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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Cyrus the Great</h1>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King and founder of the Achaemenid Empire</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Cyrus the Great</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>King of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Persia</a></li><li>King of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the World</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a></li><li>Mighty King</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a> </li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="photo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 058.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg/220px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg/330px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg/440px-Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2433" /></a><div style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Cyrus the Great with a <a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a>, or four-winged <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a> tutelary divinity, from a relief in the residence of Cyrus in <a href="/wiki/Pasagardae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasagardae">Pasagardae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Persia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>559–530 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">King of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>549–530 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">King of Lydia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>547–530 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>539–530 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>4 December 530 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3">[3]</a></sup> (aged 70)<br />Along the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Burial</th><td><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Consort</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amitis_(wife_of_Cyrus_the_Great)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitis (wife of Cyrus the Great)">Amitis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Issue</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a><br />Roxane<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Teispid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Father</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mother</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mandane_of_Media" title="Mandane of Media">Mandane of Media</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_Cyrus_the_Great" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Cyrus_the_Great" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Cyrus the Great"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Cyrus_the_Great" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Cyrus the Great"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Cyrus_the_Great" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of Cyrus the Great</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Battles as a satrap</b>
<ul><li>Battle of the Assyrian camp<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
<p><b>Persian revolt</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Invasion of Anatolia</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(546_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sardis (546 BC)">Siege of Sardis</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Invasion of Babylonia</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Cyrus_the_Great#Siege_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of Cyrus the Great">Siege of Babylon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><b>Cyrus II of Persia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁</span> <i>Kūrauš</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachenheimer2018188_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachenheimer2018188-4">[4]</a></sup>; <i>Kourosh</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">کوروش</span> <i>Kuruš</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span lang="he" title="Hebrew language text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049626">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 115%;" dir="rtl">כורש</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><i lang="he-Latn" title="Hebrew-language romanization">Kōréš</i></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><i lang="he-Latn" title="Hebrew-language romanization">Kōréš</i></i>; <a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 600 – 530 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> commonly known as <b>Cyrus the Great</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and also called <b>Cyrus the Elder</b> by the Greeks, was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8">[8]</a></sup> Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8">[8]</a></sup> expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhrt647_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhrt647-9">[9]</a></sup> Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>-<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> proper in the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Four Corners of the World">King of the Four Corners of the World</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> notes the change in his title from simply "King of Anshan," a city, to "King of Persia." Assyriologist François Vallat wrote that "When Astyages marched against Cyrus, Cyrus is called 'King of Anshan," but when Cyrus crosses the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> on his way to Lydia, he is 'King of Persia.' The coup therefore took place between these two events."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The reign of Cyrus the Great lasted <a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 30 years. Cyrus built his empire by first conquering the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian Empire</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. He led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, and was alleged to have died in battle, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> in December 530 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-date_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-13">[13]</a></sup> He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>, who managed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> during his short rule.
</p><p>Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-cyrus-EI-iii-religious_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyrus-EI-iii-religious-14">[14]</a></sup> This became a very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8">[8]</a></sup> In fact, the administration of the empire through <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> and the vital principle of forming a government at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> were the works of Cyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-cah-vol4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cah-vol4-15">[15]</a></sup> What is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict" title="Cyrus's edict">Edict of Restoration</a> (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> religion. According to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_45:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 45:1">Isaiah 45:1</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> God anointed Cyrus for this task, even referring to him as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> (lit. 'anointed one') and he is the only non-Jewish figure in the Bible to be called so.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cyrus the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a>, as well as his influence on both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilizations</a>. Having originated from <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" title="Fars Province">province of Fars</a>, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The Achaemenid influence in the ancient world eventually would extend as far as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, where upper-class Athenians adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling class of Achaemenid Persia as their own.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cyrus is a cult figure amongst modern Iranians, with his tomb serving as a spot of reverence for millions of people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201767_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201767-22">[22]</a></sup> In the 1970s, the last <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> as the oldest known declaration of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-23">[23]</a></sup> and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kqed.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kqed.org-26">[26]</a></sup> This view has been criticized by some historians<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-27">[27]</a></sup> as a misunderstanding<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-28">[28]</a></sup> of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kqed.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kqed.org-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dynastic_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Dynastic history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mythology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mythology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rise_and_military_campaigns"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Rise and military campaigns</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Median_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Median Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lydian_Empire_and_Asia_Minor"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lydian Empire and Asia Minor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Neo-Babylonian_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Neo-Babylonian Empire</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Burial"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Burial</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Religion_and_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion and philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Politics_and_management"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics and management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Cyrus_Cylinder"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cyrus Cylinder</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Family_tree"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Family tree</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyrus" title="Cyrus">Cyrus</a></div>
<p>The name <i>Cyrus</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> form derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9A%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Κῦρος">Κῦρος</a>, <i>K��ros</i>, itself from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a> <i>Kūruš</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515-31">[31]</a></sup> The name and its meaning have been recorded in ancient inscriptions in different languages. The ancient Greek historians <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> stated that Cyrus was named from <i>Kuros</i>, the Sun, a concept which has been interpreted as meaning "like the Sun" (Khurvash) by noting its relation to the Persian noun for sun, <i>khor</i>, while using <i>-vash</i> as a suffix of likeness.<sup id="cite_ref-caiscyrus_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caiscyrus-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hoffmann_(German_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Hoffmann (German historian)">Karl Hoffmann</a> has suggested a translation based on the meaning of an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> root "to humiliate" and accordingly "Cyrus" means "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515-31">[31]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Cyrus's name is spelled as <span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="Persian language text">کوروش</span> <small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[kuːˈɾoʃ]</a></span>. In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, he is known as Koresh (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כורש</span>‎).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1846342-343_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1846342-343-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some scholars, on the other hand, believe that neither Cyrus nor Cambyses were Iranian names, proposing that Cyrus was Elamite in origin and that it meant "He who bestows care."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dynastic_history">Dynastic history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dynastic history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Achaemenid family tree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Teispids</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg/330px-Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg/495px-Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg/660px-Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_stele_in_Pasagardae.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>The four-winged guardian figure</i> representing Cyrus the Great or possibly a four-winged <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a> tutelary deity. <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> on top of which was once inscribed in three languages the sentence "I am Cyrus the king, an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenian">Achaemenian</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-maxmallowan_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmallowan-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The Persian domination and kingdom in the Iranian plateau started by an extension of the Achaemenid dynasty, who expanded their earlier domination possibly from the 9th century BC onward. The eponymous founder of this dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a> (from Old Persian <i>Haxāmaniš</i>). Achaemenids are "descendants of Achaemenes" as <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, the ninth king of the dynasty, traces his genealogy to him and declares "for this reason we are called Achaemenids." Achaemenes built the state Parsumash in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a>, who took the title "King of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>" after seizing Anshan city and enlarging his kingdom further to include <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" title="Fars Province">Pars</a> proper.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37">[37]</a></sup> Ancient documents<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> mention that Teispes had a son called <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a>, who also succeeded his father as "king of Anshan." Cyrus I had a full brother whose name is recorded as <a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 600 BC, Cyrus I was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a>, who reigned until 559 BC. Cyrus II "the Great" was a son of Cambyses I, who had named his son after his father, Cyrus I.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> There are several inscriptions of Cyrus the Great and later kings that refer to Cambyses I as the "great king" and "king of Anshan." Among these are some passages in the Cyrus cylinder where Cyrus calls himself "son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan." Another inscription (from CM's) mentions Cambyses I as "mighty king" and "an Achaemenian," which according to the bulk of scholarly opinion was engraved under Darius and considered as a later forgery by Darius.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200263_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200263-41">[41]</a></sup> However Cambyses II's maternal grandfather Pharnaspes is named by historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> as "an Achaemenian" too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters200492_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters200492-42">[42]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s account in Cyropædia further names Cambyses's wife as Mandane and mentions Cambyses as king of Iran (ancient Persia). These agree with Cyrus's own inscriptions, as Anshan and Parsa were different names of the same land. These also agree with other non-Iranian accounts, except at one point from Herodotus stating that Cambyses was not a king but a "Persian of good family."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> However, in some other passages, Herodotus's account is wrong also on the name of the son of <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Chishpish</a>, which he mentions as Cambyses but, according to modern scholars, should be <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>The traditional view based on archaeological research and the genealogy given in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> and by Herodotus<sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8">[8]</a></sup> holds that Cyrus the Great was an Achaemenid. However, M. Waters has suggested that Cyrus is unrelated to the Achaemenids or Darius the Great and that his family was of <a href="/wiki/Teispid" class="mw-redirect" title="Teispid">Teispid</a> and Anshanite origin instead of Achaemenid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters200497_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters200497-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:I_am_Cyrus,_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG/220px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG/330px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG/440px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="1781" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:I_am_Cyrus,_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargadae.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"I am Cyrus the king, an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> languages. It is known as the "CMa inscription," carved in a column of Palace P in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> These inscriptions on behalf of Cyrus were probably made later by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> in order to affirm his lineage, using the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian script">Old Persian script</a> he had designed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200263_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200263-41">[41]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Cyrus was born to <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a>, King of Anshan, and Mandane, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, King of Media, during the period of 600–599 BC.
</p><p>By his own account, generally believed now to be accurate, Cyrus was preceded as king by his father Cambyses I, grandfather <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a>, and great-grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Cyrus married <a href="/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomm2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014-48">[48]</a></sup> who was an Achaemenian and the daughter of Pharnaspes who bore him two sons, <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a> along with three daughters, <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a>, and Roxane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonig19727-12_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonig19727-12-49">[49]</a></sup> Cyrus and Cassandane were known to love each other very much – Cassandane said that she found it more bitter to leave Cyrus than to depart her life.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> After her death, Cyrus insisted on public mourning throughout the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013106_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013106-51">[51]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> states that Babylonia mourned Cassandane for six days (identified from 21–26 March 538 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975111_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975111-52">[52]</a></sup> After his father's death, Cyrus inherited the Persian throne at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, which was a vassal of Astyages. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> has said that Cyrus was originally named Agradates<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171-34">[34]</a></sup> by his step-parents. It is probable that, when reuniting with his original family, following the naming customs, Cyrus's father, <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a>, named him Cyrus after his grandfather, who was <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is also an account by Strabo that claimed Agradates adopted the name Cyrus after the Cyrus river near Pasargadae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mythology">Mythology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><span id="Mitradates"></span>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg/220px-Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg/330px-Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg/440px-Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="805" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charles_Nicaise_Perrin_-_Cyrus_and_Astyages_-_WGA17209.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Painting of king <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> sending <a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a> to kill young Cyrus</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> gave a mythological account of Cyrus's early life. In this account, Astyages had two prophetic dreams in which a flood, and then a series of fruit-bearing vines, emerged from his daughter Mandane's pelvis, and covered the entire kingdom. These were interpreted by his advisers as a foretelling that his grandson would one day rebel and supplant him as king. Astyages summoned Mandane, at the time pregnant with Cyrus, back to Ecbatana to have the child killed. Harpagus delegated the task to Mithradates, one of the shepherds of Astyages, who raised the child and passed off his stillborn son to Harpagus as the dead infant Cyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.95_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.95-53">[53]</a></sup> Cyrus lived in secrecy, but when he reached the age of 10, during a childhood game, he had the son of a nobleman beaten when he refused to obey Cyrus's commands. As it was unheard of for the son of a shepherd to commit such an act, Astyages had the boy brought to his court, and interviewed him and his adoptive father. Upon the shepherd's confession, Astyages sent Cyrus back to Persia to live with his biological parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.107-21_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.107-21-54">[54]</a></sup> However, Astyages summoned the son of Harpagus, and in retribution, chopped him to pieces, roasted some portions while boiling others, and tricked his adviser into eating his child during a large banquet. Following the meal, Astyages' servants brought Harpagus the head, hands and feet of his son on platters, so he could realize his inadvertent cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> In another version, Cyrus was presented as the son of a poor family that worked in the Median court.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_and_military_campaigns">Rise and military campaigns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise and military campaigns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Median_Empire">Median Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Median Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png/300px-Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png/450px-Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png/600px-Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="686" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Cyrus_the_Great_in_battle.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Detail of <i>Cyrus Hunting Wild Boar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Audran_the_Younger" title="Claude Audran the Younger">Claude Audran the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></div></div></div>
<p>Cyrus the Great succeeded to the throne in 559 BC following his father's death; however, Cyrus was not yet an independent ruler. Like his predecessors, Cyrus had to recognize <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> overlordship. <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, last king of the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> and Cyrus' grandfather, may have ruled over the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> frontier in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> and Persians in the east.
