model.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <mutex>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

#include "gguf_reader.hpp"
#include "model.h"
#include "stable-diffusion.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "vocab.hpp"
#include "vocab_mistral.hpp"
#include "vocab_qwen.hpp"
#include "vocab_umt5.hpp"

#include "ggml-alloc.h"
#include "ggml-backend.h"
#include "ggml-cpu.h"
#include "ggml.h"

#include "name_conversion.h"
#include "stable-diffusion.h"

#ifdef SD_USE_METAL
#include "ggml-metal.h"
#endif

#ifdef SD_USE_VULKAN
#include "ggml-vulkan.h"
#endif

#ifdef SD_USE_OPENCL
#include "ggml-opencl.h"
#endif

#define ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN 8

uint64_t read_u64(uint8_t* buffer) {
    // little endian
    uint64_t value = 0;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[7]) << 56;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[6]) << 48;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[5]) << 40;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[4]) << 32;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[3]) << 24;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[2]) << 16;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[1]) << 8;
    value |= static_cast<int64_t>(buffer[0]);
    return value;
}

int32_t read_int(uint8_t* buffer) {
    // little endian
    int value = 0;
    value |= buffer[3] << 24;
    value |= buffer[2] << 16;
    value |= buffer[1] << 8;
    value |= buffer[0];
    return value;
}

uint16_t read_short(uint8_t* buffer) {
    // little endian
    uint16_t value = 0;
    value |= buffer[1] << 8;
    value |= buffer[0];
    return value;
}

/*================================================= Preprocess ==================================================*/

const char* unused_tensors[] = {
    "betas",
    "alphas_cumprod_prev",
    "sqrt_alphas_cumprod",
    "sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod",
    "log_one_minus_alphas_cumprod",
    "sqrt_recip_alphas_cumprod",
    "sqrt_recipm1_alphas_cumprod",
    "posterior_variance",
    "posterior_log_variance_clipped",
    "posterior_mean_coef1",
    "posterior_mean_coef2",
    "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.embeddings.position_ids",
    "cond_stage_model.1.model.text_model.embeddings.position_ids",
    "cond_stage_model.transformer.vision_model.embeddings.position_ids",
    "cond_stage_model.model.logit_scale",
    "conditioner.embedders.0.transformer.text_model.embeddings.position_ids",
    "conditioner.embedders.0.model.logit_scale",
    "conditioner.embedders.1.model.logit_scale",
    "model.diffusion_model.time_embedding.cond_proj.weight",
    "unet.time_embedding.cond_proj.weight",
    "model_ema.decay",
    "model_ema.num_updates",
    "model_ema.diffusion_model",
    "embedding_manager",
    "denoiser.sigmas",
    "text_encoders.t5xxl.transformer.encoder.embed_tokens.weight",  // only used during training
    "ztsnr",                                                        // Found in some SDXL vpred models
    "edm_vpred.sigma_min",                                          // Found in CosXL
    // TODO: find another way to avoid the "unknown tensor" for these two
    // "edm_vpred.sigma_max", // Used to detect CosXL
    // "v_pred", // Used to detect SDXL vpred models
    "text_encoders.llm.output.weight",
    "text_encoders.llm.lm_head.",
    "first_stage_model.bn.",
};

bool is_unused_tensor(std::string name) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(unused_tensors) / sizeof(const char*); i++) {
        if (starts_with(name, unused_tensors[i])) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

uint16_t f8_e4m3_to_f16(uint8_t f8) {
    // do we need to support uz?

    const uint32_t exponent_bias = 7;
    if (f8 == 0xff) {
        return ggml_fp32_to_fp16(-NAN);
    } else if (f8 == 0x7f) {
        return ggml_fp32_to_fp16(NAN);
    }

    uint32_t sign     = f8 & 0x80;
    uint32_t exponent = (f8 & 0x78) >> 3;
    uint32_t mantissa = f8 & 0x07;
    uint32_t result   = sign << 24;
    if (exponent == 0) {
        if (mantissa > 0) {
            exponent = 0x7f - exponent_bias;

            // yes, 2 times
            if ((mantissa & 0x04) == 0) {
                mantissa &= 0x03;
                mantissa <<= 1;
                exponent -= 1;
            }
            if ((mantissa & 0x04) == 0) {
                mantissa &= 0x03;
                mantissa <<= 1;
                exponent -= 1;
            }

            result |= (mantissa & 0x03) << 21;
            result |= exponent << 23;
        }
    } else {
        result |= mantissa << 20;
        exponent += 0x7f - exponent_bias;
        result |= exponent << 23;
    }

    return ggml_fp32_to_fp16(*reinterpret_cast<const float*>(&result));
}

uint16_t f8_e5m2_to_f16(uint8_t fp8) {
    uint8_t sign     = (fp8 >> 7) & 0x1;
    uint8_t exponent = (fp8 >> 2) & 0x1F;
    uint8_t mantissa = fp8 & 0x3;

    uint16_t fp16_sign = sign << 15;
    uint16_t fp16_exponent;
    uint16_t fp16_mantissa;

    if (exponent == 0 && mantissa == 0) {  // zero
        return fp16_sign;
    }

    if (exponent == 0x1F) {  // NAN and INF
        fp16_exponent = 0x1F;
        fp16_mantissa = mantissa ? (mantissa << 8) : 0;
        return fp16_sign | (fp16_exponent << 10) | fp16_mantissa;
    }

    if (exponent == 0) {  // subnormal numbers
        fp16_mantissa = (mantissa << 8);
        return fp16_sign | fp16_mantissa;
    }

    // normal numbers
    int16_t true_exponent = (int16_t)exponent - 15 + 15;
    if (true_exponent <= 0) {
        fp16_exponent = 0;
        fp16_mantissa = (mantissa << 8);
    } else if (true_exponent >= 0x1F) {
        fp16_exponent = 0x1F;
        fp16_mantissa = 0;
    } else {
        fp16_exponent = (uint16_t)true_exponent;
        fp16_mantissa = mantissa << 8;
    }

    return fp16_sign | (fp16_exponent << 10) | fp16_mantissa;
}

void f8_e4m3_to_f16_vec(uint8_t* src, uint16_t* dst, int64_t n) {
    // support inplace op
    for (int64_t i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        dst[i] = f8_e4m3_to_f16(src[i]);
    }
}

void f8_e5m2_to_f16_vec(uint8_t* src, uint16_t* dst, int64_t n) {
    // support inplace op
    for (int64_t i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        dst[i] = f8_e5m2_to_f16(src[i]);
    }
}

void f64_to_f32_vec(double* src, float* dst, int64_t n) {
    // support inplace op
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        dst[i] = (float)src[i];
    }
}

void i64_to_i32_vec(int64_t* src, int32_t* dst, int64_t n) {
    // support inplace op
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        dst[i] = (int32_t)src[i];
    }
}

