compile.c

/**********************************************************************

  compile.c - ruby node tree -> VM instruction sequence

  $Author$
  created at: 04/01/01 03:42:15 JST

  Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Koichi Sasada

**********************************************************************/

#include "ruby/encoding.h"
#include "ruby/re.h"
#include "ruby/util.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "encindex.h"
#include <math.h>

#include "vm_core.h"
#include "vm_debug.h"
#include "iseq.h"
#include "insns.inc"
#include "insns_info.inc"
#include "id_table.h"
#include "gc.h"

#ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
# include <dlfcn.h>
#endif

#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0

#define FIXNUM_INC(n, i) ((n)+(INT2FIX(i)&~FIXNUM_FLAG))
#define FIXNUM_OR(n, i) ((n)|INT2FIX(i))

typedef struct iseq_link_element {
    enum {
	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,
	ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL,
	ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN,
	ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST,
	ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE
    } type;
    struct iseq_link_element *next;
    struct iseq_link_element *prev;
} LINK_ELEMENT;

typedef struct iseq_link_anchor {
    LINK_ELEMENT anchor;
    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
} LINK_ANCHOR;

typedef enum {
    LABEL_RESCUE_NONE,
    LABEL_RESCUE_BEG,
    LABEL_RESCUE_END,
    LABEL_RESCUE_TYPE_MAX
} LABEL_RESCUE_TYPE;

typedef struct iseq_label_data {
    LINK_ELEMENT link;
    int label_no;
    int position;
    int sc_state;
    int sp;
    int refcnt;
    unsigned int set: 1;
    unsigned int rescued: 2;
    unsigned int unremovable: 1;
} LABEL;

typedef struct iseq_insn_data {
    LINK_ELEMENT link;
    enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id;
    int operand_size;
    int sc_state;
    VALUE *operands;
    struct {
	int line_no;
	rb_event_flag_t events;
    } insn_info;
} INSN;

typedef struct iseq_adjust_data {
    LINK_ELEMENT link;
    LABEL *label;
    int line_no;
} ADJUST;

typedef struct iseq_trace_data {
    LINK_ELEMENT link;
    rb_event_flag_t event;
    long data;
} TRACE;

struct ensure_range {
    LABEL *begin;
    LABEL *end;
    struct ensure_range *next;
};

struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack {
    const NODE *ensure_node;
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev;
    struct ensure_range *erange;
};

const ID rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl[] = {idERROR_INFO};

/**
 * debug function(macro) interface depend on CPDEBUG
 * if it is less than 0, runtime option is in effect.
 *
 * debug level:
 *  0: no debug output
 *  1: show node type
 *  2: show node important parameters
 *  ...
 *  5: show other parameters
 * 10: show every AST array
 */

#ifndef CPDEBUG
#define CPDEBUG 0
#endif

#if CPDEBUG >= 0
#define compile_debug CPDEBUG
#else
#define compile_debug ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_level
#endif

#if CPDEBUG

#define compile_debug_print_indent(level) \
    ruby_debug_print_indent((level), compile_debug, gl_node_level * 2)

#define debugp(header, value) (void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
   ruby_debug_print_value(1, compile_debug, (header), (value)))

#define debugi(header, id)  (void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
   ruby_debug_print_id(1, compile_debug, (header), (id)))

#define debugp_param(header, value)  (void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
   ruby_debug_print_value(1, compile_debug, (header), (value)))

#define debugp_verbose(header, value)  (void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(2) && \
   ruby_debug_print_value(2, compile_debug, (header), (value)))

#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value)  (void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(10) && \
   ruby_debug_print_value(10, compile_debug, (header), (value)))

#define debug_node_start(node)  ((void) \
  (compile_debug_print_indent(1) && \
   (ruby_debug_print_node(1, CPDEBUG, "", (const NODE *)(node)), gl_node_level)), \
   gl_node_level++)

#define debug_node_end()  gl_node_level --

#else

#define debugi(header, id)                 ((void)0)
#define debugp(header, value)              ((void)0)
#define debugp_verbose(header, value)      ((void)0)
#define debugp_verbose_node(header, value) ((void)0)
#define debugp_param(header, value)        ((void)0)
#define debug_node_start(node)             ((void)0)
#define debug_node_end()                   ((void)0)
#endif

#if CPDEBUG > 1 || CPDEBUG < 0
#define printf ruby_debug_printf
#define debugs if (compile_debug_print_indent(1)) ruby_debug_printf
#define debug_compile(msg, v) ((void)(compile_debug_print_indent(1) && fputs((msg), stderr)), (v))
#else
#define debugs                             if(0)printf
#define debug_compile(msg, v) (v)
#endif

#define LVAR_ERRINFO (1)

/* create new label */
#define NEW_LABEL(l) new_label_body(iseq, (l))
#define LABEL_FORMAT "<L%03d>"

#define NEW_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
  new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), 0, (type), (line_no))

#define NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
  new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), iseq, (type), (line_no))

/* add instructions */
#define ADD_SEQ(seq1, seq2) \
  APPEND_LIST((seq1), (seq2))

/* add an instruction */
#define ADD_INSN(seq, line, insn) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))

/* insert an instruction before next */
#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(next, line, insn) \
  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))

/* insert an instruction after prev */
#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN(prev, line, insn) \
  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 0))

/* add an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) */
#define ADD_INSN1(seq, line, insn, op1) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))

/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) before next */
#define INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(next, line, insn, op1) \
  ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&(next)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))

/* insert an instruction with some operands (1, 2, 3, 5) after prev */
#define INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(prev, line, insn, op1) \
  ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&(prev)->link, (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))

#define LABEL_REF(label) ((label)->refcnt++)

/* add an instruction with label operand (alias of ADD_INSN1) */
#define ADD_INSNL(seq, line, insn, label) (ADD_INSN1(seq, line, insn, label), LABEL_REF(label))

#define ADD_INSN2(seq, line, insn, op1, op2) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 2, (VALUE)(op1), (VALUE)(op2)))

#define ADD_INSN3(seq, line, insn, op1, op2, op3) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) \
           new_insn_body(iseq, (line), BIN(insn), 3, (VALUE)(op1), (VALUE)(op2), (VALUE)(op3)))

/* Specific Insn factory */
#define ADD_SEND(seq, line, id, argc) \
  ADD_SEND_R((seq), (line), (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)INT2FIX(0), NULL)

#define ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(seq, line, id, argc, flag) \
  ADD_SEND_R((seq), (line), (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)(flag), NULL)

#define ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(seq, line, id, argc, block) \
  ADD_SEND_R((seq), (line), (id), (argc), (block), (VALUE)INT2FIX(0), NULL)

#define ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(seq, line) \
  ADD_INSN((seq), (line), putself)

#define ADD_CALL(seq, line, id, argc) \
  ADD_SEND_R((seq), (line), (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL), NULL)

#define ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(seq, line, id, argc, block) \
  ADD_SEND_R((seq), (line), (id), (argc), (block), (VALUE)INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL), NULL)

#define ADD_SEND_R(seq, line, id, argc, block, flag, keywords) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_send(iseq, (line), (id), (VALUE)(argc), (block), (VALUE)(flag), (keywords)))

#define ADD_TRACE(seq, event) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), 0))
#define ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, event, data) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *)new_trace_body(iseq, (event), (data)))


#define DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, first_line, first_column, last_line, last_column, type) \
  do { \
      if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
	  ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
	  (first_line) > 0) { \
	  VALUE structure = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 0); \
	  branches = rb_ary_tmp_new(0); \
	  rb_ary_push(structure, branches); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type))); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(first_line)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(first_column)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(last_line)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(last_column)); \
      } \
  } while (0)
#define ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(seq, first_line, first_column, last_line, last_column, type, branches) \
  do { \
      if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
	  ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && \
	  (first_line) > 0) { \
	  VALUE counters = RARRAY_AREF(ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq), 1); \
	  long counter_idx = RARRAY_LEN(counters); \
	  rb_ary_push(counters, INT2FIX(0)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, ID2SYM(rb_intern(type))); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(first_line)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(first_column)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(last_line)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(last_column)); \
	  rb_ary_push(branches, INT2FIX(counter_idx)); \
          ADD_TRACE_WITH_DATA(seq, RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH, counter_idx); \
          ADD_INSN(seq, last_line, nop); \
      } \
  } while (0)

static void iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);
static void iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level);

#define ADD_GETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_getlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))
#define ADD_SETLOCAL(seq, line, idx, level) iseq_add_setlocal(iseq, (seq), (line), (idx), (level))

/* add label */
#define ADD_LABEL(seq, label) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) (label))

#define APPEND_LABEL(seq, before, label) \
  APPEND_ELEM((seq), (before), (LINK_ELEMENT *) (label))

#define ADD_ADJUST(seq, line, label) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), (line)))

#define ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(seq, label) \
  ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), -1))

#define LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label) \
    ((label) ? (LABEL_REF(label), (label)->unremovable=1) : 0)
#define ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, ls, le, iseqv, lc) do {				\
    VALUE _e = rb_ary_new3(5, (type),						\
			   (VALUE)(ls) | 1, (VALUE)(le) | 1,			\
			   (VALUE)(iseqv), (VALUE)(lc) | 1);			\
    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(ls);							\
    LABEL_REF(le);								\
    LABEL_REF(lc);								\
    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) \
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, rb_ary_tmp_new(3)); \
    rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, freeze_hide_obj(_e));	\
} while (0)

/* compile node */
#define COMPILE(anchor, desc, node) \
  (debug_compile("== " desc "\n", \
                 iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), 0)))

/* compile node, this node's value will be popped */
#define COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, desc, node)    \
  (debug_compile("== " desc "\n", \
                 iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), 1)))

/* compile node, which is popped when 'popped' is true */
#define COMPILE_(anchor, desc, node, popped)  \
  (debug_compile("== " desc "\n", \
                 iseq_compile_each(iseq, (anchor), (node), (popped))))

#define COMPILE_RECV(anchor, desc, node) \
    (private_recv_p(node) ? \
     (ADD_INSN(anchor, nd_line(node), putself), VM_CALL_FCALL) : \
     (COMPILE(anchor, desc, node->nd_recv), 0))

#define OPERAND_AT(insn, idx) \
  (((INSN*)(insn))->operands[(idx)])

#define INSN_OF(insn) \
  (((INSN*)(insn))->insn_id)

#define IS_INSN(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN)
#define IS_LABEL(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL)
#define IS_ADJUST(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST)
#define IS_TRACE(link) ((link)->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE)
#define IS_INSN_ID(iobj, insn) (INSN_OF(iobj) == BIN(insn))
#define IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(link, insn) \
    ((link)->next && IS_INSN((link)->next) && IS_INSN_ID((link)->next, insn))

/* error */
#if CPDEBUG > 0
NORETURN(static void append_compile_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...));
#endif

static void
append_compile_error(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    VALUE err_info = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info;
    VALUE file = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
    VALUE err = err_info == Qtrue ? Qfalse : err_info;
    va_list args;

    va_start(args, fmt);
    err = rb_syntax_error_append(err, file, line, -1, NULL, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    if (NIL_P(err_info)) {
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, err);
	rb_set_errinfo(err);
    }
    else if (!err_info) {
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info, Qtrue);
    }
    if (compile_debug) rb_exc_fatal(err);
}

#if 0
static void
compile_bug(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    rb_report_bug_valist(rb_iseq_path(iseq), line, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    abort();
}
#endif

#define COMPILE_ERROR append_compile_error

#define ERROR_ARGS_AT(n) iseq, nd_line(n),
#define ERROR_ARGS ERROR_ARGS_AT(node)

#define EXPECT_NODE(prefix, node, ndtype, errval) \
do { \
    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
    enum node_type error_type = nd_type(error_node); \
    if (error_type != (ndtype)) { \
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) \
		      prefix ": " #ndtype " is expected, but %s", \
		      ruby_node_name(error_type)); \
	return errval; \
    } \
} while (0)

#define EXPECT_NODE_NONULL(prefix, parent, ndtype, errval) \
do { \
    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(parent) \
		  prefix ": must be " #ndtype ", but 0"); \
    return errval; \
} while (0)

#define UNKNOWN_NODE(prefix, node, errval) \
do { \
    const NODE *error_node = (node); \
    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(error_node) prefix ": unknown node (%s)", \
		  ruby_node_name(nd_type(error_node))); \
    return errval; \
} while (0)

#define COMPILE_OK 1
#define COMPILE_NG 0

#define CHECK(sub) if (!(sub)) {BEFORE_RETURN;return COMPILE_NG;}
#define BEFORE_RETURN

/* leave name uninitialized so that compiler warn if INIT_ANCHOR is
 * missing */
#define DECL_ANCHOR(name) \
    LINK_ANCHOR name[1] = {{{ISEQ_ELEMENT_ANCHOR,},}}
#define INIT_ANCHOR(name) \
    (name->last = &name->anchor)

static inline VALUE
freeze_hide_obj(VALUE obj)
{
    OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(obj);
    return obj;
}

#include "optinsn.inc"
#if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
#include "optunifs.inc"
#endif

/* for debug */
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define ISEQ_ARG iseq,
#define ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE rb_iseq_t *iseq,
#else
#define ISEQ_ARG
#define ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE
#endif

#if CPDEBUG
#define gl_node_level ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->node_level
#endif

static void dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest);
static void dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *elem);

static int insn_data_length(INSN *iobj);
static int calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *iobj);

static INSN *new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int argc, ...);
static LABEL *new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line);
static ADJUST *new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line);
static TRACE *new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data);


static int iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *anchor, const NODE *n, int);
static int iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
static int iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
static int iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
static int iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);

static int iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl);
static int iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
static int iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, const NODE *const node);

static int iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
static int iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor);
static int iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);
static int iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq);

static int compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr);

/*
 * To make Array to LinkedList, use link_anchor
 */

static void
verify_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE const char *info, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
#if CPDEBUG
    int flag = 0;
    LINK_ELEMENT *list, *plist;

    if (!compile_debug) return;

    list = anchor->anchor.next;
    plist = &anchor->anchor;
    while (list) {
	if (plist != list->prev) {
	    flag += 1;
	}
	plist = list;
	list = list->next;
    }

    if (anchor->last != plist && anchor->last != 0) {
	flag |= 0x70000;
    }

    if (flag != 0) {
	rb_bug("list verify error: %08x (%s)", flag, info);
    }
#endif
}
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define verify_list(info, anchor) verify_list(iseq, (info), (anchor))
#endif

/*
 * elem1, elem2 => elem1, elem2, elem
 */
static void
ADD_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
{
    elem->prev = anchor->last;
    anchor->last->next = elem;
    anchor->last = elem;
    verify_list("add", anchor);
}

/*
 * elem1, before, elem2 => elem1, before, elem, elem2
 */
static void
APPEND_ELEM(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor, LINK_ELEMENT *before, LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
{
    elem->prev = before;
    elem->next = before->next;
    elem->next->prev = elem;
    before->next = elem;
    if (before == anchor->last) anchor->last = elem;
    verify_list("add", anchor);
}
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define ADD_ELEM(anchor, elem) ADD_ELEM(iseq, (anchor), (elem))
#define APPEND_ELEM(anchor, before, elem) APPEND_ELEM(iseq, (anchor), (before), (elem))
#endif

#define ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq) (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line)

static int
iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE v)
{
    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
	rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->mark_ary, v);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static inline VALUE
freeze_literal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE lit)
{
    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
    rb_ary_push(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->mark_ary, lit);
    return lit;
}

static int
validate_label(st_data_t name, st_data_t label, st_data_t arg)
{
    rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)arg;
    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)label;
    if (!lobj->link.next) {
	do {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, lobj->position,
			  "%"PRIsVALUE": undefined label",
			  rb_sym2str((VALUE)name));
	} while (0);
    }
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static void
validate_labels(rb_iseq_t *iseq, st_table *labels_table)
{
    st_foreach(labels_table, validate_label, (st_data_t)iseq);
    st_free_table(labels_table);
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_compile_ifunc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc)
{
    DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
    INIT_ANCHOR(ret);

    (*ifunc->func)(iseq, ret, ifunc->data);

    ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);

    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
    return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
{
    DECL_ANCHOR(ret);
    INIT_ANCHOR(ret);

    if (imemo_type_p((VALUE)node, imemo_ifunc)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected imemo_ifunc");
    }

    if (node == 0) {
	COMPILE(ret, "nil", node);
	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
    }
    /* assume node is T_NODE */
    else if (nd_type(node) == NODE_SCOPE) {
	/* iseq type of top, method, class, block */
	iseq_set_local_table(iseq, node->nd_tbl);
	iseq_set_arguments(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);

	switch (iseq->body->type) {
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK:
	    {
		LABEL *start = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
		LABEL *end = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(0);

		start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
		end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;

		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
		ADD_INSN (ret, FIX2INT(iseq->body->location.first_lineno), nop);
		ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
		ADD_LABEL(ret, end);
		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = iseq->body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;

		/* wide range catch handler must put at last */
		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
		ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
	    {
		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD:
	    {
		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
		ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
		ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = nd_line(node);
		break;
	    }
	  default: {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "scoped node", node->nd_body));
	    break;
	  }
	}
    }
    else {
	const char *m;
#define INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(type) \
	ISEQ_TYPE_##type: m = #type; goto invalid_iseq_type
	switch (iseq->body->type) {
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(METHOD);
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(CLASS);
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(BLOCK);
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(EVAL);
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(MAIN);
	  case INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE(TOP);
#undef INVALID_ISEQ_TYPE /* invalid iseq types end */
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue", node));
	    break;
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
	    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
	    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "ensure", node));
	    break;
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN:
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "ensure", node));
	    break;
	  default:
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown scope: %d", iseq->body->type);
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	  invalid_iseq_type:
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "compile/ISEQ_TYPE_%s should not be reached", m);
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	}
    }

    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
	ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, 0, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, 0, throw, INT2FIX(0) /* continue throw */ );
    }
    else {
	ADD_INSN(ret, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, leave);
    }

#if SUPPORT_JOKE
    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table) {
	st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = 0;
	validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
    }
#endif
    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
    return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
}

int
rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
    const void * const *table = rb_vm_get_insns_address_table();
    unsigned int i;
    VALUE *encoded = (VALUE *)iseq->body->iseq_encoded;

    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->iseq_size; /* */ ) {
	int insn = (int)iseq->body->iseq_encoded[i];
	int len = insn_len(insn);
	encoded[i] = (VALUE)table[insn];
	i += len;
    }
    FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED);
#endif
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

VALUE *
rb_iseq_original_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) /* cold path */
{
    VALUE *original_code;

    if (ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq)) return ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ(iseq);
    original_code = ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_ALLOC(iseq, iseq->body->iseq_size);
    MEMCPY(original_code, iseq->body->iseq_encoded, VALUE, iseq->body->iseq_size);

#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
    {
	unsigned int i;

	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->iseq_size; /* */ ) {
	    const void *addr = (const void *)original_code[i];
	    const int insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(addr);

	    original_code[i] = insn;
	    i += insn_len(insn);
	}
    }
#endif
    return original_code;
}

/*********************************************/
/* definition of data structure for compiler */
/*********************************************/

/*
 * On 32-bit SPARC, GCC by default generates SPARC V7 code that may require
 * 8-byte word alignment. On the other hand, Oracle Solaris Studio seems to
 * generate SPARCV8PLUS code with unaligned memory access instructions.
 * That is why the STRICT_ALIGNMENT is defined only with GCC.
 */
#if defined(__sparc) && SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4 && defined(__GNUC__)
  #define STRICT_ALIGNMENT
#endif

#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
  #if defined(HAVE_TRUE_LONG_LONG) && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG > SIZEOF_VALUE
    #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
  #else
    #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE SIZEOF_VALUE
  #endif
  #define PADDING_SIZE_MAX    ((size_t)((ALIGNMENT_SIZE) - 1))
  #define ALIGNMENT_SIZE_MASK PADDING_SIZE_MAX
  /* Note: ALIGNMENT_SIZE == (2 ** N) is expected. */
#else
  #define PADDING_SIZE_MAX 0
#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */

#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
/* calculate padding size for aligned memory access */
static size_t
calc_padding(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
    size_t mis;
    size_t padding = 0;

    mis = (size_t)ptr & ALIGNMENT_SIZE_MASK;
    if (mis > 0) {
        padding = ALIGNMENT_SIZE - mis;
    }
/*
 * On 32-bit sparc or equivalents, when a single VALUE is requested
 * and padding == sizeof(VALUE), it is clear that no padding is needed.
 */
#if ALIGNMENT_SIZE > SIZEOF_VALUE
    if (size == sizeof(VALUE) && padding == sizeof(VALUE)) {
        padding = 0;
    }
#endif

    return padding;
}
#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */

static void *
compile_data_alloc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t size)
{
    void *ptr = 0;
    struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage =
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current;
#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
    size_t padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
#else
    const size_t padding = 0; /* expected to be optimized by compiler */
#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */

    if (size >= INT_MAX - padding) rb_memerror();
    if (storage->pos + size + padding > storage->size) {
	unsigned int alloc_size = storage->size;

	while (alloc_size < size + PADDING_SIZE_MAX) {
	    if (alloc_size >= INT_MAX / 2) rb_memerror();
	    alloc_size *= 2;
	}
	storage->next = (void *)ALLOC_N(char, alloc_size +
					offsetof(struct iseq_compile_data_storage, buff));
	storage = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->storage_current = storage->next;
	storage->next = 0;
	storage->pos = 0;
	storage->size = alloc_size;
#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
        padding = calc_padding((void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos], size);
#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */
    }

#ifdef STRICT_ALIGNMENT
    storage->pos += (int)padding;
#endif /* STRICT_ALIGNMENT */

    ptr = (void *)&storage->buff[storage->pos];
    storage->pos += (int)size;
    return ptr;
}

static INSN *
compile_data_alloc_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    return (INSN *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(INSN));
}

static LABEL *
compile_data_alloc_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    return (LABEL *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(LABEL));
}

static ADJUST *
compile_data_alloc_adjust(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    return (ADJUST *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(ADJUST));
}

static TRACE *
compile_data_alloc_trace(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    return (TRACE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(TRACE));
}

/*
 * elem1, elemX => elem1, elem2, elemX
 */
static void
ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
{
    elem2->next = elem1->next;
    elem2->prev = elem1;
    elem1->next = elem2;
    if (elem2->next) {
	elem2->next->prev = elem2;
    }
}

/*
 * elem1, elemX => elemX, elem2, elem1
 */
static void
ELEM_INSERT_PREV(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
{
    elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
    elem2->next = elem1;
    elem1->prev = elem2;
    if (elem2->prev) {
	elem2->prev->next = elem2;
    }
}

/*
 * elemX, elem1, elemY => elemX, elem2, elemY
 */
static void
ELEM_REPLACE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem1, LINK_ELEMENT *elem2)
{
    elem2->prev = elem1->prev;
    elem2->next = elem1->next;
    if (elem1->prev) {
	elem1->prev->next = elem2;
    }
    if (elem1->next) {
	elem1->next->prev = elem2;
    }
}

static void
ELEM_REMOVE(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
{
    elem->prev->next = elem->next;
    if (elem->next) {
	elem->next->prev = elem->prev;
    }
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
FIRST_ELEMENT(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    return anchor->anchor.next;
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
LAST_ELEMENT(LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    return anchor->last;
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
POP_ELEMENT(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *elem = anchor->last;
    anchor->last = anchor->last->prev;
    anchor->last->next = 0;
    verify_list("pop", anchor);
    return elem;
}
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define POP_ELEMENT(anchor) POP_ELEMENT(iseq, (anchor))
#endif

static LINK_ELEMENT *
ELEM_FIRST_INSN(LINK_ELEMENT *elem)
{
    while (elem) {
	switch (elem->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    return elem;
	  default:
	    elem = elem->next;
	}
    }
    return NULL;
}

static int
LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *first_insn = ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
    if (first_insn != NULL &&
	ELEM_FIRST_INSN(first_insn->next) == NULL) {
	return TRUE;
    }
    else {
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static int
LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(const LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    if (ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor)) == NULL) {
	return TRUE;
    }
    else {
	return FALSE;
    }
}

/*
 * anc1: e1, e2, e3
 * anc2: e4, e5
 *#=>
 * anc1: e1, e2, e3, e4, e5
 * anc2: e4, e5 (broken)
 */
static void
APPEND_LIST(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anc1, LINK_ANCHOR *const anc2)
{
    if (anc2->anchor.next) {
	anc1->last->next = anc2->anchor.next;
	anc2->anchor.next->prev = anc1->last;
	anc1->last = anc2->last;
    }
    verify_list("append", anc1);
}
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define APPEND_LIST(anc1, anc2) APPEND_LIST(iseq, (anc1), (anc2))
#endif

#if CPDEBUG && 0
static void
debug_list(ISEQ_ARG_DECLARE LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
    printf("----\n");
    printf("anch: %p, frst: %p, last: %p\n", &anchor->anchor,
	   anchor->anchor.next, anchor->last);
    while (list) {
	printf("curr: %p, next: %p, prev: %p, type: %d\n", list, list->next,
	       list->prev, FIX2INT(list->type));
	list = list->next;
    }
    printf("----\n");

    dump_disasm_list(anchor->anchor.next);
    verify_list("debug list", anchor);
}
#if CPDEBUG < 0
#define debug_list(anc) debug_list(iseq, (anc))
#endif
#else
#define debug_list(anc) ((void)0)
#endif

static TRACE *
new_trace_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, rb_event_flag_t event, long data)
{
    TRACE *trace = compile_data_alloc_trace(iseq);

    trace->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE;
    trace->link.next = NULL;
    trace->event = event;
    trace->data = data;

    return trace;
}

static LABEL *
new_label_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, long line)
{
    LABEL *labelobj = compile_data_alloc_label(iseq);

    labelobj->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL;
    labelobj->link.next = 0;

    labelobj->label_no = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->label_no++;
    labelobj->sc_state = 0;
    labelobj->sp = -1;
    labelobj->refcnt = 0;
    labelobj->set = 0;
    labelobj->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_NONE;
    labelobj->unremovable = 0;
    return labelobj;
}

static ADJUST *
new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line)
{
    ADJUST *adjust = compile_data_alloc_adjust(iseq);
    adjust->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST;
    adjust->link.next = 0;
    adjust->label = label;
    adjust->line_no = line;
    LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(label);
    return adjust;
}

static INSN *
new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no,
	      int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
{
    INSN *iobj = compile_data_alloc_insn(iseq);

    /* printf("insn_id: %d, line: %d\n", insn_id, line_no); */

    iobj->link.type = ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN;
    iobj->link.next = 0;
    iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
    iobj->insn_info.line_no = line_no;
    iobj->insn_info.events = 0;
    iobj->operands = argv;
    iobj->operand_size = argc;
    iobj->sc_state = 0;
    return iobj;
}

static INSN *
new_insn_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, enum ruby_vminsn_type insn_id, int argc, ...)
{
    VALUE *operands = 0;
    va_list argv;
    if (argc > 0) {
	int i;
	va_init_list(argv, argc);
	operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
	    VALUE v = va_arg(argv, VALUE);
	    operands[i] = v;
	}
	va_end(argv);
    }
    return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
}

static struct rb_call_info *
new_callinfo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID mid, int argc, unsigned int flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg, int has_blockiseq)
{
    size_t size = kw_arg != NULL ? sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) : sizeof(struct rb_call_info);
    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, size);
    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)ci;

    ci->mid = mid;
    ci->flag = flag;
    ci->orig_argc = argc;

    if (kw_arg) {
	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_KWARG;
	ci_kw->kw_arg = kw_arg;
	ci->orig_argc += kw_arg->keyword_len;
	iseq->body->ci_kw_size++;
    }
    else {
	iseq->body->ci_size++;
    }

    if (!(ci->flag & (VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT)) &&
	kw_arg == NULL && !has_blockiseq) {
	ci->flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
    }
    return ci;
}

static INSN *
new_insn_send(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line_no, ID id, VALUE argc, const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq, VALUE flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords)
{
    VALUE *operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * 3);
    operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, id, FIX2INT(argc), FIX2INT(flag), keywords, blockiseq != NULL);
    operands[1] = Qfalse; /* cache */
    operands[2] = (VALUE)blockiseq;
    return new_insn_core(iseq, line_no, BIN(send), 3, operands);
}

static rb_iseq_t *
new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
	       VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
{
    rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;
    rb_ast_body_t ast;

    ast.root = node;
    ast.compile_option = 0;
    ast.line_count = -1;

    debugs("[new_child_iseq]> ---------------------------------------\n");
    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, name,
				    rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
				    INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
    debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, (VALUE)ret_iseq);
    return ret_iseq;
}

static rb_iseq_t *
new_child_iseq_ifunc(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct vm_ifunc *ifunc,
		     VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum iseq_type type, int line_no)
{
    rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq;

    debugs("[new_child_iseq_ifunc]> ---------------------------------------\n");
    ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_ifunc(ifunc, name,
				 rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
				 INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
    debugs("[new_child_iseq_ifunc]< ---------------------------------------\n");
    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, (VALUE)ret_iseq);
    return ret_iseq;
}

static void
set_catch_except_p(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
    if (body->parent_iseq != NULL) {
        set_catch_except_p(body->parent_iseq->body);
    }
}

/* Set body->catch_except_p to TRUE if the ISeq may catch an exception. If it is FALSE,
   JIT-ed code may be optimized.  If we are extremely conservative, we should set TRUE
   if catch table exists.  But we want to optimize while loop, which always has catch
   table entries for break/next/redo.

