master_process: + os.makedirs("logs", exist_ok=True) + logfile = f"logs/{args.run_id}.txt" + print(logfile) + + def log0(msg: str, console: bool = True) -> None: + if not master_process: + return + if console: + print(msg) + if logfile is not None: + with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f: + print(msg, file=f) + + log0(code, console=False) + log0("=" * 100, console=False) + log0(f"Running Python {sys.version}", console=False) + log0(f"Running PyTorch {torch.__version__}", console=False) + log0( + subprocess.run(["nvidia-smi"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, check=False).stdout, + console=False, + ) + log0("=" * 100, console=False) + + random.seed(args.seed) + np.random.seed(args.seed) + torch.manual_seed(args.seed) + torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.seed) + + if not args.tokenizer_path.endswith(".model"): + raise ValueError(f"Script only setup for SentencePiece .model file: {args.tokenizer_path}") + sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor(model_file=args.tokenizer_path) + if int(sp.vocab_size()) != args.vocab_size: + raise ValueError( + f"VOCAB_SIZE={args.vocab_size} does not match tokenizer vocab_size={int(sp.vocab_size())}" + ) + dataset_dir = Path(args.data_path).resolve() + actual_train_files = len(list(dataset_dir.glob("fineweb_train_*.bin"))) + val_tokens = load_validation_tokens(args.val_files, args.train_seq_len) + base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut = build_sentencepiece_luts( + sp, args.vocab_size, device + ) + log0(f"val_bpb:enabled tokenizer_kind=sentencepiece tokenizer_path={args.tokenizer_path}") + log0(f"train_loader:dataset:{dataset_dir.name} train_shards:{actual_train_files}") + log0(f"val_loader:shards pattern={args.val_files} tokens:{val_tokens.numel() - 1}") + + # MODEL + OPTIMIZER SETUP + base_model = GPT( + vocab_size=args.vocab_size, + num_layers=args.num_layers, + model_dim=args.model_dim, + num_heads=args.num_heads, + num_kv_heads=args.num_kv_heads, + mlp_mult=args.mlp_mult, + tie_embeddings=args.tie_embeddings, + tied_embed_init_std=args.tied_embed_init_std, + logit_softcap=args.logit_softcap, + rope_base=args.rope_base, + qk_gain_init=args.qk_gain_init, + bigram_vocab_size=args.bigram_vocab_size, + bigram_dim=args.bigram_dim, + shared_mlp_enabled=args.shared_mlp_enabled, + shared_encoder_mlp_ids=args.shared_encoder_mlp_ids, + shared_decoder_mlp_ids=args.shared_decoder_mlp_ids, + ).to(device).bfloat16() + for module in base_model.modules(): + if isinstance(module, CastedLinear): + module.float() + restore_low_dim_params_to_fp32(base_model) + compiled_model = torch.compile(base_model, dynamic=False, fullgraph=True) + model: nn.Module = DDP(compiled_model, device_ids=[local_rank], broadcast_buffers=False) if distributed else compiled_model + + block_named_params = list(base_model.blocks.named_parameters()) + shared_mlp_named_params = list(base_model.encoder_mlps.named_parameters()) + list(base_model.decoder_mlps.named_parameters()) + matrix_params = [ + p for name, p in block_named_params + shared_mlp_named_params + if p.ndim == 2 and not any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS) + ] + scalar_params = [ + p for name, p in block_named_params + if p.ndim < 2 or any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS) + ] + if base_model.skip_weights.numel() > 0: + scalar_params.append(base_model.skip_weights) + scalar_params.append(base_model.smear.gate) + if base_model.bigram is not None: + scalar_params.append(base_model.bigram.scale) + + token_lr = args.tied_embed_lr if args.tie_embeddings else args.embed_lr + tok_params = [{"params": [base_model.tok_emb.weight], "lr": token_lr, "base_lr": token_lr}] + if base_model.bigram is not None: + tok_params.append({"params": [base_model.bigram.embed.weight], "lr": token_lr, "base_lr": token_lr}) + if base_model.bigram.proj is not None: + matrix_params.append(base_model.bigram.proj.weight) + + optimizer_tok = torch.optim.AdamW( + tok_params, + betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), + eps=args.adam_eps, + weight_decay=args.weight_decay, + fused=True, + ) + optimizer_muon = Muon( + matrix_params, + lr=args.matrix_lr, + momentum=args.muon_momentum, + backend_steps=args.muon_backend_steps, + weight_decay=0.04, + ) + for