void convert_tensor(void* src,
                    ggml_type src_type,
                    void* dst,
                    ggml_type dst_type,
                    int nrows,
                    int n_per_row) {
    int n = nrows * n_per_row;
    if (src_type == dst_type) {
        size_t nbytes = n * ggml_type_size(src_type) / ggml_blck_size(src_type);
        memcpy(((char*)dst), ((char*)src), nbytes);
    } else if (src_type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
        if (dst_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
            ggml_fp32_to_fp16_row((float*)src, (ggml_fp16_t*)dst, n);
        } else {
            std::vector<float> imatrix(n_per_row, 1.0f);  // dummy importance matrix
            const float* im = imatrix.data();
            ggml_quantize_chunk(dst_type, (float*)src, dst, 0, nrows, n_per_row, im);
        }
    } else if (dst_type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
        if (src_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
            ggml_fp16_to_fp32_row((ggml_fp16_t*)src, (float*)dst, n);
        } else {
            auto qtype = ggml_get_type_traits(src_type);
            if (qtype->to_float == nullptr) {
                throw std::runtime_error(sd_format("type %s unsupported for integer quantization: no dequantization available",
                                                   ggml_type_name(src_type)));
            }
            qtype->to_float(src, (float*)dst, n);
        }
    } else {
        // src_type == GGML_TYPE_F16 => dst_type is quantized
        // src_type is quantized => dst_type == GGML_TYPE_F16 or dst_type is quantized
        auto qtype = ggml_get_type_traits(src_type);
        if (qtype->to_float == nullptr) {
            throw std::runtime_error(sd_format("type %s unsupported for integer quantization: no dequantization available",
                                               ggml_type_name(src_type)));
        }
        std::vector<char> buf;
        buf.resize(sizeof(float) * n);
        char* src_data_f32 = buf.data();
        qtype->to_float(src, (float*)src_data_f32, n);
        if (dst_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
            ggml_fp32_to_fp16_row((float*)src_data_f32, (ggml_fp16_t*)dst, n);
        } else {
            std::vector<float> imatrix(n_per_row, 1.0f);  // dummy importance matrix
            const float* im = imatrix.data();
            ggml_quantize_chunk(dst_type, (float*)src_data_f32, dst, 0, nrows, n_per_row, im);
        }
    }
}

/*================================================= ModelLoader ==================================================*/

void ModelLoader::add_tensor_storage(const TensorStorage& tensor_storage) {
    tensor_storage_map[tensor_storage.name] = tensor_storage;
}

bool is_zip_file(const std::string& file_path) {
    struct zip_t* zip = zip_open(file_path.c_str(), 0, 'r');
    if (zip == nullptr) {
        return false;
    }
    zip_close(zip);
    return true;
}

bool is_gguf_file(const std::string& file_path) {
    std::ifstream file(file_path, std::ios::binary);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        return false;
    }

    char magic[4];

    file.read(magic, sizeof(magic));
    if (!file) {
        return false;
    }
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(magic); i++) {
        if (magic[i] != GGUF_MAGIC[i]) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

bool is_safetensors_file(const std::string& file_path) {
    std::ifstream file(file_path, std::ios::binary);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        return false;
    }

    // get file size
    file.seekg(0, file.end);
    size_t file_size_ = file.tellg();
    file.seekg(0, file.beg);

    // read header size
    if (file_size_ <= ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN) {
        return false;
    }

    uint8_t header_size_buf[ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN];
    file.read((char*)header_size_buf, ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN);
    if (!file) {
        return false;
    }

    size_t header_size_ = read_u64(header_size_buf);
    if (header_size_ >= file_size_ || header_size_ <= 2) {
        return false;
    }

    // read header
    std::vector<char> header_buf;
    header_buf.resize(header_size_ + 1);
    header_buf[header_size_] = '\0';
    file.read(header_buf.data(), header_size_);
    if (!file) {
        return false;
    }
    nlohmann::json header_ = nlohmann::json::parse(header_buf.data());
    if (header_.is_discarded()) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool ModelLoader::init_from_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix) {
    if (is_directory(file_path)) {
        LOG_INFO("load %s using diffusers format", file_path.c_str());
        return init_from_diffusers_file(file_path, prefix);
    } else if (is_gguf_file(file_path)) {
        LOG_INFO("load %s using gguf format", file_path.c_str());
        return init_from_gguf_file(file_path, prefix);
    } else if (is_safetensors_file(file_path)) {
        LOG_INFO("load %s using safetensors format", file_path.c_str());
        return init_from_safetensors_file(file_path, prefix);
    } else if (is_zip_file(file_path)) {
        LOG_INFO("load %s using checkpoint format", file_path.c_str());
        return init_from_ckpt_file(file_path, prefix);
    } else {
        LOG_WARN("unknown format %s", file_path.c_str());
        return false;
    }
}

void ModelLoader::convert_tensors_name() {
    SDVersion version = (version_ == VERSION_COUNT) ? get_sd_version() : version_;
    String2TensorStorage new_map;

    for (auto& [_, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        auto new_name = convert_tensor_name(tensor_storage.name, version);
        // LOG_DEBUG("%s -> %s", tensor_storage.name.c_str(), new_name.c_str());
        tensor_storage.name = new_name;
        new_map[new_name]   = std::move(tensor_storage);
    }

    tensor_storage_map.swap(new_map);
}

bool ModelLoader::init_from_file_and_convert_name(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix, SDVersion version) {
    if (version_ == VERSION_COUNT && version != VERSION_COUNT) {
        version_ = version;
    }
    if (!init_from_file(file_path, prefix)) {
        return false;
    }
    convert_tensors_name();
    return true;
}

/*================================================= GGUFModelLoader ==================================================*/

bool ModelLoader::init_from_gguf_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix) {
    LOG_DEBUG("init from '%s'", file_path.c_str());
    file_paths_.push_back(file_path);
    size_t file_index = file_paths_.size() - 1;

    gguf_context* ctx_gguf_ = nullptr;
    ggml_context* ctx_meta_ = nullptr;

    ctx_gguf_ = gguf_init_from_file(file_path.c_str(), {true, &ctx_meta_});
    if (!ctx_gguf_) {
        LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s' with gguf_init_from_file. Try to open it with GGUFReader.", file_path.c_str());
        GGUFReader gguf_reader;
        if (!gguf_reader.load(file_path)) {
            LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s' with GGUFReader.", file_path.c_str());
            return false;
        }

        size_t data_offset = gguf_reader.data_offset();
        for (const auto& gguf_tensor_info : gguf_reader.tensors()) {
            std::string name = gguf_tensor_info.name;
            if (!starts_with(name, prefix)) {
                name = prefix + name;
            }

            TensorStorage tensor_storage(
                name,
                gguf_tensor_info.type,
                gguf_tensor_info.shape.data(),
                gguf_tensor_info.shape.size(),
                file_index,
                data_offset + gguf_tensor_info.offset);

            // LOG_DEBUG("%s %s", name.c_str(), tensor_storage.to_string().c_str());

            add_tensor_storage(tensor_storage);
        }

        return true;
    }

    int n_tensors = gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx_gguf_);

    size_t total_size  = 0;
    size_t data_offset = gguf_get_data_offset(ctx_gguf_);
    for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; i++) {
        std::string name          = gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx_gguf_, i);
        struct ggml_tensor* dummy = ggml_get_tensor(ctx_meta_, name.c_str());
        size_t offset             = data_offset + gguf_get_tensor_offset(ctx_gguf_, i);

        // LOG_DEBUG("%s", name.c_str());

        if (!starts_with(name, prefix)) {
            name = prefix + name;
        }

        TensorStorage tensor_storage(name, dummy->type, dummy->ne, ggml_n_dims(dummy), file_index, offset);

        GGML_ASSERT(ggml_nbytes(dummy) == tensor_storage.nbytes());

        add_tensor_storage(tensor_storage);
    }

    gguf_free(ctx_gguf_);
    ggml_free(ctx_meta_);

    return true;
}

/*================================================= SafeTensorsModelLoader ==================================================*/

ggml_type str_to_ggml_type(const std::string& dtype) {
    ggml_type ttype = GGML_TYPE_COUNT;
    if (dtype == "F16") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_F16;
    } else if (dtype == "BF16") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_BF16;
    } else if (dtype == "F32") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_F32;
    } else if (dtype == "F64") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_F32;
    } else if (dtype == "F8_E4M3") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_F16;
    } else if (dtype == "F8_E5M2") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_F16;
    } else if (dtype == "I64") {
        ttype = GGML_TYPE_I32;
    }
    return ttype;
}