   So this function sets TRUE for limited ISeqs with break/next/redo catch table entries
   whose child ISeq would really raise an exception. */
static void
update_catch_except_flags(struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    unsigned int pos;
    size_t i;
    int insn;
    const struct iseq_catch_table *ct = body->catch_table;

    /* This assumes that a block has parent_iseq which may catch an exception from the block, and that
       BREAK/NEXT/REDO catch table entries are used only when `throw` insn is used in the block. */
    pos = 0;
    while (pos < body->iseq_size) {
#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
        insn = rb_vm_insn_addr2insn((void *)body->iseq_encoded[pos]);
#else
        insn = (int)body->iseq_encoded[pos];
#endif
        if (insn == BIN(throw)) {
            set_catch_except_p(body);
            break;
        }
        pos += insn_len(insn);
    }

    if (ct == NULL)
        return;

    for (i = 0; i < ct->size; i++) {
        const struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry =
            UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(ct, entries[i]);
        if (entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_BREAK
            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_NEXT
            && entry->type != CATCH_TYPE_REDO) {
            body->catch_except_p = TRUE;
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void
iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    VALUE catch_table_ary = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
    if (NIL_P(catch_table_ary)) return;
    unsigned int i, tlen = (unsigned int)RARRAY_LEN(catch_table_ary);
    const VALUE *tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(catch_table_ary);
    for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
        const VALUE *ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
        LINK_ELEMENT *end = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[2] & ~1);
        LINK_ELEMENT *cont = (LINK_ELEMENT *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
        LINK_ELEMENT *e;
        for (e = end; e && (IS_LABEL(e) || IS_TRACE(e)); e = e->next) {
            if (e == cont) {
                INSN *nop = new_insn_core(iseq, 0, BIN(nop), 0, 0);
                ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(end, &nop->link);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

static int
iseq_setup_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
	return COMPILE_NG;

    /* debugs("[compile step 2] (iseq_array_to_linkedlist)\n"); */

    if (compile_debug > 5)
	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));

    debugs("[compile step 3.1 (iseq_optimize)]\n");
    iseq_optimize(iseq, anchor);

    if (compile_debug > 5)
	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->instructions_unification) {
	debugs("[compile step 3.2 (iseq_insns_unification)]\n");
	iseq_insns_unification(iseq, anchor);
	if (compile_debug > 5)
	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
    }

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->stack_caching) {
	debugs("[compile step 3.3 (iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching)]\n");
	iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(iseq, anchor);
	if (compile_debug > 5)
	    dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
    }

    debugs("[compile step 3.4 (iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont)]\n");
    iseq_insert_nop_between_end_and_cont(iseq);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
iseq_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->err_info))
        return COMPILE_NG;

    debugs("[compile step 4.1 (iseq_set_sequence)]\n");
    if (!iseq_set_sequence(iseq, anchor)) return COMPILE_NG;
    if (compile_debug > 5)
	dump_disasm_list(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));

    debugs("[compile step 4.2 (iseq_set_exception_table)]\n");
    if (!iseq_set_exception_table(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;

    debugs("[compile step 4.3 (set_optargs_table)] \n");
    if (!iseq_set_optargs_table(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;

    debugs("[compile step 5 (iseq_translate_threaded_code)] \n");
    if (!rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq)) return COMPILE_NG;

    update_catch_except_flags(iseq->body);

    if (compile_debug > 1) {
	VALUE str = rb_iseq_disasm(iseq);
	printf("%s\n", StringValueCStr(str));
    }
    debugs("[compile step: finish]\n");

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
iseq_set_exception_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    iseq->body->local_table_size = numberof(rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl);
    iseq->body->local_table = rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl;
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
get_lvar_level(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    int lev = 0;
    while (iseq != iseq->body->local_iseq) {
	lev++;
	iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
    }
    return lev;
}

static int
get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id)
{
    unsigned int i;

    for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->local_table_size; i++) {
	if (iseq->body->local_table[i] == id) {
	    return (int)i;
	}
    }
    return -1;
}

static int
get_local_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id)
{
    int idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq->body->local_iseq, id);

    if (idx < 0) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(iseq),
                      "get_local_var_idx: %d", idx);
    }

    return idx;
}

static int
get_dyna_var_idx(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *level, int *ls)
{
    int lv = 0, idx = -1;
    const rb_iseq_t *const topmost_iseq = iseq;

    while (iseq) {
	idx = get_dyna_var_idx_at_raw(iseq, id);
	if (idx >= 0) {
	    break;
	}
	iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
	lv++;
    }

    if (idx < 0) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(topmost_iseq, ISEQ_LAST_LINE(topmost_iseq),
                      "get_dyna_var_idx: -1");
    }

    *level = lv;
    *ls = iseq->body->local_table_size;
    return idx;
}

static int
iseq_local_block_param_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, unsigned int idx, unsigned int level)
{
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body;
    while (level > 0) {
	iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
	level--;
    }
    body = iseq->body;
    if (body->local_iseq == iseq && /* local variables */
	body->param.flags.has_block &&
	body->local_table_size - body->param.block_start == idx) {
	return TRUE;
    }
    else {
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static int
iseq_block_param_id_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, ID id, int *pidx, int *plevel)
{
    int level, ls;
    int idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &level, &ls);
    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, ls - idx, level)) {
	*pidx = ls - idx;
	*plevel = level;
	return TRUE;
    }
    else {
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static void
iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
{
    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
    }
    else {
	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, getlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
    }
}

static void
iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int idx, int level)
{
    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setblockparam, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
    }
    else {
	ADD_INSN2(seq, line, setlocal, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
    }
}



static void
iseq_calc_param_size(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    if (body->param.flags.has_opt ||
	body->param.flags.has_post ||
	body->param.flags.has_rest ||
	body->param.flags.has_block ||
	body->param.flags.has_kw ||
	body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {

	if (body->param.flags.has_block) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.block_start + 1;
	}
	else if (body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->rest_start + 1;
	}
	else if (body->param.flags.has_kw) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.keyword->bits_start + 1;
	}
	else if (body->param.flags.has_post) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.post_start + body->param.post_num;
	}
	else if (body->param.flags.has_rest) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.rest_start + 1;
	}
	else if (body->param.flags.has_opt) {
	    body->param.size = body->param.lead_num + body->param.opt_num;
	}
	else {
            UNREACHABLE;
	}
    }
    else {
	body->param.size = body->param.lead_num;
    }
}

static int
iseq_set_arguments_keywords(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs,
			    const struct rb_args_info *args, int arg_size)
{
    const NODE *node = args->kw_args;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword;
    const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
    const VALUE complex_mark = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
    int kw = 0, rkw = 0, di = 0, i;

    body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;
    body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);

    while (node) {
	kw++;
	node = node->nd_next;
    }
    arg_size += kw;
    keyword->bits_start = arg_size++;

    node = args->kw_args;
    while (node) {
	const NODE *val_node = node->nd_body->nd_value;
	VALUE dv;

        if (val_node == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
	    ++rkw;
	}
	else {
	    switch (nd_type(val_node)) {
	      case NODE_LIT:
		dv = val_node->nd_lit;
		iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, dv);
		break;
	      case NODE_NIL:
		dv = Qnil;
		break;
	      case NODE_TRUE:
		dv = Qtrue;
		break;
	      case NODE_FALSE:
		dv = Qfalse;
		break;
	      default:
		COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "kwarg", node); /* nd_type(node) == NODE_KW_ARG */
		dv = complex_mark;
	    }

	    keyword->num = ++di;
	    rb_ary_push(default_values, dv);
	}

	node = node->nd_next;
    }

    keyword->num = kw;

    if (args->kw_rest_arg->nd_vid != 0) {
	keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
	body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
    }
    keyword->required_num = rkw;
    keyword->table = &body->local_table[keyword->bits_start - keyword->num];

    {
	VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));

	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
	    VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
	    if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
	    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(dv)) {
		RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, dv);
	    }
	    dvs[i] = dv;
	}

	keyword->default_values = dvs;
    }
    return arg_size;
}

static int
iseq_set_arguments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const optargs, const NODE *const node_args)
{
    debugs("iseq_set_arguments: %s\n", node_args ? "" : "0");

    if (node_args) {
	struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
	struct rb_args_info *args = node_args->nd_ainfo;
	ID rest_id = 0;
	int last_comma = 0;
	ID block_id = 0;
	int arg_size;

	EXPECT_NODE("iseq_set_arguments", node_args, NODE_ARGS, COMPILE_NG);

	body->param.lead_num = arg_size = (int)args->pre_args_num;
	if (body->param.lead_num > 0) body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
	debugs("  - argc: %d\n", body->param.lead_num);

	rest_id = args->rest_arg;
        if (rest_id == NODE_SPECIAL_EXCESSIVE_COMMA) {
	    last_comma = 1;
	    rest_id = 0;
	}
	block_id = args->block_arg;

	if (args->opt_args) {
	    const NODE *node = args->opt_args;
	    LABEL *label;
	    VALUE labels = rb_ary_tmp_new(1);
	    VALUE *opt_table;
	    int i = 0, j;

	    while (node) {
		label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
		rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
		ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);
		COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "optarg", node->nd_body);
		node = node->nd_next;
		i += 1;
	    }

	    /* last label */
	    label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node_args));
	    rb_ary_push(labels, (VALUE)label | 1);
	    ADD_LABEL(optargs, label);

	    opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, i+1);

            MEMCPY(opt_table, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(labels), VALUE, i+1);
	    for (j = 0; j < i+1; j++) {
		opt_table[j] &= ~1;
	    }
	    rb_ary_clear(labels);

	    body->param.flags.has_opt = TRUE;
	    body->param.opt_num = i;
	    body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
	    arg_size += i;
	}

	if (rest_id) {
	    body->param.rest_start = arg_size++;
	    body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
	    assert(body->param.rest_start != -1);
	}

	if (args->first_post_arg) {
	    body->param.post_start = arg_size;
	    body->param.post_num = args->post_args_num;
	    body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
	    arg_size += args->post_args_num;

	    if (body->param.flags.has_rest) { /* TODO: why that? */
		body->param.post_start = body->param.rest_start + 1;
	    }
	}

	if (args->kw_args) {
	    arg_size = iseq_set_arguments_keywords(iseq, optargs, args, arg_size);
	}
	else if (args->kw_rest_arg) {
	    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
	    keyword->rest_start = arg_size++;
	    body->param.keyword = keyword;
	    body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
	}

	if (block_id) {
	    body->param.block_start = arg_size++;
	    body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
	}

	iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);
	body->param.size = arg_size;

	if (args->pre_init) { /* m_init */
	    COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (m)", args->pre_init);
	}
	if (args->post_init) { /* p_init */
	    COMPILE_POPPED(optargs, "init arguments (p)", args->post_init);
	}

	if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
	    if (body->param.flags.has_opt    == FALSE &&
		body->param.flags.has_post   == FALSE &&
		body->param.flags.has_rest   == FALSE &&
		body->param.flags.has_kw     == FALSE &&
		body->param.flags.has_kwrest == FALSE) {

		if (body->param.lead_num == 1 && last_comma == 0) {
		    /* {|a|} */
		    body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
iseq_set_local_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const ID *tbl)
{
    unsigned int size;

    if (tbl) {
	size = (unsigned int)*tbl;
	tbl++;
    }
    else {
	size = 0;
    }

    if (size > 0) {
	ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size);
	MEMCPY(ids, tbl, ID, size);
	iseq->body->local_table = ids;
    }
    iseq->body->local_table_size = size;

    debugs("iseq_set_local_table: %u\n", iseq->body->local_table_size);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
cdhash_cmp(VALUE val, VALUE lit)
{
    int tval, tlit;

    if (val == lit) {
        return 0;
    }
    else if ((tlit = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(lit)) == -1) {
        return val != lit;
    }
    else if ((tval = OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(val)) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }
    else if (tlit != tval) {
        return -1;
    }
    else if (tlit == T_SYMBOL) {
        return val != lit;
    }
    else if (tlit == T_STRING) {
        return rb_str_hash_cmp(lit, val);
    }
    else if (tlit == T_BIGNUM) {
        long x = FIX2LONG(rb_big_cmp(lit, val));

        /* Given lit and val are both Bignum, x must be -1, 0, 1.
         * There is no need to call rb_fix2int here. */
        RUBY_ASSERT((x == 1) || (x == 0) || (x == -1));
        return (int)x;
    }
    else if (tlit == T_FLOAT) {
        return rb_float_cmp(lit, val);
    }
    else {
        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(-1);
    }
}

static st_index_t
cdhash_hash(VALUE a)
{
    switch (OBJ_BUILTIN_TYPE(a)) {
      case -1:
      case T_SYMBOL:
        return (st_index_t)a;
      case T_STRING:
        return rb_str_hash(a);
      case T_BIGNUM:
        return FIX2LONG(rb_big_hash(a));
      case T_FLOAT:
        return rb_dbl_long_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(a));
      default:
        UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
    }
}

static const struct st_hash_type cdhash_type = {
    cdhash_cmp,
    cdhash_hash,
};

struct cdhash_set_label_struct {
    VALUE hash;
    int pos;
    int len;
};

static int
cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, void *ptr)
{
    struct cdhash_set_label_struct *data = (struct cdhash_set_label_struct *)ptr;
    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(val & ~1);
    rb_hash_aset(data->hash, key, INT2FIX(lobj->position - (data->pos+data->len)));
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}


static inline VALUE
get_ivar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
{
    VALUE val;
    struct rb_id_table *tbl = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table;
    if (tbl) {
	if (rb_id_table_lookup(tbl,id,&val)) {
	    return val;
	}
    }
    else {
	tbl = rb_id_table_create(1);
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = tbl;
    }
    val = INT2FIX(iseq->body->is_size++);
    rb_id_table_insert(tbl,id,val);
    return val;
}

#define BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, dest) \
    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor), list, dest)

#define BADINSN_ERROR \
    (xfree(generated_iseq), \
     xfree(insns_info), \
     BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL), \
     COMPILE_ERROR)

static int
fix_sp_depth(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    int stack_max = 0, sp = 0, line = 0;
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;

    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
	if (list->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL) {
	    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
	    lobj->set = TRUE;
	}
    }

    for (list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor); list; list = list->next) {
	switch (list->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	    {
		int j, len, insn;
		const char *types;
		VALUE *operands;
		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;

		/* update sp */
		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
		if (sp < 0) {
		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
				  "argument stack underflow (%d)", sp);
		    return -1;
		}
		if (sp > stack_max) {
		    stack_max = sp;
		}

		line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
		operands = iobj->operands;
		insn = iobj->insn_id;
		types = insn_op_types(insn);
		len = insn_len(insn);

		/* operand check */
		if (iobj->operand_size != len - 1) {
		    /* printf("operand size miss! (%d, %d)\n", iobj->operand_size, len); */
		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
				  "operand size miss! (%d for %d)",
				  iobj->operand_size, len - 1);
		    return -1;
		}

		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
		    if (types[j] == TS_OFFSET) {
			/* label(destination position) */
			LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
			if (!lobj->set) {
			    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
					  "unknown label: "LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
			    return -1;
			}
			if (lobj->sp == -1) {
			    lobj->sp = sp;
			}
		    }
		}
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    {
		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
		if (lobj->sp == -1) {
		    lobj->sp = sp;
		}
		else {
		    sp = lobj->sp;
		}
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
	    {
		/* ignore */
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    {
		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
		int orig_sp = sp;

		sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
		if (adjust->line_no != -1 && orig_sp - sp < 0) {
		    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
		    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
				  "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug %d < %d",
				  orig_sp, sp);
		    return -1;
		}
		break;
	    }
	  default:
	    BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, list, NULL);
	    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line, "unknown list type: %d", list->type);
	    return -1;
	}
    }
    return stack_max;
}

static int
add_insn_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
              int insns_info_index, int code_index, const INSN *iobj)
{
    if (insns_info_index == 0 ||
        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != iobj->insn_info.line_no ||
        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].events  != iobj->insn_info.events) {
        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = iobj->insn_info.events;
        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

static int
add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions,
                int insns_info_index, int code_index, const ADJUST *adjust)
{
    if (insns_info_index > 0 ||
        insns_info[insns_info_index-1].line_no != adjust->line_no) {
        insns_info[insns_info_index].line_no    = adjust->line_no;
        insns_info[insns_info_index].events     = 0;
        positions[insns_info_index]             = code_index;
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/**
  ruby insn object list -> raw instruction sequence
 */
static int
iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    unsigned int *positions;
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
    VALUE *generated_iseq;
    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;
    long data = 0;

    int insn_num, code_index, insns_info_index, sp = 0;
    int stack_max = fix_sp_depth(iseq, anchor);

    if (stack_max < 0) return COMPILE_NG;

    /* fix label position */
    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
    insn_num = code_index = 0;
    while (list) {
	switch (list->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	    {
		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
		/* update sp */
		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
		insn_num++;
                events = iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
                if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
                    if (ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE) &&
                        !(rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES)) {
                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
                        if (line >= 1) {
                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line - 1, INT2FIX(0));
                        }
                    }
                    if (ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)) {
                        while (RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq)) <= code_index) {
                            rb_ary_push(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), Qnil);
                        }
                        RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_PC2BRANCHINDEX(iseq), code_index, INT2FIX(data));
                    }
		}
                code_index += insn_data_length(iobj);
		events = 0;
                data = 0;
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    {
		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
		lobj->position = code_index;
		sp = lobj->sp;
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
	    {
		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
		events |= trace->event;
                if (trace->event & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH) data = trace->data;
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    {
		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
		    int orig_sp = sp;
		    sp = adjust->label ? adjust->label->sp : 0;
		    if (orig_sp - sp > 0) {
			if (orig_sp - sp > 1) code_index++; /* 1 operand */
			code_index++; /* insn */
			insn_num++;
		    }
		}
		break;
	    }
	  default: break;
	}
	list = list->next;
    }

    /* make instruction sequence */
    generated_iseq = ALLOC_N(VALUE, code_index);
    insns_info = ALLOC_N(struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insn_num);
    positions = ALLOC_N(unsigned int, insn_num);
    body->is_entries = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
    body->ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * body->ci_size +
								 sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * body->ci_kw_size);
    MEMZERO(body->ci_entries + body->ci_size, struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg,  body->ci_kw_size); /* need to clear ci_kw entries */
    body->cc_entries = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, body->ci_size + body->ci_kw_size);

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index = 0;

    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
    insns_info_index = code_index = sp = 0;

    while (list) {
	switch (list->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	    {
		int j, len, insn;
		const char *types;
		VALUE *operands;
		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;

		/* update sp */
		sp = calc_sp_depth(sp, iobj);
		/* fprintf(stderr, "insn: %-16s, sp: %d\n", insn_name(iobj->insn_id), sp); */
		operands = iobj->operands;
		insn = iobj->insn_id;
		generated_iseq[code_index] = insn;
		types = insn_op_types(insn);
		len = insn_len(insn);

		for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
		    char type = types[j];
		    /* printf("--> [%c - (%d-%d)]\n", type, k, j); */
		    switch (type) {
		      case TS_OFFSET:
			{
			    /* label(destination position) */
			    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)operands[j];
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = lobj->position - (code_index + len);
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_CDHASH:
			{
			    VALUE map = operands[j];
			    struct cdhash_set_label_struct data;
                            data.hash = map;
                            data.pos = code_index;
                            data.len = len;
			    rb_hash_foreach(map, cdhash_set_label_i, (VALUE)&data);

			    rb_hash_rehash(map);
			    freeze_hide_obj(map);
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = map;
			    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, map);
			    FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_LINDEX:
		      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = FIX2INT(operands[j]);
			break;
		      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
		      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
			{
			    VALUE v = operands[j];
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = v;
			    /* to mark ruby object */
			    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
				RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
				FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
			    }
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry */
			/* Treated as an IC, but may contain a markable VALUE */
			FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
		      case TS_IC: /* inline cache */
			{
			    unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
			    IC ic = (IC)&body->is_entries[ic_index];
			    if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->is_size)) {
                                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
                                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
                                              "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
                                              ic_index, body->is_size);
			    }
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
			{
			    struct rb_call_info *base_ci = (struct rb_call_info *)operands[j];
			    struct rb_call_info *ci;

			    if (base_ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) {
				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&body->ci_entries[body->ci_size];
				struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw = &ci_kw_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index++];
				*ci_kw = *((struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)base_ci);
				ci = (struct rb_call_info *)ci_kw;
				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index <= body->ci_kw_size);
			    }
			    else {
				ci = &body->ci_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index++];
				*ci = *base_ci;
				assert(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index <= body->ci_size);
			    }

			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ci;
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
			{
			    struct rb_call_cache *cc = &body->cc_entries[ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_index + ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ci_kw_index - 1];
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)cc;
			    break;
			}
		      case TS_ID: /* ID */
			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = SYM2ID(operands[j]);
			break;
		      case TS_GENTRY:
			{
			    struct rb_global_entry *entry =
				(struct rb_global_entry *)(operands[j] & (~1));
			    generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)entry;
			}
			break;
		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
			generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = operands[j];
			break;
		      default:
			BADINSN_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
				      "unknown operand type: %c", type);
			return COMPILE_NG;
		    }
		}
		if (add_insn_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, iobj)) insns_info_index++;
		code_index += len;
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    {
		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)list;
		sp = lobj->sp;
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    {
		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)list;
		int orig_sp = sp;

		if (adjust->label) {
		    sp = adjust->label->sp;
		}
		else {
		    sp = 0;
		}

		if (adjust->line_no != -1) {
		    const int diff = orig_sp - sp;
		    if (diff > 0) {
			if (add_adjust_info(insns_info, positions, insns_info_index, code_index, adjust)) insns_info_index++;
		    }
		    if (diff > 1) {
			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(adjuststack);
			generated_iseq[code_index++] = orig_sp - sp;
		    }
		    else if (diff == 1) {
			generated_iseq[code_index++] = BIN(pop);
		    }
		    else if (diff < 0) {
			int label_no = adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1;
			xfree(generated_iseq);
			xfree(insns_info);
			xfree(positions);
			debug_list(anchor);
			COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, adjust->line_no,
				      "iseq_set_sequence: adjust bug to %d %d < %d",
				      label_no, orig_sp, sp);
			return COMPILE_NG;
		    }
		}
		break;
	    }
	  default:
	    /* ignore */
	    break;
	}
	list = list->next;
    }

    body->iseq_encoded = (void *)generated_iseq;
    body->iseq_size = code_index;
    body->stack_max = stack_max;

    /* get rid of memory leak when REALLOC failed */
    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
    body->insns_info.positions = positions;

    REALLOC_N(insns_info, struct iseq_insn_info_entry, insns_info_index);
    body->insns_info.body = insns_info;
    REALLOC_N(positions, unsigned int, insns_info_index);
    body->insns_info.positions = positions;
    body->insns_info.size = insns_info_index;

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
label_get_position(LABEL *lobj)
{
    return lobj->position;
}

static int
label_get_sp(LABEL *lobj)
{
    return lobj->sp;
}

static int
iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const VALUE *tptr, *ptr;
    unsigned int tlen, i;
    struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;

    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) goto no_catch_table;
    tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);

    if (tlen > 0) {
	struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
	table->size = tlen;

	for (i = 0; i < table->size; i++) {
            ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(tptr[i]);
	    entry = UNALIGNED_MEMBER_PTR(table, entries[i]);
	    entry->type = (enum catch_type)(ptr[0] & 0xffff);
	    entry->start = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[1] & ~1));
	    entry->end = label_get_position((LABEL *)(ptr[2] & ~1));
	    entry->iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)ptr[3];
	    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, entry->iseq);

	    /* stack depth */
	    if (ptr[4]) {
		LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)(ptr[4] & ~1);
		entry->cont = label_get_position(lobj);
		entry->sp = label_get_sp(lobj);