group in optimizer_muon.param_groups: + group["base_lr"] = args.matrix_lr + optimizer_scalar = torch.optim.AdamW( + [{"params": scalar_params, "lr": args.scalar_lr, "base_lr": args.scalar_lr}], + betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), + eps=args.adam_eps, + weight_decay=args.weight_decay, + fused=True, + ) + optimizers: list[torch.optim.Optimizer] = [optimizer_tok, optimizer_muon, optimizer_scalar] + if base_model.lm_head is not None: + optimizer_head = torch.optim.Adam( + [{"params": [base_model.lm_head.weight], "lr": args.head_lr, "base_lr": args.head_lr}], + betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), + eps=args.adam_eps, + fused=True, + ) + optimizers.insert(1, optimizer_head) + + n_params = sum(p.numel() for p in base_model.parameters()) + log0(f"model_params:{n_params}") + log0( + "shared_mlp:" + f"{args.shared_mlp_enabled} " + f"encoder_ids:{base_model.encoder_mlp_ids} encoder_unique:{len(base_model.encoder_mlps)} " + f"decoder_ids:{base_model.decoder_mlp_ids} decoder_unique:{len(base_model.decoder_mlps)}" + ) + log0(f"world_size:{world_size} grad_accum_steps:{grad_accum_steps}") + log0(f"attention_mode:gqa num_heads:{args.num_heads} num_kv_heads:{args.num_kv_heads}") + log0( + f"tie_embeddings:{args.tie_embeddings} embed_lr:{token_lr} " + f"matrix_lr:{args.matrix_lr} scalar_lr:{args.scalar_lr}" + ) + log0( + f"train_batch_tokens:{args.train_batch_tokens} train_seq_len:{args.train_seq_len} " + f"iterations:{args.iterations} warmup_steps:{args.warmup_steps} " + f"max_wallclock_seconds:{args.max_wallclock_seconds:.3f}" + ) + log0(f"seed:{args.seed}") + + # DATA LOADER & MODEL WARMUP + train_loader = DistributedTokenLoader(args.train_files, rank, world_size, device) + + def zero_grad_all() -> None: + for opt in optimizers: + opt.zero_grad(set_to_none=True) + + max_wallclock_ms = 1000.0 * args.max_wallclock_seconds if args.max_wallclock_seconds > 0 else None + + def lr_mul(step: int, elapsed_ms: float) -> float: + if args.warmdown_iters <= 0: + return 1.0 + if max_wallclock_ms is None: + warmdown_start = max(args.iterations - args.warmdown_iters, 0) + return max((args.iterations - step) / max(args.warmdown_iters, 1), 0.0) if warmdown_start <= step < args.iterations else 1.0 + step_ms = elapsed_ms / max(step, 1) + warmdown_ms = args.warmdown_iters * step_ms + remaining_ms = max(max_wallclock_ms - elapsed_ms, 0.0) + return remaining_ms / max(warmdown_ms, 1e-9) if remaining_ms <= warmdown_ms else 1.0 + + if args.warmup_steps > 0: + initial_model_state = {name: tensor.detach().cpu().clone() for name, tensor in base_model.state_dict().items()} + initial_optimizer_states = [copy.deepcopy(opt.state_dict()) for opt in optimizers] + model.train() + for warmup_step in range(args.warmup_steps): + zero_grad_all() + for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps): + if distributed: + model.require_backward_grad_sync = micro_step == grad_accum_steps - 1 + x, y = train_loader.next_batch(args.train_batch_tokens, args.train_seq_len, grad_accum_steps) + with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): + warmup_loss = model(x, y) + (warmup_loss * grad_scale).backward() + for opt in optimizers: + opt.step() + zero_grad_all() + if args.warmup_steps <= 20 or (warmup_step + 1) % 10 == 0 or warmup_step + 1 == args.warmup_steps: + log0(f"warmup_step:{warmup_step + 1}/{args.warmup_steps}") + base_model.load_state_dict(initial_model_state, strict=True) + for opt, state in zip(optimizers, initial_optimizer_states, strict=True): + opt.load_state_dict(state) + zero_grad_all() + if distributed: + model.require_backward_grad_sync = True + train_loader = DistributedTokenLoader(args.train_files, rank, world_size, device) + + # MAIN TRAINING LOOP + training_time_ms = 0.0 + stop_after_step: int | None = None + swa_state: dict[str, Tensor] | None = None + swa_count = 0 + torch.cuda.synchronize() + t0 = time.perf_counter() + + step = 0 + while True: + last_step = step == args.iterations or (stop_after_step is not None and step >= stop_after_step) + + should_validate = last_step or (args.val_loss_every > 0 and step % args.val_loss_every == 0) + if should_validate: + torch.cuda.synchronize() + training_time_ms += 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) + val_loss, val_bpb = eval_val( + args, model, rank, world_size, device, grad_accum_steps, + val_tokens, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, + ) + log0( + f"step:{step}/{args.iterations} val_loss:{val_loss:.4f} val_bpb:{val_bpb:.4f} " + f"train_time:{training_time_ms:.0f}ms step_avg:{training_time_ms / max(step, 1):.2f}ms" + ) + torch.cuda.synchronize() + t0 = time.perf_counter() + + if last_step: + if stop_after_step is not None and step < args.iterations: + log0( + f"stopping_early: wallclock_cap train_time:{training_time_ms:.0f}ms " + f"step:{step}/{args.iterations}" + ) + break + + elapsed_ms = training_time_ms + 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) + scale = lr_mul(step, elapsed_ms) + zero_grad_all() + train_loss = torch.zeros((), device=device) + for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps): + if distributed: + model.require_backward_grad_sync = micro_step == grad_accum_steps - 1 + x, y = train_loader.next_batch(args.train_batch_tokens, args.train_seq_len, grad_accum_steps) + with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): + loss = model(x, y) + train_loss += loss.detach() + (loss * grad_scale).backward() + train_loss /= grad_accum_steps + + frac = min(step / args.muon_momentum_warmup_steps, 1.0) if args.muon_momentum_warmup_steps > 0 else 1.0 + muon_momentum = (1 - frac) * args.muon_momentum_warmup_start + frac * args.muon_momentum + for group in optimizer_muon.param_groups: + group["momentum"] = muon_momentum + + for opt in optimizers: + for group in opt.param_groups: + group["lr"] = group["base_lr"] * scale + + if args.grad_clip_norm > 0: + torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(base_model.parameters(), args.grad_clip_norm) + for opt in optimizers: + opt.step() + zero_grad_all() + + step += 1 + approx_training_time_ms = training_time_ms + 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) + + # SWA: collect checkpoints during warmdown + if args.swa_enabled and scale < args.swa_start_frac and step % args.swa_every == 0: + if swa_state is None: + swa_state = {name: t.detach().cpu().clone() for name, t in base_model.state_dict().items()} + swa_count = 1 + log0(f"swa:start step:{step}") + else: + for name, t in base_model.state_dict().items(): + swa_state[name] += t.detach().cpu() + swa_count += 1 + + should_log_train = ( + args.train_log_every > 0 + and (step <= 10 or step % args.train_log_every == 0 or stop_after_step is not None) + ) + if should_log_train: + log0( + f"step:{step}/{args.iterations} train_loss:{train_loss.item():.4f} " + f"train_time:{approx_training_time_ms:.0f}ms step_avg:{approx_training_time_ms / step:.2f}ms" + ) + + reached_cap = max_wallclock_ms is not None and approx_training_time_ms >= max_wallclock_ms + if distributed and max_wallclock_ms is not None: + reached_cap_tensor = torch.tensor(int(reached_cap), device=device) + dist.all_reduce(reached_cap_tensor, op=dist.ReduceOp.MAX) + reached_cap = bool(reached_cap_tensor.item()) + if stop_after_step is None and reached_cap: + stop_after_step = step + + log0( + f"peak memory allocated: {torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() // 1024 // 1024} MiB " + f"reserved: {torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved() // 1024 // 1024} MiB" + ) + + # Apply SWA if collected + if args.swa_enabled and swa_state is not None and swa_count > 1: + log0(f"swa:applying averaged {swa_count} checkpoints") + current_state = base_model.state_dict() + avg_state = { + name: (tensor / swa_count).to(dtype=current_state[name].dtype) + for name, tensor in swa_state.items() + } + base_model.load_state_dict(avg_state, strict=True) + + # SERIALIZATION + ROUNDTRIP VALIDATION + if master_process: + torch.save(base_model.state_dict(), "final_model.pt") + model_bytes = os.path.getsize("final_model.pt") + code_bytes = len(code.encode("utf-8")) + log0(f"Serialized model: {model_bytes} bytes") + log0(f"Code size: {code_bytes} bytes") + log0(f"Total submission size: {model_bytes + code_bytes} bytes") + + # Magnitude pruning: zero out smallest weights to improve compression + with torch.no_grad(): + for name, param in base_model.named_parameters(): + if param.ndim == 2 and param.numel() > 65536: + threshold = torch.quantile(param.abs().float().flatten(), 0.03) + mask = param.abs() < threshold + param.