// https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors/index
bool ModelLoader::init_from_safetensors_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix) {
    LOG_DEBUG("init from '%s', prefix = '%s'", file_path.c_str(), prefix.c_str());
    file_paths_.push_back(file_path);
    size_t file_index = file_paths_.size() - 1;
    std::ifstream file(file_path, std::ios::binary);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        file_paths_.pop_back();
        return false;
    }

    // get file size
    file.seekg(0, file.end);
    size_t file_size_ = file.tellg();
    file.seekg(0, file.beg);

    // read header size
    if (file_size_ <= ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN) {
        LOG_ERROR("invalid safetensor file '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        file_paths_.pop_back();
        return false;
    }

    uint8_t header_size_buf[ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN];
    file.read((char*)header_size_buf, ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN);
    if (!file) {
        LOG_ERROR("read safetensors header size failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        return false;
    }

    size_t header_size_ = read_u64(header_size_buf);
    if (header_size_ >= file_size_) {
        LOG_ERROR("invalid safetensor file '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        file_paths_.pop_back();
        return false;
    }

    // read header
    std::vector<char> header_buf;
    header_buf.resize(header_size_ + 1);
    header_buf[header_size_] = '\0';
    file.read(header_buf.data(), header_size_);
    if (!file) {
        LOG_ERROR("read safetensors header failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        file_paths_.pop_back();
        return false;
    }

    nlohmann::json header_ = nlohmann::json::parse(header_buf.data());

    for (auto& item : header_.items()) {
        std::string name           = item.key();
        nlohmann::json tensor_info = item.value();
        // LOG_DEBUG("%s %s\n", name.c_str(), tensor_info.dump().c_str());

        if (name == "__metadata__") {
            continue;
        }

        if (is_unused_tensor(name)) {
            continue;
        }

        std::string dtype    = tensor_info["dtype"];
        nlohmann::json shape = tensor_info["shape"];

        if (dtype == "U8") {
            continue;
        }

        size_t begin = tensor_info["data_offsets"][0].get<size_t>();
        size_t end   = tensor_info["data_offsets"][1].get<size_t>();

        ggml_type type = str_to_ggml_type(dtype);
        if (type == GGML_TYPE_COUNT) {
            LOG_ERROR("unsupported dtype '%s' (tensor '%s')", dtype.c_str(), name.c_str());
            return false;
        }

        if (shape.size() > SD_MAX_DIMS) {
            LOG_ERROR("invalid tensor '%s'", name.c_str());
            return false;
        }

        int n_dims              = (int)shape.size();
        int64_t ne[SD_MAX_DIMS] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
        for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
            ne[i] = shape[i].get<int64_t>();
        }

        if (n_dims == 5) {
            n_dims = 4;
            ne[0]  = ne[0] * ne[1];
            ne[1]  = ne[2];
            ne[2]  = ne[3];
            ne[3]  = ne[4];
        }

        // ggml_n_dims returns 1 for scalars
        if (n_dims == 0) {
            n_dims = 1;
        }

        if (!starts_with(name, prefix)) {
            name = prefix + name;
        }

        TensorStorage tensor_storage(name, type, ne, n_dims, file_index, ST_HEADER_SIZE_LEN + header_size_ + begin);
        tensor_storage.reverse_ne();

        size_t tensor_data_size = end - begin;

        if (dtype == "F8_E4M3") {
            tensor_storage.is_f8_e4m3 = true;
            // f8 -> f16
            GGML_ASSERT(tensor_storage.nbytes() == tensor_data_size * 2);
        } else if (dtype == "F8_E5M2") {
            tensor_storage.is_f8_e5m2 = true;
            // f8 -> f16
            GGML_ASSERT(tensor_storage.nbytes() == tensor_data_size * 2);
        } else if (dtype == "F64") {
            tensor_storage.is_f64 = true;
            // f64 -> f32
            GGML_ASSERT(tensor_storage.nbytes() * 2 == tensor_data_size);
        } else if (dtype == "I64") {
            tensor_storage.is_i64 = true;
            // i64 -> i32
            GGML_ASSERT(tensor_storage.nbytes() * 2 == tensor_data_size);
        } else {
            GGML_ASSERT(tensor_storage.nbytes() == tensor_data_size);
        }

        add_tensor_storage(tensor_storage);

        // LOG_DEBUG("%s %s", tensor_storage.to_string().c_str(), dtype.c_str());
    }

    return true;
}

/*================================================= DiffusersModelLoader ==================================================*/

bool ModelLoader::init_from_diffusers_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix) {
    std::string unet_path   = path_join(file_path, "unet/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors");
    std::string vae_path    = path_join(file_path, "vae/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors");
    std::string clip_path   = path_join(file_path, "text_encoder/model.safetensors");
    std::string clip_g_path = path_join(file_path, "text_encoder_2/model.safetensors");

    if (!init_from_safetensors_file(unet_path, "unet.")) {
        return false;
    }

    if (!init_from_safetensors_file(vae_path, "vae.")) {
        LOG_WARN("Couldn't find working VAE in %s", file_path.c_str());
        // return false;
    }
    if (!init_from_safetensors_file(clip_path, "te.")) {
        LOG_WARN("Couldn't find working text encoder in %s", file_path.c_str());
        // return false;
    }
    if (!init_from_safetensors_file(clip_g_path, "te.1.")) {
        LOG_DEBUG("Couldn't find working second text encoder in %s", file_path.c_str());
    }
    return true;
}

/*================================================= CkptModelLoader ==================================================*/