		/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
		if (entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
		    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
		    entry->type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
		    entry->sp--;
		}
	    }
	    else {
		entry->cont = 0;
	    }
	}
	iseq->body->catch_table = table;
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
    }
    else {
        no_catch_table:
          iseq->body->catch_table = NULL;
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/*
 * set optional argument table
 *   def foo(a, b=expr1, c=expr2)
 *   =>
 *    b:
 *      expr1
 *    c:
 *      expr2
 */
static int
iseq_set_optargs_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    int i;
    VALUE *opt_table = (VALUE *)iseq->body->param.opt_table;

    if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
	for (i = 0; i < iseq->body->param.opt_num + 1; i++) {
	    opt_table[i] = label_get_position((LABEL *)opt_table[i]);
	}
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
get_destination_insn(INSN *iobj)
{
    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
    rb_event_flag_t events = 0;

    list = lobj->link.next;
    while (list) {
	switch (list->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    goto found;
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    /* ignore */
	    break;
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
	    {
		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)list;
		events |= trace->event;
	    }
	    break;
	  default: break;
	}
	list = list->next;
    }
  found:
    if (list && IS_INSN(list)) {
	INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
	iobj->insn_info.events |= events;
    }
    return list;
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
get_next_insn(INSN *iobj)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.next;

    while (list) {
	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
	    return list;
	}
	list = list->next;
    }
    return 0;
}

static LINK_ELEMENT *
get_prev_insn(INSN *iobj)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *list = iobj->link.prev;

    while (list) {
	if (IS_INSN(list) || IS_ADJUST(list)) {
	    return list;
	}
	list = list->prev;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void
unref_destination(INSN *iobj, int pos)
{
    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, pos);
    --lobj->refcnt;
    if (!lobj->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&lobj->link);
}

static void
replace_destination(INSN *dobj, INSN *nobj)
{
    VALUE n = OPERAND_AT(nobj, 0);
    LABEL *dl = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(dobj, 0);
    LABEL *nl = (LABEL *)n;
    --dl->refcnt;
    ++nl->refcnt;
    OPERAND_AT(dobj, 0) = n;
    if (!dl->refcnt) ELEM_REMOVE(&dl->link);
}

static LABEL*
find_destination(INSN *i)
{
    int pos, len = insn_len(i->insn_id);
    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
	if (insn_op_types(i->insn_id)[pos] == TS_OFFSET) {
	    return (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos);
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *first = i, *end;
    int *unref_counts = 0, nlabels = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->label_no;

    if (!i) return 0;
    unref_counts = ALLOCA_N(int, nlabels);
    MEMZERO(unref_counts, int, nlabels);
    end = i;
    do {
	LABEL *lab;
	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
	    if (IS_INSN_ID(i, leave)) {
		end = i;
		break;
	    }
	    else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
		if (lab->unremovable) break;
		unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
	    }
	}
	else if (IS_LABEL(i)) {
	    lab = (LABEL *)i;
	    if (lab->unremovable) return 0;
	    if (lab->refcnt > unref_counts[lab->label_no]) {
		if (i == first) return 0;
		break;
	    }
	    continue;
	}
	else if (IS_TRACE(i)) {
	    /* do nothing */
	}
	else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
	    LABEL *dest = ((ADJUST *)i)->label;
	    if (dest && dest->unremovable) return 0;
	}
	end = i;
    } while ((i = i->next) != 0);
    i = first;
    do {
	if (IS_INSN(i)) {
	    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
	    VALUE insn = INSN_OF(i);
	    int pos, len = insn_len(insn);
	    for (pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
		switch (insn_op_types(insn)[pos]) {
		  case TS_OFFSET:
		    unref_destination((INSN *)i, pos);
		    break;
		  case TS_CALLINFO:
		    if (((struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(i, pos))->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG)
			--(body->ci_kw_size);
		    else
			--(body->ci_size);
		    break;
		}
	    }
	}
	ELEM_REMOVE(i);
    } while ((i != end) && (i = i->next) != 0);
    return 1;
}

static int
iseq_pop_newarray(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
{
    switch (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) {
      case INT2FIX(0): /* empty array */
	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	return TRUE;
      case INT2FIX(1): /* single element array */
	ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	return FALSE;
      default:
	iobj->insn_id = BIN(adjuststack);
	return TRUE;
    }
}

static int
same_debug_pos_p(LINK_ELEMENT *iobj1, LINK_ELEMENT *iobj2)
{
    VALUE debug1 = OPERAND_AT(iobj1, 0);
    VALUE debug2 = OPERAND_AT(iobj2, 0);
    if (debug1 == debug2) return TRUE;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(debug1, T_ARRAY)) return FALSE;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(debug2, T_ARRAY)) return FALSE;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(debug1) != 2) return FALSE;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(debug2) != 2) return FALSE;
    if (RARRAY_AREF(debug1, 0) != RARRAY_AREF(debug2, 0)) return FALSE;
    if (RARRAY_AREF(debug1, 1) != RARRAY_AREF(debug2, 1)) return FALSE;
    return TRUE;
}

static int
is_frozen_putstring(INSN *insn, VALUE *op)
{
    if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putstring)) {
        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
        return 1;
    }
    else if (IS_INSN_ID(insn, putobject)) { /* frozen_string_literal */
        *op = OPERAND_AT(insn, 0);
        return RB_TYPE_P(*op, T_STRING);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
optimize_checktype(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
{
    /*
     *   putobject obj
     *   dup
     *   checktype T_XXX
     *   branchif l1
     * l2:
     *   ...
     * l1:
     *
     * => obj is a T_XXX
     *
     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
     *   jump L1
     * L1:
     *
     * => obj is not a T_XXX
     *
     *   putobject obj (T_XXX)
     *   jump L2
     * L2:
     */
    int line;
    INSN *niobj, *ciobj, *dup = 0;
    LABEL *dest = 0;
    VALUE type;

    switch (INSN_OF(iobj)) {
      case BIN(putstring):
	type = INT2FIX(T_STRING);
	break;
      case BIN(putnil):
	type = INT2FIX(T_NIL);
	break;
      case BIN(putobject):
	type = INT2FIX(TYPE(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)));
	break;
      default: return FALSE;
    }

    ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);
    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, jump)) {
	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn((INSN*)OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0));
    }
    if (IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, dup)) {
	ciobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(dup = ciobj);
    }
    if (!ciobj || !IS_INSN_ID(ciobj, checktype)) return FALSE;
    niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(ciobj);
    if (!niobj) {
      no_branch:
	/* TODO: putobject true/false */
	return FALSE;
    }
    switch (INSN_OF(niobj)) {
      case BIN(branchif):
	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) == type) {
	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
	}
	break;
      case BIN(branchunless):
	if (OPERAND_AT(ciobj, 0) != type) {
	    dest = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
	}
	break;
      default:
	goto no_branch;
    }
    line = ciobj->insn_info.line_no;
    if (!dest) {
	if (niobj->link.next && IS_LABEL(niobj->link.next)) {
	    dest = (LABEL *)niobj->link.next; /* reuse label */
	}
	else {
	    dest = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&niobj->link, &dest->link);
	}
    }
    INSERT_AFTER_INSN1(iobj, line, jump, dest);
    LABEL_REF(dest);
    if (!dup) INSERT_AFTER_INSN(iobj, line, pop);
    return TRUE;
}

static int
iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcallopt)
{
    INSN *const iobj = (INSN *)list;

  again:
    optimize_checktype(iseq, iobj);

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, jump)) {
        INSN *niobj, *diobj, *piobj;
	diobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
	niobj = (INSN *)get_next_insn(iobj);

	if (diobj == niobj) {
	    /*
	     *   jump LABEL
	     *  LABEL:
	     * =>
	     *   LABEL:
	     */
	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	    return COMPILE_OK;
	}
	else if (iobj != diobj && IS_INSN_ID(diobj, jump) &&
		 OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) != OPERAND_AT(diobj, 0)) {
	    /*
	     *  useless jump elimination:
	     *     jump LABEL1
	     *     ...
	     *   LABEL1:
	     *     jump LABEL2
	     *
	     *   => in this case, first jump instruction should jump to
	     *      LABEL2 directly
	     */
	    replace_destination(iobj, diobj);
	    remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
	    goto again;
	}
        else if (IS_INSN_ID(diobj, leave)) {
	    INSN *pop;
	    /*
	     *  jump LABEL
	     *  ...
	     * LABEL:
	     *  leave
	     * =>
	     *  leave
	     *  pop
	     *  ...
	     * LABEL:
	     *  leave
	     */
	    /* replace */
	    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
            iobj->insn_id = BIN(leave);
	    iobj->operand_size = 0;
	    iobj->insn_info = diobj->insn_info;
	    /* adjust stack depth */
	    pop = new_insn_body(iseq, diobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(pop), 0);
            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, &pop->link);
	    goto again;
	}
	else if ((piobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj)) != 0 &&
		 (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif) ||
		  IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchunless))) {
	    INSN *pdiobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(piobj);
	    if (niobj == pdiobj) {
		int refcnt = IS_LABEL(piobj->link.next) ?
		    ((LABEL *)piobj->link.next)->refcnt : 0;
		/*
		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless destination):
		 *   if   L1
		 *   jump L2
		 * L1:
		 *   ...
		 * L2:
		 *
		 * ==>
		 *   unless L2
		 * L1:
		 *   ...
		 * L2:
		 */
		piobj->insn_id = (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, branchif))
		  ? BIN(branchunless) : BIN(branchif);
		replace_destination(piobj, iobj);
		if (refcnt <= 1) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
		}
		else {
		    /* TODO: replace other branch destinations too */
		}
		return COMPILE_OK;
	    }
	    else if (diobj == pdiobj) {
		/*
		 * useless jump elimination (if/unless before jump):
		 * L1:
		 *   ...
		 *   if   L1
		 *   jump L1
		 *
		 * ==>
		 * L1:
		 *   ...
		 *   pop
		 *   jump L1
		 */
		INSN *popiobj = new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
					      BIN(pop), 0, 0);
		ELEM_REPLACE(&piobj->link, &popiobj->link);
	    }
	}
	if (remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next)) {
	    goto again;
	}
    }

    /*
     * putstring "beg"
     * putstring "end"
     * newrange excl
     *
     * ==>
     *
     * putobject "beg".."end"
     */
    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, checkmatch)) {
        INSN *range = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj);
        INSN *beg, *end;
        VALUE str_beg, str_end;

	if (range && IS_INSN_ID(range, newrange) &&
                (end = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(range)) != 0 &&
                is_frozen_putstring(end, &str_end) &&
                (beg = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(end)) != 0 &&
                is_frozen_putstring(beg, &str_beg)) {
	    int excl = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(range, 0));
	    VALUE lit_range = rb_range_new(str_beg, str_end, excl);

	    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, lit_range);
	    ELEM_REMOVE(&beg->link);
	    ELEM_REMOVE(&end->link);
	    range->insn_id = BIN(putobject);
	    OPERAND_AT(range, 0) = lit_range;
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, leave)) {
	remove_unreachable_chunk(iseq, iobj->link.next);
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchnil) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless)) {
	/*
	 *   if L1
	 *   ...
	 * L1:
	 *   jump L2
	 * =>
	 *   if L2
	 */
	INSN *nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(iobj);
	INSN *pobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.prev;
	int prev_dup = 0;
	if (pobj) {
	    if (!IS_INSN(&pobj->link))
		pobj = 0;
	    else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, dup))
		prev_dup = 1;
	}

	for (;;) {
	    if (IS_INSN_ID(nobj, jump)) {
		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
	    }
	    else if (prev_dup && IS_INSN_ID(nobj, dup) &&
		     !!(nobj = (INSN *)nobj->link.next) &&
		     /* basic blocks, with no labels in the middle */
		     nobj->insn_id == iobj->insn_id) {
		/*
		 *   dup
		 *   if L1
		 *   ...
		 * L1:
		 *   dup
		 *   if L2
		 * =>
		 *   dup
		 *   if L2
		 *   ...
		 * L1:
		 *   dup
		 *   if L2
		 */
		replace_destination(iobj, nobj);
	    }
	    else if (pobj) {
		/*
		 *   putnil
		 *   if L1
		 * =>
		 *   # nothing
		 *
		 *   putobject true
		 *   if L1
		 * =>
		 *   jump L1
		 *
		 *   putstring ".."
		 *   if L1
		 * =>
		 *   jump L1
		 *
		 *   putstring ".."
		 *   dup
		 *   if L1
		 * =>
		 *   putstring ".."
		 *   jump L1
		 *
		 */
		int cond;
		if (prev_dup && IS_INSN(pobj->link.prev)) {
		    pobj = (INSN *)pobj->link.prev;
		}
		if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putobject)) {
		    cond = (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif) ?
			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) != Qfalse :
			    IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchunless) ?
			    OPERAND_AT(pobj, 0) == Qfalse :
			    FALSE);
		}
		else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putstring) ||
			 IS_INSN_ID(pobj, duparray) ||
			 IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
		    cond = IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
		}
		else if (IS_INSN_ID(pobj, putnil)) {
		    cond = !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, branchif);
		}
		else break;
		if (prev_dup || !IS_INSN_ID(pobj, newarray)) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(iobj->link.prev);
		}
		else if (!iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, pobj)) {
		    pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(pop), 0, NULL);
                    ELEM_INSERT_PREV(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
		}
		if (cond) {
		    if (prev_dup) {
			pobj = new_insn_core(iseq, pobj->insn_info.line_no, BIN(putnil), 0, NULL);
			ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, &pobj->link);
		    }
		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(jump);
		    goto again;
		}
		else {
		    unref_destination(iobj, 0);
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
		}
		break;
	    }
	    else break;
	    nobj = (INSN *)get_destination_insn(nobj);
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, pop)) {
	/*
	 *  putself / putnil / putobject obj / putstring "..."
	 *  pop
	 * =>
	 *  # do nothing
	 */
	LINK_ELEMENT *prev = iobj->link.prev;
	if (IS_INSN(prev)) {
	    enum ruby_vminsn_type previ = ((INSN *)prev)->insn_id;
	    if (previ == BIN(putobject) || previ == BIN(putnil) ||
		previ == BIN(putself) || previ == BIN(putstring) ||
		previ == BIN(dup) ||
		previ == BIN(getlocal) ||
		previ == BIN(getblockparam) ||
		previ == BIN(getblockparamproxy) ||
		/* getinstancevariable may issue a warning */
		previ == BIN(duparray)) {
		/* just push operand or static value and pop soon, no
		 * side effects */
		ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	    }
	    else if (previ == BIN(newarray) && iseq_pop_newarray(iseq, (INSN*)prev)) {
		ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	    }
	    else if (previ == BIN(concatarray)) {
		INSN *piobj = (INSN *)prev;
		INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(piobj, piobj->insn_info.line_no, splatarray, Qfalse);
		INSN_OF(piobj) = BIN(pop);
	    }
	    else if (previ == BIN(concatstrings)) {
		if (OPERAND_AT(prev, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(prev);
		}
		else {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
		    INSN_OF(prev) = BIN(adjuststack);
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, duparray) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, expandarray) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatarray) ||
	IS_INSN_ID(iobj, splatarray) ||
	0) {
	/*
	 *  newarray N
	 *  splatarray
	 * =>
	 *  newarray N
	 * newarray always puts an array
	 */
	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, splatarray)) {
	    /* remove splatarray following always-array insn */
	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, tostring)) {
	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
	/*
	 *  tostring
	 *  concatstrings 1
	 * =>
	 *  tostring
	 */
	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings) &&
	    OPERAND_AT(next, 0) == INT2FIX(1)) {
	    ELEM_REMOVE(next);
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putstring) ||
	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, putobject) && RB_TYPE_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0), T_STRING))) {
	/*
	 *  putstring ""
	 *  concatstrings N
	 * =>
	 *  concatstrings N-1
	 */
	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, concatstrings) &&
	    RSTRING_LEN(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) == 0) {
	    INSN *next = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
	    if ((OPERAND_AT(next, 0) = FIXNUM_INC(OPERAND_AT(next, 0), -1)) == INT2FIX(1)) {
		ELEM_REMOVE(&next->link);
	    }
	    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, concatstrings)) {
	/*
	 *  concatstrings N
	 *  concatstrings M
	 * =>
	 *  concatstrings N+M-1
	 */
	LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next, *freeze = 0;
	INSN *jump = 0;
	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, freezestring))
	    next = (freeze = next)->next;
	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, jump))
	    next = get_destination_insn(jump = (INSN *)next);
	if (IS_INSN(next) && IS_INSN_ID(next, concatstrings)) {
	    int n = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) + FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(next, 0)) - 1;
	    OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) = INT2FIX(n);
	    if (jump) {
		LABEL *label = ((LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(jump, 0));
		if (!--label->refcnt) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&label->link);
		}
		else {
		    label = NEW_LABEL(0);
		    OPERAND_AT(jump, 0) = (VALUE)label;
		}
		label->refcnt++;
		if (freeze && IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(next, freezestring)) {
		    if (same_debug_pos_p(freeze, next->next)) {
			ELEM_REMOVE(freeze);
		    }
		    else {
			next = next->next;
		    }
		}
		ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(next, &label->link);
		CHECK(iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, get_next_insn(jump), do_tailcallopt));
	    }
	    else {
		if (freeze) ELEM_REMOVE(freeze);
		ELEM_REMOVE(next);
	    }
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, freezestring) &&
	NIL_P(OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0)) &&
	IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, send)) {
	INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
	struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
	/*
	 *  freezestring nil # no debug_info
	 *  send <:+@, 0, ARG_SIMPLE>  # :-@, too
	 * =>
	 *  send <:+@, 0, ARG_SIMPLE>  # :-@, too
	 */
	if ((ci->mid == idUPlus || ci->mid == idUMinus) &&
	    (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) &&
	    ci->orig_argc == 0) {
	    ELEM_REMOVE(list);
	    return COMPILE_OK;
	}
    }

    if (do_tailcallopt &&
	(IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) ||
	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aref_with) ||
	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_aset_with) ||
	 IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper))) {
	/*
	 *  send ...
	 *  leave
	 * =>
	 *  send ..., ... | VM_CALL_TAILCALL, ...
	 *  leave # unreachable
	 */
	INSN *piobj = NULL;
	if (iobj->link.next) {
	    LINK_ELEMENT *next = iobj->link.next;
	    do {
		if (!IS_INSN(next)) {
		    next = next->next;
		    continue;
		}
		switch (INSN_OF(next)) {
		  case BIN(nop):
		    next = next->next;
		    break;
		  case BIN(jump):
		    /* if cond
		     *   return tailcall
		     * end
		     */
		    next = get_destination_insn((INSN *)next);
		    break;
		  case BIN(leave):
		    piobj = iobj;
		  default:
		    next = NULL;
		    break;
		}
	    } while (next);
	}

	if (piobj) {
	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)piobj->operands[0];
	    if (IS_INSN_ID(piobj, send) || IS_INSN_ID(piobj, invokesuper)) {
		if (piobj->operands[2] == 0) { /* no blockiseq */
		    ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
		}
	    }
	    else {
		ci->flag |= VM_CALL_TAILCALL;
	    }
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, dup)) {
	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
	    if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
		set2 = set1->next;
		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
		}
	    }
	    else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
		     IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
		set2 = set1->next->next;
		if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
		    OPERAND_AT(set1, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 1)) {
		    ELEM_REMOVE(set1->next);
		    ELEM_REMOVE(set2);
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getlocal)) {
	LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
	    niobj = niobj->next;
	}
	if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, setlocal)) {
	    LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = niobj->next;
	    if (OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) &&
		OPERAND_AT(iobj, 1) == OPERAND_AT(set1, 1)) {
		ELEM_REMOVE(set1);
		ELEM_REMOVE(niobj);
	    }
	}
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
insn_set_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj, int insn_id)
{
    iobj->insn_id = insn_id;
    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(insn_id) - 1;

    if (insn_id == BIN(opt_neq)) {
	VALUE *old_operands = iobj->operands;
	iobj->operand_size = 4;
	iobj->operands = (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, iobj->operand_size * sizeof(VALUE));
	iobj->operands[0] = (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, idEq, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
	iobj->operands[1] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
	iobj->operands[2] = old_operands[0];
	iobj->operands[3] = Qfalse; /* CALL_CACHE */
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
iseq_specialized_instruction(rb_iseq_t *iseq, INSN *iobj)
{
    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, newarray) && iobj->link.next &&
	IS_INSN(iobj->link.next)) {
	/*
	 *   [a, b, ...].max/min -> a, b, c, opt_newarray_max/min
	 */
	INSN *niobj = (INSN *)iobj->link.next;
	if (IS_INSN_ID(niobj, send)) {
	    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(niobj, 0);
	    if ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) && ci->orig_argc == 0) {
		switch (ci->mid) {
		  case idMax:
		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_max);
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
		    return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idMin:
		    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_newarray_min);
		    ELEM_REMOVE(&niobj->link);
		    return COMPILE_OK;
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
	struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
	const rb_iseq_t *blockiseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 2);

#define SP_INSN(opt) insn_set_specialized_instruction(iseq, iobj, BIN(opt_##opt))
	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) {
	    switch (ci->orig_argc) {
	      case 0:
		switch (ci->mid) {
		  case idLength: SP_INSN(length); return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idSize:	 SP_INSN(size);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idEmptyP: SP_INSN(empty_p);return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idSucc:	 SP_INSN(succ);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idNot:	 SP_INSN(not);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		}
		break;
	      case 1:
		switch (ci->mid) {
		  case idPLUS:	 SP_INSN(plus);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idMINUS:	 SP_INSN(minus);  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idMULT:	 SP_INSN(mult);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idDIV:	 SP_INSN(div);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idMOD:	 SP_INSN(mod);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idEq:	 SP_INSN(eq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idNeq:	 SP_INSN(neq);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idLT:	 SP_INSN(lt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idLE:	 SP_INSN(le);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idGT:	 SP_INSN(gt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idGE:	 SP_INSN(ge);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idLTLT:	 SP_INSN(ltlt);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		  case idAREF:	 SP_INSN(aref);	  return COMPILE_OK;
                  case idAnd:    SP_INSN(and);    return COMPILE_OK;
                  case idOr:     SP_INSN(or);    return COMPILE_OK;
		}
		break;
	      case 2:
		switch (ci->mid) {
		  case idASET:	 SP_INSN(aset);	  return COMPILE_OK;
		}
		break;
	    }
	}

	if ((ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) == 0 && blockiseq == NULL) {
	    iobj->insn_id = BIN(opt_send_without_block);
	    iobj->operand_size = insn_len(iobj->insn_id) - 1;
	}
    }
#undef SP_INSN

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static inline int
tailcallable_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    switch (iseq->body->type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
	/* not tail callable because cfp will be over popped */
      case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE:
	/* rescue block can't tail call because of errinfo */
	return FALSE;
      default:
	return TRUE;
    }
}

static int
iseq_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
    const int do_peepholeopt = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->peephole_optimization;
    const int do_tailcallopt = tailcallable_p(iseq) &&
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization;
    const int do_si = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction;
    const int do_ou = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->operands_unification;
    int rescue_level = 0;
    int tailcallopt = do_tailcallopt;

    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);

    while (list) {
	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
	    if (do_peepholeopt) {
		iseq_peephole_optimize(iseq, list, tailcallopt);
	    }
	    if (do_si) {
		iseq_specialized_instruction(iseq, (INSN *)list);
	    }
	    if (do_ou) {
		insn_operands_unification((INSN *)list);
	    }
	}
	if (IS_LABEL(list)) {
	    switch (((LABEL *)list)->rescued) {
	      case LABEL_RESCUE_BEG:
		rescue_level++;
		tailcallopt = FALSE;
		break;
	      case LABEL_RESCUE_END:
		if (!--rescue_level) tailcallopt = do_tailcallopt;
		break;
	    }
	}
	list = list->next;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

#if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
static INSN *
new_unified_insn(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
		 int insn_id, int size, LINK_ELEMENT *seq_list)
{
    INSN *iobj = 0;
    LINK_ELEMENT *list = seq_list;
    int i, argc = 0;
    VALUE *operands = 0, *ptr = 0;


    /* count argc */
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
	iobj = (INSN *)list;
	argc += iobj->operand_size;
	list = list->next;
    }

    if (argc > 0) {
	ptr = operands =
	    (VALUE *)compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
    }

    /* copy operands */
    list = seq_list;
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
	iobj = (INSN *)list;
	MEMCPY(ptr, iobj->operands, VALUE, iobj->operand_size);
	ptr += iobj->operand_size;
	list = list->next;
    }

    return new_insn_core(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no, insn_id, argc, operands);
}
#endif

/*
 * This scheme can get more performance if do this optimize with
 * label address resolving.
 * It's future work (if compile time was bottle neck).
 */
static int
iseq_insns_unification(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
#if OPT_INSTRUCTIONS_UNIFICATION
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
    INSN *iobj, *niobj;
    int id, k;
    intptr_t j;

    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
    while (list) {
	if (IS_INSN(list)) {
	    iobj = (INSN *)list;
	    id = iobj->insn_id;
	    if (unified_insns_data[id] != 0) {
		const int *const *entry = unified_insns_data[id];
		for (j = 1; j < (intptr_t)entry[0]; j++) {
		    const int *unified = entry[j];
		    LINK_ELEMENT *li = list->next;
		    for (k = 2; k < unified[1]; k++) {
			if (!IS_INSN(li) ||
			    ((INSN *)li)->insn_id != unified[k]) {
			    goto miss;
			}
			li = li->next;
		    }
		    /* matched */
		    niobj =
			new_unified_insn(iseq, unified[0], unified[1] - 1,
					 list);

		    /* insert to list */
		    niobj->link.prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj->link.prev;
		    niobj->link.next = li;
		    if (li) {
			li->prev = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
		    }

		    list->prev->next = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
		    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)niobj;
		    break;
		  miss:;
		}
	    }
	}
	list = list->next;
    }
#endif
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

#if OPT_STACK_CACHING

#define SC_INSN(insn, stat) sc_insn_info[(insn)][(stat)]
#define SC_NEXT(insn)       sc_insn_next[(insn)]

#include "opt_sc.inc"

static int
insn_set_sc_state(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const LINK_ELEMENT *anchor, INSN *iobj, int state)
{
    int nstate;
    int insn_id;

    insn_id = iobj->insn_id;
    iobj->insn_id = SC_INSN(insn_id, state);
    nstate = SC_NEXT(iobj->insn_id);

    if (insn_id == BIN(jump) ||
	insn_id == BIN(branchif) || insn_id == BIN(branchunless)) {
	LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);

	if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
	    if (lobj->sc_state != nstate) {
		BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, iobj, lobj);
		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
			      "insn_set_sc_state error: %d at "LABEL_FORMAT
			      ", %d expected\n",
			      lobj->sc_state, lobj->label_no, nstate);
		return COMPILE_NG;
	    }
	}
	else {
	    lobj->sc_state = nstate;
	}
	if (insn_id == BIN(jump)) {
	    nstate = SCS_XX;
	}
    }
    else if (insn_id == BIN(leave)) {
	nstate = SCS_XX;
    }

    return nstate;
}

static int
label_set_sc_state(LABEL *lobj, int state)
{
    if (lobj->sc_state != 0) {
	if (lobj->sc_state != state) {
	    state = lobj->sc_state;
	}
    }
    else {
	lobj->sc_state = state;
    }

    return state;
}


#endif

static int
iseq_set_sequence_stackcaching(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
{
#if OPT_STACK_CACHING
    LINK_ELEMENT *list;
    int state, insn_id;

    /* initialize */
    state = SCS_XX;
    list = FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor);
    /* dump_disasm_list(list); */

    /* for each list element */
    while (list) {
      redo_point:
	switch (list->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	    {
		INSN *iobj = (INSN *)list;
		insn_id = iobj->insn_id;

		/* dump_disasm_list(list); */

		switch (insn_id) {
		  case BIN(nop):
		    {
			/* exception merge point */
			if (state != SCS_AX) {
			    INSN *rpobj =
				new_insn_body(iseq, 0, BIN(reput), 0);

			    /* replace this insn */
			    ELEM_REPLACE(list, (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj);
			    list = (LINK_ELEMENT *)rpobj;
			    goto redo_point;
			}
			break;
		    }
		  case BIN(swap):
		    {
			if (state == SCS_AB || state == SCS_BA) {
			    state = (state == SCS_AB ? SCS_BA : SCS_AB);