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0) + + # INT6 mixed quantization + zstd/zlib export + sd_cpu = {k: v.detach().cpu() for k, v in base_model.state_dict().items()} + quant_result, quant_meta = mixed_quantize_int6(sd_cpu, {"mlp", "attn", "bigram"}) + quant_buf = io.BytesIO() + torch.save({"w": quant_result, "m": quant_meta}, quant_buf) + quant_raw = quant_buf.getvalue() + if _COMPRESSOR == "zstd": + quant_blob = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(level=22).compress(quant_raw) + else: + quant_blob = zlib.compress(quant_raw, 9) + if master_process: + with open("final_model.int8.ptz", "wb") as f: + f.write(quant_blob) + quant_file_bytes = os.path.getsize("final_model.int8.ptz") + code_bytes = len(code.encode("utf-8")) + log0(f"Serialized model int6+{_COMPRESSOR}: {quant_file_bytes} bytes") + log0(f"Total submission size int8+zlib: {quant_file_bytes + code_bytes} bytes") + + if distributed: + dist.barrier() + with open("final_model.int8.ptz", "rb") as f: + quant_blob_disk = f.read() + if _COMPRESSOR == "zstd": + decompressed = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor().decompress(quant_blob_disk) + else: + decompressed = zlib.decompress(quant_blob_disk) + quant_state = torch.load(io.BytesIO(decompressed), map_location="cpu") + deq_state = dequantize_mixed_int6(quant_state["w"], quant_state["m"], sd_cpu) + base_model.load_state_dict(deq_state, strict=True) + + # Sliding window eval on int6-roundtripped weights + torch.cuda.synchronize() + t_qeval = time.perf_counter() + if args.eval_stride > 0 and args.eval_stride < args.train_seq_len: + log0(f"final_eval_mode:sliding_window stride:{args.eval_stride} batch_seqs:{args.eval_batch_seqs}") + q_val_loss, q_val_bpb = eval_val_sliding( + args, base_model, rank, world_size, device, + val_tokens, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, + stride=args.eval_stride, batch_seqs=args.eval_batch_seqs, + ) + else: + log0("final_eval_mode:standard") + q_val_loss, q_val_bpb = eval_val( + args, model, rank, world_size, device, grad_accum_steps, + val_tokens, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, + ) + torch.cuda.synchronize() + log0( + f"final_int8_zlib_roundtrip val_loss:{q_val_loss:.4f} val_bpb:{q_val_bpb:.4f} " + f"eval_time:{1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t_qeval):.0f}ms" + ) + log0(f"final_int8_zlib_roundtrip_exact val_loss:{q_val_loss:.8f} val_bpb:{q_val_bpb:.8f}") + + if distributed: + dist.destroy_process_group() + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() +# fixes applied +# tuned From 28d10bc0765ba2c88bb373eb9aaadbd723ed7ee2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 12:56:19 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 2/6] shared depth training --- records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py index f788b5804..a81a8e096 100644 --- a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py @@ -556,10 +556,11 @@ def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: q = apply_rotary_emb(q, cos, sin) k = apply_rotary_emb(k, cos, sin) q = q * self.q_gain.to(dtype=q.dtype)[None, :, None, None] - y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention( - q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True, - enable_gqa=(self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads), - ) + if self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads: + repeat = self.num_heads // self.num_kv_heads + k = k.repeat_interleave(repeat, dim=1) + v = v.repeat_interleave(repeat, dim=1) + y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True) y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().reshape(bsz, seqlen, dim) return self.proj(y) From 13ce54a1c287ba3f8184ebab1ed54d91c7339acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 12:58:50 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 3/6] revert --- records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py | 9 ++++----- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py index a81a8e096..f788b5804 100644 --- a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py @@ -556,11 +556,10 @@ def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: q = apply_rotary_emb(q, cos, sin) k = apply_rotary_emb(k, cos, sin) q = q * self.q_gain.to(dtype=q.dtype)[None, :, None, None] - if self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads: - repeat = self.num_heads // self.num_kv_heads - k = k.repeat_interleave(repeat, dim=1) - v = v.repeat_interleave(repeat, dim=1) - y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True) + y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention( + q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True, + enable_gqa=(self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads), + ) y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().reshape(bsz, seqlen, dim) return self.proj(y) From a46626e96ea4e091ffc1fc8328c26d6f242dda1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 13:23:02 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 4/6] 2nd run --- .../track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py index f788b5804..95bb24d03 100644 --- a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class Hyperparameters: eval_stride = int(os.environ.get("EVAL_STRIDE", 64)) eval_batch_seqs = int(os.environ.get("EVAL_BATCH_SEQS", 32)) - bigram_vocab_size = int(os.environ.get("BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE", 16384)) + bigram_vocab_size = int(os.environ.get("BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE", 10240)) bigram_dim = int(os.environ.get("BIGRAM_DIM", 128)) shared_mlp_enabled = bool(int(os.environ.get("SHARED_MLP_ENABLED", "1"))) shared_encoder_mlp_ids = os.environ.get("SHARED_ENCODER_MLP_IDS", "") @@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ class Hyperparameters: swa_enabled = bool(int(os.environ.get("SWA_ENABLED", "1"))) swa_start_frac = float(os.environ.get("SWA_START_FRAC", 0.4)) swa_every = int(os.environ.get("SWA_EVERY", 50)) + prune_frac = float(os.environ.get("PRUNE_FRAC", 0.0)) # ----------------------------- # MUON OPTIMIZER @@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ def eval_val( ) FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( pattern - for pattern in os.environ.get("FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS", "tok_emb,blocks.8.attn.c_k").split(",") + for pattern in os.environ.get("FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS", "tok_emb,blocks.8.attn.c_k,bigram.proj").split(",") if pattern ) INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( @@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ def resolve_mlp_ids(spec: str, depth: int, enable_sharing: bool) -> list[int]: elif depth == 6: ids = [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2] elif depth == 5: - ids = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0] + ids = [0, 1, 2, 0, 1] else: ids = list(range(depth)) if any(idx < 0 for idx in ids): @@ -644,13 +645,12 @@ def __init__(self, dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, rope_base: float self.mlp_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) self.resid_mix = nn.Parameter(torch.stack((torch.ones(dim), torch.zeros(dim))).float()) - def forward_attn(self, x: Tensor, x0: Tensor) -> Tensor: + def forward(self, x: Tensor, x0: Tensor, mlp: nn.Module) -> Tensor: mix = self.resid_mix.to(dtype=x.dtype) x = mix[0][None, None, :] * x + mix[1][None, None, :] * x0 attn_out = self.attn(self.attn_norm(x)) - return x + self.attn_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * attn_out - - def forward_mlp(self, x: Tensor, mlp_out: Tensor) -> Tensor: + x = x + self.attn_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * attn_out + mlp_out = mlp(self.mlp_norm(x)) return x + self.mlp_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * mlp_out @@ -731,15 +731,13 @@ def forward(self, input_ids: Tensor, target_ids: Tensor) -> Tensor: skips: list[Tensor] = [] for i in range(self.num_encoder_layers): block = self.blocks[i] - x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) - x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = block(x, x0, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]]) skips.append(x) for i in range(self.num_decoder_layers): block = self.blocks[self.num_encoder_layers + i] if skips: x = x + self.skip_weights[i].to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * skips.pop() - x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) - x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = block(x, x0, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]]) x = self.final_norm(x).reshape(-1, x.size(-1)) targets = target_ids.reshape(-1) if self.tie_embeddings: @@ -761,15 +759,13 @@ def forward_logits(self, input_ids: Tensor) -> Tensor: skips: list[Tensor] = [] for i in range(self.num_encoder_layers): block = self.blocks[i] - x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) - x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = block(x, x0, self.encoder_mlps[self.encoder_mlp_ids[i]]) skips.append(x) for i in range(self.num_decoder_layers): block = self.blocks[self.num_encoder_layers + i] if skips: x = x + self.skip_weights[i].to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * skips.pop() - x = block.forward_attn(x, x0) - x = block.forward_mlp(x, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]](block.mlp_norm(x))) + x = block(x, x0, self.decoder_mlps[self.decoder_mlp_ids[i]]) x = self.final_norm(x) if self.tie_embeddings: logits_proj = F.linear(x, self.tok_emb.weight) @@ -1044,6 +1040,7 @@ def log0(msg: str, console: bool = True) -> None: f"iterations:{args.iterations} warmup_steps:{args.warmup_steps} " f"max_wallclock_seconds:{args.max_wallclock_seconds:.3f}" ) + log0(f"export:prune_frac:{args.prune_frac} fp16_keep:{','.join(FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS)}") log0(f"seed:{args.seed}") # DATA LOADER & MODEL WARMUP @@ -1212,13 +1209,14 @@ def lr_mul(step: int, elapsed_ms: float) -> float: log0(f"Code size: {code_bytes} bytes") log0(f"Total submission size: {model_bytes + code_bytes} bytes") - # Magnitude pruning: zero out smallest weights to improve compression - with torch.no_grad(): - for name, param in base_model.named_parameters(): - if param.ndim == 2 and param.numel() > 65536: - threshold = torch.quantile(param.abs().float().flatten(), 0.03) - mask = param.abs() < threshold - param.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0) + # Optional magnitude pruning: zero out smallest weights to improve compression + if args.prune_frac > 0.0: + with torch.no_grad(): + for name, param in base_model.named_parameters(): + if param.ndim == 2 and param.numel() > 65536: + threshold = torch.quantile(param.abs().float().flatten(), args.prune_frac) + mask = param.abs() < threshold + param.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0) # INT6 mixed quantization + zstd/zlib export sd_cpu = {k: v.detach().cpu() for k, v in base_model.state_dict().items()} From 25ea9f3e8935cc2795ce001d1e1e73956bef21f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 13:52:03 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 5/6] shared depth training --- .../2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ .../train_gpt.py | 0 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md rename records/track_10min_16mb/{phat-train => 2026-03-22_shared_depth}/train_gpt.py (100%) diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b35d31257 --- /dev/null +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Shared-MLP 10L Variant (In Progress) + +This directory is a local experiment branch built from +`records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-20_10L_Int5MLP_MuonWD04_SWA50/train_gpt.py`. + +The goal is to test whether shared-depth can help the 10-minute / 16 MB track by +reducing artifact pressure without changing the 10 logical-layer topology. + +No validated score is claimed from this directory yet. + +## Architecture Change + +The model still has 10 logical layers: + +- 5 encoder logical layers +- 5 decoder logical layers + +Attention and control parameters remain unique per logical layer: + +- attention weights +- RMSNorms +- `attn_scale` +- `mlp_scale` +- `resid_mix` +- skip weights + +Only the MLP weights are shared. + +Current sharing pattern: + +- encoder MLP ids: `0,1,2,0,1` +- decoder MLP ids: `0,1,2,0,1` + +So the model keeps 10 logical blocks, but uses only 6 unique MLP pools total: + +- 3 encoder MLPs +- 3 decoder MLPs + +The shared MLP is called inside a single block forward path: + +```python +x = block(x, x0, chosen_mlp) +``` + +This keeps the graph closer to the original baseline than the earlier split +`forward_attn` / `forward_mlp` refactor. + +## Current Defaults + +- `NUM_LAYERS=10` +- `BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE=10240` +- `BIGRAM_DIM=128` +- `SHARED_MLP_ENABLED=1` +- `SHARED_ENCODER_MLP_IDS=0,1,2,0,1` +- `SHARED_DECODER_MLP_IDS=0,1,2,0,1` + +This is intentionally the lean shared version. It does not reinvest saved bytes +into more layers or a larger bigram table. + +## Export Policy + +The current export is set up to spend saved bytes on gentler serialization rather +than added capacity. + +- shared MLP pools (`encoder_mlps.*`, `decoder_mlps.*`) export as int6 +- ordinary MLP weights still export on the int5 MLP path +- default fp16 keep patterns: + - `tok_emb` + - `blocks.8.attn.c_k` + - `bigram.proj` +- default pruning is disabled with `PRUNE_FRAC=0.0` + +## Parameter Count + +- March 20 baseline: `25,517,137` +- current shared-MLP variant: `19,225,681` +- saved parameters: `6,291,456` + +The earlier reinvested variant with 4 unique MLPs per half and +`BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE=16384` was discarded after it lost on BPB, size, and steps. + +## Intended Question + +This branch is trying to answer: + +> Can shared MLP beat the original once the saved bytes are used to reduce export +> damage rather than add model capacity? + +If this lean shared version still underperforms, the evidence against shared-depth +in this challenge setup is much stronger. + +## Run Command + +Run from the repo root: + +```bash +RUN_ID=shared3_clean_seed2024 \ +SEED=2024 \ +NUM_LAYERS=10 \ +BIGRAM_VOCAB_SIZE=10240 \ +BIGRAM_DIM=128 \ +SHARED_MLP_ENABLED=1 \ +SHARED_ENCODER_MLP_IDS=0,1,2,0,1 \ +SHARED_DECODER_MLP_IDS=0,1,2,0,1 \ +FP16_KEEP_NAME_PATTERNS=tok_emb,blocks.8.attn.c_k,bigram.proj \ +PRUNE_FRAC=0.0 \ +VAL_LOSS_EVERY=0 \ +MAX_WALLCLOCK_SECONDS=600 \ +torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 \ +records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py +``` diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/train_gpt.py similarity index 100% rename from records/track_10min_16mb/phat-train/train_gpt.py rename to records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/train_gpt.py From 93f22008aebfd0f2a3dd58671e46dd4bbc8f4d1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tranphat180603 Date: Sun, 22 Mar 2026 13:54:08 +0700 Subject: [PATCH 6/6] shared depth training --- .../README.md | 0 .../train_gpt.py | 6 ------ 2 files changed, 6 deletions(-) rename records/track_10min_16mb/{2026-03-22_shared_depth => 2026-03-22_SharedDepth}/README.md (100%) rename records/track_10min_16mb/{2026-03-22_shared_depth => 2026-03-22_SharedDepth}/train_gpt.py (99%) diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_SharedDepth/README.md similarity index 100% rename from records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/README.md rename to records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_SharedDepth/README.md diff --git a/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/train_gpt.py b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_SharedDepth/train_gpt.py similarity index 99% rename from records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/train_gpt.py rename to records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_SharedDepth/train_gpt.py index 95bb24d03..e22cca044 100644 --- a/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_shared_depth/train_gpt.py +++ b/records/track_10min_16mb/2026-03-22_SharedDepth/train_gpt.py @@ -1,9 +1,3 @@ -""" -The `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` scripts are intended as good launching-off points for new participants, not SOTA configs. We'll accept PRs that tune, improve, or simplify these scripts without significantly increasing complexity, but competitive submissions should stay in the `/records` folder. - -Hard stop: To keep readable for newcomers, let's make sure `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` never are longer than 1500 lines. -""" - from __future__ import annotations import copy