// $ python -m pickletools sd-v1-4/archive/data.pkl | head -n 100
//     0: \x80 PROTO      2
//     2: }    EMPTY_DICT
//     3: q    BINPUT     0
//     5: (    MARK
//     6: X        BINUNICODE 'epoch'
//    16: q        BINPUT     1
//    18: K        BININT1    6
//    20: X        BINUNICODE 'global_step'
//    36: q        BINPUT     2
//    38: J        BININT     470000
//    43: X        BINUNICODE 'pytorch-lightning_version'
//    73: q        BINPUT     3
//    75: X        BINUNICODE '1.4.2'
//    85: q        BINPUT     4
//    87: X        BINUNICODE 'state_dict'
//   102: q        BINPUT     5
//   104: }        EMPTY_DICT
//   105: q        BINPUT     6
//   107: (        MARK
//   108: X            BINUNICODE 'betas'
//   118: q            BINPUT     7
//   120: c            GLOBAL     'torch._utils _rebuild_tensor_v2'
//   153: q            BINPUT     8
//   155: (            MARK
//   156: (                MARK
//   157: X                    BINUNICODE 'storage'
//   169: q                    BINPUT     9
//   171: c                    GLOBAL     'torch FloatStorage'
//   191: q                    BINPUT     10
//   193: X                    BINUNICODE '0'
//   199: q                    BINPUT     11
//   201: X                    BINUNICODE 'cpu'
//   209: q                    BINPUT     12
//   211: M                    BININT2    1000
//   214: t                    TUPLE      (MARK at 156)
//   215: q                BINPUT     13
//   217: Q                BINPERSID
//   218: K                BININT1    0
//   220: M                BININT2    1000
//  ...............................
//  3201: q            BINPUT     250
//  3203: R            REDUCE
//  3204: q            BINPUT     251
//  3206: X            BINUNICODE 'model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.1.1.proj_in.weight'
//  3264: q            BINPUT     252
//  3266: h            BINGET     8
//  3268: (            MARK
//  3269: (                MARK
//  3270: h                    BINGET     9
//  3272: h                    BINGET     10
//  3274: X                    BINUNICODE '30'
//  3281: q                    BINPUT     253
//  3283: h                    BINGET     12
//  3285: J                    BININT     102400
//  3290: t                    TUPLE      (MARK at 3269)
//  3291: q                BINPUT     254
//  3293: Q                BINPERSID
//  3294: K                BININT1    0
//  3296: (                MARK
//  3297: M                    BININT2    320
//  3300: M                    BININT2    320
//  3303: K                    BININT1    1
//  3305: K                    BININT1    1
//  3307: t                    TUPLE      (MARK at 3296)
//  3308: q                BINPUT     255
//  3310: (                MARK
//  3311: M                    BININT2    320
//  3314: K                    BININT1    1
//  3316: K                    BININT1    1
//  3318: K                    BININT1    1
//  3320: t                    TUPLE      (MARK at 3310)
//  3321: r                LONG_BINPUT 256
//  3326: \x89             NEWFALSE
//  3327: h                BINGET     16
//  3329: )                EMPTY_TUPLE
//  3330: R                REDUCE
//  3331: r                LONG_BINPUT 257
//  3336: t                TUPLE      (MARK at 3268)
//  3337: r            LONG_BINPUT 258
//  3342: R            REDUCE
//  3343: r            LONG_BINPUT 259
//  3348: X            BINUNICODE 'model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.1.1.proj_in.bias'
//  3404: r            LONG_BINPUT 260
//  3409: h            BINGET     8
//  3411: (            MARK
//  3412: (                MARK
//  3413: h                    BINGET     9
//  3415: h                    BINGET     10
//  3417: X                    BINUNICODE '31'

struct PickleTensorReader {
    enum ReadPhase {
        READ_NAME,
        READ_DATA,
        CHECK_SIZE,
        READ_DIMENS
    };
    ReadPhase phase   = READ_NAME;
    size_t entry_size = 0;
    int32_t nelements = 0;

    TensorStorage tensor_storage;

    static ggml_type global_type;  // all pickle_tensors data type
    static bool read_global_type;

    bool read_int_value(uint32_t value) {
        if (phase == CHECK_SIZE) {
            if (entry_size == value * ggml_type_size(tensor_storage.type)) {
                nelements = value;
                phase     = READ_DIMENS;
                return true;
            } else {
                phase = READ_NAME;
            }
        } else if (phase == READ_DIMENS) {
            if (tensor_storage.n_dims + 1 > SD_MAX_DIMS) {  // too many dimens
                phase                 = READ_NAME;
                tensor_storage.n_dims = 0;
            }
            if (nelements % value == 0) {
                tensor_storage.ne[tensor_storage.n_dims] = value;
                tensor_storage.n_dims++;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    void read_global(const std::string& str) {
        if (str == "FloatStorage") {
            if (read_global_type) {
                global_type      = GGML_TYPE_F32;
                read_global_type = false;
            }
            tensor_storage.type = GGML_TYPE_F32;
        } else if (str == "HalfStorage") {
            if (read_global_type) {
                global_type      = GGML_TYPE_F16;
                read_global_type = false;
            }
            tensor_storage.type = GGML_TYPE_F16;
        }
    }

    void read_string(const std::string& str, struct zip_t* zip, std::string dir) {
        if (str == "storage") {
            read_global_type = true;
        } else if (str != "state_dict") {
            if (phase == READ_DATA) {
                std::string entry_name = dir + "data/" + std::string(str);

                size_t i, n = zip_entries_total(zip);
                for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                    zip_entry_openbyindex(zip, i);
                    {
                        std::string name = zip_entry_name(zip);
                        if (name == entry_name) {
                            tensor_storage.index_in_zip = (int)i;
                            entry_size                  = zip_entry_size(zip);
                            zip_entry_close(zip);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    zip_entry_close(zip);
                }

                phase = entry_size > 0 ? CHECK_SIZE : READ_NAME;
            }
            if (!read_global_type && phase == READ_NAME) {
                tensor_storage.name = str;
                phase               = READ_DATA;
                tensor_storage.type = global_type;
            }
        }
    }
};

ggml_type PickleTensorReader::global_type = GGML_TYPE_F32;  // all pickle_tensors data type
bool PickleTensorReader::read_global_type = false;

int find_char(uint8_t* buffer, int len, char c) {
    for (int pos = 0; pos < len; pos++) {
        if (buffer[pos] == c) {
            return pos;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

#define MAX_STRING_BUFFER 512

bool ModelLoader::parse_data_pkl(uint8_t* buffer,
                                 size_t buffer_size,
                                 zip_t* zip,
                                 std::string dir,
                                 size_t file_index,
                                 const std::string prefix) {
    uint8_t* buffer_end = buffer + buffer_size;
    if (buffer[0] == 0x80) {  // proto
        if (buffer[1] != 2) {
            LOG_ERROR("Unsupported protocol\n");
            return false;
        }
        buffer += 2;  // 0x80 and version
        char string_buffer[MAX_STRING_BUFFER];
        bool finish = false;
        PickleTensorReader reader;
        // read pickle binary file
        while (!finish && buffer < buffer_end) {
            uint8_t opcode = *buffer;
            buffer++;
            // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Lib/pickletools.py#L1048
            // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/pickle.py#L105
            switch (opcode) {
                case '}':  // EMPTY_DICT     = b'}'   # push empty dict
                    break;
                case ']':  // EMPTY_LIST     = b']'   # push empty list
                    break;
                // skip unused sections
                case 'h':  // BINGET         = b'h'   #   "    "    "    "   "   "  ;   "    " 1-byte arg
                case 'q':  // BINPUT         = b'q'   #   "     "    "   "   " ;   "    " 1-byte arg
                case 'Q':  // BINPERSID      = b'Q'   #  "       "         "  ;  "  "   "     "  stack
                    buffer++;
                    break;
                case 'r':  // LONG_BINPUT    = b'r'   #   "     "    "   "   " ;   "    " 4-byte arg
                    buffer += 4;
                    break;
                case 0x95:  // FRAME            = b'\x95'  # indicate the beginning of a new frame
                    buffer += 8;
                    break;
                case 0x94:  // MEMOIZE          = b'\x94'  # store top of the stack in memo
                    break;
                case '(':  // MARK           = b'('   # push special markobject on stack
                    break;
                case 'K':  // BININT1        = b'K'   # push 1-byte unsigned int
                {
                    uint8_t value = *buffer;
                    if (reader.read_int_value(value)) {
                        buffer++;
                    }
                    buffer++;
                } break;
                case 'M':  // BININT2        = b'M'   # push 2-byte unsigned int
                {
                    uint16_t value = read_short(buffer);
                    if (reader.read_int_value(value)) {
                        buffer++;
                    }
                    buffer += 2;
                } break;
                case 'J':  // BININT         = b'J'   # push four-byte signed int
                {
                    const int32_t value = read_int(buffer);
                    if (reader.read_int_value(value)) {
                        buffer++;  // skip tuple after read num_elements
                    }
                    buffer += 4;
                } break;
                case 'X':  // BINUNICODE     = b'X'   #   "     "       "  ; counted UTF-8 string argument
                {
                    const int32_t len = read_int(buffer);
                    buffer += 4;
                    memset(string_buffer, 0, MAX_STRING_BUFFER);
                    if (len > MAX_STRING_BUFFER) {
                        LOG_WARN("tensor name very large");
                    }
                    memcpy(string_buffer, buffer, len < MAX_STRING_BUFFER ? len : (MAX_STRING_BUFFER - 1));
                    buffer += len;
                    reader.read_string(string_buffer, zip, dir);
                } break;
                case 0x8C:  // SHORT_BINUNICODE = b'\x8c'  # push short string; UTF-8 length < 256 bytes
                {
                    const int8_t len = *buffer;
                    buffer++;
                    memset(string_buffer, 0, MAX_STRING_BUFFER);
                    memcpy(string_buffer, buffer, len);
                    buffer += len;
                    // printf("String: '%s'\n", string_buffer);
                } break;
                case 'c':  // GLOBAL         = b'c'   # push self.find_class(modname, name); 2 string args
                {
                    int len = find_char(buffer, MAX_STRING_BUFFER, '\n');