			    ELEM_REMOVE(list);
			    list = list->next;
			    goto redo_point;
			}
			break;
		    }
		  case BIN(pop):
		    {
			switch (state) {
			  case SCS_AX:
			  case SCS_BX:
			    state = SCS_XX;
			    break;
			  case SCS_AB:
			    state = SCS_AX;
			    break;
			  case SCS_BA:
			    state = SCS_BX;
			    break;
			  case SCS_XX:
			    goto normal_insn;
			  default:
			    COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
					  "unreachable");
			    return COMPILE_NG;
			}
			/* remove useless pop */
			ELEM_REMOVE(list);
			list = list->next;
			goto redo_point;
		    }
		  default:;
		    /* none */
		}		/* end of switch */
	      normal_insn:
		state = insn_set_sc_state(iseq, anchor, iobj, state);
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    {
		LABEL *lobj;
		lobj = (LABEL *)list;

		state = label_set_sc_state(lobj, state);
	    }
	  default:
	    break;
	}
	list = list->next;
    }
#endif
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
all_string_result_p(const NODE *node)
{
    if (!node) return FALSE;
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_STR: case NODE_DSTR:
	return TRUE;
      case NODE_IF: case NODE_UNLESS:
	if (!node->nd_body || !node->nd_else) return FALSE;
	if (all_string_result_p(node->nd_body))
	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_else);
	return FALSE;
      case NODE_AND: case NODE_OR:
	if (!node->nd_2nd)
	    return all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st);
	if (!all_string_result_p(node->nd_1st))
	    return FALSE;
	return all_string_result_p(node->nd_2nd);
      default:
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static int
compile_dstr_fragments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int *cntp)
{
    const NODE *list = node->nd_next;
    VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
    LINK_ELEMENT *first_lit = 0;
    int cnt = 0;

    debugp_param("nd_lit", lit);
    if (!NIL_P(lit)) {
	cnt++;
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(lit, T_STRING)) {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "dstr: must be string: %s",
			  rb_builtin_type_name(TYPE(lit)));
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	}
	lit = freeze_literal(iseq, lit);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), putobject, lit);
	if (RSTRING_LEN(lit) == 0) first_lit = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
    }

    while (list) {
	const NODE *const head = list->nd_head;
	if (nd_type(head) == NODE_STR) {
	    lit = freeze_literal(iseq, head->nd_lit);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(head), putobject, lit);
	    lit = Qnil;
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "each string", head));
	}
	cnt++;
	list = list->nd_next;
    }
    if (NIL_P(lit) && first_lit) {
	ELEM_REMOVE(first_lit);
	--cnt;
    }
    *cntp = cnt;

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_dstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
{
    int cnt;
    CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), concatstrings, INT2FIX(cnt));
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_dregx(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
{
    int cnt;
    CHECK(compile_dstr_fragments(iseq, ret, node, &cnt));
    ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(node), toregexp, INT2FIX(node->nd_cflag), INT2FIX(cnt));
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_flip_flop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int again,
		  LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
    rb_num_t cnt = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(iseq->body->local_iseq)
	+ VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
    VALUE key = INT2FIX(cnt);

    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, key, INT2FIX(0));
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lend);

    /* *flip == 0 */
    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "flip2 beg", node->nd_beg));
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, else_label);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
    if (!again) {
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, then_label);
    }

    /* *flip == 1 */
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "flip2 end", node->nd_end));
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, then_label);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setspecial, key);
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, then_label);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *cond,
			 LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label)
{
  again:
    switch (nd_type(cond)) {
      case NODE_AND:
	{
	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, label,
					   else_label));
	    if (!label->refcnt) break;
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
	    goto again;
	}
      case NODE_OR:
	{
	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(cond));
	    CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, cond->nd_1st, then_label,
					   label));
	    if (!label->refcnt) break;
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
	    cond = cond->nd_2nd;
	    goto again;
	}
      case NODE_LIT:		/* NODE_LIT is always true */
      case NODE_TRUE:
      case NODE_STR:
      case NODE_ZARRAY:
      case NODE_LAMBDA:
	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n",  ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
	break;
      case NODE_FALSE:
      case NODE_NIL:
	/* printf("useless condition eliminate (%s)\n", ruby_node_name(nd_type(cond))); */
	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, else_label);
	break;
      case NODE_ARRAY:
      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
      case NODE_DREGX:
      case NODE_DSTR:
	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "branch condition", cond));
	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
	break;
      case NODE_FLIP2:
	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, TRUE, then_label, else_label));
	break;
      case NODE_FLIP3:
	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, cond, FALSE, then_label, else_label));
	break;
      case NODE_DEFINED:
	CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, cond, Qfalse));
	goto branch;
      default:
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "branch condition", cond));
      branch:
	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), branchunless, else_label);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(cond), jump, then_label);
	break;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_keyword_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
			  const NODE *const root_node,
			  struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **const kw_arg_ptr,
			  unsigned int *flag)
{
    if (kw_arg_ptr == NULL) return FALSE;

    if (nd_type(root_node) == NODE_HASH && root_node->nd_head && nd_type(root_node->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY) {
	const NODE *node = root_node->nd_head;

	while (node) {
	    const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;

	    assert(nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY);
	    if (!key_node) {
                if (flag && !root_node->nd_brace) *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
		return FALSE;
	    }
	    else if (nd_type(key_node) == NODE_LIT && RB_TYPE_P(key_node->nd_lit, T_SYMBOL)) {
		/* can be keywords */
	    }
	    else {
		return FALSE;
	    }
	    node = node->nd_next; /* skip value node */
	    node = node->nd_next;
	}

	/* may be keywords */
	node = root_node->nd_head;
	{
	    int len = (int)node->nd_alen / 2;
	    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg  = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (len - 1));
	    VALUE *keywords = kw_arg->keywords;
	    int i = 0;
	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;

	    *kw_arg_ptr = kw_arg;

	    for (i=0; node != NULL; i++, node = node->nd_next->nd_next) {
		const NODE *key_node = node->nd_head;
		const NODE *val_node = node->nd_next->nd_head;
		keywords[i] = key_node->nd_lit;
		COMPILE(ret, "keyword values", val_node);
	    }
	    assert(i == len);
	    return TRUE;
	}
    }
    return FALSE;
}

static int
compile_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node_root,
                   struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords_ptr, unsigned int *flag)
{
    const NODE *node = node_root;
    int len = 0;

    for (; node; len++, node = node->nd_next) {
        if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
            EXPECT_NODE("compile_args", node, NODE_ARRAY, -1);
        }

        if (node->nd_next == NULL /* last node */ &&
            compile_keyword_arg(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, keywords_ptr, flag)) {
            len--;
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node->nd_head, FALSE);
        }
    }

    return len;
}

enum compile_array_type_t {
    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY,
    COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH
};

static inline int
static_literal_node_p(const NODE *node, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    node = node->nd_head;
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_LIT:
      case NODE_NIL:
      case NODE_TRUE:
      case NODE_FALSE:
	return TRUE;
      case NODE_STR:
        return ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal;
      default:
	return FALSE;
    }
}

static inline VALUE
static_literal_value(const NODE *node, rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    node = node->nd_head;
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_NIL:
	return Qnil;
      case NODE_TRUE:
	return Qtrue;
      case NODE_FALSE:
	return Qfalse;
      case NODE_STR:
        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
            VALUE lit;
            VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX((int)nd_line(node)));
            lit = rb_str_dup(node->nd_lit);
            rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
            return rb_str_freeze(lit);
        }
        else {
            return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
        }
      default:
	return node->nd_lit;
    }
}

static int
compile_array(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node_root,
              enum compile_array_type_t type, int popped)
{
    const NODE *node = node_root;
    int line = (int)nd_line(node);
    int len = 0;

    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ZARRAY) {
	if (!popped) {
	    switch (type) {
	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0)); break;
	      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH: ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0)); break;
	    }
	}
    }
    else {
	int opt_p = 1;
	int first = 1, i;

	while (node) {
	    const NODE *start_node = node, *end_node;
	    const NODE *kw = 0;
	    const int max = 0x100;
	    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
	    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);

	    for (i=0; i<max && node; i++, len++, node = node->nd_next) {
		if (CPDEBUG > 0) {
		    EXPECT_NODE("compile_array", node, NODE_ARRAY, -1);
		}

                if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH && !node->nd_head) {
		    kw = node->nd_next;
		    node = 0;
		    if (kw) {
			opt_p = 0;
			node = kw->nd_next;
			kw = kw->nd_head;
		    }
		    break;
		}
                if (opt_p && !static_literal_node_p(node, iseq)) {
		    opt_p = 0;
		}

                COMPILE_(anchor, "array element", node->nd_head, popped);
	    }

            if (opt_p) {
		if (!popped) {
		    VALUE ary = rb_ary_tmp_new(i);

		    end_node = node;
		    node = start_node;

		    while (node != end_node) {
                        rb_ary_push(ary, static_literal_value(node, iseq));
			node = node->nd_next;
		    }
		    while (node && node->nd_next &&
                           static_literal_node_p(node, iseq) &&
                           static_literal_node_p(node->nd_next, iseq)) {
			VALUE elem[2];
                        elem[0] = static_literal_value(node, iseq);
                        elem[1] = static_literal_value(node->nd_next, iseq);
			rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
			node = node->nd_next->nd_next;
			len++;
		    }

		    OBJ_FREEZE(ary);

		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, ary);

		    if (first) {
			first = 0;
			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, ary);
			}
			else { /* COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH */
                            VALUE hash;

                            hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
                            rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary), hash);
                            iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, rb_obj_hide(hash));
                            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duphash, hash);
			}
		    }
		    else {
			if (type == COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY) {
			    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ary);
			    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
			}
			else {
			    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "core#hash_merge_ary");
			    return -1;
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
	    else {
		if (!popped || kw) {
		    switch (type) {
		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY:
			ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newarray, INT2FIX(i));

			if (first) {
			    first = 0;
			}
			else {
			    ADD_INSN(anchor, line, concatarray);
			}

			APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
			break;
		      case COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH:
			if (i > 0) {
			    if (first) {
				if (!popped) {
				    ADD_INSN1(anchor, line, newhash, INT2FIX(i));
				}
				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
			    }
			    else {
				if (!popped) {
				    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
				    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
				}
				APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
				if (!popped) {
				    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i + 1));
				}
			    }
			}
			if (kw) {
			    if (!popped) {
				ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
				if (i > 0 || !first) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
				else ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
			    }
			    COMPILE(ret, "keyword splat", kw);
			    if (popped) {
				ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
			    }
			    else {
				ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
			    }
			}
			first = 0;
			break;
		    }
		}
		else {
		    /* popped */
		    APPEND_LIST(ret, anchor);
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    return len;
}

VALUE
rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(const NODE *const node)
{
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_LIT: {
	VALUE v = node->nd_lit;
	double ival;
	if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_FLOAT) &&
	    modf(RFLOAT_VALUE(v), &ival) == 0.0) {
	    return FIXABLE(ival) ? LONG2FIX((long)ival) : rb_dbl2big(ival);
	}
	if (SYMBOL_P(v) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
	    return v;
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_NIL:
	return Qnil;
      case NODE_TRUE:
	return Qtrue;
      case NODE_FALSE:
	return Qfalse;
      case NODE_STR:
	return rb_fstring(node->nd_lit);
    }
    return Qundef;
}

static int
when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
	  LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
{
    while (vals) {
	const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
        VALUE lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(val);

	if (lit == Qundef) {
	    only_special_literals = 0;
	}
        else if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit))) {
            rb_hash_aset(literals, lit, (VALUE)(l1) | 1);
	}

	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(val), dup); /* dup target */

	if (nd_type(val) == NODE_STR) {
	    debugp_param("nd_lit", val->nd_lit);
	    lit = freeze_literal(iseq, val->nd_lit);
	    ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(val), putobject, lit);
	}
	else {
	    if (!COMPILE(cond_seq, "when cond", val)) return -1;
	}

	ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(val), branchif, l1);
	vals = vals->nd_next;
    }
    return only_special_literals;
}

static int
when_splat_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
                LABEL *l1, int only_special_literals, VALUE literals)
{
    const int line = nd_line(vals);

    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
      case NODE_ARRAY:
        if (when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals) < 0)
            return COMPILE_NG;
        break;
      case NODE_SPLAT:
        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when splat", vals->nd_head));
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
        break;
      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_body, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
        break;
      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
        CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals->nd_head, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when argspush body", vals->nd_body));
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
        break;
      default:
        ADD_INSN (cond_seq, line, dup);
        CHECK(COMPILE(cond_seq, "when val", vals));
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, branchif, l1);
        break;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}


static int
compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
{
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_ATTRASGN: {
	INSN *iobj;
	struct rb_call_info *ci;
	VALUE dupidx;
	int line = nd_line(node);

	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node));

	iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn((INSN *)LAST_ELEMENT(ret)); /* send insn */
	ci = (struct rb_call_info *)iobj->operands[0];
	ci->orig_argc += 1;
	dupidx = INT2FIX(ci->orig_argc);

	INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, topn, dupidx);
	if (ci->flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
	    --ci->orig_argc;
	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
	    INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line, concatarray);
	}
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);	/* result */
	break;
      }
      case NODE_MASGN: {
	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "nest masgn lhs", node));
	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
	break;
      }
      default: {
	DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
	INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);
	CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(anchor, "masgn lhs", node));
	ELEM_REMOVE(FIRST_ELEMENT(anchor));
	ADD_SEQ(ret, anchor);
      }
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_massign_opt_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *lhsn)
{
    if (lhsn) {
	CHECK(compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_next));
	CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, lhsn->nd_head));
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_massign_opt(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
		    const NODE *rhsn, const NODE *orig_lhsn)
{
    VALUE mem[64];
    const int memsize = numberof(mem);
    int memindex = 0;
    int llen = 0, rlen = 0;
    int i;
    const NODE *lhsn = orig_lhsn;

#define MEMORY(v) { \
    int i; \
    if (memindex == memsize) return 0; \
    for (i=0; i<memindex; i++) { \
	if (mem[i] == (v)) return 0; \
    } \
    mem[memindex++] = (v); \
}

    if (rhsn == 0 || nd_type(rhsn) != NODE_ARRAY) {
	return 0;
    }

    while (lhsn) {
	const NODE *ln = lhsn->nd_head;
	switch (nd_type(ln)) {
	  case NODE_LASGN:
	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
	    break;
	  case NODE_DASGN:
	  case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
	  case NODE_IASGN:
	  case NODE_CVASGN:
	    MEMORY(ln->nd_vid);
	    break;
	  default:
	    return 0;
	}
	lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
	llen++;
    }

    while (rhsn) {
	if (llen <= rlen) {
	    COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "masgn val (popped)", rhsn->nd_head);
	}
	else {
	    COMPILE(ret, "masgn val", rhsn->nd_head);
	}
	rhsn = rhsn->nd_next;
	rlen++;
    }

    if (llen > rlen) {
	for (i=0; i<llen-rlen; i++) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(orig_lhsn), putnil);
	}
    }

    compile_massign_opt_lhs(iseq, ret, orig_lhsn);
    return 1;
}

static void
adjust_stack(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, int line, int rlen, int llen)
{
    if (rlen < llen) {
	do {ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);} while (++rlen < llen);
    }
    else if (rlen > llen) {
	do {ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);} while (--rlen > llen);
    }
}

static int
compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const NODE *rhsn = node->nd_value;
    const NODE *splatn = node->nd_args;
    const NODE *lhsn = node->nd_head;
    int lhs_splat = (splatn && NODE_NAMED_REST_P(splatn)) ? 1 : 0;

    if (!popped || splatn || !compile_massign_opt(iseq, ret, rhsn, lhsn)) {
	int llen = 0;
	int expand = 1;
	DECL_ANCHOR(lhsseq);

	INIT_ANCHOR(lhsseq);

	while (lhsn) {
	    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, lhsseq, lhsn->nd_head));
	    llen += 1;
	    lhsn = lhsn->nd_next;
	}

	COMPILE(ret, "normal masgn rhs", rhsn);

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), dup);
	}
	else if (!lhs_splat) {
	    INSN *last = (INSN*)ret->last;
	    if (IS_INSN(&last->link) &&
		IS_INSN_ID(last, newarray) &&
		last->operand_size == 1) {
		int rlen = FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(last, 0));
		/* special case: assign to aset or attrset */
		if (llen == 2) {
		    POP_ELEMENT(ret);
		    adjust_stack(iseq, ret, nd_line(node), rlen, llen);
		    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(node), swap);
		    expand = 0;
		}
		else if (llen > 2 && llen != rlen) {
		    POP_ELEMENT(ret);
		    adjust_stack(iseq, ret, nd_line(node), rlen, llen);
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(node), reverse, INT2FIX(llen));
		    expand = 0;
		}
		else if (llen > 2) {
		    last->insn_id = BIN(reverse);
		    expand = 0;
		}
	    }
	}
	if (expand) {
	    ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(node), expandarray,
		      INT2FIX(llen), INT2FIX(lhs_splat));
	}
	ADD_SEQ(ret, lhsseq);

	if (lhs_splat) {
	    if (nd_type(splatn) == NODE_POSTARG) {
		/*a, b, *r, p1, p2 */
		const NODE *postn = splatn->nd_2nd;
		const NODE *restn = splatn->nd_1st;
		int num = (int)postn->nd_alen;
		int flag = 0x02 | (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn) ? 0x01 : 0x00);

		ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(splatn), expandarray,
			  INT2FIX(num), INT2FIX(flag));

		if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(restn)) {
		    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, restn));
		}
		while (postn) {
		    CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, postn->nd_head));
		    postn = postn->nd_next;
		}
	    }
	    else {
		/* a, b, *r */
		CHECK(compile_massign_lhs(iseq, ret, splatn));
	    }
	}
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_const_prefix(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
		     LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
{
    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_CONST:
	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon", node->nd_vid);
	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
	break;
      case NODE_COLON3:
	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon3", node->nd_mid);
	ADD_INSN(body, nd_line(node), pop);
	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), putobject, rb_cObject);
	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
	break;
      case NODE_COLON2:
	CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node->nd_head, pref, body));
	debugi("compile_const_prefix - colon2", node->nd_mid);
	ADD_INSN1(body, nd_line(node), getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
	break;
      default:
	CHECK(COMPILE(pref, "const colon2 prefix", node));
	break;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_cpath(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *cpath)
{
    if (nd_type(cpath) == NODE_COLON3) {
	/* toplevel class ::Foo */
	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putobject, rb_cObject);
	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
    }
    else if (cpath->nd_head) {
	/* Bar::Foo */
	COMPILE(ret, "nd_else->nd_head", cpath->nd_head);
	return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
    }
    else {
	/* class at cbase Foo */
	ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(cpath), putspecialobject,
		  INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
	return 0;
    }
}

#define private_recv_p(node) (nd_type((node)->nd_recv) == NODE_SELF)
static int
defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr);

static int
defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
	      const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
{
    enum defined_type expr_type = DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED;
    enum node_type type;
    const int line = nd_line(node);

    switch (type = nd_type(node)) {

	/* easy literals */
      case NODE_NIL:
	expr_type = DEFINED_NIL;
	break;
      case NODE_SELF:
	expr_type = DEFINED_SELF;
	break;
      case NODE_TRUE:
	expr_type = DEFINED_TRUE;
	break;
      case NODE_FALSE:
	expr_type = DEFINED_FALSE;
	break;

      case NODE_ARRAY:{
	const NODE *vals = node;

	do {
	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, vals->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);

	    if (!lfinish[1]) {
                lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    }
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
	} while ((vals = vals->nd_next) != NULL);
      }
      case NODE_STR:
      case NODE_LIT:
      case NODE_ZARRAY:
      case NODE_AND:
      case NODE_OR:
      default:
	expr_type = DEFINED_EXPR;
	break;

	/* variables */
      case NODE_LVAR:
      case NODE_DVAR:
	expr_type = DEFINED_LVAR;
	break;

      case NODE_IVAR:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_IVAR),
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_GVAR:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR),
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_entry->id), needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_CVAR:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR),
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_CONST:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid), needstr);
	return 1;
      case NODE_COLON2:
	if (!lfinish[1]) {
            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
	}
	defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
	COMPILE(ret, "defined/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head);

        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
		  (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid) ?
		   INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST) : INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD)),
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
	return 1;
      case NODE_COLON3:
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined,
		  INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
	return 1;

	/* method dispatch */
      case NODE_CALL:
      case NODE_OPCALL:
      case NODE_VCALL:
      case NODE_FCALL:
      case NODE_METHREF:
      case NODE_ATTRASGN:{
	const int explicit_receiver =
	    (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL ||
             type == NODE_METHREF ||
	     (type == NODE_ATTRASGN && !private_recv_p(node)));

	if (!lfinish[1] && (node->nd_args || explicit_receiver)) {
            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(line);
	}
	if (node->nd_args) {
	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_args, lfinish, Qfalse);
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
	}
	if (explicit_receiver) {
	    defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node->nd_recv, lfinish, Qfalse);
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
	    COMPILE(ret, "defined/recv", node->nd_recv);
            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD),
		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
	}
	else {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC),
		      ID2SYM(node->nd_mid), needstr);
	}
	return 1;
      }

      case NODE_YIELD:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0,
		  needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_BACK_REF:
      case NODE_NTH_REF:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF),
		  INT2FIX((node->nd_nth << 1) | (type == NODE_BACK_REF)),
		  needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_SUPER:
      case NODE_ZSUPER:
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0,
		  needstr);
	return 1;

      case NODE_OP_ASGN1:
      case NODE_OP_ASGN2:
      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:
      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
      case NODE_MASGN:
      case NODE_LASGN:
      case NODE_DASGN:
      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:
      case NODE_GASGN:
      case NODE_IASGN:
      case NODE_CDECL:
      case NODE_CVASGN:
	expr_type = DEFINED_ASGN;
	break;
    }

    if (expr_type) {
	if (needstr != Qfalse) {
	    VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(expr_type);
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
	}
	else {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
	}
	return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static VALUE
build_defined_rescue_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *unused)
{
    ADD_INSN(ret, 0, putnil);
    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
    return Qnil;
}

static int
defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret,
	     const NODE *const node, LABEL **lfinish, VALUE needstr)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *lcur = ret->last;
    int done = defined_expr0(iseq, ret, node, lfinish, needstr);
    if (lfinish[1]) {
	int line = nd_line(node);
	LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
	const rb_iseq_t *rescue;
	rescue = new_child_iseq_ifunc(iseq, IFUNC_NEW(build_defined_rescue_iseq, 0, 0),
				      rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("defined guard in "),
						    iseq->body->location.label),
				      iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, 0);
	lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
	lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
	APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
    }
    return done;
}

static int
compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, VALUE needstr)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    if (!node->nd_head) {
	VALUE str = rb_iseq_defined_string(DEFINED_NIL);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, str);
    }
    else {
	LABEL *lfinish[2];
	LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;
	lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(line);
	lfinish[1] = 0;
	defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, needstr);
	if (lfinish[1]) {
	    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, line, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);
	}
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static VALUE
make_name_for_block(const rb_iseq_t *orig_iseq)
{
    int level = 1;
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = orig_iseq;

    if (orig_iseq->body->parent_iseq != 0) {
	while (orig_iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
	    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
		level++;
	    }
	    iseq = iseq->body->parent_iseq;
	}
    }

    if (level == 1) {
	return rb_sprintf("block in %"PRIsVALUE, iseq->body->location.label);
    }
    else {
	return rb_sprintf("block (%d levels) in %"PRIsVALUE, level, iseq->body->location.label);
    }
}

static void
push_ensure_entry(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
		  struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enl,
		  struct ensure_range *er, const NODE *const node)
{
    enl->ensure_node = node;
    enl->prev = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;	/* prev */
    enl->erange = er;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl;
}

static void
add_ensure_range(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct ensure_range *erange,
		 LABEL *lstart, LABEL *lend)
{
    struct ensure_range *ne =
	compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(struct ensure_range));

    while (erange->next != 0) {
	erange = erange->next;
    }
    ne->next = 0;
    ne->begin = lend;
    ne->end = erange->end;
    erange->end = lstart;

    erange->next = ne;
}

static void
add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return)
{
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enlp =
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev_enlp = enlp;
    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure);

    INIT_ANCHOR(ensure);
    while (enlp) {
	if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
	    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
	    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);
	    INIT_ANCHOR(ensure_part);

	    add_ensure_range(iseq, enlp->erange, lstart, lend);

	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
	    COMPILE_POPPED(ensure_part, "ensure part", enlp->ensure_node);
	    ADD_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
	    ADD_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
	}
	else {
	    if (!is_return) {
		break;
	    }
	}
	enlp = enlp->prev;
    }
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = prev_enlp;
    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensure);
}

static int
check_keyword(const NODE *node)
{
    /* This check is essentially a code clone of compile_keyword_arg. */

    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_ARRAY) {
        while (node->nd_next) {
            node = node->nd_next;
        }
        node = node->nd_head;
    }

    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_HASH && !node->nd_brace) return TRUE;
    return FALSE;
}

static VALUE
setup_args_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
                int dup_rest, unsigned int *flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords)
{
    if (argn) {
        switch (nd_type(argn)) {
          case NODE_SPLAT: {
            COMPILE(args, "args (splat)", argn->nd_head);
            ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, dup_rest ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
            if (flag) *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
            return INT2FIX(1);
          }
          case NODE_ARGSCAT:
          case NODE_ARGSPUSH: {
            int next_is_array = (nd_type(argn->nd_head) == NODE_ARRAY);
            VALUE argc = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, 1, NULL, NULL);
            COMPILE(args, "args (cat: splat)", argn->nd_body);
            if (flag) {
                *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
                /* This is a dirty hack.  It traverses the AST twice.
                 * In a long term, it should be fixed by a redesign of keyword arguments */
                if (check_keyword(argn->nd_body))
                    *flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
            }
            if (nd_type(argn) == NODE_ARGSCAT) {
                if (next_is_array) {
                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qtrue);
                    return INT2FIX(FIX2INT(argc) + 1);
                }
                else {
                    ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), splatarray, Qfalse);
                    ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
                    return argc;
                }
            }
            else {
                ADD_INSN1(args, nd_line(argn), newarray, INT2FIX(1));
                ADD_INSN(args, nd_line(argn), concatarray);
                return argc;
            }
          }
          case NODE_ARRAY: {
            int len = compile_args(iseq, args, argn, keywords, flag);
            return INT2FIX(len);
          }
          default: {
            UNKNOWN_NODE("setup_arg", argn, Qnil);
          }
        }
    }
    return INT2FIX(0);
}

static VALUE
setup_args(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const args, const NODE *argn,
	   unsigned int *flag, struct rb_call_info_kw_arg **keywords)
{
    VALUE ret;
    if (argn && nd_type(argn) == NODE_BLOCK_PASS) {
        DECL_ANCHOR(arg_block);
        INIT_ANCHOR(arg_block);
        COMPILE(arg_block, "block", argn->nd_body);

        *flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;
        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn->nd_head, 0, flag, keywords);

        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(arg_block)) {
            LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(arg_block);
            if (elem->type == ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN) {
                INSN *iobj = (INSN *)elem;
                if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(getblockparam)) {
                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
                }
            }
        }
        ADD_SEQ(args, arg_block);
    }
    else {
        ret = setup_args_core(iseq, args, argn, 0, flag, keywords);
    }
    return ret;
}

static VALUE
build_postexe_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *body)
{
    int line = nd_line(body);
    VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
    const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(body, make_name_for_block(iseq->body->parent_iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);

    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
    ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, id_core_set_postexe, argc, block);
    iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
    return Qnil;
}

static void
compile_named_capture_assign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node)
{
    const NODE *vars;
    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
    int line = nd_line(node);
    LABEL *fail_label = NEW_LABEL(line), *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);

#if !(defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR) && NAMED_CAPTURE_BY_SVAR-0)
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal, ((VALUE)rb_global_entry(idBACKREF) | 1));
#else
    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */, INT2FIX(0));
#endif
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, fail_label);

    for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
	INSN *cap;
	if (vars->nd_next) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	last = ret->last;
	COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head);
	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
	cap = new_insn_send(iseq, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1),
			    NULL, INT2FIX(0), NULL);
	ELEM_INSERT_PREV(last->next, (LINK_ELEMENT *)cap);
#if !defined(NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT) || NAMED_CAPTURE_SINGLE_OPT-0
	if (!vars->nd_next && vars == node) {
	    /* only one name */
	    DECL_ANCHOR(nom);