</p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> launched an attack against Cyrus, "king of Ansan." According to the historian Herodotus, it is known that Astyages placed <a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a> in command of the Median army to conquer Cyrus. However, Harpagus contacted Cyrus and encouraged his revolt against Media, before eventually defecting along with several of the nobility and a portion of the army. This mutiny is confirmed by the Nabonidus Chronicle. The Chronicle suggest that the hostilities lasted for at least three years (553–550), and the final battle resulted in the capture of Ecbatana. This was described in the paragraph that preceded the entry for Nabonidus' year 7, which detailed Cyrus' victory and the capture of his grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200231_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200231-56">[56]</a></sup> According to the historians Herodotus and Ctesias, Cyrus spared the life of Astyages and married his daughter, Amytis. This marriage pacified several vassals, including the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200231–33_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200231–33-57">[57]</a></sup> Herodotus notes that Cyrus also subdued and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> into the empire during his military campaigns of 546–539 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>With Astyages out of power, all of his vassals (including many of Cyrus's relatives) were now under his command. His uncle <a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a>, who had been the king of the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Parsa</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, therefore would have had to give up his throne. However, this transfer of power within the family seems to have been smooth, and it is likely that Arsames was still the nominal governor of Parsa under Cyrus's authority—more a Prince or a Grand Duke than a King.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a>, who was also Cyrus's second cousin, was then made <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of Parthia and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. Cyrus the Great thus united the twin Achamenid kingdoms of Parsa and Anshan into Persia proper. Arsames lived to see his grandson become Darius the Great, <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a> of Persia, after the deaths of both of Cyrus's sons.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> Cyrus's conquest of Media was merely the start of his wars.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lydian_Empire_and_Asia_Minor">Lydian Empire and Asia Minor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lydian Empire and Asia Minor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg/330px-Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg/495px-Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg/660px-Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="876" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Victory of Cyrus over <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a>, 546 BC.</div></div></div>
<p>The exact dates of the Lydian conquest are unknown, but it must have taken place between Cyrus's overthrow of the Median kingdom (550 BC) and his conquest of Babylon (539 BC). It was common in the past to give 547 BC as the year of the conquest due to some interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a>, but this position is currently not much held.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> The Lydians first attacked the Achaemenid Empire's city of <a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteria (Turkey)">Pteria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> besieged and captured the city enslaving its inhabitants. Meanwhile, the Persians invited the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> who were part of the Lydian kingdom to revolt against their ruler. The offer was rebuffed, and thus Cyrus levied an army and marched against the Lydians, increasing his numbers while passing through nations in his way. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a> was effectively a stalemate, with both sides suffering heavy casualties by nightfall. Croesus retreated to <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-histories1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histories1-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>While in Sardis, Croesus sent out requests for his allies to send aid to Lydia. However, near the end of the winter, before the allies could unite, Cyrus the Great pushed the war into Lydian territory and besieged Croesus in his capital, Sardis. Shortly before the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a> between the two rulers, Harpagus advised Cyrus the Great to place his <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedaries</a> in front of his warriors; the Lydian horses, not used to the dromedaries' smell, would be very afraid. The strategy worked; the Lydian cavalry was routed. Cyrus defeated and captured Croesus. Cyrus occupied the capital at Sardis, conquering the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-histories1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histories1-64">[64]</a></sup> According to Herodotus, Cyrus the Great spared Croesus's life and kept him as an advisor, but this account conflicts with some translations of the contemporary Nabonidus Chronicle (the King who was himself subdued by Cyrus the Great after conquest of Babylonia), which interpret that the king of Lydia was slain.<sup id="cite_ref-croesus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croesus-65">[65]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg/220px-Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg/330px-Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg/440px-Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1923" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Croesus on the pyre. <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> red-figure <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>, 500–490 BC, Louvre (G 197)</div></div></div>
<p>Before returning to the capital, a Lydian named <a href="/wiki/Pactyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pactyas">Pactyas</a> was entrusted by Cyrus the Great to send Croesus's treasury to Persia. However, soon after Cyrus's departure, Pactyas hired mercenaries and caused an uprising in Sardis, revolting against the Persian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of Lydia, Tabalus. With recommendations from Croesus that he should turn the minds of the Lydian people to luxury, Cyrus sent <a href="/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a>, one of his commanders, to subdue the insurrection but demanded that Pactyas be returned alive. Upon Mazares's arrival, Pactyas fled to <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, where he had hired more mercenaries. Mazares marched his troops into the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> country and subdued the cities of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a>. The end of Pactyas is unknown, but after capture, he was probably sent to Cyrus and put to death after a succession of tortures.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a> continued the conquest of Asia Minor but died of unknown causes during his campaign in Ionia. Cyrus sent Harpagus to complete Mazares's conquest of Asia Minor. Harpagus captured <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, using the technique of building earthworks to breach the walls of besieged cities, a method unknown to the Greeks. He ended his conquest of the area in 542 BC and returned to Persia.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Neo-Babylonian_Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neo-Babylonian Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></div>
<p>By the year 540 BC, Cyrus captured <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (Susiana) and its capital, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> Near the beginning of October 539 BC, Cyrus fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a> in or near the strategic riverside city of <a href="/wiki/Opis" title="Opis">Opis</a> on the Tigris, north of Babylon. The Babylonian army was routed, and on 10 October, Sippar was seized without a battle, with little to no resistance from the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> It is probable that Cyrus engaged in negotiations with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg/300px-Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg/450px-Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg/600px-Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="693" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_near_east_540_bc.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> circa 540 BC, prior to the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> by Cyrus the Great</div></div></div>
<p>Two days later, on 12 October<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200241_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200241-72">[72]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gubaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubaru">Gubaru</a>'s troops entered Babylon, again without any resistance from the Babylonian armies, and detained Nabonidus.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> explains that to accomplish this feat, the Persians, using a basin dug earlier by the Babylonian queen <a href="/wiki/Nitokris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitokris">Nitokris</a> to protect Babylon against Median attacks, diverted the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river into a canal so that the water level dropped "to the height of the middle of a man's thigh," which allowed the invading forces to march directly through the river bed to enter at night.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> On 29 October, Cyrus himself entered the city of Babylon and detained Nabonidus.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prior to Cyrus's invasion of Babylon, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> had conquered many kingdoms. In addition to Babylonia itself, Cyrus probably incorporated its subnational entities into his Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Arabia Petraea</a>, although there is no direct evidence of this fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200244–49_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200244–49-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>After taking Babylon, Cyrus the Great proclaimed himself "king of Babylon, king of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, king of the four corners of the world" in the famous <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, an inscription deposited in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> temple dedicated to the chief Babylonian god, Marduk. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus pleasing the god Marduk. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, repatriated displaced peoples, and restored temples and cult sanctuaries. Although some have asserted that the cylinder represents a form of human rights charter, historians generally portray it in the context of a long-standing Mesopotamian tradition of new rulers beginning their reigns with declarations of reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-BM-CC_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-CC-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cyrus the Great's dominions composed the largest empire the world had ever seen.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhrt647_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhrt647-9">[9]</a></sup> At the end of Cyrus' rule, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The details of Cyrus's death vary by account. The account of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> from his <i>Histories</i> provides the second-longest detail, in which Cyrus met his fate in a fierce battle with the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, a tribe from the southern deserts of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl_Kum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzyl Kum">Kyzyl Kum</a> in the southernmost portion of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> regions of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, following the advice of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> to attack them in their own territory.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-78">[78]</a></sup> The Massagetae were related to the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> in their dress and mode of living; they fought on horseback and on foot. In order to acquire her realm, Cyrus first sent an offer of marriage to their ruler, the empress <a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a>, a proposal she rejected.
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg/220px-Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg/330px-Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg/440px-Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="772" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenids_fighting_against_Scythians.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Achaemenid soldiers fighting against <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, 5th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seal</a> impression (drawing).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>He then commenced his attempt to take Massagetae territory by force (c. 529),<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-80">[80]</a></sup> beginning by building bridges and towered war boats along his side of the river <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>, which separated them. Sending him a warning to cease his encroachment (a warning which she stated she expected he would disregard anyway), Tomyris challenged him to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting him to a location in her country a day's march from the river, where their two armies would formally engage each other. He accepted her offer, but, learning that the Massagetae were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, he set up and then left camp with plenty of it behind, taking his best soldiers with him and leaving the least capable ones.
</p><p>The general of Tomyris's army, <a href="/wiki/Spargapises" title="Spargapises">Spargapises</a>, who was also her son, and a third of the Massagetian troops, killed the group Cyrus had left there and, finding the camp well stocked with food and the wine, unwittingly drank themselves into inebriation, diminishing their capability to defend themselves when they were then overtaken by a surprise attack. They were successfully defeated, and, although he was taken prisoner, Spargapises committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> once he regained sobriety. Upon learning of what had transpired, Tomyris denounced Cyrus's tactics as underhanded and swore vengeance, leading a second wave of troops into battle herself. Cyrus the Great was ultimately killed, and his forces suffered massive casualties in what Herodotus referred to as the fiercest battle of his career and the ancient world. When it was over, Tomyris ordered the body of Cyrus brought to her, then decapitated him and dipped his head in a vessel of blood in a symbolic gesture of revenge for his bloodlust and the death of her son.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> However, some scholars question this version, mostly because Herodotus admits this event was one of many versions of Cyrus's death that he heard from a supposedly reliable source who told him no one was there to see the aftermath.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg/220px-Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg/330px-Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg/440px-Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2722" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Tomyris_and_the_head_of_Cyrus_the_Great.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Queen <a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> receiving the head of Cyrus.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> also recounts that Cyrus saw in his sleep the oldest son of Hystaspes (<a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>) with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and with the other wing Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-83">[83]</a></sup> Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Mallowan" title="Max Mallowan">Sir Max Mallowan</a> explains this statement by Herodotus and its connection with the four winged bas-relief figure of Cyrus the Great in the following way:<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Herodotus therefore, as I surmise, may have known of the close connection between this type of winged figure and the image of Iranian majesty, which he associated with a dream prognosticating the king's death before his last, fatal campaign across the Oxus.