                    buffer += len + 1;
                    len = find_char(buffer, MAX_STRING_BUFFER, '\n');

                    memset(string_buffer, 0, MAX_STRING_BUFFER);
                    memcpy(string_buffer, buffer, len);
                    buffer += len + 1;
                    reader.read_global(string_buffer);
                } break;
                case 0x86:  // TUPLE2         = b'\x86'  # build 2-tuple from two topmost stack items
                case 0x85:  // TUPLE1         = b'\x85'  # build 1-tuple from stack top
                case 't':   // TUPLE          = b't'   # build tuple from topmost stack items
                    if (reader.phase == PickleTensorReader::READ_DIMENS) {
                        reader.tensor_storage.reverse_ne();
                        reader.tensor_storage.file_index = file_index;
                        // if(strcmp(prefix.c_str(), "scarlett") == 0)
                        // printf(" ZIP got tensor %s \n ", reader.tensor_storage.name.c_str());
                        std::string name = reader.tensor_storage.name;
                        if (!starts_with(name, prefix)) {
                            name = prefix + name;
                        }
                        reader.tensor_storage.name = name;
                        add_tensor_storage(reader.tensor_storage);

                        // LOG_DEBUG("%s", reader.tensor_storage.name.c_str());
                        // reset
                        reader = PickleTensorReader();
                    }
                    break;
                case '.':  // STOP           = b'.'   # every pickle ends with STOP
                    finish = true;
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

bool ModelLoader::init_from_ckpt_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix) {
    LOG_DEBUG("init from '%s'", file_path.c_str());
    file_paths_.push_back(file_path);
    size_t file_index = file_paths_.size() - 1;

    struct zip_t* zip = zip_open(file_path.c_str(), 0, 'r');
    if (zip == nullptr) {
        LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s'", file_path.c_str());
        return false;
    }
    int n = (int)zip_entries_total(zip);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        zip_entry_openbyindex(zip, i);
        {
            std::string name = zip_entry_name(zip);
            size_t pos       = name.find("data.pkl");
            if (pos != std::string::npos) {
                std::string dir = name.substr(0, pos);
                printf("ZIP %d, name = %s, dir = %s \n", i, name.c_str(), dir.c_str());
                void* pkl_data = nullptr;
                size_t pkl_size;
                zip_entry_read(zip, &pkl_data, &pkl_size);

                // LOG_DEBUG("%lld", pkl_size);

                parse_data_pkl((uint8_t*)pkl_data, pkl_size, zip, dir, file_index, prefix);

                free(pkl_data);
            }
        }
        zip_entry_close(zip);
    }
    zip_close(zip);
    return true;
}

SDVersion ModelLoader::get_sd_version() {
    TensorStorage token_embedding_weight, input_block_weight;

    bool has_multiple_encoders = false;
    bool is_unet               = false;

    bool is_xl                       = false;
    bool is_flux                     = false;
    bool is_wan                      = false;
    int64_t patch_embedding_channels = 0;
    bool has_img_emb                 = false;
    bool has_middle_block_1          = false;

    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (!(is_xl)) {
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.double_blocks.") != std::string::npos) {
                is_flux = true;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.nerf_final_layer_conv.") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_CHROMA_RADIANCE;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.joint_blocks.") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_SD3;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.transformer_blocks.0.img_mod.1.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_QWEN_IMAGE;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.double_stream_modulation_img.lin.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_FLUX2;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.double_blocks.0.img_mlp.gate_proj.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_OVIS_IMAGE;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.cap_embedder.0.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_Z_IMAGE;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.blocks.0.cross_attn.norm_k.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                is_wan = true;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.patch_embedding.weight") != std::string::npos) {
                patch_embedding_channels = tensor_storage.ne[3];
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.img_emb") != std::string::npos) {
                has_img_emb = true;
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.") != std::string::npos ||
                tensor_storage.name.find("unet.down_blocks.") != std::string::npos) {
                is_unet = true;
                if (has_multiple_encoders) {
                    is_xl = true;
                }
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("conditioner.embedders.1") != std::string::npos ||
                tensor_storage.name.find("cond_stage_model.1") != std::string::npos ||
                tensor_storage.name.find("te.1") != std::string::npos) {
                has_multiple_encoders = true;
                if (is_unet) {
                    is_xl = true;
                }
            }
            if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.8.0.time_mixer.mix_factor") != std::string::npos) {
                return VERSION_SVD;
            }
        }
        if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.middle_block.1.") != std::string::npos ||
            tensor_storage.name.find("unet.mid_block.resnets.1.") != std::string::npos) {
            has_middle_block_1 = true;
        }
        if (tensor_storage.name == "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "cond_stage_model.model.token_embedding.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "text_model.embeddings.token_embedding.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "te.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "conditioner.embedders.0.model.token_embedding.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "conditioner.embedders.0.transformer.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding.weight") {
            token_embedding_weight = tensor_storage;
            // break;
        }
        if (tensor_storage.name == "model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.0.0.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "model.diffusion_model.img_in.weight" ||
            tensor_storage.name == "unet.conv_in.weight") {
            input_block_weight = tensor_storage;
        }
    }
    if (is_wan) {
        LOG_DEBUG("patch_embedding_channels %d", patch_embedding_channels);
        if (patch_embedding_channels == 184320 && !has_img_emb) {
            return VERSION_WAN2_2_I2V;
        }
        if (patch_embedding_channels == 147456 && !has_img_emb) {
            return VERSION_WAN2_2_TI2V;
        }
        return VERSION_WAN2;
    }
    bool is_inpaint = input_block_weight.ne[2] == 9;
    bool is_ip2p    = input_block_weight.ne[2] == 8;
    if (is_xl) {
        if (is_inpaint) {
            return VERSION_SDXL_INPAINT;
        }
        if (is_ip2p) {
            return VERSION_SDXL_PIX2PIX;
        }
        if (!has_middle_block_1) {
            return VERSION_SDXL_SSD1B;
        }
        return VERSION_SDXL;
    }

    if (is_flux) {
        if (input_block_weight.ne[0] == 384) {
            return VERSION_FLUX_FILL;
        }
        if (input_block_weight.ne[0] == 128) {
            return VERSION_FLUX_CONTROLS;
        }
        if (input_block_weight.ne[0] == 196) {
            return VERSION_FLEX_2;
        }
        return VERSION_FLUX;
    }