	    INIT_ANCHOR(nom);
	    ADD_INSNL(nom, line, jump, end_label);
	    ADD_LABEL(nom, fail_label);
# if 0				/* $~ must be MatchData or nil */
	    ADD_INSN(nom, line, pop);
	    ADD_INSN(nom, line, putnil);
# endif
	    ADD_LABEL(nom, end_label);
	    (nom->last->next = cap->link.next)->prev = nom->last;
	    (cap->link.next = nom->anchor.next)->prev = &cap->link;
	    return;
	}
#endif
    }
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, fail_label);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    for (vars = node; vars; vars = vars->nd_next) {
	last = ret->last;
	COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "capture", vars->nd_head);
	last = last->next; /* putobject :var */
	((INSN*)last)->insn_id = BIN(putnil);
	((INSN*)last)->operand_size = 0;
    }
    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

static int
number_literal_p(const NODE *n)
{
    return (n && nd_type(n) == NODE_LIT && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(n->nd_lit));
}

static int
compile_if(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
{
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    const NODE *const node_body = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_body : node->nd_else;
    const NODE *const node_else = type == NODE_IF ? node->nd_else : node->nd_body;

    const int line = nd_line(node);
    const int lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
    const int column = nd_first_column(node);
    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
    const int last_column = nd_last_column(node);
    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
    DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);
    DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);
    LABEL *then_label, *else_label, *end_label;
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
    int ci_size, ci_kw_size;

    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
    INIT_ANCHOR(then_seq);
    INIT_ANCHOR(else_seq);
    then_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    end_label = 0;

    compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, node->nd_cond,
			     then_label, else_label);

    ci_size = body->ci_size;
    ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
    CHECK(COMPILE_(then_seq, "then", node_body, popped));
    if (!then_label->refcnt) {
        body->ci_size = ci_size;
        body->ci_kw_size = ci_kw_size;
    }

    ci_size = body->ci_size;
    ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
    CHECK(COMPILE_(else_seq, "else", node_else, popped));
    if (!else_label->refcnt) {
        body->ci_size = ci_size;
        body->ci_kw_size = ci_kw_size;
    }

    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);

    if (then_label->refcnt && else_label->refcnt) {
	DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, lineno, column, last_lineno, last_column, type == NODE_IF ? "if" : "unless");
    }

    if (then_label->refcnt) {
	ADD_LABEL(ret, then_label);
	if (else_label->refcnt) {
	    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
		ret,
		node_body ? nd_first_lineno(node_body) : lineno,
		node_body ? nd_first_column(node_body) : column,
		node_body ? nd_last_lineno(node_body) : last_lineno,
		node_body ? nd_last_column(node_body) : last_column,
		type == NODE_IF ? "then" : "else",
		branches);
	    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    ADD_INSNL(then_seq, line, jump, end_label);
	}
	ADD_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
    }

    if (else_label->refcnt) {
	ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
	if (then_label->refcnt) {
	    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
		ret,
		node_else ? nd_first_lineno(node_else) : lineno,
		node_else ? nd_first_column(node_else) : column,
		node_else ? nd_last_lineno(node_else) : last_lineno,
		node_else ? nd_last_column(node_else) : last_column,
		type == NODE_IF ? "else" : "then",
		branches);
	}
	ADD_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
    }

    if (end_label) {
	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_case(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
{
    const NODE *vals;
    const NODE *node = orig_node;
    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
    int only_special_literals = 1;
    VALUE literals = rb_hash_new();
    int line, lineno, column, last_lineno, last_column;
    enum node_type type;
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;

    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);

    RHASH_TBL_RAW(literals)->type = &cdhash_type;

    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head));

    DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node), "case");

    node = node->nd_body;
    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_WHEN, COMPILE_NG);
    type = nd_type(node);
    line = nd_line(node);
    lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
    column = nd_first_column(node);
    last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
    last_column = nd_last_column(node);

    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);

    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */

    while (type == NODE_WHEN) {
	LABEL *l1;

	l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
	ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
	ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
		body_seq,
		node->nd_body ? nd_first_lineno(node->nd_body) : lineno,
		node->nd_body ? nd_first_column(node->nd_body) : column,
		node->nd_body ? nd_last_lineno(node->nd_body) : last_lineno,
		node->nd_body ? nd_last_column(node->nd_body) : last_column,
		"when",
		branches);
	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when body", node->nd_body, popped));
	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);

	vals = node->nd_head;
	if (vals) {
	    switch (nd_type(vals)) {
	      case NODE_ARRAY:
		only_special_literals = when_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals);
		if (only_special_literals < 0) return COMPILE_NG;
		break;
	      case NODE_SPLAT:
	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
		only_special_literals = 0;
		CHECK(when_splat_vals(iseq, cond_seq, vals, l1, only_special_literals, literals));
		break;
	      default:
		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_CASE", vals, COMPILE_NG);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    EXPECT_NODE_NONULL("NODE_CASE", node, NODE_ARRAY, COMPILE_NG);
	}

	node = node->nd_next;
	if (!node) {
	    break;
	}
	type = nd_type(node);
	line = nd_line(node);
	lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
	column = nd_first_column(node);
	last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
	last_column = nd_last_column(node);
    }
    /* else */
    if (node) {
	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
	ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(cond_seq, nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node), "else", branches);
	CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
    }
    else {
	debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
	ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
	ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
	ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(cond_seq, nd_first_lineno(orig_node), nd_first_column(orig_node), nd_last_lineno(orig_node), nd_last_column(orig_node), "else", branches);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
	}
	ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
    }

    if (only_special_literals && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
	iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, literals);

	ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(orig_node), dup);
	ADD_INSN2(ret, nd_line(orig_node), opt_case_dispatch, literals, elselabel);
	LABEL_REF(elselabel);
    }

    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_case2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
{
    const NODE *vals;
    const NODE *val;
    const NODE *node = orig_node->nd_body;
    LABEL *endlabel;
    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;

    DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, nd_first_lineno(orig_node), nd_first_column(orig_node), nd_last_lineno(orig_node), nd_last_column(orig_node), "case");

    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));

    while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_WHEN) {
	const int line = nd_line(node);
	const int lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
	const int column = nd_first_column(node);
	const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
	const int last_column = nd_last_column(node);
	LABEL *l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
	ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
	ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
		body_seq,
		node->nd_body ? nd_first_lineno(node->nd_body) : lineno,
		node->nd_body ? nd_first_column(node->nd_body) : column,
		node->nd_body ? nd_last_lineno(node->nd_body) : last_lineno,
		node->nd_body ? nd_last_column(node->nd_body) : last_column,
		"when",
		branches);
	CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "when", node->nd_body, popped));
	ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);

	vals = node->nd_head;
	if (!vals) {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_WHEN: must be NODE_ARRAY, but 0");
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	}
	switch (nd_type(vals)) {
	  case NODE_ARRAY:
	    while (vals) {
		LABEL *lnext;
		val = vals->nd_head;
		lnext = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(val));
		debug_compile("== when2\n", (void)0);
		CHECK(compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, val, l1, lnext));
		ADD_LABEL(ret, lnext);
		vals = vals->nd_next;
	    }
	    break;
	  case NODE_SPLAT:
	  case NODE_ARGSCAT:
	  case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
	    ADD_INSN(ret, nd_line(vals), putnil);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "when2/cond splat", vals));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, nd_line(vals), checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(vals), branchif, l1);
	    break;
	  default:
	    UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_WHEN", vals, COMPILE_NG);
	}
	node = node->nd_next;
    }
    /* else */
    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
	ret,
	node ? nd_first_lineno(node) : nd_first_lineno(orig_node),
	node ? nd_first_column(node) : nd_first_column(orig_node),
	node ? nd_last_lineno(node) : nd_last_lineno(orig_node),
	node ? nd_last_column(node) : nd_last_column(orig_node),
	"else",
	branches);
    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "else", node, popped));
    ADD_INSNL(ret, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);

    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
iseq_compile_pattern_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int in_alt_pattern)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);

    switch (nd_type(node)) {
      case NODE_ARYPTN: {
        /*
         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
         *     rest_num = 0
         *   end
         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct)
         *     goto match_failed
         *   end
         *   d = obj.deconstruct
         *   unless Array === d
         *     goto type_error
         *   end
         *   min_argc = pattern.pre_args_num + pattern.post_args_num
         *   if pattern.has_rest_arg?
         *     unless d.length >= min_argc
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   else
         *     unless d.length == min_argc
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   pattern.pre_args_num.each do |i|
         *     unless pattern.pre_args[i].match?(d[i])
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   if pattern.use_rest_num?
         *     rest_num = d.length - min_argc
         *     if pattern.has_rest_arg? && pattern.has_rest_arg_id # not `*`, but `*rest`
         *       unless pattern.rest_arg.match?(d[pattern.pre_args_num, rest_num])
         *         goto match_failed
         *       end
         *     end
         *   end
         *   pattern.post_args_num.each do |i|
         *     j = pattern.pre_args_num + i
         *     j += rest_num
         *     unless pattern.post_args[i].match?(d[j])
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   true
         *   goto fin
         * type_error:
         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
         * match_failed:
         *   false
         * fin:
         */
        struct rb_ary_pattern_info *apinfo = node->nd_apinfo;
        const NODE *args = apinfo->pre_args;
        const int pre_args_num = apinfo->pre_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->pre_args->nd_alen) : 0;
        const int post_args_num = apinfo->post_args ? rb_long2int(apinfo->post_args->nd_alen) : 0;

        const int min_argc = pre_args_num + post_args_num;
        const int use_rest_num = apinfo->rest_arg && (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) ||
                                                      (!NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg) && post_args_num > 0));

        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *fin;
        int i;
        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);

        if (use_rest_num) {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0)); /* allocate stack for rest_num */
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
        }

        if (node->nd_pconst) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct")));
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);

        ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct"), INT2FIX(0));

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, apinfo->rest_arg ? idGE : idEq, INT2FIX(1));
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);

        for (i = 0; i < pre_args_num; i++) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(i));
            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
            iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, in_alt_pattern);
            args = args->nd_next;
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        if (apinfo->rest_arg) {
            if (NODE_NAMED_REST_P(apinfo->rest_arg)) {
                ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num));
                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
                ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(4));
                ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));

                iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, apinfo->rest_arg, in_alt_pattern);
                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
            }
            else {
                if (post_args_num > 0) {
                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(min_argc));
                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(2));
                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
                }
            }
        }

        args = apinfo->post_args;
        for (i = 0; i < post_args_num; i++) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);

            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(pre_args_num + i));
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(3));
            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));

            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
            iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, args->nd_head, in_alt_pattern);
            args = args->nd_next;
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        if (use_rest_num) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        }
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, fin);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array"));
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));

        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        if (use_rest_num) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        }
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);

        break;
      }
      case NODE_HSHPTN: {
        /*
         *   keys = nil
         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node? && !pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
         *     keys = pattern.kw_args_node.keys
         *   end
         *   if pattern.has_constant_node?
         *     unless pattern.constant === obj
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   unless obj.respond_to?(:deconstruct_keys)
         *     goto match_failed
         *   end
         *   d = obj.deconstruct_keys(keys)
         *   unless Hash === d
         *     goto type_error
         *   end
         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
         *     d = d.dup
         *   end
         *   if pattern.has_kw_args_node?
         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k,|
         *       unless d.key?(k)
         *         goto match_failed
         *       end
         *     end
         *     pattern.kw_args_node.each |k, pat|
         *       if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
         *         unless pat.match?(d.delete(k))
         *           goto match_failed
         *         end
         *       else
         *         unless pat.match?(d[k])
         *           goto match_failed
         *         end
         *       end
         *     end
         *   else
         *     unless d.empty?
         *       goto match_failed
         *     end
         *   end
         *   if pattern.has_kw_rest_arg_node?
         *     pattern.kw_rest_arg_node.match?(d)
         *   end
         *   true
         *   goto fin
         * type_error:
         *   FrozenCore.raise TypeError
         * match_failed:
         *   false
         * fin:
         */
        LABEL *match_failed, *type_error, *fin;
        VALUE keys = Qnil;

        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
        type_error = NEW_LABEL(line);
        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);

        if (node->nd_pkwargs && !node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
            const NODE *kw_args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
            keys = rb_ary_new_capa(kw_args ? kw_args->nd_alen/2 : 0);
            iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, rb_obj_hide(keys));
            while (kw_args) {
                rb_ary_push(keys, kw_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
                kw_args = kw_args->nd_next->nd_next;
            }
        }

        if (node->nd_pconst) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
            CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "constant", node->nd_pconst));
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct_keys")));
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);

        if (NIL_P(keys)) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
        }
        else {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, duparray, keys);
        }
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"), INT2FIX(1));

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cHash);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, type_error);

        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
            ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
        }

        if (node->nd_pkwargs) {
            int i;
            int keys_num;
            const NODE *args;
            args = node->nd_pkwargs->nd_head;
            if (args) {
                DECL_ANCHOR(match_values);
                INIT_ANCHOR(match_values);
                keys_num = rb_long2int(args->nd_alen) / 2;
                for (i = 0; i < keys_num; i++) {
                    NODE *key_node = args->nd_head;
                    NODE *value_node = args->nd_next->nd_head;
                    VALUE key;

                    if (nd_type(key_node) != NODE_LIT) {
                        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", key_node, COMPILE_NG);
                    }
                    key = key_node->nd_lit;

                    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, key);
                    ADD_SEND(ret, line, rb_intern("key?"), INT2FIX(1));
                    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);

                    ADD_INSN(match_values, line, dup);
                    ADD_INSN1(match_values, line, putobject, key);
                    ADD_SEND(match_values, line, node->nd_pkwrestarg ? rb_intern("delete") : idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
                    iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, match_values, value_node, in_alt_pattern);
                    ADD_INSNL(match_values, line, branchunless, match_failed);
                    args = args->nd_next->nd_next;
                }
                ADD_SEQ(ret, match_values);
            }
        }
        else {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
            ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        if (node->nd_pkwrestarg) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
            iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_pkwrestarg, in_alt_pattern);
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, fin);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, type_error);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eTypeError);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct_keys must return Hash"));
        ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));

        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
        break;
      }
      case NODE_LIT:
      case NODE_STR:
      case NODE_XSTR:
      case NODE_DSTR:
      case NODE_DSYM:
      case NODE_DREGX:
      case NODE_ARRAY:
      case NODE_ZARRAY:
      case NODE_LAMBDA:
      case NODE_DOT2:
      case NODE_DOT3:
      case NODE_CONST:
      case NODE_LVAR:
      case NODE_DVAR:
      case NODE_TRUE:
      case NODE_FALSE:
      case NODE_SELF:
      case NODE_NIL:
      case NODE_COLON2:
      case NODE_COLON3:
        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in literal", node));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
        break;
      case NODE_LASGN: {
        struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
        ID id = node->nd_vid;
        int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);

        if (in_alt_pattern) {
            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
                              rb_id2str(id));
                return COMPILE_NG;
            }
        }

        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
        break;
      }
      case NODE_DASGN:
      case NODE_DASGN_CURR: {
        int idx, lv, ls;
        ID id = node->nd_vid;

        idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);

        if (in_alt_pattern) {
            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);
            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")",
                              rb_id2str(id));
                return COMPILE_NG;
            }
        }

        if (idx < 0) {
            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
                          rb_id2str(id));
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }
        ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
        break;
      }
      case NODE_IF:
      case NODE_UNLESS: {
        LABEL *match_failed, *fin;
        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);
        iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, in_alt_pattern);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "case in if", node->nd_cond));
        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_IF) {
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        }
        else {
            ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, match_failed);
        }
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, fin);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
        break;
      }
      case NODE_HASH: {
        NODE *n;
        LABEL *match_failed, *fin;
        match_failed = NEW_LABEL(line);
        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);

        n = node->nd_head;
        if (! (nd_type(n) == NODE_ARRAY && n->nd_alen == 2)) {
            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, n->nd_head, in_alt_pattern);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, match_failed);
        iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, n->nd_next->nd_head, in_alt_pattern);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, fin);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_failed);
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
        break;
      }
      case NODE_OR: {
        LABEL *match_succeeded, *fin;
        match_succeeded = NEW_LABEL(line);
        fin = NEW_LABEL(line);

        ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
        iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_1st, TRUE);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, match_succeeded);
        iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, ret, node->nd_2nd, TRUE);
        ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, fin);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded);
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);

        ADD_LABEL(ret, fin);
        break;
      }
      default:
        UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_IN", node, COMPILE_NG);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_case3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const orig_node, int popped)
{
    const NODE *pattern;
    const NODE *node = orig_node;
    LABEL *endlabel, *elselabel;
    DECL_ANCHOR(head);
    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
    int line, lineno, column, last_lineno, last_column;
    enum node_type type;
    VALUE branches = 0;

    INIT_ANCHOR(head);
    INIT_ANCHOR(body_seq);
    INIT_ANCHOR(cond_seq);

    CHECK(COMPILE(head, "case base", node->nd_head));

    DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node), "case");

    node = node->nd_body;
    EXPECT_NODE("NODE_CASE3", node, NODE_IN, COMPILE_NG);
    type = nd_type(node);
    line = nd_line(node);
    lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
    column = nd_first_column(node);
    last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
    last_column = nd_last_column(node);

    endlabel = NEW_LABEL(line);
    elselabel = NEW_LABEL(line);

    ADD_SEQ(ret, head);	/* case VAL */

    while (type == NODE_IN) {
        LABEL *l1;

        l1 = NEW_LABEL(line);
        ADD_LABEL(body_seq, l1);
        ADD_INSN(body_seq, line, pop);
        ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
            body_seq,
            node->nd_body ? nd_first_lineno(node->nd_body) : lineno,
            node->nd_body ? nd_first_column(node->nd_body) : column,
            node->nd_body ? nd_last_lineno(node->nd_body) : last_lineno,
            node->nd_body ? nd_last_column(node->nd_body) : last_column,
            "in",
            branches);
        CHECK(COMPILE_(body_seq, "in body", node->nd_body, popped));
        ADD_INSNL(body_seq, line, jump, endlabel);

        pattern = node->nd_head;
        if (pattern) {
            ADD_INSN (cond_seq, nd_line(pattern), dup);
            iseq_compile_pattern_each(iseq, cond_seq, pattern, FALSE);
            ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(pattern), branchif, l1);
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unexpected node");
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }

        node = node->nd_next;
        if (!node) {
            break;
        }
        type = nd_type(node);
        line = nd_line(node);
        lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
        column = nd_first_column(node);
        last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
        last_column = nd_last_column(node);
    }
    /* else */
    if (node) {
        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, line, pop);
        ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(cond_seq, nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node), "else", branches);
        CHECK(COMPILE_(cond_seq, "else", node, popped));
        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, line, jump, endlabel);
    }
    else {
        debugs("== else (implicit)\n");
        ADD_LABEL(cond_seq, elselabel);
        ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(cond_seq, nd_first_lineno(orig_node), nd_first_column(orig_node), nd_last_lineno(orig_node), nd_last_column(orig_node), "else", branches);
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternError);
        ADD_INSN1(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), topn, INT2FIX(2));
        ADD_SEND(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
        ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), pop);
        if (!popped) {
            ADD_INSN(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), putnil);
        }
        ADD_INSNL(cond_seq, nd_line(orig_node), jump, endlabel);
    }

    ADD_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
    ADD_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, endlabel);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped, const enum node_type type)
{
    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
    const int lineno = nd_first_lineno(node);
    const int column = nd_first_column(node);
    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node);
    const int last_column = nd_last_column(node);
    LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
    LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
    LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;
    int prev_loopval_popped = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped;
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;

    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;

    LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* next  */
    LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* redo  */
    LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);	/* break */
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(line);

    LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = 0;
    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, NULL, NULL);

    if (node->nd_state == 1) {
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
    }
    else {
	tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, tmp_label);
    }
    ADD_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, next_label);
    if (tmp_label) ADD_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);

    ADD_LABEL(ret, redo_label);
    DECL_BRANCH_BASE(branches, lineno, column, last_lineno, last_column, type == NODE_WHILE ? "while" : "until");
    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(
	ret,
	node->nd_body ? nd_first_lineno(node->nd_body) : lineno,
	node->nd_body ? nd_first_column(node->nd_body) : column,
	node->nd_body ? nd_last_lineno(node->nd_body) : last_lineno,
	node->nd_body ? nd_last_column(node->nd_body) : last_column,
	"body",
	branches);
    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "while body", node->nd_body));
    ADD_LABEL(ret, next_label);	/* next */

    if (type == NODE_WHILE) {
	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
				 redo_label, end_label);
    }
    else {
	/* until */
	compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, node->nd_cond,
				 end_label, redo_label);
    }

    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);

    if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
	/* ADD_INSN(ret, line, putundef); */
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    else {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
    }

    ADD_LABEL(ret, break_label);	/* break */

    if (popped) {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    }

    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
		    break_label);
    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
		    next_catch_label);
    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, NULL,
		    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped = prev_loopval_popped;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_iter(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
    LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(line);
    const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq;

    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FOR) {
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller (for)", node->nd_iter));

	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
	ADD_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
    }
    else {
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq =
	    NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq),
			   ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
    }
    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);

    if (popped) {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    }

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;

    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, child_iseq, retry_end_l);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_for_masgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    /* massign to var in "for"
     * (args.length == 1 && Array.try_convert(args[0])) || args
     */
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    const NODE *var = node->nd_var;
    LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
    LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(var));
    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "for var", var));
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_single);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
    ADD_CALL(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cArray);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
    ADD_CALL(ret, line, rb_intern("try_convert"), INT2FIX(1));
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, not_ary);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, not_single);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_break(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
	/* while/until */
	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "break val (while/until)", node->nd_stts,
		       ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->loopval_popped));
	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
    }
    else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
      break_by_insn:
	/* escape from block */
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "break val (block)", node->nd_stts));
        ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_BREAK));
	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
    }
    else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
      break_in_eval:
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with break");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    else {
	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq->body->parent_iseq;

	while (ip) {
	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
		ip = 0;
		break;
	    }

	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
                throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
		goto break_by_insn;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
		goto break_by_insn;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
		goto break_in_eval;
	    }

	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
	}
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid break");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_next(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0) {
	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
	debugs("next in while loop\n");
	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val/valid syntax?", node->nd_stts));
	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
    }
    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label) {
	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
	debugs("next in block\n");
	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
	splabel->unremovable = FALSE;

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
    }
    else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
      next_in_eval:
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with next");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    else {
	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;

	while (ip) {
	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
		ip = 0;
		break;
	    }

            throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
		/* while loop */
		break;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
		break;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
		goto next_in_eval;
	    }

	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
	}
	if (ip != 0) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "next val", node->nd_stts));
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_NEXT));

	    if (popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid next");
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	}
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_redo(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label) {
	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
	debugs("redo in while");
	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
    }
    else if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
      redo_in_eval:
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Can't escape from eval with redo");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label) {
	LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);

	debugs("redo in block");
	ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
	ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
	ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
    }
    else {
	const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;

	while (ip) {
	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
		ip = 0;
		break;
	    }

	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
		break;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
		break;
	    }
	    else if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
		goto redo_in_eval;
	    }

	    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
	}
	if (ip != 0) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG | TAG_REDO));

	    if (popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid redo");
	    return COMPILE_NG;
	}
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_retry(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);

    if (iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
    }
    else {
	COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid retry");
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_rescue(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
    const rb_iseq_t *rescue = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_resq,
					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), iseq->body->location.label),
					     ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE, line);

    lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
    lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue head", node->nd_head));
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
    if (node->nd_else) {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue else", node->nd_else));
    }
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);

    if (popped) {
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    }

    /* register catch entry */
    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lcont);
    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, NULL, lstart);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_resbody(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    const NODE *resq = node;
    const NODE *narg;
    LABEL *label_miss, *label_hit;

    while (resq) {
	label_miss = NEW_LABEL(line);
	label_hit = NEW_LABEL(line);

	narg = resq->nd_args;
	if (narg) {
	    switch (nd_type(narg)) {
	      case NODE_ARRAY:
		while (narg) {
		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
		    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue arg", narg->nd_head));
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
		    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
		    narg = narg->nd_next;
		}
		break;
	      case NODE_SPLAT:
	      case NODE_ARGSCAT:
	      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:
		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
		CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rescue/cond splat", narg));
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
		break;
	      default:
		UNKNOWN_NODE("NODE_RESBODY", narg, COMPILE_NG);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label_hit);
	}
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label_miss);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_hit);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "resbody body", resq->nd_body));
	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->tailcall_optimization) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, nop);
	}
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, label_miss);
	resq = resq->nd_head;
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);
    DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
    const rb_iseq_t *ensure = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_ensr,
					     rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2 ("ensure in "), iseq->body->location.label),
					     ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE, line);
    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(line);
    LINK_ELEMENT *last;
    int last_leave = 0;
    struct ensure_range er;
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
    struct ensure_range *erange;

    INIT_ANCHOR(ensr);
    CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ensr, "ensure ensr", node->nd_ensr));
    last = ensr->last;
    last_leave = last && IS_INSN(last) && IS_INSN_ID(last, leave);

    er.begin = lstart;
    er.end = lend;
    er.next = 0;
    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, node->nd_ensr);

    ADD_LABEL(ret, lstart);
    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "ensure head", node->nd_head, (popped | last_leave)));
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
    ADD_SEQ(ret, ensr);
    if (!popped && last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcont);
    if (last_leave) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);

    erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
    if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
	while (erange) {
	    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end,
			    ensure, lcont);
	    erange = erange->next;
	}
    }

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_return(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    const int line = nd_line(node);

    if (iseq) {
	enum iseq_type type = iseq->body->type;
	const rb_iseq_t *is = iseq;
	enum iseq_type t = type;
	const NODE *retval = node->nd_stts;
	LABEL *splabel = 0;

	while (t == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || t == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
	    if (!(is = is->body->parent_iseq)) break;
	    t = is->body->type;
	}
	switch (t) {
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
	  case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
	    if (is == iseq) {
		/* plain top-level, leave directly */
		type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
	    }
	    break;
	  default:
	    break;
	}

	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
	    splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, splabel);
	    ADD_ADJUST(ret, line, 0);
	}

	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "return nd_stts (return val)", retval));

	if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
	    add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1);
	    ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, leave);
	    ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);

	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
	    if (popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    }
	}
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
compile_evstr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
{
    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_body", node, popped));

    if (!popped && !all_string_result_p(node)) {
	const int line = nd_line(node);
	const unsigned int flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
	LABEL *isstr = NEW_LABEL(line);
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, checktype, INT2FIX(T_STRING));
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, isstr);
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, idTo_s, INT2FIX(0), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), NULL);
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, tostring);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, isstr);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static LABEL *
qcall_branch_start(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const recv, VALUE *branches, const NODE *node, int line)
{
    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    const int first_lineno = nd_first_lineno(node), first_column = nd_first_column(node);
    const int last_lineno = nd_last_lineno(node), last_column = nd_last_column(node);
    VALUE br = 0;