</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Muhammad Dandamayev</a> says that Persians may have taken Cyrus' body back from the Massagetae, unlike what Herodotus claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Michael_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Michael the Syrian">Chronicle of Michael the Syrian</a> (1166–1199 AD) Cyrus was killed by his wife Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae (Maksata), in the 60th year of Jewish captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, in his <i>Persica</i>, has the longest account, which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Derbices" title="Derbices">Derbices</a> infantry, aided by other Scythian archers and cavalry, plus <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and their war-elephants. According to him, this event took place northeast of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> An alternative account from <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i>Cyropaedia</i> contradicts the others, claiming that Cyrus died peaceably at his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> The final version of Cyrus's death comes from <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>, who only reports that Cyrus met his death while warring against the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> archers northwest of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Burial">Burial</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg/220px-CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg/330px-CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg/440px-CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CyrustheGreatTomb_22057.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> (2015)</div></div></div>
<p>Cyrus the Great's remains may have been interred in his capital city of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, where today a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> tomb (built around 540–530 BC<sup id="cite_ref-UN_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-88">[88]</a></sup>) still exists, which many believe to be his. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> give nearly identical descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Cassandreia" title="Aristobulus of Cassandreia">Aristobulus of Cassandreia</a>, who at the request of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> visited the tomb twice.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Though the city itself is now in ruins, the burial place of Cyrus the Great has remained largely intact, and the tomb has been partially restored to counter its natural deterioration over the centuries. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, his epitaph read:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O man, whoever you are and wherever you come from, for I know you will come, I am Cyrus who won the Persians their empire. Do not therefore begrudge me this bit of earth that covers my bones.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Cuneiform evidence from Babylon proves that Cyrus died around December 530 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-91">[91]</a></sup> and that his son <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> had become king. Cambyses continued his father's policy of expansion, and captured <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> for the Empire, but soon died after only seven years of rule. He was succeeded either by Cyrus's other son <a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a> or an impostor posing as Bardiya, who became the sole ruler of Persia for seven months, until he was killed by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius the Great</a>.
</p><p>The translated ancient Roman and Greek accounts give a vivid description of the tomb both geometrically and aesthetically; the tomb's geometric shape has changed little over the years, still maintaining a large stone of quadrangular form at the base, followed by a pyramidal succession of smaller rectangular stones, until after a few slabs, the structure is curtailed by an edifice, with an arched roof composed of a pyramidal shaped stone, and a small opening or window on the side, where the slenderest man could barely squeeze through.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within this edifice was a golden <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a>, resting on a table with golden supports, inside of which the body of Cyrus the Great was interred. Upon his resting place, was a covering of tapestry and drapes made from the best available Babylonian materials, utilizing fine Median worksmanship; below his bed was a fine red carpet, covering the narrow rectangular area of his tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-92">[92]</a></sup> Translated Greek accounts describe the tomb as having been placed in the fertile Pasargadae gardens, surrounded by trees and ornamental shrubs, with a group of Achaemenian protectors called the "Magi," stationed nearby to protect the edifice from theft or damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>Years later, in the chaos created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion of Persia and after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>, Cyrus the Great's tomb was broken into and most of its luxuries were looted. When Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which the tomb was treated, and questioned the Magi and put them to court.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-92">[92]</a></sup> On some accounts, Alexander's decision to put the Magi on trial was more about his attempt to undermine their influence and his show of power in his newly conquered empire, than a concern for Cyrus's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> However, Alexander admired Cyrus, from an early age reading Xenophon's <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i>, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-95">[95]</a></sup> Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered Aristobulus to improve the tomb's condition and restore its interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-92">[92]</a></sup> Despite his admiration for Cyrus the Great, and his attempts at renovation of his tomb, Alexander had, six years previously (330 BC), sacked <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, the opulent city that Cyrus may have chosen the site for, and either ordered its burning as an act of pro-Greek propaganda or set it on fire during drunken revels.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>The edifice has survived the test of time, through invasions, internal divisions, successive empires, regime changes, and revolutions. The last prominent Persian figure to bring attention to the tomb was <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> (Shah of Iran) the last official monarch of Persia, during his <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">celebrations</a> of 2,500 years of monarchy. Just as Alexander the Great before him, the Shah of Iran wanted to appeal to Cyrus's legacy to legitimize his own rule by extension.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> United Nations recognizes the tomb of Cyrus the Great and Pasargadae as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/220px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/330px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/440px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cyrus the Great is said in the Bible to have liberated the Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> to resettle and rebuild <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, earning him an honored place in Judaism.</div></div></div>
<p>British historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Charles Freeman</a> suggests that "In scope and extent his achievements [Cyrus] ranked far above that of the Macedonian king, Alexander, who was to demolish the [Achaemenid] empire in the 320s but fail to provide any stable alternative."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> Cyrus has been a personal hero to many people, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>The achievements of Cyrus the Great throughout antiquity are reflected in the way he is remembered today. His own nation, the Iranians, have regarded him as "The Father," the very title that had been used during the time of Cyrus himself, by the many nations that he conquered, as according to <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And those who were subject to him, he treated with esteem and regard, as if they were his own children, while his subjects themselves respected Cyrus as their "Father" ... What other man but 'Cyrus', after having overturned an empire, ever died with the title of "The Father" from the people whom he had brought under his power? For it is plain fact that this is a name for one that bestows, rather than for one that takes away!
</p></blockquote>
<p>The Babylonians regarded him as "The Liberator."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> narrates a story of the first return of exiles in the first year of Cyrus, in which Cyrus proclaims: "All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD, the God of heaven, given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah."(<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a01.htm#2">1:2</a>)
</p><p>Cyrus was distinguished equally as a <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">statesman</a> and as a soldier. Due in part to the political infrastructure he created, the Achaemenid Empire endured long after his death.
</p><p>The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world history. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic religions">religion</a> all played dominant roles in world events for the next millennium. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a> in the 7th century AD by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, Persia continued to exercise enormous influence in the Middle East during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, and was particularly instrumental in the growth and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.
</p><p>Many of the Iranian dynasties following the Achaemenid Empire and their kings saw themselves as the heirs to Cyrus the Great and have claimed to continue the line begun by Cyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> However, there are different opinions among scholars whether this is also the case for the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Dynasty">Sassanid Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was himself infatuated with and admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's <i>Cyropaedia</i>, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance and his abilities as a king and a legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-95">[95]</a></sup> During his visit to Pasargadae he ordered Aristobulus to decorate the interior of the sepulchral chamber of Cyrus's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cyrus's legacy has been felt even as far away as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> and colonial America. Many of the thinkers and rulers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> era,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> and the forefathers of the United States of America sought inspiration from Cyrus the Great through works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, for example, owned two copies of <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i>, one with parallel Greek and Latin translations on facing pages showing substantial Jefferson markings that signify the amount of influence the book has had on drafting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a>, Cyrus – whose abilities as conqueror and administrator Frye says are attested by the longevity and vigor of the Achaemenid Empire – held an almost mythic role among the Persian people "similar to that of Romulus and Remus in Rome or Moses for the Israelites," with a story that "follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world."<sup id="cite_ref-Frye_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye-110">[110]</a></sup> Frye writes, "He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and magnanimous as well as brave and daring. His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Great, and, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now."<sup id="cite_ref-Frye_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>On another account, Professor <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hunt_(archeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Hunt (archeologist)">Patrick Hunt</a> states, "If you are looking at the greatest personages in History who have affected the World, 'Cyrus the Great' is one of the few who deserves that epithet, the one who deserves to be called 'the Great.' The empire over which Cyrus ruled was the largest the Ancient World had ever seen and may be to this day the largest empire ever."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion_and_philosophy">Religion and philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion and philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible" title="Cyrus the Great in the Bible">Cyrus the Great in the Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran" title="Cyrus the Great in the Quran">Cyrus the Great in the Quran</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_(18th_century).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg/220px-Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg/330px-Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg/440px-Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_%2818th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="852" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_(18th_century).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cyrus the Great (center) with his General <a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a> behind him, as he receives the submission of <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> (18th century tapestry).</div></div></div>
<p>Though it is generally believed that <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathushtra</a>'s teachings maintained influence on Cyrus's acts and policies, so far no clear evidence has been found to indicate that Cyrus practiced a specific religion. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Pierre Briant</a> wrote that given the poor information we have, "it seems quite reckless to try to reconstruct what the religion of Cyrus might have been."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200284_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200284-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>The policies of Cyrus with respect to treatment of minority religions are documented in Babylonian texts as well as Jewish sources and the historians accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> Cyrus had a general policy of religious tolerance throughout his vast empire. Whether this was a new policy or the continuation of policies followed by the Babylonians and Assyrians (as Lester Grabbe maintains)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> is disputed. He brought peace to the Babylonians and is said to have kept his army away from the temples and restored the statues of the Babylonian gods to their sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-cyrus-EI-iii-religious_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyrus-EI-iii-religious-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>His treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> during their exile in Babylon after <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> destroyed <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is reported in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" title="Books of the Bible">Jewish Bible's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> ends in <a href="/wiki/Second_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chronicles">Second Chronicles</a> with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Promised Land</a> from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple.
</p>
<blockquote><p>Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth hath the L<span class="smallcaps" style="font-size:83%">ORD</span>, the God of heaven given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whosoever there is among you of all His people – the L<span class="smallcaps" style="font-size:83%">ORD</span>, his God, be with him – let him go there. — (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b36.htm#23">2 Chronicles 36:23</a>)</p></blockquote>
<p>This edict is also fully reproduced in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>.