    if (token_embedding_weight.ne[0] == 768) {
        if (is_inpaint) {
            return VERSION_SD1_INPAINT;
        }
        if (is_ip2p) {
            return VERSION_SD1_PIX2PIX;
        }
        if (!has_middle_block_1) {
            return VERSION_SD1_TINY_UNET;
        }
        return VERSION_SD1;
    } else if (token_embedding_weight.ne[0] == 1024) {
        if (is_inpaint) {
            return VERSION_SD2_INPAINT;
        }
        if (!has_middle_block_1) {
            return VERSION_SD2_TINY_UNET;
        }
        return VERSION_SD2;
    }
    return VERSION_COUNT;
}

std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> ModelLoader::get_wtype_stat() {
    std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> wtype_stat;
    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }

        auto iter = wtype_stat.find(tensor_storage.type);
        if (iter != wtype_stat.end()) {
            iter->second++;
        } else {
            wtype_stat[tensor_storage.type] = 1;
        }
    }
    return wtype_stat;
}

std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> ModelLoader::get_conditioner_wtype_stat() {
    std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> wtype_stat;
    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }

        if ((tensor_storage.name.find("text_encoders") == std::string::npos &&
             tensor_storage.name.find("cond_stage_model") == std::string::npos &&
             tensor_storage.name.find("te.text_model.") == std::string::npos &&
             tensor_storage.name.find("conditioner") == std::string::npos)) {
            continue;
        }

        auto iter = wtype_stat.find(tensor_storage.type);
        if (iter != wtype_stat.end()) {
            iter->second++;
        } else {
            wtype_stat[tensor_storage.type] = 1;
        }
    }
    return wtype_stat;
}

std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> ModelLoader::get_diffusion_model_wtype_stat() {
    std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> wtype_stat;
    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }

        if (tensor_storage.name.find("model.diffusion_model.") == std::string::npos && tensor_storage.name.find("unet.") == std::string::npos) {
            continue;
        }

        auto iter = wtype_stat.find(tensor_storage.type);
        if (iter != wtype_stat.end()) {
            iter->second++;
        } else {
            wtype_stat[tensor_storage.type] = 1;
        }
    }
    return wtype_stat;
}

std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> ModelLoader::get_vae_wtype_stat() {
    std::map<ggml_type, uint32_t> wtype_stat;
    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }

        if (tensor_storage.name.find("vae.") == std::string::npos &&
            tensor_storage.name.find("first_stage_model") == std::string::npos) {
            continue;
        }

        auto iter = wtype_stat.find(tensor_storage.type);
        if (iter != wtype_stat.end()) {
            iter->second++;
        } else {
            wtype_stat[tensor_storage.type] = 1;
        }
    }
    return wtype_stat;
}

static std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ggml_type>> parse_tensor_type_rules(const std::string& tensor_type_rules) {
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ggml_type>> result;
    for (const auto& item : split_string(tensor_type_rules, ',')) {
        if (item.size() == 0)
            continue;
        std::string::size_type pos = item.find('=');
        if (pos == std::string::npos) {
            LOG_WARN("ignoring invalid quant override \"%s\"", item.c_str());
            continue;
        }
        std::string tensor_pattern = item.substr(0, pos);
        std::string type_name      = item.substr(pos + 1);

        ggml_type tensor_type = GGML_TYPE_COUNT;

        if (type_name == "f32") {
            tensor_type = GGML_TYPE_F32;
        } else {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < GGML_TYPE_COUNT; i++) {
                auto trait = ggml_get_type_traits((ggml_type)i);
                if (trait->to_float && trait->type_size && type_name == trait->type_name) {
                    tensor_type = (ggml_type)i;
                }
            }
        }

        if (tensor_type != GGML_TYPE_COUNT) {
            result.emplace_back(tensor_pattern, tensor_type);
        } else {
            LOG_WARN("ignoring invalid quant override \"%s\"", item.c_str());
        }
    }
    return result;
}

void ModelLoader::set_wtype_override(ggml_type wtype, std::string tensor_type_rules) {
    auto map_rules = parse_tensor_type_rules(tensor_type_rules);
    for (auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        ggml_type dst_type = wtype;
        for (const auto& tensor_type_rule : map_rules) {
            std::regex pattern(tensor_type_rule.first);
            if (std::regex_search(name, pattern)) {
                dst_type = tensor_type_rule.second;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (dst_type == GGML_TYPE_COUNT) {
            continue;
        }
        if (!tensor_should_be_converted(tensor_storage, dst_type)) {
            continue;
        }
        tensor_storage.expected_type = dst_type;
    }
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_merges() {
    std::string merges_utf8_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(merges_utf8_c_str), sizeof(merges_utf8_c_str));
    return merges_utf8_str;
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_qwen2_merges() {
    std::string merges_utf8_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(qwen2_merges_utf8_c_str), sizeof(qwen2_merges_utf8_c_str));
    return merges_utf8_str;
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_mistral_merges() {
    std::string merges_utf8_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mistral_merges_utf8_c_str), sizeof(mistral_merges_utf8_c_str));
    return merges_utf8_str;
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_mistral_vocab_json() {
    std::string json_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mistral_vocab_json_utf8_c_str), sizeof(mistral_vocab_json_utf8_c_str));
    return json_str;
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_t5_tokenizer_json() {
    std::string json_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(t5_tokenizer_json_str), sizeof(t5_tokenizer_json_str));
    return json_str;
}

std::string ModelLoader::load_umt5_tokenizer_json() {
    std::string json_str(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(umt5_tokenizer_json_str), sizeof(umt5_tokenizer_json_str));
    return json_str;
}

bool ModelLoader::load_tensors(on_new_tensor_cb_t on_new_tensor_cb, int n_threads_p) {
    int64_t process_time_ms = 0;
    std::atomic<int64_t> read_time_ms(0);
    std::atomic<int64_t> memcpy_time_ms(0);
    std::atomic<int64_t> copy_to_backend_time_ms(0);
    std::atomic<int64_t> convert_time_ms(0);

    int num_threads_to_use = n_threads_p > 0 ? n_threads_p : sd_get_num_physical_cores();
    LOG_DEBUG("using %d threads for model loading", num_threads_to_use);

    int64_t start_time = ggml_time_ms();

    std::vector<TensorStorage> processed_tensor_storages;
    for (const auto& [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }
        processed_tensor_storages.push_back(tensor_storage);
    }

    process_time_ms = ggml_time_ms() - start_time;

    bool success                          = true;
    size_t total_tensors_processed        = 0;
    const size_t total_tensors_to_process = processed_tensor_storages.size();
    const int64_t t_start                 = ggml_time_ms();
    int last_n_threads                    = 1;

    for (size_t file_index = 0; file_index < file_paths_.size(); file_index++) {
        std::string file_path = file_paths_[file_index];
        LOG_DEBUG("loading tensors from %s", file_path.c_str());

        std::vector<const TensorStorage*> file_tensors;
        for (const auto& ts : processed_tensor_storages) {
            if (ts.file_index == file_index) {
                file_tensors.push_back(&ts);
            }
        }
        if (file_tensors.empty()) {
            continue;
        }

        bool is_zip = false;
        for (auto const& ts : file_tensors) {
            if (ts->index_in_zip >= 0) {
                is_zip = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        int n_threads = is_zip ? 1 : std::min(num_threads_to_use, (int)file_tensors.size());
        if (n_threads < 1) {
            n_threads = 1;
        }
        last_n_threads = n_threads;