    DECL_BRANCH_BASE(br, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, "&.");
    *branches = br;
    ADD_INSN(recv, line, dup);
    ADD_INSNL(recv, line, branchnil, else_label);
    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(recv, first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column, "then", br);
    return else_label;
}

static void
qcall_branch_end(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *else_label, VALUE branches, const NODE *node, int line)
{
    LABEL *end_label;
    if (!else_label) return;
    end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, end_label);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, else_label);
    ADD_TRACE_BRANCH_COVERAGE(ret, nd_first_lineno(node), nd_first_column(node), nd_last_lineno(node), nd_last_column(node),
                              "else", branches);
    ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

static int
compile_call_precheck_freeze(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int line, int popped)
{
    /* optimization shortcut
     *   "literal".freeze -> opt_str_freeze("literal")
     */
    if (node->nd_recv && nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_STR &&
        (node->nd_mid == idFreeze || node->nd_mid == idUMinus) &&
        node->nd_args == NULL &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
        VALUE str = freeze_literal(iseq, node->nd_recv->nd_lit);
        if (node->nd_mid == idUMinus) {
            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_str_uminus, str,
                      new_callinfo(iseq, idUMinus, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE),
                      Qundef /* CALL_CACHE */);
        }
        else {
            ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_str_freeze, str,
                      new_callinfo(iseq, idFreeze, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE),
                      Qundef /* CALL_CACHE */);
        }
        if (popped) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        }
        return TRUE;
    }
    /* optimization shortcut
     *   obj["literal"] -> opt_aref_with(obj, "literal")
     */
    if (node->nd_mid == idAREF && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
        nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 1 &&
        nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
        !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
        VALUE str = freeze_literal(iseq, node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
        ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aref_with, str,
                  new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE),
                  NULL/* CALL_CACHE */);
        if (popped) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
        }
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

static int
compile_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int type, int line, int popped)
{
    /* call:  obj.method(...)
     * fcall: func(...)
     * vcall: func
     */
    DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
    DECL_ANCHOR(args);
    ID mid = node->nd_mid;
    VALUE argc;
    unsigned int flag = 0;
    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
    const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
    LABEL *else_label = NULL;
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;

    INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
#if SUPPORT_JOKE
    if (nd_type(node) == NODE_VCALL) {
        ID id_bitblt;
        ID id_answer;

        CONST_ID(id_bitblt, "bitblt");
        CONST_ID(id_answer, "the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything");

        if (mid == id_bitblt) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, bitblt);
            return COMPILE_OK;
        }
        else if (mid == id_answer) {
            ADD_INSN(ret, line, answer);
            return COMPILE_OK;
        }
    }
    /* only joke */
    {
        ID goto_id;
        ID label_id;

        CONST_ID(goto_id, "__goto__");
        CONST_ID(label_id, "__label__");

        if (nd_type(node) == NODE_FCALL &&
            (mid == goto_id || mid == label_id)) {
            LABEL *label;
            st_data_t data;
            st_table *labels_table = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table;
            VALUE label_name;

            if (!labels_table) {
                labels_table = st_init_numtable();
                ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->labels_table = labels_table;
            }
            if (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_LIT &&
                SYMBOL_P(node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit)) {

                label_name = node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit;
                if (!st_lookup(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, &data)) {
                    label = NEW_LABEL(line);
                    label->position = line;
                    st_insert(labels_table, (st_data_t)label_name, (st_data_t)label);
                }
                else {
                    label = (LABEL *)data;
                }
            }
            else {
                COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "invalid goto/label format");
                goto ng;
            }


            if (mid == goto_id) {
                ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, label);
            }
            else {
                ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
            }
            return COMPILE_OK;
        }
    }
#endif
    /* receiver */
    if (type == NODE_CALL || type == NODE_OPCALL || type == NODE_QCALL) {
        int idx, level;

        if (mid == idCall &&
            nd_type(node->nd_recv) == NODE_LVAR &&
            iseq_block_param_id_p(iseq, node->nd_recv->nd_vid, &idx, &level)) {
            ADD_INSN2(recv, nd_line(node->nd_recv), getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level));
        }
        else {
            CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "recv", node->nd_recv));
        }

        if (type == NODE_QCALL) {
            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
        }
    }
    else if (type == NODE_FCALL || type == NODE_VCALL) {
        ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(recv, line);
    }

    /* args */
    if (type != NODE_VCALL) {
        argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
        CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
    }
    else {
        argc = INT2FIX(0);
    }

    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);

    debugp_param("call args argc", argc);
    debugp_param("call method", ID2SYM(mid));

    switch ((int)type) {
      case NODE_VCALL:
        flag |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
        /* VCALL is funcall, so fall through */
      case NODE_FCALL:
        flag |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
    }

    ADD_SEND_R(ret, line, mid, argc, parent_block, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);

    qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
    if (popped) {
        ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}


static int iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped);
/**
  compile each node

  self:  InstructionSequence
  node:  Ruby compiled node
  popped: This node will be popped
 */
static int
iseq_compile_each(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
{
    if (node == 0) {
        if (!popped) {
            int lineno = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line;
            if (lineno == 0) lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq));
            debugs("node: NODE_NIL(implicit)\n");
            ADD_INSN(ret, lineno, putnil);
        }
        return COMPILE_OK;
    }
    return iseq_compile_each0(iseq, ret, node, popped);
}

static int
check_yield_place(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int line)
{
    VALUE file;
    switch (iseq->body->local_iseq->body->type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
        return FALSE;
      case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
        file = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
        rb_compile_warn(RSTRING_PTR(file), line,
                        "`yield' in class syntax will not be supported from Ruby 3.0. [Feature #15575]");
        return TRUE;
      default:
        return TRUE;
    }
}

static int
iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node, int popped)
{
    const int line = (int)nd_line(node);
    const enum node_type type = nd_type(node);
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line == line) {
	/* ignore */
    }
    else {
	if (node->flags & NODE_FL_NEWLINE) {
	    int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;
	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = line;
	    if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
		event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
	    }
	    ADD_TRACE(ret, event);
	}
    }

    debug_node_start(node);
#undef BEFORE_RETURN
#define BEFORE_RETURN debug_node_end()

    switch (type) {
      case NODE_BLOCK:{
	while (node && nd_type(node) == NODE_BLOCK) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK body", node->nd_head,
			   (node->nd_next ? 1 : popped)));
	    node = node->nd_next;
	}
	if (node) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "BLOCK next", node->nd_next, popped));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_IF:
      case NODE_UNLESS:
	CHECK(compile_if(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
	break;
      case NODE_CASE:
	CHECK(compile_case(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_CASE2:
	CHECK(compile_case2(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_CASE3:
        CHECK(compile_case3(iseq, ret, node, popped));
        break;
      case NODE_WHILE:
      case NODE_UNTIL:
	CHECK(compile_loop(iseq, ret, node, popped, type));
	break;
      case NODE_FOR:
      case NODE_ITER:
	CHECK(compile_iter(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_FOR_MASGN:
	CHECK(compile_for_masgn(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_BREAK:
	CHECK(compile_break(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_NEXT:
	CHECK(compile_next(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_REDO:
	CHECK(compile_redo(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_RETRY:
	CHECK(compile_retry(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_BEGIN:{
	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_BEGIN", node->nd_body, popped));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_RESCUE:
	CHECK(compile_rescue(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_RESBODY:
	CHECK(compile_resbody(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_ENSURE:
	CHECK(compile_ensure(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;

      case NODE_AND:
      case NODE_OR:{
	LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(line);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "nd_1st", node->nd_1st));
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	if (type == NODE_AND) {
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, end_label);
	}
	else {
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, end_label);
	}
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "nd_2nd", node->nd_2nd, popped));
	ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
	break;
      }

      case NODE_MASGN:{
	compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
	break;
      }

      case NODE_LASGN:{
	ID id = node->nd_vid;
	int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);

	debugs("lvar: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "rvalue", node->nd_value));

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DASGN:
      case NODE_DASGN_CURR:{
	int idx, lv, ls;
	ID id = node->nd_vid;
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "dvalue", node->nd_value));
	debugi("dassn id", rb_id2str(id) ? id : '*');

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}

	idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, id, &lv, &ls);

	if (idx < 0) {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_DASGN(_CURR): unknown id (%"PRIsVALUE")",
			  rb_id2str(id));
	    goto ng;
	}
	ADD_SETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
	break;
      }
      case NODE_GASGN:{
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setglobal,
		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_IASGN:{
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, setinstancevariable,
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
		  get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CDECL:{
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "lvalue", node->nd_value));

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}

	if (node->nd_vid) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject,
		      INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
	}
	else {
	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_else);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_else->nd_mid));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CVASGN:{
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "cvasgn val", node->nd_value));
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	}
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setclassvariable,
		  ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_OP_ASGN1: {
	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
	VALUE argc;
	unsigned int flag = 0;
	unsigned int asgnflag = 0;
	ID id = node->nd_mid;
	int boff = 0;

	/*
	 * a[x] (op)= y
	 *
	 * nil       # nil
	 * eval a    # nil a
	 * eval x    # nil a x
	 * dupn 2    # nil a x a x
	 * send :[]  # nil a x a[x]
	 * eval y    # nil a x a[x] y
	 * send op   # nil a x ret
	 * setn 3    # ret a x ret
	 * send []=  # ret ?
	 * pop       # ret
	 */

	/*
	 * nd_recv[nd_args->nd_body] (nd_mid)= nd_args->nd_head;
	 * NODE_OP_ASGN nd_recv
	 *              nd_args->nd_head
	 *              nd_args->nd_body
	 *              nd_mid
	 */

	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 recv", node);
	switch (nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head)) {
	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
	    break;
	  case NODE_BLOCK_PASS:
	    boff = 1;
	  default:
	    INIT_ANCHOR(args);
	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args->nd_head, &flag, NULL);
	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
	}
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1 + boff));
	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idAREF, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
	flag |= asgnflag;

	if (id == idOROP || id == idANDOP) {
	    /* a[x] ||= y  or  a[x] &&= y

	       unless/if a[x]
	       a[x]= y
	       else
	       nil
	       end
	    */
	    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);

	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	    if (id == idOROP) {
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, label);
	    }
	    else { /* idANDOP */
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, label);
	    }
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);

	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
	    }
	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
		if (boff > 0) {
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		}
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
		if (boff > 0) {
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(3));
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		}
		ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
	    }
	    else {
		if (boff > 0)
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
	    }
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lfin);
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, label);
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
	    }
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, adjuststack, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN1 args->body: ", node->nd_args->nd_body));
	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, id, INT2FIX(1));
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2+boff));
	    }
	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
		if (boff > 0) {
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		}
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
		if (boff > 0) {
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, INT2FIX(3));
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
		}
		ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idASET, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
	    }
	    else {
		if (boff > 0)
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, idASET, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1), INT2FIX(flag));
	    }
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}

	break;
      }
      case NODE_OP_ASGN2:{
	ID atype = node->nd_next->nd_mid;
	ID vid = node->nd_next->nd_vid, aid = rb_id_attrset(vid);
	VALUE asgnflag;
	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *lcfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *lskip = 0;
	/*
	  class C; attr_accessor :c; end
	  r = C.new
	  r.a &&= v # asgn2

	  eval r    # r
	  dup       # r r
	  eval r.a  # r o

	  # or
	  dup       # r o o
	  if lcfin  # r o
	  pop       # r
	  eval v    # r v
	  swap      # v r
	  topn 1    # v r v
	  send a=   # v ?
	  jump lfin # v ?

	  lcfin:      # r o
	  swap      # o r

	  lfin:       # o ?
	  pop       # o

	  # and
	  dup       # r o o
	  unless lcfin
	  pop       # r
	  eval v    # r v
	  swap      # v r
	  topn 1    # v r v
	  send a=   # v ?
	  jump lfin # v ?

	  # others
	  eval v    # r o v
	  send ??   # r w
	  send a=   # w

	*/

	asgnflag = COMPILE_RECV(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2#recv", node);
	if (node->nd_next->nd_aid) {
	    lskip = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchnil, lskip);
	}
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	ADD_SEND(ret, line, vid, INT2FIX(0));

	if (atype == idOROP || atype == idANDOP) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
	    if (atype == idOROP) {
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lcfin);
	    }
	    else { /* idANDOP */
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lcfin);
	    }
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lfin);

	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lcfin);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);

	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    if (lskip) {
		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
	    }
	    if (popped) {
		/* we can apply more optimize */
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, atype, INT2FIX(1));
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
	    }
	    ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
	    if (lskip && popped) {
		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
	    }
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    if (lskip && !popped) {
		ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
	    }
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_OP_CDECL: {
	LABEL *lfin = 0;
	LABEL *lassign = 0;
	ID mid;

	switch (nd_type(node->nd_head)) {
	  case NODE_COLON3:
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
	    break;
	  case NODE_COLON2:
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL/colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head->nd_head));
	    break;
	  default:
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "%s: invalid node in NODE_OP_CDECL",
			  ruby_node_name(nd_type(node->nd_head)));
	    goto ng;
	}
	mid = node->nd_head->nd_mid;
	/* cref */
	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP) {
	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST),
		      ID2SYM(mid), Qfalse); /* cref bool */
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lassign); /* cref */
	}
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref cref */
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref obj */

	if (node->nd_aid == idOROP || node->nd_aid == idANDOP) {
	    lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup); /* cref [obj] obj */
	    if (node->nd_aid == idOROP)
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lfin);
	    else /* idANDOP */
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfin);
	    /* cref [obj] */
	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* cref */
	    if (lassign) ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
	    /* cref value */
	    if (popped)
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* cref value cref */
	    else {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, dupn, INT2FIX(2)); /* cref value cref value */
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* cref value value cref */
	    }
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid)); /* cref [value] */
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);			    /* cref [value] */
	    if (!popped) ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* [value] cref */
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop); /* [value] */
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_CDECL#nd_value", node->nd_value));
	    /* cref obj value */
	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, node->nd_aid, INT2FIX(1));
	    /* cref value */
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* value cref */
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1)); /* value cref value */
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap); /* value value cref */
	    }
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setconstant, ID2SYM(mid));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_OP_ASGN_AND:
      case NODE_OP_ASGN_OR:{
	LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *lassign;

	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_OR) {
	    LABEL *lfinish[2];
	    lfinish[0] = lfin;
	    lfinish[1] = 0;
	    defined_expr(iseq, ret, node->nd_head, lfinish, Qfalse);
	    lassign = lfinish[1];
	    if (!lassign) {
		lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    }
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lassign);
	}
	else {
	    lassign = NEW_LABEL(line);
	}

	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_head", node->nd_head));
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);

	if (nd_type(node) == NODE_OP_ASGN_AND) {
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchunless, lfin);
	}
	else {
	    ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, lfin);
	}

	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value));
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);

	if (popped) {
	    /* we can apply more optimize */
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CALL:   /* obj.foo */
      case NODE_OPCALL: /* foo[] */
        if (compile_call_precheck_freeze(iseq, ret, node, line, popped) == TRUE) {
            break;
        }
      case NODE_QCALL: /* obj&.foo */
      case NODE_FCALL: /* foo() */
      case NODE_VCALL: /* foo (variable or call) */
        compile_call(iseq, ret, node, type, line, popped);
        break;
      case NODE_SUPER:
      case NODE_ZSUPER:{
	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
	int argc;
	unsigned int flag = 0;
	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;
	const rb_iseq_t *parent_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;

	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
	ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;
	if (type == NODE_SUPER) {
	    VALUE vargc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, &keywords);
	    CHECK(!NIL_P(vargc));
	    argc = FIX2INT(vargc);
	}
	else {
	    /* NODE_ZSUPER */
	    int i;
	    const rb_iseq_t *liseq = body->local_iseq;
	    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const local_body = liseq->body;
	    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_kwd = local_body->param.keyword;
	    int lvar_level = get_lvar_level(iseq);

	    argc = local_body->param.lead_num;

	    /* normal arguments */
	    for (i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
	    }

	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
		/* optional arguments */
		int j;
		for (j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (i + j);
		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		}
		i += j;
		argc = i;
	    }
	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
		/* rest argument */
		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;

		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		ADD_INSN1(args, line, splatarray, Qfalse);

		argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
		flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
	    }
	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
		/* post arguments */
		int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
		int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;

		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
		    int j;
		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		    }
		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
		    /* argc is settled at above */
		}
		else {
		    int j;
		    for (j=0; j<post_len; j++) {
			int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
			ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		    }
		    argc = post_len + post_start;
		}
	    }

	    if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) { /* TODO: support keywords */
		int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
		argc++;

		ADD_INSN1(args, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

		if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
		    int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		    ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
		}
		else {
		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
		}
		for (i = 0; i < local_kwd->num; ++i) {
		    ID id = local_kwd->table[i];
		    int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(liseq, id);
		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, putobject, ID2SYM(id));
		    ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);
		}
		ADD_SEND(args, line, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
		    --argc;
		}
	    }
	    else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
		int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_kwd->rest_start;
		ADD_GETLOCAL(args, line, idx, lvar_level);

		ADD_SEND (args, line, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
		if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
		    ADD_INSN1(args, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
		    ADD_INSN (args, line, concatarray);
		}
		else {
		    argc++;
		}
	    }
	}

	ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, invokesuper,
		  new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag | VM_CALL_SUPER | (type == NODE_ZSUPER ? VM_CALL_ZSUPER : 0) | VM_CALL_FCALL, keywords, parent_block != NULL),
		  Qnil, /* CALL_CACHE */
		  parent_block);

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ARRAY:{
        CHECK(compile_array(iseq, ret, node, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_ARRAY, popped) >= 0);
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ZARRAY:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_VALUES:{
	const NODE *n = node;
	if (popped) {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "NODE_VALUES: must not be popped");
	}
	while (n) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "values item", n->nd_head));
	    n = n->nd_next;
	}
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(node->nd_alen));
	break;
      }
      case NODE_HASH:{
	DECL_ANCHOR(list);
	enum node_type type = node->nd_head ? nd_type(node->nd_head) : NODE_ZARRAY;

	INIT_ANCHOR(list);
	switch (type) {
	  case NODE_ARRAY:
            CHECK(compile_array(iseq, list, node->nd_head, COMPILE_ARRAY_TYPE_HASH, popped) >= 0);
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, list);
	    break;

	  case NODE_ZARRAY:
	    if (popped) break;
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
	    break;

	  default:
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS_AT(node->nd_head) "can't make hash with this node: %s",
			  ruby_node_name(type));
	    goto ng;
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_RETURN:
	CHECK(compile_return(iseq, ret, node, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_YIELD:{
	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
	VALUE argc;
	unsigned int flag = 0;
	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *keywords = NULL;

	INIT_ANCHOR(args);

        if (check_yield_place(iseq, line) == FALSE) {
	    COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "Invalid yield");
            goto ng;
        }

	if (node->nd_head) {
	    argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_head, &flag, &keywords);
	    CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));
	}
	else {
	    argc = INT2FIX(0);
	}

	ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, invokeblock, new_callinfo(iseq, 0, FIX2INT(argc), flag, keywords, FALSE));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_LVAR:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ID id = node->nd_vid;
	    int idx = body->local_iseq->body->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, id);

	    debugs("id: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(id), idx);
	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, idx, get_lvar_level(iseq));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DVAR:{
	int lv, idx, ls;
	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
	if (!popped) {
	    idx = get_dyna_var_idx(iseq, node->nd_vid, &lv, &ls);
	    if (idx < 0) {
		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unknown dvar (%"PRIsVALUE")",
			      rb_id2str(node->nd_vid));
		goto ng;
	    }
	    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, ls - idx, lv);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_GVAR:{
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getglobal,
		  ((VALUE)node->nd_entry | 1));
	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_IVAR:{
	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getinstancevariable,
		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid),
		      get_ivar_ic_value(iseq,node->nd_vid));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CONST:{
	debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);

	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;

            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
	}
	else {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
	}

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CVAR:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getclassvariable,
		      ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_NTH_REF:{
        if (!popped) {
	    if (!node->nd_nth) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
		break;
	    }
	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~'  */,
		      INT2FIX(node->nd_nth << 1));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_BACK_REF:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(1) /* '~' */,
		      INT2FIX(0x01 | (node->nd_nth << 1)));
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_MATCH:
      case NODE_MATCH2:
      case NODE_MATCH3:{
	DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
	DECL_ANCHOR(val);

	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
	INIT_ANCHOR(val);
	switch (nd_type(node)) {
	  case NODE_MATCH:
	    ADD_INSN1(recv, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
	    ADD_INSN2(val, line, getspecial, INT2FIX(0),
		      INT2FIX(0));
	    break;
	  case NODE_MATCH2:
	    CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_recv));
	    CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_value));
	    break;
	  case NODE_MATCH3:
	    CHECK(COMPILE(recv, "receiver", node->nd_value));
	    CHECK(COMPILE(val, "value", node->nd_recv));
	    break;
	}

	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
	    /* TODO: detect by node */
	    if (recv->last == recv->anchor.next &&
		INSN_OF(recv->last) == BIN(putobject) &&
		nd_type(node) == NODE_MATCH2) {
		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch1,
			  OPERAND_AT(recv->last, 0));
	    }
	    else {
		ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
		ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_regexpmatch2, new_callinfo(iseq, idEqTilde, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE), Qnil);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, val);
	    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idEqTilde, INT2FIX(1));
	}

	if (node->nd_args) {
	    compile_named_capture_assign(iseq, ret, node->nd_args);
	}

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_LIT:{
	debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, node->nd_lit);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_STR:{
	debugp_param("nd_lit", node->nd_lit);
	if (!popped) {
	    VALUE lit = node->nd_lit;
	    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
		lit = freeze_literal(iseq, lit);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putstring, lit);
	    }
	    else {
		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
		    VALUE debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
		    lit = rb_str_dup(lit);
		    rb_ivar_set(lit, id_debug_created_info, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
		    lit = rb_str_freeze(lit);
		}
		else {
		    lit = rb_fstring(lit);
		}
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, lit);
		iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, lit);
	    }
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DSTR:{
	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	else {
	    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal) {
		VALUE debug_info = Qnil;
		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
		    debug_info = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, rb_iseq_path(iseq), INT2FIX(line));
		    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, rb_obj_freeze(debug_info));
		}
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, freezestring, debug_info);
	    }
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_XSTR:{
	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, freeze_literal(iseq, node->nd_lit));
	ADD_CALL(ret, line, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DXSTR:{
	ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
	ADD_CALL(ret, line, idBackquote, INT2FIX(1));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_EVSTR:
	CHECK(compile_evstr(iseq, ret, node->nd_body, popped));
	break;
      case NODE_DREGX:{
	compile_dregx(iseq, ret, node);

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ONCE:{
	int ic_index = body->is_size++;
	const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq;
	block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, line);

	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ic_index));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ARGSCAT:{
	if (popped) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat head", node->nd_head));
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "argscat body", node->nd_body));
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ARGSPUSH:{
	if (popped) {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qfalse);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "arsgpush head", node->nd_head));
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "argspush body", node->nd_body, popped));
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, concatarray);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_SPLAT:{
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "splat", node->nd_head));
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, splatarray, Qtrue);

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DEFN:{
        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
	const rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
                                                rb_id2str(mid),
						ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);

	debugp_param("defn/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(method_iseq));
        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definemethod, ID2SYM(mid), method_iseq);

        if (!popped) {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
	}

	break;
      }
      case NODE_DEFS:{
        ID mid = node->nd_mid;
        const rb_iseq_t * singleton_method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_defn,
                                                           rb_id2str(mid),
                                                           ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, line);

        debugp_param("defs/iseq", rb_iseqw_new(singleton_method_iseq));
        CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "defs: recv", node->nd_recv));
        ADD_INSN2(ret, line, definesmethod, ID2SYM(mid), singleton_method_iseq);

        if (!popped) {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(mid));
        }
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ALIAS:{
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg1", node->nd_1st));
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "alias arg2", node->nd_2nd));
	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_VALIAS:{
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_alias));
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, ID2SYM(node->nd_orig));
	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_UNDEF:{
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "undef arg", node->nd_undef));
	ADD_SEND(ret, line, id_core_undef_method, INT2FIX(2));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_CLASS:{
	const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
						     rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
						     ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
	    (node->nd_super ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);

	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "super", node->nd_super));
	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_MODULE:{
        const rb_iseq_t *module_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body,
						      rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid)),
						      ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);
	const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE |
	    compile_cpath(ret, iseq, node->nd_cpath);

	ADD_INSN (ret, line, putnil); /* dummy */
	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass, ID2SYM(node->nd_cpath->nd_mid), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_SCLASS:{
	ID singletonclass;
	const rb_iseq_t *singleton_class = NEW_ISEQ(node->nd_body, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"),
						    ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, line);

	CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "sclass#recv", node->nd_recv));
	ADD_INSN (ret, line, putnil);
	CONST_ID(singletonclass, "singletonclass");
	ADD_INSN3(ret, line, defineclass,
		  ID2SYM(singletonclass), singleton_class,
		  INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_COLON2:{
	if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
	    /* constant */
	    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
	    int ic_index = body->is_size++;

	    DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
	    DECL_ANCHOR(body);

	    INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
	    INIT_ANCHOR(body);
	    CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
	    if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
                    ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
		}
		else {
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
		}

		ADD_SEQ(ret, body);

		if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
                    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
		    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
		}
	    }
	    else {
		ADD_SEQ(ret, pref);
		ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    /* function call */
	    ADD_CALL_RECEIVER(ret, line);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "colon2#nd_head", node->nd_head));
	    ADD_CALL(ret, line, node->nd_mid, INT2FIX(1));
	}
	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_COLON3:{
	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
	int ic_index = body->is_size++;

	debugi("colon3#nd_mid", node->nd_mid);

	/* add cache insn */
	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
            ADD_INSN2(ret, line, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}

	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, rb_cObject);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));

	if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
            ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
	    ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
	}

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DOT2:
      case NODE_DOT3:{
	int excl = type == NODE_DOT3;
	VALUE flag = INT2FIX(excl);
	const NODE *b = node->nd_beg;
	const NODE *e = node->nd_end;
	if (number_literal_p(b) && number_literal_p(e)) {
	    if (!popped) {
		VALUE val = rb_range_new(b->nd_lit, e->nd_lit, excl);
		iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, val);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, val);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "min", b, popped));
	    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "max", e, popped));
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, newrange, flag);
	    }
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_FLIP2:
      case NODE_FLIP3:{
	LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *ltrue = NEW_LABEL(line);
	LABEL *lfalse = NEW_LABEL(line);
	CHECK(compile_flip_flop(iseq, ret, node, type == NODE_FLIP2,
				ltrue, lfalse));
	ADD_LABEL(ret, ltrue);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
	ADD_INSNL(ret, line, jump, lend);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lfalse);
	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
	ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
	break;
      }
      case NODE_SELF:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putself);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_NIL:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_TRUE:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qtrue);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_FALSE:{
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, Qfalse);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ERRINFO:{
	if (!popped) {
	    if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
		ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
	    }
	    else {
		const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
		int level = 0;
		while (ip) {
		    if (ip->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
			break;
		    }
		    ip = ip->body->parent_iseq;
		    level++;
		}
		if (ip) {
		    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, LVAR_ERRINFO, level);
		}
		else {
		    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
		}
	    }
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_DEFINED:
	if (!popped) {
	    CHECK(compile_defined_expr(iseq, ret, node, Qtrue));
	}
	break;
      case NODE_POSTEXE:{
	/* compiled to:
	 *   ONCE{ rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore::core#set_postexe{ ... } }
	 */
	int is_index = body->is_size++;
	const rb_iseq_t *once_iseq =
	    new_child_iseq_ifunc(iseq, IFUNC_NEW(build_postexe_iseq, node->nd_body, 0),
				 rb_fstring(make_name_for_block(iseq)), iseq, ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);

	ADD_INSN2(ret, line, once, once_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_KW_ARG:
	{
	    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(nd_line(node));
	    const NODE *default_value = node->nd_body->nd_value;

            if (default_value == NODE_SPECIAL_REQUIRED_KEYWORD) {
		/* required argument. do nothing */
		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
		goto ng;
	    }
	    else if (nd_type(default_value) == NODE_LIT ||
		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_NIL ||
		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_TRUE ||
		     nd_type(default_value) == NODE_FALSE) {
		COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unreachable");
		goto ng;
	    }
	    else {
		/* if keywordcheck(_kw_bits, nth_keyword)
		 *   kw = default_value
		 * end
		 */
		int kw_bits_idx = body->local_table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
		int keyword_idx = body->param.keyword->num;