</p>
<blockquote><p>In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus the king issued a decree: "Concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, let the temple, the place where sacrifices are offered, be rebuilt and let its foundations be retained, its height being 60 cubits and its width 60 cubits; with three layers of huge stones and one layer of timbers. And let the cost be paid from the royal treasury. Also let the gold and silver utensils of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, be returned and brought to their places in the temple in Jerusalem; and you shall put them in the house of God." — (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a06.htm#3">6:3–5</a>)</p></blockquote>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coresh_St_1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coresh_St_1.JPG/220px-Coresh_St_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coresh_St_1.JPG/330px-Coresh_St_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coresh_St_1.JPG/440px-Coresh_St_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Coresh_St_1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Cyrus Street, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Jews</a> honored him as a dignified and righteous king. In one <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Biblical</a> passage, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> refers to him as <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (lit. "His anointed one") (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1045.htm#1">45:1</a>), making him the only <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> to be so referred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, God is described as saying, "I will raise up Cyrus in my righteousness: I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild my city and set my exiles free, but not for a price or reward, says God Almighty." (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1045.htm#13">45:13</a>) As the text suggests, Cyrus did ultimately release the nation of Israel from its exile without compensation or tribute. These particular passages (Isaiah 40–55, often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Deutero-Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutero-Isaiah">Deutero-Isaiah</a></i>) are believed by most modern <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">critical scholars</a> to have been added by another author toward the end of the Babylonian exile <span class="nowrap">(<i>c.</i> 536 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup></span>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the first-century Jewish historian, relates the traditional view of the Jews regarding the prediction of Cyrus in Isaiah in his <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, book 11, chapter 1:<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first year of the reign of Cyrus, which was the seventieth from the day that our people were removed out of their own land into Babylon, God commiserated the captivity and calamity of these poor people, according as he had foretold to them by Jeremiah the prophet, before the destruction of the city, that after they had served Nebuchadnezzar and his posterity, and after they had undergone that servitude seventy years, he would restore them again to the land of their fathers, and they should build their temple, and enjoy their ancient prosperity. And these things God did afford them; for he stirred up the mind of Cyrus, and made him write this throughout all Asia: "Thus saith Cyrus the king: Since God Almighty hath appointed me to be king of the habitable earth, I believe that he is that God which the nation of the Israelites worship; for indeed he foretold my name by the prophets, and that I should build him a house at Jerusalem, in the country of Judea." This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: "My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple." This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. Accordingly, when Cyrus read this, and admired the Divine power, an earnest desire and ambition seized upon him to fulfill what was so written; so he called for the most eminent Jews that were in Babylon, and said to them, that he gave them leave to go back to their own country, and to rebuild their city Jerusalem, and the temple of God, for that he would be their assistant, and that he would write to the rulers and governors that were in the neighborhood of their country of Judea, that they should contribute to them gold and silver for the building of the temple, and besides that, beasts for their sacrifices.
</p></blockquote>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_(Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_%28Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7232" data-file-height="5530" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_(Dutch_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> and Cyrus before the Idol Bel</div></div></div>
<p>Cyrus was praised in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah.45:1–45:6">Isaiah 45:1–6</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%201:1–1:11&version=47">Ezra 1:1–11</a>) for the freeing of slaves, humanitarian equality and costly reparations he made. However, there was Jewish criticism of him after he was lied to by the <a href="/wiki/Cuthites" title="Cuthites">Cuthites</a>, who wanted to halt the building of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. They accused the Jews of conspiring to rebel, so Cyrus in turn stopped the construction, which would not be completed until 515 BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
According to the Bible it was King <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> who was convinced to stop the construction of the temple in Jerusalem. (Ezra 4:7–24)
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg/220px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg/330px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg/440px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of <i>Cyrus the great</i> at Olympic Park in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></div></div></div>
<p>The historical nature of this decree has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle," taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">Philip R. Davies</a> called the authenticity of the decree "dubious," citing Grabbe and adding that J. Briend argued against "the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather biblical prophetic idiom."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup>
Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and along with the Cylinder that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which he wished to conquer. He also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."<sup id="cite_ref-MaryJ1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaryJ1-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some contemporary Muslim scholars have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a> is a representation of Cyrus the Great. Dhul-Qarnayn, (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ذو القرنين 'ḏū al-qarnayn," <small>IPA:</small> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ðuːlqarˈnajn]</a>), or Zulqarnayn, "he of the two horns" (or figuratively "he of the two ages"), appears in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Kahf" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Kahf">Surah 18 verses 83-101</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> as a figure empowered by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> to erect a wall between mankind and <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, the representation of chaos<sup id="cite_ref-motaghin_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motaghin-122">[122]</a></sup> This theory was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Maulana Maududi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a> and endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Allameh Tabatabaei</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mizan" title="Tafsir al-Mizan">Tafsir al-Mizan</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Makarem_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Makarem Shirazi">Makarem Shirazi</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_and_management">Politics and management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics and management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Cyrus founded the empire as a multi-<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> empire governed by four capital states; <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>. He allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in each state, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapy</a> system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A '<a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a>' (governor) was the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> king, who administered the region, a 'general' supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a 'state secretary' kept the official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the satrap as well as the central government.
</p><p>During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms, achieved through retaining and expanding the satrapies. Further organization of newly conquered territories into provinces ruled by satraps, was continued by Cyrus's successor <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius the Great</a>. Cyrus's empire was based on <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a> from the many parts of his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Through his military savvy, Cyrus created an organized army including the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Immortals" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Immortals">Immortals</a> unit, consisting of 10,000 highly trained soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> He also formed an innovative <a href="/wiki/Postal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal system">postal system</a> throughout the empire, based on several relay stations called <a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cyrus's conquests began a new era in the age of empire building, where a vast <a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">superstate</a>, comprising many dozens of countries, races, religions, and languages, were ruled under a single administration headed by a central government. This system lasted for centuries, and was retained both by the invading <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid dynasty</a> during their control of Persia, and later Iranian dynasties including the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51,_Hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51%2C_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="2932" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cyrus_from_Duesternstrasse_43-51,_Hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>17th-century bust of Cyrus the Great in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>On 10 December 2003, in her acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> evoked Cyrus, saying:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am an Iranian, a descendant of Cyrus the Great. This emperor proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that he "would not reign over the people if they did not wish it". He promised not to force any person to change his religion and faith and guaranteed freedom for all. The Charter of Cyrus the Great should be studied in the history of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Cyrus has been known for his innovations in building projects; he further developed the technologies that he found in the conquered cultures and applied them in building the palaces of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>. He was also famous for his love of <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>; the recent excavations in his capital city has revealed the existence of the Pasargadae <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden</a> and a network of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>. Pasargadae was a place for two magnificent palaces surrounded by a majestic royal <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a> and vast formal gardens; among them was the four-quartered wall gardens of "<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradisia</a>" with over 1000 meters of channels made out of carved <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, designed to fill small basins at every 16 meters and water various types of wild and domestic <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>. The design and concept of Paradisia were exceptional and have been used as a model for many ancient and modern parks, ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>The English physician and philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> penned a discourse entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Cyrus" title="The Garden of Cyrus">The Garden of Cyrus</a> in 1658 in which Cyrus is depicted as an archetypal "wise ruler" – while the <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate of Cromwell</a> ruled Britain.
</p><p>"Cyrus the elder brought up in Woods and Mountains, when time and power enabled, pursued the dictate of his education, and brought the treasures of the field into rule and circumscription. So nobly beautifying the hanging Gardens of Babylon, that he was also thought to be the author thereof."
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cyrus_Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cyrus Cylinder">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg/220px-Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg/330px-Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg/440px-Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2363" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Cyrus cylinder, a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a> proclaiming Cyrus as legitimate king of Babylon.</div></div></div>
<p>One of the few surviving sources of information that can be dated directly to Cyrus's time is the Cyrus Cylinder (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">استوانه کوروش</span>‎), a document in the form of a clay cylinder inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a>. It had been placed in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> (the temple of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Foundation_deposit" title="Foundation deposit">foundation deposit</a> following the Persian conquest in 539 BC. It was discovered in 1879 and is kept today in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p>The text of the cylinder denounces the deposed Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> as impious and portrays Cyrus as pleasing to the chief god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriated</a> displaced peoples and restored temples and cult sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-130">[130]</a></sup> Although not mentioned specifically in the text, the repatriation of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from their "<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>" has been interpreted as part of this general policy.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1970s the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a> adopted the Cyrus cylinder as a political symbol, using it "as a central image in his celebration of 2500 years of Iranian monarchy."<sup id="cite_ref-BM-Cyrus_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-Cyrus-132">[132]</a></sup> and asserting that it was "the first human rights charter in history."<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor-23">[23]</a></sup> This view has been disputed by some as "rather anachronistic" and tendentious,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> as the modern concept of human rights would have been quite alien to Cyrus's contemporaries and is not mentioned by the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> The cylinder has, nonetheless, become seen as part of Iran's cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-BM-Cyrus_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-Cyrus-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>The United Nations has declared the relic to be an "ancient declaration of human rights" since 1971, approved by then Secretary General Sithu <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>, after he "was given a replica by <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Pahlavi" title="Ashraf Pahlavi">the sister of the Shah of Iran</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> The British Museum describes the cylinder as "an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda" that "reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where, from as early as the third millennium BC, kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms."<sup id="cite_ref-BM-CC_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-CC-77">[77]</a></sup> The cylinder emphasizes Cyrus's continuity with previous Babylonian rulers, asserting his virtue as a traditional Babylonian king while denigrating his predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Neil_MacGregor" title="Neil MacGregor">Neil MacGregor</a>, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was "the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths — a new kind of statecraft."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> He explained that "It has even been described as the first declaration of human rights, and while this was never the intention of the document – the modern concept of human rights scarcely existed in the ancient world – it has come to embody the hopes and aspirations of many."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_tree">Family tree</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: the <a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid-tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Achaemenid-tree">full Achaemenid family tree</a></div>
<table class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 1em auto;">
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<th class="navbox-title" style="background:none;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyrus_family_tree" title="Template:Cyrus family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyrus_family_tree" title="Template talk:Cyrus family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cyrus_family_tree&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cyrus family tree<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup></div>
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<tbody><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></b><div class="references-small">King of Persia</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