        std::atomic<size_t> tensor_idx(0);
        std::atomic<bool> failed(false);
        std::vector<std::thread> workers;

        for (int i = 0; i < n_threads; ++i) {
            workers.emplace_back([&, file_path, is_zip]() {
                std::ifstream file;
                struct zip_t* zip = nullptr;
                if (is_zip) {
                    zip = zip_open(file_path.c_str(), 0, 'r');
                    if (zip == nullptr) {
                        LOG_ERROR("failed to open zip '%s'", file_path.c_str());
                        failed = true;
                        return;
                    }
                } else {
                    file.open(file_path, std::ios::binary);
                    if (!file.is_open()) {
                        LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s'", file_path.c_str());
                        failed = true;
                        return;
                    }
                }

                std::vector<uint8_t> read_buffer;
                std::vector<uint8_t> convert_buffer;

                while (true) {
                    int64_t t0, t1;
                    size_t idx = tensor_idx.fetch_add(1);
                    if (idx >= file_tensors.size() || failed) {
                        break;
                    }

                    const TensorStorage& tensor_storage = *file_tensors[idx];
                    ggml_tensor* dst_tensor             = nullptr;

                    t0 = ggml_time_ms();

                    if (!on_new_tensor_cb(tensor_storage, &dst_tensor)) {
                        LOG_WARN("process tensor failed: '%s'", tensor_storage.name.c_str());
                        failed = true;
                        break;
                    }

                    if (dst_tensor == nullptr) {
                        t1 = ggml_time_ms();
                        read_time_ms.fetch_add(t1 - t0);
                        continue;
                    }

                    size_t nbytes_to_read = tensor_storage.nbytes_to_read();

                    auto read_data = [&](char* buf, size_t n) {
                        if (zip != nullptr) {
                            zip_entry_openbyindex(zip, tensor_storage.index_in_zip);
                            size_t entry_size = zip_entry_size(zip);
                            if (entry_size != n) {
                                int64_t t_memcpy_start;
                                read_buffer.resize(entry_size);
                                zip_entry_noallocread(zip, (void*)read_buffer.data(), entry_size);
                                t_memcpy_start = ggml_time_ms();
                                memcpy((void*)buf, (void*)(read_buffer.data() + tensor_storage.offset), n);
                                memcpy_time_ms.fetch_add(ggml_time_ms() - t_memcpy_start);
                            } else {
                                zip_entry_noallocread(zip, (void*)buf, n);
                            }
                            zip_entry_close(zip);
                        } else {
                            file.seekg(tensor_storage.offset);
                            file.read(buf, n);
                            if (!file) {
                                LOG_ERROR("read tensor data failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
                                failed = true;
                            }
                        }
                    };

                    char* read_buf    = nullptr;
                    char* target_buf  = nullptr;
                    char* convert_buf = nullptr;
                    if (dst_tensor->buffer == nullptr || ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst_tensor->buffer)) {
                        if (tensor_storage.type == dst_tensor->type) {
                            GGML_ASSERT(ggml_nbytes(dst_tensor) == tensor_storage.nbytes());
                            if (tensor_storage.is_f64 || tensor_storage.is_i64) {
                                read_buffer.resize(tensor_storage.nbytes_to_read());
                                read_buf = (char*)read_buffer.data();
                            } else {
                                read_buf = (char*)dst_tensor->data;
                            }
                            target_buf = (char*)dst_tensor->data;
                        } else {
                            read_buffer.resize(std::max(tensor_storage.nbytes(), tensor_storage.nbytes_to_read()));
                            read_buf    = (char*)read_buffer.data();
                            target_buf  = read_buf;
                            convert_buf = (char*)dst_tensor->data;
                        }
                    } else {
                        read_buffer.resize(std::max(tensor_storage.nbytes(), tensor_storage.nbytes_to_read()));
                        read_buf   = (char*)read_buffer.data();
                        target_buf = read_buf;

                        if (tensor_storage.type != dst_tensor->type) {
                            convert_buffer.resize(ggml_nbytes(dst_tensor));
                            convert_buf = (char*)convert_buffer.data();
                        }
                    }

                    t0 = ggml_time_ms();
                    read_data(read_buf, nbytes_to_read);
                    t1 = ggml_time_ms();
                    read_time_ms.fetch_add(t1 - t0);

                    t0 = ggml_time_ms();
                    if (tensor_storage.is_f8_e4m3) {
                        f8_e4m3_to_f16_vec((uint8_t*)read_buf, (uint16_t*)target_buf, tensor_storage.nelements());
                    } else if (tensor_storage.is_f8_e5m2) {
                        f8_e5m2_to_f16_vec((uint8_t*)read_buf, (uint16_t*)target_buf, tensor_storage.nelements());
                    } else if (tensor_storage.is_f64) {
                        f64_to_f32_vec((double*)read_buf, (float*)target_buf, tensor_storage.nelements());
                    } else if (tensor_storage.is_i64) {
                        i64_to_i32_vec((int64_t*)read_buf, (int32_t*)target_buf, tensor_storage.nelements());
                    }
                    if (tensor_storage.type != dst_tensor->type) {
                        convert_tensor((void*)target_buf,
                                       tensor_storage.type,
                                       convert_buf,
                                       dst_tensor->type,
                                       (int)tensor_storage.nelements() / (int)tensor_storage.ne[0],
                                       (int)tensor_storage.ne[0]);
                    } else {
                        convert_buf = read_buf;
                    }
                    t1 = ggml_time_ms();
                    convert_time_ms.fetch_add(t1 - t0);

                    if (dst_tensor->buffer != nullptr && !ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst_tensor->buffer)) {
                        t0 = ggml_time_ms();
                        ggml_backend_tensor_set(dst_tensor, convert_buf, 0, ggml_nbytes(dst_tensor));
                        t1 = ggml_time_ms();
                        copy_to_backend_time_ms.fetch_add(t1 - t0);
                    }
                }
                if (zip != nullptr) {
                    zip_close(zip);
                }
            });
        }

        while (true) {
            size_t current_idx = tensor_idx.load();
            if (current_idx >= file_tensors.size() || failed) {
                break;
            }
            size_t curr_num = total_tensors_processed + current_idx;
            pretty_progress(curr_num, total_tensors_to_process, (ggml_time_ms() - t_start) / 1000.0f / (curr_num + 1e-6f));
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));
        }

        for (auto& w : workers) {
            w.join();
        }

        if (failed) {
            success = false;
            break;
        }
        total_tensors_processed += file_tensors.size();
        pretty_progress(total_tensors_processed, total_tensors_to_process, (ggml_time_ms() - t_start) / 1000.0f / (total_tensors_processed + 1e-6f));
        if (total_tensors_processed < total_tensors_to_process) {
            printf("\n");
        }
    }

    int64_t end_time = ggml_time_ms();
    LOG_INFO("loading tensors completed, taking %.2fs (process: %.2fs, read: %.2fs, memcpy: %.2fs, convert: %.2fs, copy_to_backend: %.2fs)",
             (end_time - start_time) / 1000.f,
             process_time_ms / 1000.f,
             (read_time_ms.load() / (float)last_n_threads) / 1000.f,
             (memcpy_time_ms.load() / (float)last_n_threads) / 1000.f,
             (convert_time_ms.load() / (float)last_n_threads) / 1000.f,
             (copy_to_backend_time_ms.load() / (float)last_n_threads) / 1000.f);
    return success;
}