		ADD_INSN2(ret, line, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(keyword_idx));
		ADD_INSNL(ret, line, branchif, end_label);
		CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(ret, "keyword default argument", node->nd_body));
		ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
	    }

	    break;
	}
      case NODE_DSYM:{
	compile_dstr(iseq, ret, node);
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, intern);
	}
	else {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_ATTRASGN:{
	DECL_ANCHOR(recv);
	DECL_ANCHOR(args);
	unsigned int flag = 0;
	ID mid = node->nd_mid;
	VALUE argc;
        LABEL *else_label = NULL;
        VALUE branches = Qfalse;

	/* optimization shortcut
	 *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
	 */
	if (mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
	    nd_type(node->nd_args) == NODE_ARRAY && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
	    nd_type(node->nd_args->nd_head) == NODE_STR &&
	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
            !ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->frozen_string_literal &&
	    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction)
	{
	    VALUE str = freeze_literal(iseq, node->nd_args->nd_head->nd_lit);
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "recv", node->nd_recv));
	    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "value", node->nd_args->nd_next->nd_head));
	    if (!popped) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, swap);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
	    }
	    ADD_INSN3(ret, line, opt_aset_with, str,
		      new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE),
		      NULL/* CALL_CACHE */);
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	    break;
	}

	INIT_ANCHOR(recv);
	INIT_ANCHOR(args);
	argc = setup_args(iseq, args, node->nd_args, &flag, NULL);
	CHECK(!NIL_P(argc));

	flag |= COMPILE_RECV(recv, "recv", node);

	debugp_param("argc", argc);
	debugp_param("nd_mid", ID2SYM(mid));

	if (!rb_is_attrset_id(mid)) {
	    /* safe nav attr */
	    mid = rb_id_attrset(mid);
            else_label = qcall_branch_start(iseq, recv, &branches, node, line);
	}
	if (!popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, putnil);
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);

	    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, topn, INT2FIX(1));
		if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
		    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
		    ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
		}
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 3));
		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
	    }
	    else if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
		ADD_INSN(ret, line, dup);
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
		ADD_SEND(ret, line, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 2));
		ADD_INSN (ret, line, pop);
	    }
	    else {
		ADD_INSN1(ret, line, setn, FIXNUM_INC(argc, 1));
	    }
	}
	else {
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, recv);
	    ADD_SEQ(ret, args);
	}
	ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, line, mid, argc, INT2FIX(flag));
        qcall_branch_end(iseq, ret, else_label, branches, node, line);
	ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);

	break;
      }
      case NODE_LAMBDA:{
	/* compile same as lambda{...} */
	const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node->nd_body, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
	VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);

	ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
	ADD_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, line, idLambda, argc, block);

	if (popped) {
	    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
	}
	break;
      }
      case NODE_METHREF:
        CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "receiver", node->nd_recv, popped));
        ADD_ELEM(ret, &new_insn_body(iseq, line, BIN(methodref), 1, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid))->link);
        break;
      default:
	UNKNOWN_NODE("iseq_compile_each", node, COMPILE_NG);
      ng:
	debug_node_end();
	return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    debug_node_end();
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/***************************/
/* instruction information */
/***************************/

static int
insn_data_length(INSN *iobj)
{
    return insn_len(iobj->insn_id);
}

static int
calc_sp_depth(int depth, INSN *insn)
{
    return insn_stack_increase(depth, insn->insn_id, insn->operands);
}

static VALUE
opobj_inspect(VALUE obj)
{
    struct RBasic *r = (struct RBasic *) obj;
    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(r)  && r->klass == 0) {
	switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(r)) {
	  case T_STRING:
	    obj = rb_str_new_cstr(RSTRING_PTR(obj));
	    break;
	  case T_ARRAY:
	    obj = rb_ary_dup(obj);
	    break;
	}
    }
    return rb_inspect(obj);
}



static VALUE
insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
{
    VALUE str = rb_sprintf("%-20s ", insn_name(iobj->insn_id));

    if (iobj->operands) {
	const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
	int j;

	for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
	    char type = types[j];

	    switch (type) {
	      case TS_OFFSET:	/* label(destination position) */
		{
		    LABEL *lobj = (LABEL *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
		    rb_str_catf(str, LABEL_FORMAT, lobj->label_no);
		    break;
		}
		break;
	      case TS_ISEQ:	/* iseq */
		{
		    rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
		    VALUE val = Qnil;
		    if (0 && iseq) { /* TODO: invalidate now */
			val = (VALUE)iseq;
		    }
		    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(val));
		}
		break;
	      case TS_LINDEX:
	      case TS_NUM:	/* ulong */
	      case TS_VALUE:	/* VALUE */
		{
		    VALUE v = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
		    rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(v));
		    break;
		}
	      case TS_ID:	/* ID */
		rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
		break;
	      case TS_GENTRY:
		{
		    struct rb_global_entry *entry = (struct rb_global_entry *)
		      (OPERAND_AT(iobj, j) & (~1));
		    rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(entry->id));
		    break;
		}
	      case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
	      case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
		rb_str_catf(str, "<ic:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
		break;
	      case TS_CALLINFO: /* call info */
		{
		    struct rb_call_info *ci = (struct rb_call_info *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
		    rb_str_cat2(str, "<callinfo:");
		    if (ci->mid) rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, rb_id2str(ci->mid));
		    rb_str_catf(str, ", %d>", ci->orig_argc);
		    break;
		}
	      case TS_CALLCACHE: /* call cache */
		{
		    rb_str_catf(str, "<call cache>");
		    break;
		}
	      case TS_CDHASH:	/* case/when condition cache */
		rb_str_cat2(str, "<ch>");
		break;
	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
		{
		    const void *func = (const void *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
#ifdef HAVE_DLADDR
		    Dl_info info;
		    if (dladdr(func, &info) && info.dli_sname) {
			rb_str_cat2(str, info.dli_sname);
			break;
		    }
#endif
		    rb_str_catf(str, "<%p>", func);
		}
		break;
	      default:{
		rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand type: %c", type);
	      }
	    }
	    if (types[j + 1]) {
		rb_str_cat2(str, ", ");
	    }
	}
    }
    return str;
}

static void
dump_disasm_list(const LINK_ELEMENT *link)
{
    dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(link, NULL, NULL);
}

static void
dump_disasm_list_with_cursor(const LINK_ELEMENT *link, const LINK_ELEMENT *curr, const LABEL *dest)
{
    int pos = 0;
    INSN *iobj;
    LABEL *lobj;
    VALUE str;

    printf("-- raw disasm--------\n");

    while (link) {
	if (curr) printf(curr == link ? "*" : " ");
	switch (link->type) {
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_INSN:
	    {
		iobj = (INSN *)link;
		str = insn_data_to_s_detail(iobj);
		printf("%04d %-65s(%4u)\n", pos, StringValueCStr(str), iobj->insn_info.line_no);
		pos += insn_data_length(iobj);
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_LABEL:
	    {
		lobj = (LABEL *)link;
		printf(LABEL_FORMAT" [sp: %d]%s\n", lobj->label_no, lobj->sp,
		       dest == lobj ? " <---" : "");
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_TRACE:
	    {
		TRACE *trace = (TRACE *)link;
		printf("trace: %0x\n", trace->event);
		break;
	    }
	  case ISEQ_ELEMENT_ADJUST:
	    {
		ADJUST *adjust = (ADJUST *)link;
		printf("adjust: [label: %d]\n", adjust->label ? adjust->label->label_no : -1);
		break;
	    }
	  default:
	    /* ignore */
	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "dump_disasm_list error: %ld\n", FIX2LONG(link->type));
	}
	link = link->next;
    }
    printf("---------------------\n");
    fflush(stdout);
}

const char *
rb_insns_name(int i)
{
    return insn_name(i);
}

VALUE
rb_insns_name_array(void)
{
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE);
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
	rb_ary_push(ary, rb_fstring_cstr(insn_name(i)));
    }
    return rb_obj_freeze(ary);
}

static LABEL *
register_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table, VALUE obj)
{
    LABEL *label = 0;
    st_data_t tmp;
    obj = rb_to_symbol_type(obj);

    if (st_lookup(labels_table, obj, &tmp) == 0) {
	label = NEW_LABEL(0);
	st_insert(labels_table, obj, (st_data_t)label);
    }
    else {
	label = (LABEL *)tmp;
    }
    LABEL_REF(label);
    return label;
}

static VALUE
get_exception_sym2type(VALUE sym)
{
#undef rb_intern
#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)
    static VALUE symRescue, symEnsure, symRetry;
    static VALUE symBreak, symRedo, symNext;

    if (symRescue == 0) {
	symRescue = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rescue"));
	symEnsure = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ensure"));
	symRetry  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("retry"));
	symBreak  = ID2SYM(rb_intern("break"));
	symRedo   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("redo"));
	symNext   = ID2SYM(rb_intern("next"));
    }

    if (sym == symRescue) return CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE;
    if (sym == symEnsure) return CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE;
    if (sym == symRetry)  return CATCH_TYPE_RETRY;
    if (sym == symBreak)  return CATCH_TYPE_BREAK;
    if (sym == symRedo)   return CATCH_TYPE_REDO;
    if (sym == symNext)   return CATCH_TYPE_NEXT;
    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "invalid exception symbol: %+"PRIsVALUE, sym);
    return 0;
}

static int
iseq_build_from_ary_exception(rb_iseq_t *iseq, struct st_table *labels_table,
		     VALUE exception)
{
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(exception); i++) {
	const rb_iseq_t *eiseq;
	VALUE v, type;
	LABEL *lstart, *lend, *lcont;
	unsigned int sp;

	v = rb_to_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(exception, i));
	if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != 6) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "wrong exception entry");
	}
        type = get_exception_sym2type(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0));
        if (RARRAY_AREF(v, 1) == Qnil) {
	    eiseq = NULL;
	}
	else {
            eiseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(rb_iseq_load(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), (VALUE)iseq, Qnil));
        }

        lstart = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 2));
        lend   = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 3));
        lcont  = register_label(iseq, labels_table, RARRAY_AREF(v, 4));
        sp     = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(v, 5));

	/* TODO: Dirty Hack!  Fix me */
	if (type == CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE ||
	    type == CATCH_TYPE_BREAK ||
	    type == CATCH_TYPE_NEXT) {
	    ++sp;
	}

	lcont->sp = sp;

	ADD_CATCH_ENTRY(type, lstart, lend, eiseq, lcont);

	RB_GC_GUARD(v);
    }
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static struct st_table *
insn_make_insn_table(void)
{
    struct st_table *table;
    int i;
    table = st_init_numtable();

    for (i=0; i<VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE; i++) {
	st_insert(table, ID2SYM(rb_intern(insn_name(i))), i);
    }

    return table;
}

static const rb_iseq_t *
iseq_build_load_iseq(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
{
    VALUE iseqw;
    const rb_iseq_t *loaded_iseq;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(op, T_ARRAY)) {
	iseqw = rb_iseq_load(op, (VALUE)iseq, Qnil);
    }
    else if (CLASS_OF(op) == rb_cISeq) {
	iseqw = op;
    }
    else {
	rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "ISEQ is required");
    }

    loaded_iseq = rb_iseqw_to_iseq(iseqw);
    return loaded_iseq;
}

static VALUE
iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE op)
{
    ID mid = 0;
    int orig_argc = 0;
    unsigned int flag = 0;
    struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = 0;

    if (!NIL_P(op)) {
	VALUE vmid = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("mid")));
	VALUE vflag = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("flag")));
	VALUE vorig_argc = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("orig_argc")));
	VALUE vkw_arg = rb_hash_aref(op, ID2SYM(rb_intern("kw_arg")));

	if (!NIL_P(vmid)) mid = SYM2ID(vmid);
	if (!NIL_P(vflag)) flag = NUM2UINT(vflag);
	if (!NIL_P(vorig_argc)) orig_argc = FIX2INT(vorig_argc);

	if (!NIL_P(vkw_arg)) {
	    int i;
	    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(vkw_arg);
	    size_t n = rb_call_info_kw_arg_bytes(len);

	    kw_arg = xmalloc(n);
	    kw_arg->keyword_len = len;
	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		VALUE kw = RARRAY_AREF(vkw_arg, i);
		SYM2ID(kw);	/* make immortal */
		kw_arg->keywords[i] = kw;
	    }
	}
    }

    return (VALUE)new_callinfo(iseq, mid, orig_argc, flag, kw_arg, (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE) == 0);
}

static rb_event_flag_t
event_name_to_flag(VALUE sym)
{
#define CHECK_EVENT(ev) if (sym == ID2SYM(rb_intern(#ev))) return ev;
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_LINE);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_END);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_CALL);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
		CHECK_EVENT(RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
#undef CHECK_EVENT
    return RUBY_EVENT_NONE;
}

static int
iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
			 VALUE body, VALUE labels_wrapper)
{
    /* TODO: body should be frozen */
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(body);
    struct st_table *labels_table = DATA_PTR(labels_wrapper);
    int j;
    int line_no = 0;
    int ret = COMPILE_OK;

    /*
     * index -> LABEL *label
     */
    static struct st_table *insn_table;

    if (insn_table == 0) {
	insn_table = insn_make_insn_table();
    }

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(body, i);

	if (SYMBOL_P(obj)) {
	    rb_event_flag_t event;
	    if ((event = event_name_to_flag(obj)) != RUBY_EVENT_NONE) {
		ADD_TRACE(anchor, event);
	    }
	    else {
		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, obj);
		ADD_LABEL(anchor, label);
	    }
	}
	else if (FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
	    line_no = NUM2INT(obj);
	}
	else if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ARRAY)) {
	    VALUE *argv = 0;
	    int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(obj) - 1;
	    st_data_t insn_id;
	    VALUE insn;

	    insn = (argc < 0) ? Qnil : RARRAY_AREF(obj, 0);
	    if (st_lookup(insn_table, (st_data_t)insn, &insn_id) == 0) {
		/* TODO: exception */
		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
			      "unknown instruction: %+"PRIsVALUE, insn);
		ret = COMPILE_NG;
		break;
	    }

	    if (argc != insn_len((VALUE)insn_id)-1) {
		COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, line_no,
			      "operand size mismatch");
		ret = COMPILE_NG;
		break;
	    }

	    if (argc > 0) {
		argv = compile_data_alloc(iseq, sizeof(VALUE) * argc);
		for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
		    VALUE op = rb_ary_entry(obj, j+1);
		    switch (insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j)) {
		      case TS_OFFSET: {
			LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, op);
			argv[j] = (VALUE)label;
			break;
		      }
		      case TS_LINDEX:
		      case TS_NUM:
			(void)NUM2INT(op);
			argv[j] = op;
			break;
		      case TS_VALUE:
			argv[j] = op;
			iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, op);
			break;
		      case TS_ISEQ:
			{
			    if (op != Qnil) {
				VALUE v = (VALUE)iseq_build_load_iseq(iseq, op);
				argv[j] = v;
				iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, v);
			    }
			    else {
				argv[j] = 0;
			    }
			}
			break;
		      case TS_GENTRY:
			op = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
			argv[j] = (VALUE)rb_global_entry(SYM2ID(op));
			break;
		      case TS_ISE:
			FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
		      case TS_IC:
			argv[j] = op;
			if (NUM2UINT(op) >= iseq->body->is_size) {
			    iseq->body->is_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
			}
			break;
		      case TS_CALLINFO:
			argv[j] = iseq_build_callinfo_from_hash(iseq, op);
			break;
		      case TS_CALLCACHE:
			argv[j] = Qfalse;
			break;
		      case TS_ID:
			argv[j] = rb_to_symbol_type(op);
			break;
		      case TS_CDHASH:
			{
			    int i;
			    VALUE map = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(op)/2);

                            RHASH_TBL_RAW(map)->type = &cdhash_type;
			    op = rb_to_array_type(op);
			    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(op); i+=2) {
				VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
				VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i+1);
				LABEL *label =
				  register_label(iseq, labels_table, sym);
				rb_hash_aset(map, key, (VALUE)label | 1);
			    }
			    RB_GC_GUARD(op);
			    argv[j] = map;
			    iseq_add_mark_object_compile_time(iseq, map);
			}
			break;
		      case TS_FUNCPTR:
			{
#if SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG
			    long funcptr = NUM2LONG(op);
#else
			    LONG_LONG funcptr = NUM2LL(op);
#endif
			    argv[j] = (VALUE)funcptr;
			}
			break;
		      default:
			rb_raise(rb_eSyntaxError, "unknown operand: %c", insn_op_type((VALUE)insn_id, j));
		    }
		}
	    }
	    ADD_ELEM(anchor,
		     (LINK_ELEMENT*)new_insn_core(iseq, line_no,
						  (enum ruby_vminsn_type)insn_id, argc, argv));
	}
	else {
	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unexpected object for instruction");
	}
    }
    DATA_PTR(labels_wrapper) = 0;
    validate_labels(iseq, labels_table);
    if (!ret) return ret;
    return iseq_setup(iseq, anchor);
}

#define CHECK_ARRAY(v)   rb_to_array_type(v)
#define CHECK_SYMBOL(v)  rb_to_symbol_type(v)

static int
int_param(int *dst, VALUE param, VALUE sym)
{
    VALUE val = rb_hash_aref(param, sym);
    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
	*dst = FIX2INT(val);
	return TRUE;
    }
    else if (!NIL_P(val)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %+"PRIsVALUE" Fixnum: %+"PRIsVALUE,
		 sym, val);
    }
    return FALSE;
}

static const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
{
    int i, j;
    int len = RARRAY_LENINT(keywords);
    int default_len;
    VALUE key, sym, default_val;
    VALUE *dvs;
    ID *ids;
    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword);

    iseq->body->param.flags.has_kw = TRUE;

    keyword->num = len;
#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
    (void)int_param(&keyword->bits_start, params, SYM(kwbits));
    i = keyword->bits_start - keyword->num;
    ids = (ID *)&iseq->body->local_table[i];
#undef SYM

    /* required args */
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
	VALUE val = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);

	if (!SYMBOL_P(val)) {
	    goto default_values;
	}
	ids[i] = SYM2ID(val);
	keyword->required_num++;
    }

  default_values: /* note: we intentionally preserve `i' from previous loop */
    default_len = len - i;
    if (default_len == 0) {
	keyword->table = ids;
	return keyword;
    }
    else if (default_len < 0) {
        UNREACHABLE;
    }

    dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, (unsigned int)default_len);

    for (j = 0; i < len; i++, j++) {
	key = RARRAY_AREF(keywords, i);
	CHECK_ARRAY(key);

	switch (RARRAY_LEN(key)) {
	  case 1:
	    sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
	    default_val = Qundef;
	    break;
	  case 2:
	    sym = RARRAY_AREF(key, 0);
	    default_val = RARRAY_AREF(key, 1);
	    break;
	  default:
	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "keyword default has unsupported len %+"PRIsVALUE, key);
	}
	ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
	dvs[j] = default_val;
    }

    keyword->table = ids;
    keyword->default_values = dvs;

    return keyword;
}

void
rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc, VALUE locals, VALUE params,
			 VALUE exception, VALUE body)
{
#define SYM(s) ID2SYM(rb_intern(#s))
    int i, len;
    unsigned int arg_size, local_size, stack_max;
    ID *tbl;
    struct st_table *labels_table = st_init_numtable();
    VALUE labels_wrapper = Data_Wrap_Struct(0, 0, st_free_table, labels_table);
    VALUE arg_opt_labels = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(opt));
    VALUE keywords = rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(keyword));
    VALUE sym_arg_rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("#arg_rest"));
    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);
    INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);

    len = RARRAY_LENINT(locals);
    iseq->body->local_table_size = len;
    iseq->body->local_table = tbl = len > 0 ? (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, iseq->body->local_table_size) : NULL;

    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
	VALUE lv = RARRAY_AREF(locals, i);

	if (sym_arg_rest == lv) {
	    tbl[i] = 0;
	}
	else {
	    tbl[i] = FIXNUM_P(lv) ? (ID)FIX2LONG(lv) : SYM2ID(CHECK_SYMBOL(lv));
	}
    }

#define INT_PARAM(F) int_param(&iseq->body->param.F, params, SYM(F))
    if (INT_PARAM(lead_num)) {
	iseq->body->param.flags.has_lead = TRUE;
    }
    if (INT_PARAM(post_num)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
    if (INT_PARAM(post_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_post = TRUE;
    if (INT_PARAM(rest_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_rest = TRUE;
    if (INT_PARAM(block_start)) iseq->body->param.flags.has_block = TRUE;
#undef INT_PARAM
    {
#define INT_PARAM(F) F = (int_param(&x, misc, SYM(F)) ? (unsigned int)x : 0)
	int x;
	INT_PARAM(arg_size);
	INT_PARAM(local_size);
	INT_PARAM(stack_max);
#undef INT_PARAM
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg_opt_labels, T_ARRAY)) {
	len = RARRAY_LENINT(arg_opt_labels);
	iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt = !!(len - 1 >= 0);

	if (iseq->body->param.flags.has_opt) {
	    VALUE *opt_table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, len);

	    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		VALUE ent = RARRAY_AREF(arg_opt_labels, i);
		LABEL *label = register_label(iseq, labels_table, ent);
		opt_table[i] = (VALUE)label;
	    }

	    iseq->body->param.opt_num = len - 1;
	    iseq->body->param.opt_table = opt_table;
	}
    }
    else if (!NIL_P(arg_opt_labels)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":opt param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
		 arg_opt_labels);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(keywords, T_ARRAY)) {
	iseq->body->param.keyword = iseq_build_kw(iseq, params, keywords);
    }
    else if (!NIL_P(keywords)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, ":keywords param is not an array: %+"PRIsVALUE,
		 keywords);
    }

    if (Qtrue == rb_hash_aref(params, SYM(ambiguous_param0))) {
	iseq->body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = TRUE;
    }

    if (int_param(&i, params, SYM(kwrest))) {
	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = (struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *)iseq->body->param.keyword;
	if (keyword == NULL) {
	    iseq->body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword);
	}
	keyword->rest_start = i;
	iseq->body->param.flags.has_kwrest = TRUE;
    }
#undef SYM
    iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);

    /* exception */
    iseq_build_from_ary_exception(iseq, labels_table, exception);

    /* body */
    iseq_build_from_ary_body(iseq, anchor, body, labels_wrapper);

    iseq->body->param.size = arg_size;
    iseq->body->local_table_size = local_size;
    iseq->body->stack_max = stack_max;
}

/* for parser */

int
rb_dvar_defined(ID id, const struct rb_block *base_block)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;

    if (base_block && (iseq = vm_block_iseq(base_block)) != NULL) {
	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = iseq->body;
	while (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK ||
	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE ||
	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE ||
	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL ||
	       body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN
	       ) {
	    unsigned int i;

	    for (i = 0; i < body->local_table_size; i++) {
		if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
		    return 1;
		}
	    }
	    iseq = body->parent_iseq;
	    body = iseq->body;
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

int
rb_local_defined(ID id, const struct rb_block *base_block)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *iseq;

    if (base_block && (iseq = vm_block_iseq(base_block)) != NULL) {
	unsigned int i;
	const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body->local_iseq->body;

	for (i=0; i<body->local_table_size; i++) {
	    if (body->local_table[i] == id) {
		return 1;
	    }
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
caller_location(VALUE *path, VALUE *realpath)
{
    const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
    const rb_control_frame_t *const cfp =
        rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, ec->cfp);

    if (cfp) {
	int line = rb_vm_get_sourceline(cfp);
	*path = rb_iseq_path(cfp->iseq);
	*realpath = rb_iseq_realpath(cfp->iseq);
	return line;
    }
    else {
	*path = rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
	*realpath = *path;
	return 1;
    }
}

typedef struct {
    VALUE arg;
    rb_insn_func_t func;
    int line;
} accessor_args;

static const rb_iseq_t *
method_for_self(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func,
		VALUE (*build)(rb_iseq_t *, LINK_ANCHOR *const, VALUE))
{
    VALUE path, realpath;
    accessor_args acc;

    acc.arg = arg;
    acc.func = func;
    acc.line = caller_location(&path, &realpath);
    return rb_iseq_new_ifunc(IFUNC_NEW(build, (VALUE)&acc, 0),
			     rb_sym2str(name), path, realpath,
			     INT2FIX(acc.line), 0, ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, 0);
}

static VALUE
for_self_aref(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE a)
{
    const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
    const int line = args->line;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;

    iseq_set_local_table(iseq, 0);
    body->param.lead_num = 0;
    body->param.size = 0;

    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
for_self_aset(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE a)
{
    const accessor_args *const args = (void *)a;
    const int line = args->line;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    static const ID vars[] = {1, idUScore};

    iseq_set_local_table(iseq, vars);
    body->param.lead_num = 1;
    body->param.size = 1;

    ADD_GETLOCAL(ret, line, numberof(vars)-1, 0);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, putobject, args->arg);
    ADD_INSN1(ret, line, opt_call_c_function, (VALUE)args->func);
    ADD_INSN(ret, line, pop);
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 * func (index) -> (value)
 */
const rb_iseq_t *
rb_method_for_self_aref(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
{
    return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aref);
}

/*
 * func (index, value) -> (index, value)
 */
const rb_iseq_t *
rb_method_for_self_aset(VALUE name, VALUE arg, rb_insn_func_t func)
{
    return method_for_self(name, arg, func, for_self_aset);
}

/* ISeq binary format */

#ifndef IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
#define IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG 0
#endif

typedef unsigned int ibf_offset_t;
#define IBF_OFFSET(ptr) ((ibf_offset_t)(VALUE)(ptr))

struct ibf_header {
    char magic[4]; /* YARB */
    unsigned int major_version;
    unsigned int minor_version;
    unsigned int size;
    unsigned int extra_size;

    unsigned int iseq_list_size;
    unsigned int id_list_size;
    unsigned int object_list_size;

    ibf_offset_t iseq_list_offset;
    ibf_offset_t id_list_offset;
    ibf_offset_t object_list_offset;
};

struct ibf_dump {
    VALUE str;
    VALUE iseq_list;      /* [iseq0 offset, ...] */
    VALUE obj_list;       /* [objs] */
    st_table *iseq_table; /* iseq -> iseq number */
    st_table *id_table;   /* id -> id number */
};

rb_iseq_t * iseq_alloc(void);

struct ibf_load {
    const RUBY_ALIGNAS(SIZEOF_VALUE) char *buff;
    const struct ibf_header *header;
    ID *id_list;     /* [id0, ...] */
    VALUE iseq_list; /* [iseq0, ...] */
    VALUE obj_list;  /* [obj0, ...] */
    VALUE loader_obj;
    VALUE str;
    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
};

static ibf_offset_t
ibf_dump_pos(struct ibf_dump *dump)
{
    long pos = RSTRING_LEN(dump->str);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
    if (pos >= UINT_MAX) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
    }
#endif
    return (unsigned int)pos;
}

static void
ibf_dump_align(struct ibf_dump *dump, size_t align)
{
    ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
    if (pos % align) {
        static const char padding[sizeof(VALUE)];
        size_t size = align - ((size_t)pos % align);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > SIZEOF_INT
        if (pos + size >= UINT_MAX) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "dump size exceeds");
        }
#endif
        for (; size > sizeof(padding); size -= sizeof(padding)) {
            rb_str_cat(dump->str, padding, sizeof(padding));
        }
        rb_str_cat(dump->str, padding, size);
    }
}

static ibf_offset_t
ibf_dump_write(struct ibf_dump *dump, const void *buff, unsigned long size)
{
    ibf_offset_t pos = ibf_dump_pos(dump);
    rb_str_cat(dump->str, (const char *)buff, size);
    /* TODO: overflow check */
    return pos;
}

static void
ibf_dump_overwrite(struct ibf_dump *dump, void *buff, unsigned int size, long offset)
{
    VALUE str = dump->str;
    char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if ((unsigned long)(size + offset) > (unsigned long)RSTRING_LEN(str))
	rb_bug("ibf_dump_overwrite: overflow");
    memcpy(ptr + offset, buff, size);
}

static void *
ibf_load_alloc(const struct ibf_load *load, ibf_offset_t offset, int size)
{
    void *buff = ruby_xmalloc(size);
    memcpy(buff, load->buff + offset, size);
    return buff;
}