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<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><b><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></b><div class="references-small">King of Persia</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a><div class="references-small">Ruler of Persia<sup id="cite_ref-uncon_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncon-141">[i]</a></sup></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a><div class="references-small">Ruler of Anshan</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a><div class="references-small">Ruler of Persia<sup id="cite_ref-uncon_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncon-141">[i]</a></sup></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a><div class="references-small">Ruler of Anshan</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a><div class="references-small">Prince</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus the Great</a><br /> (Cyrus II)</b><div class="references-small">King of Persia</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><b><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius the Great<br /> (Darius I)</a></b><div class="references-small">King of Persia</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></b><div class="references-small">King of Persia</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a> (Smerdis)<div class="references-small">Prince (imposter <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a> ruled as Smerdis<sup id="cite_ref-uncon_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncon-141">[i]</a></sup>)</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a><div class="references-small">Princess</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a><div class="references-small">Princess</div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"><span style="font:1px/1px serif"> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 1px; text-align: center;"></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-uncon-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uncon_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uncon_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uncon_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unconfirmed rulers, due to the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Curzon, George Nathaniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Persia and the Persian Question</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108080859" title="Special:BookSources/9781108080859"><bdi>9781108080859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+and+the+Persian+Question&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781108080859&rft.aulast=Curzon&rft.aufirst=George+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zZgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kMLKgzj5afMC&pg=PA392&dq=four+winged+cyrus+the+great#v=onepage&q=four%20winged%20cyrus%20the%20great&f=false"><i>The Cambridge history of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods</i></a>. <b>2</b>. Cambridge University Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Iran%3A+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+periods&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkMLKgzj5afMC%26pg%3DPA392%26dq%3Dfour%2Bwinged%2Bcyrus%2Bthe%2Bgreat%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dfour%2520winged%2520cyrus%2520the%2520great%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516-521_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1993">Dandamayev 1993</a>, pp. 516-521.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachenheimer2018188-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachenheimer2018188_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachenheimer2018">Bachenheimer 2018</a>, p. 188.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image: <a href="/wiki/File:OldPersian-KU.svg" class="image" title="KU"><img alt="KU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/OldPersian-KU.svg/11px-OldPersian-KU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/OldPersian-KU.svg/17px-OldPersian-KU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/OldPersian-KU.svg/23px-OldPersian-KU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1432" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:OldPersian-U.svg" class="image" title="U"><img alt="U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/14px-OldPersian-U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/20px-OldPersian-U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/27px-OldPersian-U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1432" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:OldPersian-RU.svg" class="image" title="RU"><img alt="RU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OldPersian-RU.svg/15px-OldPersian-RU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OldPersian-RU.svg/23px-OldPersian-RU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OldPersian-RU.svg/31px-OldPersian-RU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1432" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:OldPersian-U.svg" class="image" title="U"><img alt="U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/14px-OldPersian-U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/20px-OldPersian-U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/OldPersian-U.svg/27px-OldPersian-U.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1432" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:OldPersian-SHA.svg" class="image" title="SHA"><img alt="SHA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OldPersian-SHA.svg/13px-OldPersian-SHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OldPersian-SHA.svg/20px-OldPersian-SHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OldPersian-SHA.svg/26px-OldPersian-SHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>, p. 71)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <i>Anabasis</i> I. IX; see also M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refachaemenids-EI">Schmitt</a> Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kuhrt647-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuhrt647_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuhrt647_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh">"13"</a></span>. <i>The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/647">647</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16763-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16763-9"><bdi>0-415-16763-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.pages=647&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-16763-9&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareastc00akuh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">François Vallat (2013). Perrot, Jean (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=fDimj7F2VVgC&pg=PA39&dq=Cambyses+I%7CElder+%22king+of+persia%22#v=onepage&q=Cambyses%20I%7CElder%20%22king%20of%20persia%22&f=false"><i>The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-621-9"><bdi>978-1-84885-621-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Darius+at+Susa%3A+The+Great+Royal+Residence+of+Achaemenid+Persia&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-621-9&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Vallat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DfDimj7F2VVgC%26pg%3DPA39%26dq%3DCambyses%2BI%257CElder%2B%2522king%2Bof%2Bpersia%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DCambyses%2520I%257CElder%2520%2522king%2520of%2520persia%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refcah-iv">Cambridge Ancient History IV</a> Chapter 3c. p. 170. The quote is from the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2">978-0-691-13589-2</a>. p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-date-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-date_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last two references to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 August and the final from Babylon 12 September 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August and or 4 September), but an undocumented tablet from the city of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> dates the last official reign of Cyrus to 4 December 530 BC; see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein, <i>Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75</i>, 1971.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cyrus-EI-iii-religious-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyrus-EI-iii-religious_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyrus-EI-iii-religious_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refIranicaCyrus">Dandamayev</a> Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) Cyrus's religious policies.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cah-vol4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cah-vol4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refcah-iv">The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV</a> p. 42. See also: G. Buchaman Gray and D. Litt, <i>The foundation and extension of the Persian empire</i>, Chapter I in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV</i>, 2nd edition, published by The University Press, 1927. p. 15. Excerpt: <i>The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus ...</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jona Lendering (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_04.html">"Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus"</a>. livius.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messiah+%E2%80%93+Roots+of+the+concept%3A+From+Josiah+to+Cyrus&rft.pub=livius.org&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Jona+Lendering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fmen-mh%2Fmessiah%2Fmessiah_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=19&Issue=5&ArticleID=3">"Cyrus the Messiah"</a>. <i>bib-arch.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bib-arch.org&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Messiah&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.au=The+Biblical+Archaeology+Society+%28BAS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBR%26Volume%3D19%26Issue%3D5%26ArticleID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis; Sarah Stewart (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=a0IF9IdkdYEC&pg=PA7"><i>Birth of the Persian Empire</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-062-8"><bdi>978-1-84511-062-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-062-8&rft.au=Vesta+Sarkhosh+Curtis&rft.au=Sarah+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Da0IF9IdkdYEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Amelie Kuhrt (3 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6BevAUWSGAC&pg=PA47"><i>The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period</i></a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07634-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07634-5"><bdi>978-1-134-07634-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07634-5&rft.au=Amelie+Kuhrt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6BevAUWSGAC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shabnam J. Holliday (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-7dsRInkOEC&pg=PA38"><i>Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 38–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0524-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-0524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Iran%3A+Politics+of+Resistance&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0524-5&rft.au=Shabnam+J.+Holliday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-7dsRInkOEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Margaret Christina Miller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC&pg=PA243"><i>Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60758-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60758-2"><bdi>978-0-521-60758-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athens+and+Persia+in+the+Fifth+Century+BC%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Receptivity&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60758-2&rft.au=Margaret+Christina+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DoGXMMD5rXBQC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201767-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201767_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017">Llewellyn-Jones 2017</a>, p. 67.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MacGregor-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in <i>Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice</i>, pp. 383–84, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85764-3">0-521-85764-3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx">"The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US"</a>. British Museum. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder+travels+to+the+US&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fabout_us%2Fnews_and_press%2Fpress_releases%2F2012%2Fcyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Associated_Press-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/10/cyrus-cylinder-returns-iran">"Cyrus cylinder, world's oldest human rights charter, returns to Iran on loan"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 10 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyrus+cylinder%2C+world%27s+oldest+human+rights+charter%2C+returns+to+Iran+on+loan&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F10%2Fcyrus-cylinder-returns-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kqed.org-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kqed.org_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kqed.org_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922152858/http://www.kqed.org/arts/visualarts/article.jsp?essid=124632">"Oldest Known Charter of Human Rights Comes to San Francisco"</a>. 13 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kqed.org/arts/visualarts/article.jsp?essid=124632">the original</a> on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+Known+Charter+of+Human+Rights+Comes+to+San+Francisco&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Farts%2Fvisualarts%2Farticle.jsp%3Fessid%3D124632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Daniel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Daniel" class="citation book">Daniel, Elton L. (2000). <i>The History of Iran</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8"><bdi>0-313-30731-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30731-8&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mitchell-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Mitchell" class="citation book">Mitchell, T.C. (1988). <i>Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36867-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36867-7"><bdi>0-521-36867-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology%3A+Documents+from+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-36867-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Arnold-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Arnold" class="citation book">Arnold, Bill T.; Michalowski, Piotr (2006). "Achaemenid Period Historical Texts Concerning Mesopotamia". In Chavelas, Mark W. (ed.). <i>The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation</i>. London: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23581-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23581-7"><bdi>0-631-23581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+Period+Historical+Texts+Concerning+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Historical+Sources+in+Translation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-631-23581-7&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Bill+T.&rft.au=Michalowski%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schmitt, Rüdiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-i-name">"Cyrus (name)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Cyrus+%28name%29&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrus-i-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2010515_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2010">Schmitt 2010</a>, p. 515.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-caiscyrus-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caiscyrus_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Artaxerxes</i> 1. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/artaxerx.html">classics.mit.edu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a>, <i>Epitome of <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>' Persica</i> 52 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica3.html">livius.org</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1846342-343-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1846342-343_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1846">Tait 1846</a>, p. 342-343.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014171_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2014">Waters 2014</a>, p. 171.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-maxmallowan-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmallowan_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refchi2">Max Mallowan</a> p. 392. and p. 417</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bb7eH1LHRcAC&pg=PA177"><i>The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period</i></a>. Routledge. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136016943" title="Special:BookSources/9781136016943"><bdi>9781136016943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136016943&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbb7eH1LHRcAC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1985b">Schmitt 1985b</a>) under <i>i. The clan and dynasty</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e. g. Cyrus Cylinder Fragment A. ¶ 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt" class="citation encyclopaedia">Schmitt, R. "Iranian Personal Names i.-Pre-Islamic Names". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 4. <q>Naming the grandson after the grandfather was a common practice among Iranians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+Personal+Names+i.-Pre-Islamic+Names&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visual representation of the divine and the numinous in early Achaemenid Iran: old problems, new directions; Mark A. Garrison, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas; last revision: 3 March 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch/idd/prepublications/e_idd_iran.pdf">see page: 11</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200263-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200263_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200263_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters200492-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters200492_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2004">Waters 2004</a>, p. 92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDandamev1990" class="citation encyclopaedia">Dandamev, M. A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers">"Cambyses"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9132-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9132-X"><bdi>0-7100-9132-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambyses&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7100-9132-X&rft.aulast=Dandamev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcambyses-opers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>, p. 9)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters200497-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters200497_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2004">Waters 2004</a>, p. 97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/pasargadae/pasargadae-photos/pasargadae-palace-p/#CMa"><i>Pasargadae, Palace P - Livius</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasargadae%2C+Palace+P+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fpasargadae%2Fpasargadae-photos%2Fpasargadae-palace-p%2F%23CMa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amélie Kuhrt, <i>The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC</i>, Routledge Publishers, 1995, p.661, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16762-0">0-415-16762-0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomm2014_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomm2014">Romm 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonig19727-12-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonig19727-12_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonig1972">Konig 1972</a>, p. 7-12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Benjamin G. Kohl; Ronald G. Witt; Elizabeth B. Welles (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EQfpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198&dq=Cyrus's+love+for+Cassandane#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Earthly republic: Italian humanists on government and society</i></a>. Manchester University Press ND. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0734-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-0734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earthly+republic%3A+Italian+humanists+on+government+and+society&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0734-7&rft.au=Benjamin+G.+Kohl&rft.au=Ronald+G.+Witt&rft.au=Elizabeth+B.+Welles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEQfpAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA198%26dq%3DCyrus%27s%2Blove%2Bfor%2BCassandane%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013106-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013106_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhrt2013">Kuhrt 2013</a>, p. 106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975111-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975111_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayson1975">Grayson 1975</a>, p. 111.