bool ModelLoader::load_tensors(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors,
                               std::set<std::string> ignore_tensors,
                               int n_threads) {
    std::set<std::string> tensor_names_in_file;
    std::mutex tensor_names_mutex;
    auto on_new_tensor_cb = [&](const TensorStorage& tensor_storage, ggml_tensor** dst_tensor) -> bool {
        const std::string& name = tensor_storage.name;
        // LOG_DEBUG("%s", tensor_storage.to_string().c_str());
        {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(tensor_names_mutex);
            tensor_names_in_file.insert(name);
        }

        struct ggml_tensor* real;
        if (tensors.find(name) != tensors.end()) {
            real = tensors[name];
        } else {
            for (auto& ignore_tensor : ignore_tensors) {
                if (starts_with(name, ignore_tensor)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            LOG_INFO("unknown tensor '%s' in model file", tensor_storage.to_string().c_str());
            return true;
        }

        if (
            real->ne[0] != tensor_storage.ne[0] ||
            real->ne[1] != tensor_storage.ne[1] ||
            real->ne[2] != tensor_storage.ne[2] ||
            real->ne[3] != tensor_storage.ne[3]) {
            LOG_ERROR(
                "tensor '%s' has wrong shape in model file: "
                "got [%d, %d, %d, %d], expected [%d, %d, %d, %d]",
                name.c_str(),
                (int)tensor_storage.ne[0], (int)tensor_storage.ne[1], (int)tensor_storage.ne[2], (int)tensor_storage.ne[3],
                (int)real->ne[0], (int)real->ne[1], (int)real->ne[2], (int)real->ne[3]);
            return false;
        }

        *dst_tensor = real;

        return true;
    };

    bool success = load_tensors(on_new_tensor_cb, n_threads);
    if (!success) {
        LOG_ERROR("load tensors from file failed");
        return false;
    }

    bool some_tensor_not_init = false;

    for (auto pair : tensors) {
        if (pair.first.find("cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.encoder.layers.23") != std::string::npos) {
            continue;
        }

        if (pair.first.find("alphas_cumprod") != std::string::npos) {
            continue;
        }

        if (tensor_names_in_file.find(pair.first) == tensor_names_in_file.end()) {
            LOG_ERROR("tensor '%s' not in model file", pair.first.c_str());
            some_tensor_not_init = true;
        }
    }

    if (some_tensor_not_init) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool ModelLoader::tensor_should_be_converted(const TensorStorage& tensor_storage, ggml_type type) {
    const std::string& name = tensor_storage.name;
    if (type != GGML_TYPE_COUNT) {
        if (ggml_is_quantized(type) && tensor_storage.ne[0] % ggml_blck_size(type) != 0) {
            // Pass, do not convert
        } else if (ends_with(name, ".bias")) {
            // Pass, do not convert
        } else if (ends_with(name, ".scale")) {
            // Pass, do not convert
        } else if (contains(name, "img_in.") ||
                   contains(name, "txt_in.") ||
                   contains(name, "time_in.") ||
                   contains(name, "vector_in.") ||
                   contains(name, "guidance_in.") ||
                   contains(name, "final_layer.")) {
            // Pass, do not convert. For FLUX
        } else if (contains(name, "x_embedder.") ||
                   contains(name, "t_embedder.") ||
                   contains(name, "y_embedder.") ||
                   contains(name, "pos_embed") ||
                   contains(name, "context_embedder.")) {
            // Pass, do not convert. For MMDiT
        } else if (contains(name, "time_embed.") || contains(name, "label_emb.")) {
            // Pass, do not convert. For Unet
        } else if (contains(name, "embedding")) {
            // Pass, do not convert embedding
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

bool ModelLoader::save_to_gguf_file(const std::string& file_path, ggml_type type, const std::string& tensor_type_rules_str) {
    auto backend    = ggml_backend_cpu_init();
    size_t mem_size = 1 * 1024 * 1024;  // for padding
    mem_size += tensor_storage_map.size() * ggml_tensor_overhead();
    mem_size += get_params_mem_size(backend, type);
    LOG_INFO("model tensors mem size: %.2fMB", mem_size / 1024.f / 1024.f);
    ggml_context* ggml_ctx = ggml_init({mem_size, nullptr, false});

    gguf_context* gguf_ctx = gguf_init_empty();

    auto tensor_type_rules = parse_tensor_type_rules(tensor_type_rules_str);

    std::mutex tensor_mutex;
    auto on_new_tensor_cb = [&](const TensorStorage& tensor_storage, ggml_tensor** dst_tensor) -> bool {
        const std::string& name = tensor_storage.name;
        ggml_type tensor_type   = tensor_storage.type;
        ggml_type dst_type      = type;

        for (const auto& tensor_type_rule : tensor_type_rules) {
            std::regex pattern(tensor_type_rule.first);
            if (std::regex_search(name, pattern)) {
                dst_type = tensor_type_rule.second;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (tensor_should_be_converted(tensor_storage, dst_type)) {
            tensor_type = dst_type;
        }

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(tensor_mutex);
        ggml_tensor* tensor = ggml_new_tensor(ggml_ctx, tensor_type, tensor_storage.n_dims, tensor_storage.ne);
        if (tensor == nullptr) {
            LOG_ERROR("ggml_new_tensor failed");
            return false;
        }
        ggml_set_name(tensor, name.c_str());

        // LOG_DEBUG("%s %d %s %d[%d %d %d %d] %d[%d %d %d %d]", name.c_str(),
        // ggml_nbytes(tensor), ggml_type_name(tensor_type),
        // tensor_storage.n_dims,
        // tensor_storage.ne[0], tensor_storage.ne[1], tensor_storage.ne[2], tensor_storage.ne[3],
        // tensor->n_dims, tensor->ne[0], tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[2], tensor->ne[3]);

        *dst_tensor = tensor;

        gguf_add_tensor(gguf_ctx, tensor);

        return true;
    };

    bool success = load_tensors(on_new_tensor_cb);
    ggml_backend_free(backend);
    LOG_INFO("load tensors done");
    LOG_INFO("trying to save tensors to %s", file_path.c_str());
    if (success) {
        gguf_write_to_file(gguf_ctx, file_path.c_str(), false);
    }
    ggml_free(ggml_ctx);
    gguf_free(gguf_ctx);
    return success;
}

int64_t ModelLoader::get_params_mem_size(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_type type) {
    size_t alignment = 128;
    if (backend != nullptr) {
        alignment = ggml_backend_get_alignment(backend);
    }
    int64_t mem_size = 0;
    std::vector<TensorStorage> processed_tensor_storages;
    for (auto [name, tensor_storage] : tensor_storage_map) {
        if (is_unused_tensor(tensor_storage.name)) {
            continue;
        }
        if (tensor_should_be_converted(tensor_storage, type)) {
            tensor_storage.type = type;
        }
        mem_size += tensor_storage.nbytes() + alignment;
    }

    return mem_size;
}

bool convert(const char* input_path, const char* vae_path, const char* output_path, sd_type_t output_type, const char* tensor_type_rules) {
    ModelLoader model_loader;

    if (!model_loader.init_from_file(input_path)) {
        LOG_ERROR("init model loader from file failed: '%s'", input_path);
        return false;
    }

    if (vae_path != nullptr && strlen(vae_path) > 0) {
        if (!model_loader.init_from_file(vae_path, "vae.")) {
            LOG_ERROR("init model loader from file failed: '%s'", vae_path);
            return false;
        }
    }
    model_loader.convert_tensors_name();
    bool success = model_loader.save_to_gguf_file(output_path, (ggml_type)output_type, tensor_type_rules);
    return success;
}