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.95-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.95_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus">Herodotus</a>, p. 1.95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.107-21-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1.107-21_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus">Herodotus</a>, p. 1.107-21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stories of the East From Herodotus</i>, pp. 79–80</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200231-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200231_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200231–33-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200231–33_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 31–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine Simonin. (8 Jan 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient.eu/sogdiana/">Sogdiana</a>." <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer (2013), <i>Tajikistan: a Political and Social History</i>, Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 12, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-15-8">978-1-925021-15-8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jack Martin Balcer (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=KeVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Arsames+loyal+to+Cyrus&dq=Arsames+loyal+to+Cyrus"><i>Sparda by the bitter sea: imperial interaction in western Anatolia</i></a>. Scholars Press. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sparda+by+the+bitter+sea%3A+imperial+interaction+in+western+Anatolia&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Jack+Martin+Balcer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DKeVtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DArsames%2Bloyal%2Bto%2BCyrus%26dq%3DArsames%2Bloyal%2Bto%2BCyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Sh. Sahbazi, "Arsama", in <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 21 edited by Hugh Chrisholm, b1911, pp. 206–07</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollinger, Robert, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/souspresse/annonces/Rollinger-Iran.pdf">The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C.</a>"; Lendering, Jona, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/547.html">The End of Lydia: 547?</a>".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-histories1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histories1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histories1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt">Book I</a></i>, 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-croesus-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croesus_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm">Croesus</a></i>: Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The life and travels of Herodotus, Volume 2, by James Talboys Wheeler, 1855, pp. 271–74</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tavernier, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2004.003-Tavernier.pdf">"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Thoughts+in+Neo-Elamite+Chronology&rft.pages=27&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achemenet.com%2Fressources%2Fenligne%2Farta%2Fpdf%2F2004.003-Tavernier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean</i>, pp. 112–38. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2">0-521-22804-2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabonidus Chronicle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc7/abc7_nabonidus3.html">14</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolini, Gauthier, <i>Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus</i>, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf">p. 10</a> (PDF)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [4 April], 539 BC.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200241-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200241_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabonidus Chronicle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc7/abc7_nabonidus3.html">15–16</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Potts, Daniel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=OdZS9gBu4KwC&pg=PA23&dq=Cyrus+babylon+diverted+the+Euphrates+river+into+a+canal#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+civilization%3A+the+material+foundations&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3339-9&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DOdZS9gBu4KwC%26pg%3DPA23%26dq%3DCyrus%2Bbabylon%2Bdiverted%2Bthe%2BEuphrates%2Briver%2Binto%2Ba%2Bcanal%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabonidus Chronicle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc7/abc7_nabonidus3.html">18</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200244–49-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200244–49_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 44–49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BM-CC-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM-CC_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM-CC_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">"British Museum Website, The Cyrus Cylinder"</a>. Britishmuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Website%2C+The+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.pub=Britishmuseum.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fc%2Fcyrus_cylinder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mass-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mass_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tomyris.html">"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus"</a>. Fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Sourcebook%3A+Herodotus%3A+Queen+Tomyris+of+the+Massagetai+and+the+Defeat+of+the+Persians+under+Cyrus&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2Ftomyris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UstGrkGNNQcC&pg=PA82"><i>The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01652-1"><bdi>978-1-107-01652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Power+and+Politics+in+Eurasia%3A+Regimes+and+Revolutions&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01652-1&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft.au=Yazicio%C4%9Flu%2C+G.+Bike&rft.au=Smith%2C+Adam+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUstGrkGNNQcC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rene-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/9"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.uc.edu/~sitko/women.html#Tomyris">Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229200608/http://www.physics.uc.edu/~sitko/women.html#Tomyris">Archived</a> 29 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Nino_Luraghi" title="Nino Luraghi">Nino Luraghi</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=UhjV5AlYBLsC&pg=PA155&dq=Herodotus+on+multiple+version+of+Cyrus's+death#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The historian's craft in the age of Herodotus</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924050-0"><bdi>978-0-19-924050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historian%27s+craft+in+the+age+of+Herodotus&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924050-0&rft.au=Nino+Luraghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUhjV5AlYBLsC%26pg%3DPA155%26dq%3DHerodotus%2Bon%2Bmultiple%2Bversion%2Bof%2BCyrus%27s%2Bdeath%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ilya-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kMLKgzj5afMC&pg=PA392&dq=four+winged+cyrus+the+great#v=onepage&q=four%20winged%20cyrus%20the%20great&f=false"><i>The Cambridge history of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–98. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Iran%3A+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+periods%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=392-98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkMLKgzj5afMC%26pg%3DPA392%26dq%3Dfour%2Bwinged%2Bcyrus%2Bthe%2Bgreat%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dfour%2520winged%2520cyrus%2520the%2520great%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Michael the Syrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ChronicleOfMichaelTheGreatPatriarchOfTheSyrians"><i>Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians</i></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+Michael+the+Great%2C+Patriarch+of+the+Syrians&rft.au=Michael+the+Syrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FChronicleOfMichaelTheGreatPatriarchOfTheSyrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A history of Greece, Volume 2, By Connop Thirlwall, Longmans, 1836, p. 174</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <i>Cyropaedia</i> VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyropaedia-gr">Cyropaedia</a>", in <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, on the reliability of Xenophon's account.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A political history of the Achaemenid empire, By M.A. Dandamaev, Brill, 1989, p. 67</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UN-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1106">"Pasargadae"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasargadae&rft.date=2006&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> 15.3.7; Arrian, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri">Anabasis Alexandri</a></i> 6.29</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life of Alexander</i>, 69, in <i>Plutarch: The Age of Alexander</i>, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Penguin Classics, 1973), p. 326.; similar inscriptions give Arrian and Strabo.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last reference to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 Augustus 530) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August); see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein, <i>Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75</i>, 1971.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cleveland-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">((grk.) Lucius Flavius Arrianus), (en.) Arrian (trans.), Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=SaU1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313&dq=tomb+of+cyrus+the+great#v=onepage&q=tomb%20of%20cyrus%20the%20great&f=false"><i>A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches</i></a>. Biddle. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compendium+of+classical+literature%3Acomprising+choice+extracts+translated+from+Greek+and+Roman+writers%2C+with+biographical+sketches&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Biddle&rft.date=1861&rft.au=%28%28grk.%29+Lucius+Flavius+Arrianus%29%2C+%28en.%29+Arrian+%28trans.%29%2C+Charles+Dexter+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSaU1AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA313%26dq%3Dtomb%2Bof%2Bcyrus%2Bthe%2Bgreat%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dtomb%2520of%2520cyrus%2520the%2520great%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiapastandpr01jackgoog"><i>Persia past and present</i></a>. The Macmillan Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiapastandpr01jackgoog/page/n470">278</a>. <q>tomb of cyrus the great.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+past+and+present&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Abraham+Valentine+Williams+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersiapastandpr01jackgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monthlyreview70grifgoog"><i>The Monthly review</i></a>. 1816. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monthlyreview70grifgoog/page/n522">509</a>. <q>Cyrus influence on persian identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monthly+review&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=1816&rft.date=1816&rft.au=Ralph+Griffiths&rft.au=George+Edward+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonthlyreview70grifgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ulrich-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ulrich Wilcken (1967). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000wilc"><i>Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000wilc/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00381-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00381-9"><bdi>978-0-393-00381-9</bdi></a>. <q>Alexander admiration of cyrus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00381-9&rft.au=Ulrich+Wilcken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergreat0000wilc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Maxwell O'Brien (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=QY9bF60I5pAC&pg=PA100&dq=Burning+of+Persepolis#v=onepage&q=Burning%20of%20Persepolis&f=false"><i>Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 100–01. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10617-7"><bdi>978-0-415-10617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+the+invisible+enemy&rft.pages=100-01&rft.pub=Psychology+Press.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10617-7&rft.au=John+Maxwell+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQY9bF60I5pAC%26pg%3DPA100%26dq%3DBurning%2Bof%2BPersepolis%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBurning%2520of%2520Persepolis%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James D. Cockcroft (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mohammedrezapahl0000cock"><i>Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran</i></a></span>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55546-847-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55546-847-7"><bdi>978-1-55546-847-7</bdi></a>. <q>Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Cyrus legacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Reza+Pahlavi%2C+Shah+of+Iran&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55546-847-7&rft.au=James+D.+Cockcroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmohammedrezapahl0000cock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#freeman">Freeman 1999</a>: p. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl">"The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 23 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Cyrus+cylinder%3A+Diplomatic+whirl&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Xenophon (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyropaediaorins00xenogoog"><i>The Cyropaedia</i></a>. <i>google.com</i>. H.G. Bohn. <q>cyropaedia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyropaedia&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyropaediaorins00xenogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardascia, G., <a href="#refbabylon-EI">Babylon under Achaemenids</a>, in <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richard Nelson Frye (1963). <i>The Heritage of Persia</i>. World Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Persia&rft.pub=World+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Richard+Nelson+Frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cyrus Kadivar (25 January 2002). "We are Awake". The Iranian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+are+Awake&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.au=Cyrus+Kadivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Yarshater, for example, rejects that Sassanids remembered Cyrus, whereas R.N. Frye do propose remembrance and line of continuity: See A. Sh. Shahbazi, <i>Early Sassanians' Claim to Achaemenid Heritage</i>, Namey-e Iran-e Bastan, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp. 61–73; M. Boyce, "The Religion of Cyrus the Great" in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, eds., <i>Achaemenid History III. Method and Theory</i>, Leiden, 1988, p. 30; and <i>The History of Ancient Iran</i>, by Frye p. 371; and the debates in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, et al. <i>The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia: New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empires</i>, Published by I. B. Tauris in association with the British Institute of Persian Studies, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-045-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-045-1">1-86064-045-1</a>, pp. 1–8, 38–51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jakob Jonson</i>: "Cyrus the Great in Icelandic epic: A literary study". <a href="/wiki/Acta_Iranica" title="Acta Iranica">Acta Iranica</a>. 1974: 49–50</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadon, Christopher (2001), Xenophon's Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia, Berkeley: UC Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22404-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22404-3">0-520-22404-3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus and Jefferson: Did they speak the same language? <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/13/apr/1111.html">http://www.payvand.com/news/13/apr/1111.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-21747567">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-21747567</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boyd, Julian P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/papersofthomasje015727mbp/papersofthomasje015727mbp_djvu.txt">"The Papers of Thomas Jefferson"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Julian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpapersofthomasje015727mbp%2Fpapersofthomasje015727mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frye-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frye_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frye_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-1685">"Cyrus II Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online"</a></span>. Original.britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyrus+II+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+2008.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Original.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginal.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-1685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited quote as per media (documentary piece) titled "<a href="/wiki/Engineering_an_Empire" title="Engineering an Empire">Engineering an Empire</a> – The Persians". <i>History Channel</i>. Release date: 4 December 2006. Media available for viewing online via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/">history.com</a> or via Google Video. <u>Host</u>: Peter Weller. <u>Production</u>: United States.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200284-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200284_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 84.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crompton, Samuel Willard (2008). <i>Cyrus the Great</i>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791096369" title="Special:BookSources/9780791096369"><bdi>9780791096369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyrus+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780791096369&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oded Lipschitz; Manfred Oeming, eds. (2006). "The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?". <i>Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period</i>. Eisenbrauns. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Persian+Documents%22+in+the+Book+of+Ezra%3A+Are+They+Authentic%3F&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+period&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-104-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon John De Vries: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC046IfH-I8C&pg=PA126"><i>From old Revelation to new: a tradition-historical and redaction-critical study of temporal transitions in prophetic prediction</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0683-3">978-0-8028-0683-3</a>, p. 126</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, Book 11, Chapter 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-11.htm">[1]</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Goldwurm, Hersh (1982). <i>History of the Jewish People: The Second Temple Era</i>. <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a>. pp. 26, 29. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-454-X"><bdi>0-89906-454-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jewish+People%3A+The+Second+Temple+Era&rft.pages=26%2C+29&rft.pub=ArtScroll&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-89906-454-X&rft.aulast=Goldwurm&rft.aufirst=Hersh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schiffman, Lawrence (1991). <i>From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i>. KTAV Publishing. pp. 35, 36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-372-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-372-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+text+to+tradition%3A+a+history+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.pages=35%2C+36&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-372-6&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PA355&lpg=PA355&dq=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the+Temple#v=onepage&q=gave%20the%20Jews%20permission%20to%20return%20to%20Yehud%20province%20and%20to%20rebuild%20the%20Temple&f=false"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1</i></a>. T & T Clark. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah+v.+1&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D-MnE5T_0RbMC%26pg%3DPA355%26lpg%3DPA355%26dq%3Dgave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%2BTemple%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dgave%2520the%2520Jews%2520permission%2520to%2520return%2520to%2520Yehud%2520province%2520and%2520to%2520rebuild%2520the%2520Temple%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Philip R. Davies (1995). John D Davies (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=WQttyS7HRrIC&pg=PA219&dq=authenticity+decree+cyrus#v=onepage&q=authenticity%20decree%20cyrus&f=false"><i>Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-542-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+Remembered%2C+Texts+Renewed%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+F.A.+Sawyer&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-542-5&rft.au=Philip+R.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWQttyS7HRrIC%26pg%3DPA219%26dq%3Dauthenticity%2Bdecree%2Bcyrus%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dauthenticity%2520decree%2520cyrus%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MaryJ1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaryJ1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&ei=v-FhR-q_MJKIiQGU-eCIBw&sig=09eixie3bqkoalqx66xDGO9GBqI#PRA2-PA306,M1">"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period"</a>. In Michael David Coogan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2"><bdi>0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/98016042">98016042</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44650958">44650958</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+among+the+Nations%3A+The+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44650958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98016042&rft.isbn=0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DThe%2BOxford%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBiblical%2BWorld%26ei%3Dv-FhR-q_MJKIiQGU-eCIBw%26sig%3D09eixie3bqkoalqx66xDGO9GBqI%23PRA2-PA306%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-motaghin-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motaghin_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motaghin.com/ar_Bookspage_4922.aspx?&gid=50#_Toc96691198">Ma'arefat Al-Maad – Ma'ad Shanasi</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="موقع المتقين (page does not exist)">موقع المتقين</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Curtis; Julian Reade; Dominique Collon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=BLGfAAAAMAAJ&q=Conscripts+and+tributes+in+achaemenid+empire&dq=Conscripts+and+tributes+in+achaemenid+empire"><i>Art and empire</i></a>. The Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1140-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1140-7"><bdi>978-0-7141-1140-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+empire&rft.pub=The+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum+by+British+Museum+Press.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1140-7&rft.au=John+Curtis&rft.au=Julian+Reade&rft.au=Dominique+Collon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBLGfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DConscripts%2Band%2Btributes%2Bin%2Bachaemenid%2Bempire%26dq%3DConscripts%2Band%2Btributes%2Bin%2Bachaemenid%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avaxhome.ws/ebooks/history_military/available_sources.html"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a> by Pierre Briant</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilcox, Peter; MacBride, Angus (1986). <i>Rome's Enemies: Parthians And Sassanid Persians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-688-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-688-6"><bdi>0-85045-688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Enemies%3A+Parthians+And+Sassanid+Persians&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85045-688-6&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=MacBride%2C+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation speech"><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Ebadi, Shirin</a> (10 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2003/ebadi-lecture-e.html"><i>In the name of the God of Creation and Wisdom</i></a> (Speech). Nobel Peace Prize 2003 presentation ceremony<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+name+of+the+God+of+Creation+and+Wisdom&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.aulast=Ebadi&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Febadi-lecture-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persepolis Recreated, Publisher: NEJ International Pictures; 1ST edition (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-06-4525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-06-4525-3">978-964-06-4525-3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.F. Vos, "Archaeology of Mesopotamia", p. 267 in <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pritchard-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures". Vol. 1. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton University Press, 1973.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">"British Museum: Cyrus Cylinder"</a>. British Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum%3A+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fc%2Fcyrus_cylinder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BM-Cyrus-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM-Cyrus_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM-Cyrus_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum explanatory notes, "Cyrus Cylinder": In Iran, the cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elton L. Daniel, <i>The History of Iran</i>, p. 39. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8">0-313-30731-8</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzqbYf9Q_2UC&pg=PA39">restricted online copy</a></i>, p. 39, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Beatrice Andre-Salvini. <i>Forgotten Empire</i>, p. 59. University of California Press, 2005. (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA59">restricted online copy</a></i>, p. 59, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Amélie Kuhrt, "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean</i>, p. 124. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2">0-521-22804-2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">The telegraph (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/2420263/Cyrus-cylinders-ancient-bill-of-rights-is-just-propaganda.html">"Cyrus Cylinder"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.au=The+telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F2420263%2FCyrus-cylinders-ancient-bill-of-rights-is-just-propaganda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hekster, Olivier; Fowler, Richard (2005). <i>Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome</i>. Oriens et occidens 11. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08765-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08765-0"><bdi>978-3-515-08765-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaginary+kings%3A+royal+images+in+the+ancient+Near+East%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08765-0&rft.au=Hekster%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922133011/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fa/contents/articles/opinion/2013/03/cyrus-cylinder-iran-religious-freedom-minority-rights.html">"Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fa/contents/articles/opinion/2013/03/cyrus-cylinder-iran-religious-freedom-minority-rights.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyrus+Cylinder+a+Reminder+of+Persian+Legacy+of+Tolerance&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.au=Barbara+Slavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Ffa%2Fcontents%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F03%2Fcyrus-cylinder-iran-religious-freedom-minority-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">MacGregor, Neil (24 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/24/opinion/macgregor-cyrus-cylinder/index.html">"A 2,600-year-old icon of freedom comes to the United States"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+2%2C600-year-old+icon+of+freedom+comes+to+the+United+States&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fmacgregor-cyrus-cylinder%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/img/v7f1/v7f136a_t2.jpg">"Family Tree of Darius the Great"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPG</a>)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Family+Tree+of+Darius+the+Great&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fimg%2Fv7f1%2Fv7f136a_t2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt2013" class="citation">Kuhrt (2013), <i>The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kuhrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1975" class="citation">Grayson (1975), <i>Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Chronicles&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Grayson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li></ul>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;">
<p><b>Ancient sources</b>
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li>
<li><i>The Verse account of Nabonidus</i></li>
<li><i>The Prayer of Nabonidus</i> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a>)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (<i>Persica</i>)</li>
<li>The biblical books of <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws (dialogue)</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a> (<i>Library of World History</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutarchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarchos">Plutarchos</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarch's Lives">Plutarch's Lives</a></i>)</li>
<li>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri">Anabasis Alexandri</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a> (<i>Stratagems in War</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/index.html"><i>Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus</i></a>) <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories (Polybius)</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<i>History</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Al-Kahf</a></i>)</li></ul>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047268"/><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;">
<p><b>Modern sources</b>
</p>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBachenheimer2018" class="citation book">Bachenheimer, Avi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_tyDwAAQBAJ"><i>Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance</i></a>. Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–799.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Dictionary%2C+Glossary+and+Concordance&rft.pages=1-799&rft.pub=Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bachenheimer&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_tyDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Ball, Charles James (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightfromeastor00ballgoog"><i>Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments</i></a>. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+from+the+East%3A+Or+the+witness+of+the+monuments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Charles+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flightfromeastor00ballgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="refcah-iv" class="citation book">Boardman, John, ed. (1994). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525–479 B.C</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2"><bdi>0-521-22804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+IV%3A+Persia%2C+Greece%2C+and+the+Western+Mediterranean%2C+C.+525%E2%80%93479+B.C&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-22804-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&dq=false"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=1-1196&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26dq%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (1987). <i>Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies</i> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33513-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33513-2"><bdi>0-521-33513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+of+royalty+%3A+power+and+ceremonial+in+traditional+societies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33513-2&rft.aulast=Cannadine&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Price%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="refbabylon-EI" class="citation encyclopaedia">Cardascia, G (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babylon-under-the-achaemenids">"Babylon under Achaemenids"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939214-78-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-939214-78-4"><bdi>0-939214-78-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylon+under+Achaemenids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-939214-78-4&rft.aulast=Cardascia&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbabylon-under-the-achaemenids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Chavalas, Mark W., ed. (2007). <i>The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23580-4"><bdi>978-0-631-23580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Near+East+%3A+historical+sources+in+translation&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23580-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li>Church, Alfred J. (1881). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storieseastfrom00churgoog">Stories of the East From Herodotus</a></i>. London: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCurtisStewart2010" class="citation book">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=eikBAwAAQBAJ&dq=false"><i>Birth of the Persian Empire</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–160. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857710925" title="Special:BookSources/9780857710925"><bdi>9780857710925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=1-160&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780857710925&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeikBAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation book">Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). <i>A political history of the Achaemenid empire</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09172-6"><bdi>90-04-09172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+history+of+the+Achaemenid+empire&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1993" class="citation encyclopaedia">Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI">"Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 516–521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+iii.+Cyrus+II+The+Great&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=516-521&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrus-iiI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="freeman" class="citation book">Freeman, Charles (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free"><i>The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World</i></a></span>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9224-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9224-7"><bdi>0-7139-9224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Achievement%3A+The+Foundation+of+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7139-9224-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekachievement0000free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFFried2002" class="citation journal">Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). "Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1". <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>95</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816002000251">10.1017/S0017816002000251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Messiah%3F+The+Historical+Background+to+Isaiah+45%3A1&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816002000251&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li>Frye, Richard N. (1962). <i>The Heritage of Persia</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56859-008-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56859-008-3">1-56859-008-3</a></li>
<li><cite id="refchi2" class="citation book">Gershevitch, Ilya (1985). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2; The Median and Achaemenian periods</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1"><bdi>0-521-20091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%3A+Vol.+2%3B+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-20091-1&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017" class="citation book">Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ&dq="><i>King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)</i></a>. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692864401" title="Special:BookSources/9780692864401"><bdi>9780692864401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.pages=1-236&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780692864401&rft.aulast=Llewellyn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunTjswEACAAJ%26dq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li>Moorey, P.R.S. (1991). <i>The Biblical Lands</i>, VI. New York: Peter Bedrick Books . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87226-247-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87226-247-2">0-87226-247-2</a></li>
<li>Olmstead, A. T. (1948). <i>History of the Persian Empire [Achaemenid Period]</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-62777-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-62777-2">0-226-62777-2</a></li>
<li>Palou, Christine; Palou, Jean (1962). <i>La Perse Antique</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPotts2005" class="citation journal">Potts, Daniel T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1905461/Potts_2005_Cyrus_the_Great_and_the_Kingdom_of_Anshan">"Cyrus the Great and the Kingdom of Anshan"</a>. London: University of Sydney: 1–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+and+the+Kingdom+of+Anshan&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1905461%2FPotts_2005_Cyrus_the_Great_and_the_Kingdom_of_Anshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Gratis_and_libre" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></li>
<li><cite id="refachaemenids-EI" class="citation encyclopaedia">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty">"Achaemenid dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. vol. 3. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fachaemenid-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2010" class="citation journal">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2010). "CYRUS i. The Name". Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CYRUS+i.+The+Name&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTait1846" class="citation journal">Tait, Wakefield (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=khYEAAAAQAAJ">"The Presbyterian review and religious journal"</a>. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Presbyterian+review+and+religious+journal&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Wakefield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkhYEAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWaters1996" class="citation journal">Waters, Matt (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1040688/Darius_and_the_Achaemenid_Line">"Darius and the Achaemenid Line"</a>. London: 11–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Darius+and+the+Achaemenid+Line&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1040688%2FDarius_and_the_Achaemenid_Line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Gratis_and_libre" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWaters2004" class="citation journal">Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". <i>Iran</i>. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. <b>42</b>: 91–102. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4300665">4300665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.atitle=Cyrus+and+the+Achaemenids&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4300665&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ&dq=false"><i>Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107652729" title="Special:BookSources/9781107652729"><bdi>9781107652729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BCE&rft.pages=1-272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107652729&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__xGAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Amelie Kuhrt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AncientNearEasternHistoryTheCaseOfCyrusTheGreatOfPersia2007"><i>Ancient Near Eastern History: The Case of Cyrus the Great of Persia</i></a>. In: Hugh Godfrey Maturin Williamson: <i>Understanding the History of Ancient Israel</i>. Oxford University Press 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726401-0">978-0-19-726401-0</a>, pp. 107–28</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBickermann1946" class="citation journal">Bickermann, Elias J. (September 1946). "The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 249–75. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262665">10.2307/3262665</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3262665">3262665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Edict+of+Cyrus+in+Ezra+1&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-75&rft.date=1946-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262665&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262665&rft.aulast=Bickermann&rft.aufirst=Elias+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Dougherty, Raymond Philip (1929). <i>Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nabonidus+and+Belshazzar%3A+A+Study+of+the+Closing+Events+of+the+Neo-Babylonian+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDrews1974" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (October 1974). "Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 387–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372377">10.1086/372377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Sargon%2C+Cyrus%2C+and+Mesopotamian+Folk+History&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-93&rft.date=1974-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372377&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1971" class="citation journal">Harmatta, J. (1971). "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great". <i>Acta Antiquo</i>. <b>19</b>: 3–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiquo&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Old+Persian+Empire%3A+Cyrus+the+Great&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=3-15&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1985" class="citation journal">Lawrence, John M. (1985). "Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General". <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin</i>. n.s. <b>25</b>: 5–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+East+Archaeological+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Cyrus%3A+Messiah%2C+Politician%2C+and+General&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=5-28&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1982" class="citation journal">Lawrence, John M. (1982). "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion". <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin</i>. n.s. <b>19</b>: 27–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+East+Archaeological+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Neo-Assyrian+and+Neo-Babylonian+Attitudes+Towards+Foreigners+and+Their+Religion&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMallowan1972" class="citation journal">Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558–529 BC)". <i>Iran</i>. <b>10</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4300460">10.2307/4300460</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4300460">4300460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+%28558%E2%80%93529+BC%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4300460&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4300460&rft.aulast=Mallowan&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). <i>Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD</i>. Azizeh Azodi, trans. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-999-0"><bdi>1-85043-999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia+%3A+from+550+BC+to+650+AD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85043-999-0&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Jovy, Alexander (2011). <i>I am Cyrus: The story of the Real Prince of Persia</i>. Reading: Garnet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-281-8"><bdi>978-1-85964-281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+am+Cyrus%3A+The+story+of+the+Real+Prince+of+Persia&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Garnet+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85964-281-8&rft.aulast=Jovy&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+the+Great" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Cyrus the Great</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cyrus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Cyrus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyrus_the_Great" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Cyrus the Great">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyrus_the_Great" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cyrus the Great">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Cyrus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Cyrus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder.html">Cyrus Cylinder</a> Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction</li>
<li>Xenophon, <i>Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus</i>, translated by Henry Graham Dakyns and revised by F.M. Stawell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2085">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gravity.ir/7-panorama/shiraz/8-cyrus-the-great-pasargadae">360 Panoramic Image – Tomb of Cyrus The Great</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2020">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Cyrus the Great </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 599 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 530 BC</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Not previously established</div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Kings of Persian Empire</a></b><br />?–530 BC
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="5">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Persia</a></b><br />559–530 BC
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Media</a></b><br />550–530 BC
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Lydia" title="List of kings of Lydia">King of Lydia</a></b><br />547–530 BC
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></b><br />539–530 BC
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyrus_the_Great" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B6AD9D"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyrus_the_Great" title="Template:Cyrus the Great"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyrus_the_Great" title="Template talk:Cyrus the Great"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cyrus_the_Great&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyrus_the_Great" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus the Great</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B6AD9D"><div id="Teispids,_Achaemenid_Empire"><a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Teispids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_of_Media" title="Mandane of Media">Mandane of Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amitis_(wife_of_Cyrus_the_Great)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitis (wife of Cyrus the Great)">Amitis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png" class="image" title="Cyrus the Great"><img alt="Cyrus the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/65px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="81" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/98px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/130px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="886" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Hyrba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Persian Border</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasargadae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Pteria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Thymbra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Sardis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Opis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus" title="Cyrus">"Cyrus" (name)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible" title="Cyrus the Great in the Bible">Cyrus in the Bible</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict" title="Cyrus's edict">Cyrus's edict</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran" title="Cyrus the Great in the Quran">Cyrus in the Quran</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_Day" title="Cyrus the Great Day">Cyrus the Great Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Jafari_Jozani" title="Masoud Jafari Jozani"><i>Cyrus the Great</i> (screenplay)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ciro_riconosciuto" title="Ciro riconosciuto">Ciro riconosciuto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B6AD9D"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrus_the_Great" title="Category:Cyrus the Great">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" title="Template:Median and Achaemenid kings"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" title="Template talk:Median and Achaemenid kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Median_and_Achaemenid_kings&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> kings</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Family_tree"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:90%;">(728–550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madius" title="Madius">Madius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:90%;">(550–330 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Smerdis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great (Darius I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II_of_Persia" title="Xerxes II of Persia">Xerxes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II Nothus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template talk:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Achaemenid_rulers&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Category:Rulers in the Achaemenid Empire">Rulers of the Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Family_tree_-_Achaemenid_Kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a> - <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Kingdom" title="Achaemenid Kingdom">Achaemenid Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of Kings<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Smerdis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great (Darius I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II_of_Persia" title="Xerxes II of Persia">Xerxes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Darius In Parse.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/79px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="79" height="139" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/119px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/158px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="3136" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabalus" title="Tabalus">Tabalus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oroetus" title="Oroetus">Oroetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bagaeus" title="Bagaeus">Bagaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)" title="Otanes (son of Sisamnes)">Otanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes" title="Artaphernes">Artaphernes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaphernes II">Artaphernes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pissuthnes" title="Pissuthnes">Pissuthnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tithraustes" title="Tithraustes">Tithraustes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiribazus" title="Tiribazus">Tiribazus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Struthas" title="Struthas">Struthas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spithridates" title="Spithridates">Spithridates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitrobates" title="Mitrobates">Mitrobates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megabazus" title="Megabazus">Megabazus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megabates" title="Megabates">Megabates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oebares_II" title="Oebares II">Oebares II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia" title="Artabazos I of Phrygia">Artabazus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_I" title="Pharnabazus I">Pharnabazus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Phrygia" title="Pharnaces II of Phrygia">Pharnaces II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_III" title="Pharnabazus III">Pharnabazus III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsites" title="Arsites">Arsites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes" title="Ariamnes">Ariamnes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithrobuzanes" title="Mithrobuzanes">Mithrobuzanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Greek Governors of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> cities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gongylos" title="Gongylos">Gongylos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurysthenes_(Pergamon)" title="Eurysthenes (Pergamon)">Eurysthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prokles_(Pergamon)" title="Prokles (Pergamon)">Prokles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Histiaeus" title="Histiaeus">Histiaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristagoras" title="Aristagoras">Aristagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archeptolis" title="Archeptolis">Archeptolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aridolis" title="Aridolis">Aridolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)" title="Amyntas II (son of Bubares)">Amyntas II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos" title="Philiscus of Abydos">Philiscus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kheziga</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuprilli" title="Kuprilli">Kuprilli</a></li>
<li>Harpagus</li>
<li>Teththiweibi</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a></li>
<li>Artembares</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">Artumpara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygdamis of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pisindelis" title="Pisindelis">Pisindelis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus" title="Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adusius" title="Adusius">Adusius</a> (satrap)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomnus" title="Hecatomnus">Hecatomnus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idrieus" title="Idrieus">Idrieus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_of_Caria" title="Ada of Caria">Ada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pixodarus" title="Pixodarus">Pixodarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orontobates" title="Orontobates">Orontobates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_of_Caria" title="Ada of Caria">Ada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mattan IV</li>
<li>Boulomenus</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abdemon" title="Abdemon">Abdemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_I" title="Evagoras I">Evagoras</a></li>
<li>Eugoras</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azemilcus,_King_of_Tyre" title="Azemilcus, King of Tyre">Azemilcus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Eshmunazar I</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tabnit" title="Tabnit">Tabnit</a></li>
<li>Queen Amoashtart</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus" title="Eshmunazar II sarcophagus">Eshmunazar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a></li>
<li>Yatonmilk</li>
<li>Anysos</li>
<li>Tetramnestos</li>
<li>Baalshillem I</li>
<li>Baana</li>
<li>Baalshillem II</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennes" title="Tennes">Tennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_II" title="Evagoras II">Evagoras II</a></li>
<li>Abdashtart II</li>
<li>Abdashtart III</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artasyrus" title="Artasyrus">Artasyrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_II" title="Orontes II">Orontes II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)" title="Arsames (satrap of Egypt)">Arsames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates_II" title="Pherendates II">Pherendates II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sabaces" title="Sabaces">Sabaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces">Mazaces</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dadarsi" title="Dadarsi">Dadarsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masistes" title="Masistes">Masistes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes_II" title="Hydarnes II">Hydarnes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syennesis_(5th_century)" title="Syennesis (5th century)">Syennesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)" title="Arsames (satrap of Cilicia)">Arsames</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Other known satraps</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrocomas" title="Abrocomas">Abrocomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belesys" title="Belesys">Belesys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atizyes" title="Atizyes">Atizyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phrygia">Greater Phrygia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Persis" title="Ariobarzanes of Persis">Ariobarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers">Hellenistic rulers</a> from around 330 BC</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Book_of_Daniel&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Abednego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Meshach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_writing_on_the_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="The writing on the wall">Writing on the wall</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_48" title="Ezekiel 48">chapter 48</a>)</td>
<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td>
<td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Book of Hosea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hosea_1" title="Hosea 1">chapter 1</a>) →</td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8423&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8423&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8423" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098590d">cb12098590d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098590d">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118568426">118568426</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000437560028">0000 0004 3756 0028</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50070141">n50070141</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029338476">029338476</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354805">500354805</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/311113679">311113679</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/311113679">311113679</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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