#define IBF_W_ALIGN(type) (RUBY_ALIGNOF(type) > 1 ? ibf_dump_align(dump, RUBY_ALIGNOF(type)) : (void)0)

#define IBF_W(b, type, n) (IBF_W_ALIGN(type), (type *)(VALUE)IBF_WP(b, type, n))
#define IBF_WV(variable)   ibf_dump_write(dump, &(variable), sizeof(variable))
#define IBF_WP(b, type, n) ibf_dump_write(dump, (b), sizeof(type) * (n))
#define IBF_R(val, type, n) (type *)ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(val), sizeof(type) * (n))
#define IBF_ZERO(variable) memset(&(variable), 0, sizeof(variable))

static int
ibf_table_lookup(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
{
    st_data_t val;

    if (st_lookup(table, key, &val)) {
	return (int)val;
    }
    else {
	return -1;
    }
}

static int
ibf_table_index(struct st_table *table, st_data_t key)
{
    int index = ibf_table_lookup(table, key);

    if (index < 0) { /* not found */
	index = (int)table->num_entries;
	st_insert(table, key, (st_data_t)index);
    }

    return index;
}

/* dump/load generic */

static VALUE ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index);
static rb_iseq_t *ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq);

static VALUE
ibf_dump_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    long index = RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list);
    long i;
    for (i=0; i<index; i++) {
	if (RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i) == obj) return (VALUE)i; /* dedup */
    }
    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, obj);
    return (VALUE)index;
}

static VALUE
ibf_dump_id(struct ibf_dump *dump, ID id)
{
    return (VALUE)ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, (st_data_t)id);
}

static ID
ibf_load_id(const struct ibf_load *load, const ID id_index)
{
    ID id;

    if (id_index == 0) {
	id = 0;
    }
    else {
	id = load->id_list[(long)id_index];

	if (id == 0) {
	    long *indices = (long *)(load->buff + load->header->id_list_offset);
	    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, indices[id_index]);
	    id = NIL_P(str) ? 0 : rb_intern_str(str); /* str == nil -> internal junk id */
	    load->id_list[(long)id_index] = id;
	}
    }

    return id;
}

/* dump/load: code */

static VALUE
ibf_dump_callinfo(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_call_info *ci)
{
    return (ci->flag & VM_CALL_KWARG) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

static ibf_offset_t ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq);

static rb_iseq_t *
ibf_dump_iseq(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    if (iseq == NULL) {
	return (rb_iseq_t *)-1;
    }
    else {
	int iseq_index = ibf_table_lookup(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
	if (iseq_index < 0) {
	    iseq_index = ibf_table_index(dump->iseq_table, (st_data_t)iseq);
	    rb_ary_store(dump->iseq_list, iseq_index, LONG2NUM(ibf_dump_iseq_each(dump, rb_iseq_check(iseq))));
	}
	return (rb_iseq_t *)(VALUE)iseq_index;
    }
}

static VALUE
ibf_dump_gentry(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
{
    return (VALUE)ibf_dump_id(dump, entry->id);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_gentry(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_global_entry *entry)
{
    ID gid = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)(VALUE)entry);
    return (VALUE)rb_global_entry(gid);
}

static VALUE *
ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    const int iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
    int code_index;
    VALUE *code;
    const VALUE *orig_code = rb_iseq_original_iseq(iseq);

    code = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, iseq_size);

    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
	const VALUE insn = orig_code[code_index];
	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
	int op_index;

	code[code_index++] = (VALUE)insn;

	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
	    VALUE op = orig_code[code_index];
	    switch (types[op_index]) {
	      case TS_CDHASH:
	      case TS_VALUE:
		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_object(dump, op);
		break;
	      case TS_ISEQ:
		code[code_index] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
		break;
	      case TS_IC:
	      case TS_ISE:
		{
		    unsigned int i;
		    for (i=0; i<body->is_size; i++) {
			if (op == (VALUE)&body->is_entries[i]) {
			    break;
			}
		    }
		    code[code_index] = i;
		}
		break;
	      case TS_CALLINFO:
		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_callinfo(dump, (const struct rb_call_info *)op);
		break;
	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
		code[code_index] = 0;
		break;
	      case TS_ID:
		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_id(dump, (ID)op);
		break;
	      case TS_GENTRY:
		code[code_index] = ibf_dump_gentry(dump, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
		break;
	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
		break;
	      default:
		code[code_index] = op;
		break;
	    }
	}
	assert(insn_len(insn) == op_index+1);
    }

    return IBF_W(code, VALUE, iseq_size);
}

static VALUE *
ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    const int iseq_size = body->iseq_size;
    int code_index;
    VALUE *code = IBF_R(body->iseq_encoded, VALUE, iseq_size);

    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body;
    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = load_body->ci_entries;
    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&load_body->ci_entries[load_body->ci_size];
    struct rb_call_cache *cc_entries = load_body->cc_entries;
    union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = load_body->is_entries;

    load_body->iseq_encoded = code;
    load_body->iseq_size = 0;
    for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
	const VALUE insn = code[code_index++];
	const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
        int op_index;

	for (op_index=0; types[op_index]; op_index++, code_index++) {
	    VALUE op = code[code_index];

	    switch (types[op_index]) {
	      case TS_CDHASH:
	      case TS_VALUE:
	        {
		    VALUE v = ibf_load_object(load, op);
		    code[code_index] = v;
		    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
			RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
			FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
		    }
		    break;
		}
	      case TS_ISEQ:
                {
                    VALUE v = (VALUE)ibf_load_iseq(load, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
                    code[code_index] = v;
                    if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(v)) {
                        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, v);
                        FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
                    }
                    break;
                }
	      case TS_ISE:
		FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_MARKABLE_ISEQ);
	      case TS_IC:
		code[code_index] = (VALUE)&is_entries[(int)op];
		break;
	      case TS_CALLINFO:
		code[code_index] = op ? (VALUE)ci_kw_entries++ : (VALUE)ci_entries++; /* op is Qtrue (kw) or Qfalse (!kw) */
		break;
	      case TS_CALLCACHE:
		code[code_index] = (VALUE)cc_entries++;
		break;
	      case TS_ID:
		code[code_index] = ibf_load_id(load, (ID)op);
		break;
	      case TS_GENTRY:
		code[code_index] = ibf_load_gentry(load, (const struct rb_global_entry *)op);
		break;
	      case TS_FUNCPTR:
		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "TS_FUNCPTR is not supported");
		break;
	      default:
		/* code[code_index] = op; */
		continue;
	    }
	}
	if (insn_len(insn) != op_index+1) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "operand size mismatch");
	}
    }
    load_body->iseq_size = code_index;

    return code;
}

static VALUE *
ibf_dump_param_opt_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    int opt_num = iseq->body->param.opt_num;

    if (opt_num > 0) {
	return IBF_W(iseq->body->param.opt_table, VALUE, opt_num + 1);
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static VALUE *
ibf_load_param_opt_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    int opt_num = body->param.opt_num;

    if (opt_num > 0) {
	ibf_offset_t offset = IBF_OFFSET(body->param.opt_table);
	VALUE *table = ALLOC_N(VALUE, opt_num+1);
	MEMCPY(table, load->buff + offset, VALUE, opt_num+1);
	return table;
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
ibf_dump_param_keyword(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = iseq->body->param.keyword;

    if (kw) {
	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword dump_kw = *kw;
	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
	ID *ids = kw->num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(ID, kw->num) : NULL;
	VALUE *dvs = dv_num > 0 ? ALLOCA_N(VALUE, dv_num) : NULL;
	int i;

	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) ids[i] = (ID)ibf_dump_id(dump, kw->table[i]);
	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) dvs[i] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw->default_values[i]);

	dump_kw.table = IBF_W(ids, ID, kw->num);
	dump_kw.default_values = IBF_W(dvs, VALUE, dv_num);
	return IBF_W(&dump_kw, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *
ibf_load_param_keyword(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    if (body->param.keyword) {
	struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *kw = IBF_R(body->param.keyword, struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
	ID *ids = IBF_R(kw->table, ID, kw->num);
	int dv_num = kw->num - kw->required_num;
	VALUE *dvs = IBF_R(kw->default_values, VALUE, dv_num);
	int i;

	for (i=0; i<kw->num; i++) {
	    ids[i] = ibf_load_id(load, ids[i]);
	}
	for (i=0; i<dv_num; i++) {
	    dvs[i] = ibf_load_object(load, dvs[i]);
	}

	kw->table = ids;
	kw->default_values = dvs;
	return kw;
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
ibf_dump_insns_info_body(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    return IBF_W(iseq->body->insns_info.body, struct iseq_insn_info_entry, iseq->body->insns_info.size);
}

static struct iseq_insn_info_entry *
ibf_load_insns_info_body(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    return IBF_R(body->insns_info.body, struct iseq_insn_info_entry, body->insns_info.size);
}

static unsigned int *
ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(struct ibf_dump *dump, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    return IBF_W(body->insns_info.positions, unsigned int, body->insns_info.size);
}

static unsigned int *
ibf_load_insns_info_positions(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    return IBF_R(body->insns_info.positions, unsigned int, body->insns_info.size);
}

static ID *
ibf_dump_local_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    const int size = body->local_table_size;
    ID *table = ALLOCA_N(ID, size);
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
	table[i] = ibf_dump_id(dump, body->local_table[i]);
    }

    return IBF_W(table, ID, size);
}

static ID *
ibf_load_local_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    const int size = body->local_table_size;

    if (size > 0) {
	ID *table = IBF_R(body->local_table, ID, size);
	int i;

	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
	    table[i] = ibf_load_id(load, table[i]);
	}
	return table;
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static struct iseq_catch_table *
ibf_dump_catch_table(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const struct iseq_catch_table *table = iseq->body->catch_table;

    if (table) {
	int byte_size = iseq_catch_table_bytes(iseq->body->catch_table->size);
	struct iseq_catch_table *dump_table = (struct iseq_catch_table *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
	unsigned int i;
	dump_table->size = table->size;
	for (i=0; i<table->size; i++) {
	    dump_table->entries[i] = table->entries[i];
	    dump_table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_dump_iseq(dump, table->entries[i].iseq);
	}
	return (struct iseq_catch_table *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_table, byte_size);
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static struct iseq_catch_table *
ibf_load_catch_table(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    if (body->catch_table) {
	struct iseq_catch_table *table;
	unsigned int i;
	unsigned int size;
	size = *(unsigned int *)(load->buff + IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table));
	table = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->catch_table), iseq_catch_table_bytes(size));
	for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
	    table->entries[i].iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, table->entries[i].iseq);
	}
	return table;
    }
    else {
	return NULL;
    }
}

static struct rb_call_info *
ibf_dump_ci_entries(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = iseq->body;
    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
    const struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = body->ci_entries;
    struct rb_call_info *dump_ci_entries;
    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *dump_ci_kw_entries;
    int byte_size = ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info) +
                    ci_kw_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg);
    unsigned int i;

    dump_ci_entries = (struct rb_call_info *)ALLOCA_N(char, byte_size);
    dump_ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&dump_ci_entries[ci_size];
    memcpy(dump_ci_entries, ci_entries, byte_size);

    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) { /* conver ID for each ci */
	dump_ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_entries[i].mid);
    }
    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
	const struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg;
	int j;
	VALUE *keywords = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, kw_arg->keyword_len);
	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
	    keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_dump_object(dump, kw_arg->keywords[j]); /* kw_arg->keywords[n] is Symbol */
	}
	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = (struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, &kw_arg->keyword_len, sizeof(int));
	ibf_dump_write(dump, keywords, sizeof(VALUE) * kw_arg->keyword_len);

	dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_dump_id(dump, dump_ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
    }
    return (struct rb_call_info *)(VALUE)ibf_dump_write(dump, dump_ci_entries, byte_size);
}

static struct rb_call_info *
ibf_load_ci_entries(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body)
{
    unsigned int i;
    const unsigned int ci_size = body->ci_size;
    const unsigned int ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
    struct rb_call_info *ci_entries = ibf_load_alloc(load, IBF_OFFSET(body->ci_entries),
						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info) * body->ci_size +
						     sizeof(struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg) * body->ci_kw_size);
    struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *ci_kw_entries = (struct rb_call_info_with_kwarg *)&ci_entries[ci_size];

    for (i=0; i<ci_size; i++) {
	ci_entries[i].mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_entries[i].mid);
    }
    for (i=0; i<ci_kw_size; i++) {
	int j;
	ibf_offset_t kw_arg_offset = IBF_OFFSET(ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg);
	const int keyword_len = *(int *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset);
	const VALUE *keywords = (VALUE *)(load->buff + kw_arg_offset + sizeof(int));
	struct rb_call_info_kw_arg *kw_arg = ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct rb_call_info_kw_arg) + sizeof(VALUE) * (keyword_len - 1));
	kw_arg->keyword_len = keyword_len;
	for (j=0; j<kw_arg->keyword_len; j++) {
	    kw_arg->keywords[j] = (VALUE)ibf_load_object(load, keywords[j]);
	}
	ci_kw_entries[i].kw_arg = kw_arg;
	ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid = ibf_load_id(load, ci_kw_entries[i].ci.mid);
    }

    return ci_entries;
}

static ibf_offset_t
ibf_dump_iseq_each(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body dump_body;
#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
    unsigned int *positions;
#endif
    dump_body = *iseq->body;

    dump_body.location.pathobj = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.pathobj); /* TODO: freeze */
    dump_body.location.base_label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.base_label);
    dump_body.location.label = ibf_dump_object(dump, dump_body.location.label);

    dump_body.iseq_encoded =         ibf_dump_code(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.param.opt_table =      ibf_dump_param_opt_table(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.param.keyword =        ibf_dump_param_keyword(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.insns_info.body =      ibf_dump_insns_info_body(dump, iseq);
#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
    positions = rb_iseq_insns_info_decode_positions(&dump_body);
    dump_body.insns_info.positions = positions;
    dump_body.insns_info.succ_index_table = 0;
#endif
    dump_body.insns_info.positions = ibf_dump_insns_info_positions(dump, &dump_body);
#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
    ruby_xfree(positions);
#endif
    dump_body.local_table =          ibf_dump_local_table(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.catch_table =          ibf_dump_catch_table(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.parent_iseq =          ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->parent_iseq);
    dump_body.local_iseq =           ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq->body->local_iseq);
    dump_body.is_entries =           NULL;
    dump_body.ci_entries =           ibf_dump_ci_entries(dump, iseq);
    dump_body.cc_entries =           NULL;
    dump_body.variable.coverage      = Qnil;
    dump_body.variable.original_iseq = NULL;

    IBF_W_ALIGN(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
    return IBF_WV(dump_body);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_location_str(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE str_index)
{
    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, str_index);
    if (str != Qnil) {
	str = rb_fstring(str);
    }
    return str;
}

static void
ibf_load_iseq_each(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = iseq->body = ZALLOC(struct rb_iseq_constant_body);
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = (struct rb_iseq_constant_body *)(load->buff + offset);

    /* memcpy(load_body, load->buff + offset, sizeof(*load_body)); */
    load_body->type = body->type;
    load_body->stack_max = body->stack_max;
    load_body->param = body->param;
    load_body->param.flags.has_kw = FALSE;
    load_body->local_table_size = body->local_table_size;
    load_body->is_size = body->is_size;
    load_body->ci_size = body->ci_size;
    load_body->ci_kw_size = body->ci_kw_size;
    load_body->insns_info.size = body->insns_info.size;

    ISEQ_COVERAGE_SET(iseq, Qnil);
    ISEQ_ORIGINAL_ISEQ_CLEAR(iseq);
    iseq->body->variable.flip_count = body->variable.flip_count;

    {
	VALUE realpath = Qnil, path = ibf_load_object(load, body->location.pathobj);
	if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
	    realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
	}
	else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
	    VALUE pathobj = path;
	    if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
	    }
	    path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
	    realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
	    if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
		if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
			     "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
			     realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
		}
		realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
	}
	rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
    }

    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.base_label));
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, body->location.label));
    load_body->location.first_lineno = body->location.first_lineno;
    load_body->location.node_id = body->location.node_id;
    load_body->location.code_location = body->location.code_location;
    load_body->catch_except_p = body->catch_except_p;

    load_body->is_entries           = ZALLOC_N(union iseq_inline_storage_entry, body->is_size);
    load_body->ci_entries           = ibf_load_ci_entries(load, body);
    load_body->cc_entries           = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_call_cache, body->ci_size + body->ci_kw_size);
    load_body->param.opt_table      = ibf_load_param_opt_table(load, body);
    load_body->param.keyword        = ibf_load_param_keyword(load, body);
    load_body->param.flags.has_kw   = body->param.flags.has_kw;
    load_body->insns_info.body      = ibf_load_insns_info_body(load, body);
    load_body->insns_info.positions = ibf_load_insns_info_positions(load, body);
    load_body->local_table          = ibf_load_local_table(load, body);
    load_body->catch_table          = ibf_load_catch_table(load, body);
    load_body->parent_iseq          = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->parent_iseq);
    load_body->local_iseq           = ibf_load_iseq(load, body->local_iseq);

    ibf_load_code(load, iseq, body);
#if VM_INSN_INFO_TABLE_IMPL == 2
    rb_iseq_insns_info_encode_positions(iseq);
#endif

    rb_iseq_translate_threaded_code(iseq);
}


static void
ibf_dump_iseq_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
{
    const long size = RARRAY_LEN(dump->iseq_list);
    ibf_offset_t *list = ALLOCA_N(ibf_offset_t, size);
    long i;

    for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
	list[i] = (ibf_offset_t)NUM2LONG(rb_ary_entry(dump->iseq_list, i));
    }

    ibf_dump_align(dump, sizeof(ibf_offset_t));
    header->iseq_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, list, sizeof(ibf_offset_t) * size);
    header->iseq_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
}

struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg {
    struct ibf_dump *dump;
    long *list;
    int current_i;
};

static int
ibf_dump_id_list_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
{
    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *arg = (struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg *)ptr;
    int i = (int)val;
    ID id = (ID)key;
    assert(arg->current_i == i);
    arg->current_i++;

    if (rb_id2name(id)) {
	arg->list[i] = (long)ibf_dump_object(arg->dump, rb_id2str(id));
    }
    else {
	arg->list[i] = 0;
    }

    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static void
ibf_dump_id_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
{
    const long size = dump->id_table->num_entries;
    struct ibf_dump_id_list_i_arg arg;
    arg.list = ALLOCA_N(long, size);
    arg.dump = dump;
    arg.current_i = 0;

    st_foreach(dump->id_table, ibf_dump_id_list_i, (st_data_t)&arg);

    ibf_dump_align(dump, sizeof(long));
    header->id_list_offset = ibf_dump_write(dump, arg.list, sizeof(long) * size);
    header->id_list_size = (unsigned int)size;
}

#define IBF_OBJECT_INTERNAL FL_PROMOTED0

/*
 * Binary format
 * - ibf_object_header
 * - ibf_object_xxx (xxx is type)
 */

struct ibf_object_header {
    unsigned int type: 5;
    unsigned int special_const: 1;
    unsigned int frozen: 1;
    unsigned int internal: 1;
};
static const size_t ibf_object_header_align =
    RUBY_ALIGNOF(struct ibf_object_header);

enum ibf_object_class_index {
    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT,
    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY,
    IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR
};

struct ibf_object_string {
    long encindex;
    long len;
    char ptr[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
};

struct ibf_object_regexp {
    long srcstr;
    char option;
};

struct ibf_object_array {
    long len;
    long ary[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
};

struct ibf_object_hash {
    long len;
    long keyval[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
};

struct ibf_object_struct_range {
    long class_index;
    long len;
    long beg;
    long end;
    int excl;
};

struct ibf_object_bignum {
    ssize_t slen;
    BDIGIT digits[FLEX_ARY_LEN];
};

enum ibf_object_data_type {
    IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING
};

struct ibf_object_complex_rational {
    long a, b;
};

struct ibf_object_symbol {
    long str;
};

#define IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(align, offset) /* offset > 0 */ \
    ((((offset) - 1) / (align) + 1) * (align))
#define IBF_OBJHEADER(offset)     (const struct ibf_object_header *)\
    ibf_load_check_offset(load, IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(ibf_object_header_align, offset))
#define IBF_OBJBODY(type, offset) (const type *)\
    ibf_load_check_offset(load, IBF_ALIGNED_OFFSET(RUBY_ALIGNOF(type), offset))

static const void *
ibf_load_check_offset(const struct ibf_load *load, size_t offset)
{
    if (offset >= (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(load->str)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, offset);
    }
    return load->buff + offset;
}

NORETURN(static void ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj));

static void
ibf_dump_object_unsupported(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    char buff[0x100];
    rb_raw_obj_info(buff, sizeof(buff), obj);
    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_unsupported: %s", buff);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_unsupported(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported");
    return Qnil;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_class(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex;
    if (obj == rb_cObject) {
	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT;
    }
    else if (obj == rb_cArray) {
	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY;
    }
    else if (obj == rb_eStandardError) {
	cindex = IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR;
    }
    else {
	rb_obj_info_dump(obj);
	rb_p(obj);
	rb_bug("unsupported class");
    }
    ibf_dump_write(dump, &cindex, sizeof(cindex));
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_class(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const enum ibf_object_class_index *cindexp = IBF_OBJBODY(enum ibf_object_class_index, offset);
    enum ibf_object_class_index cindex = *cindexp;

    switch (cindex) {
      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_OBJECT:
	return rb_cObject;
      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_ARRAY:
	return rb_cArray;
      case IBF_OBJECT_CLASS_STANDARD_ERROR:
	return rb_eStandardError;
    }

    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ibf_load_object_class: unknown class (%d)", (int)cindex);
}


static void
ibf_dump_object_float(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    double dbl = RFLOAT_VALUE(obj);
    (void)IBF_W(&dbl, double, 1);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_float(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const double *dblp = IBF_OBJBODY(double, offset);
    return DBL2NUM(*dblp);
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_string(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    long encindex = (long)rb_enc_get_index(obj);
    long len = RSTRING_LEN(obj);
    const char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(obj);
    long buff[2];

    if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_from_index((int)encindex);
	const char *enc_name = rb_enc_name(enc);
	encindex = RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX + ibf_dump_object(dump, rb_str_new2(enc_name));
    }

    buff[0] = encindex;
    buff[1] = len;
    (void)IBF_W(buff, long, 2);
    IBF_WP(ptr, char, len);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_string(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_string *string = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_string, offset);
    VALUE str = rb_str_new(string->ptr, string->len);
    int encindex = (int)string->encindex;

    if (encindex > RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX) {
	VALUE enc_name_str = ibf_load_object(load, encindex - RUBY_ENCINDEX_BUILTIN_MAX);
	encindex = rb_enc_find_index(RSTRING_PTR(enc_name_str));
    }
    rb_enc_associate_index(str, encindex);

    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(str);
    if (header->frozen)   str = rb_fstring(str);

    return str;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_regexp(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    struct ibf_object_regexp regexp;
    VALUE srcstr = RREGEXP_SRC(obj);
    IBF_ZERO(regexp);
    regexp.option = (char)rb_reg_options(obj);
    regexp.srcstr = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, srcstr);
    (void)IBF_W(&regexp, struct ibf_object_regexp, 1);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_regexp(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_regexp *regexp = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_regexp, offset);
    VALUE srcstr = ibf_load_object(load, regexp->srcstr);
    VALUE reg = rb_reg_compile(srcstr, (int)regexp->option, NULL, 0);

    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(reg);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(reg);

    return reg;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_array(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    long i, len = (int)RARRAY_LEN(obj);
    (void)IBF_W(&len, long, 1);
    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
	long index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
	IBF_WV(index);
    }
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_array(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_array *array = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_array, offset);
    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new_capa(array->len);
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<array->len; i++) {
	rb_ary_push(ary, ibf_load_object(load, array->ary[i]));
    }

    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(ary);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(ary);

    return ary;
}

static int
ibf_dump_object_hash_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)
{
    struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
    long keyval[2];
    keyval[0] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)key);
    keyval[1] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, (VALUE)val);
    (void)IBF_W(keyval, long, 2);
    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_hash(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    long len = RHASH_SIZE(obj);
    (void)IBF_W(&len, long, 1);
    if (len > 0) rb_hash_foreach(obj, ibf_dump_object_hash_i, (VALUE)dump);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_hash(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_hash *hash = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_hash, offset);
    VALUE obj = rb_hash_new_with_size(hash->len);
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<hash->len; i++) {
	VALUE key = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2  ]);
	VALUE val = ibf_load_object(load, hash->keyval[i*2+1]);
	rb_hash_aset(obj, key, val);
    }
    rb_hash_rehash(obj);

    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);

    return obj;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_struct(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange)) {
	struct ibf_object_struct_range range;
	VALUE beg, end;
	IBF_ZERO(range);
	range.len = 3;
	range.class_index = 0;

	rb_range_values(obj, &beg, &end, &range.excl);
	range.beg = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, beg);
	range.end = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, end);

	IBF_W_ALIGN(struct ibf_object_struct_range);
	IBF_WV(range);
    }
    else {
        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "ibf_dump_object_struct: unsupported class %"PRIsVALUE,
                 rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj)));
    }
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_struct(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_struct_range *range = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_struct_range, offset);
    VALUE beg = ibf_load_object(load, range->beg);
    VALUE end = ibf_load_object(load, range->end);
    VALUE obj = rb_range_new(beg, end, range->excl);
    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
    return obj;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_bignum(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    ssize_t len = BIGNUM_LEN(obj);
    ssize_t slen = BIGNUM_SIGN(obj) > 0 ? len : len * -1;
    BDIGIT *d = BIGNUM_DIGITS(obj);

    (void)IBF_W(&slen, ssize_t, 1);
    IBF_WP(d, BDIGIT, len);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_bignum(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_bignum *bignum = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_bignum, offset);
    int sign = bignum->slen > 0;
    ssize_t len = sign > 0 ? bignum->slen : -1 * bignum->slen;
    VALUE obj = rb_integer_unpack(bignum->digits, len * 2, 2, 0,
				  INTEGER_PACK_LITTLE_ENDIAN | (sign == 0 ? INTEGER_PACK_NEGATIVE : 0));
    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
    return obj;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_data(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    if (rb_data_is_encoding(obj)) {
	rb_encoding *enc = rb_to_encoding(obj);
	const char *name = rb_enc_name(enc);
	long len = strlen(name) + 1;
	long data[2];
	data[0] = IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING;
	data[1] = len;
	(void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
	IBF_WP(name, char, len);
    }
    else {
	ibf_dump_object_unsupported(dump, obj);
    }
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_data(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const long *body = IBF_OBJBODY(long, offset);
    const enum ibf_object_data_type type = (enum ibf_object_data_type)body[0];
    /* const long len = body[1]; */
    const char *data = (const char *)&body[2];

    switch (type) {
      case IBF_OBJECT_DATA_ENCODING:
	{
	    VALUE encobj = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_find(data));
	    return encobj;
	}
    }

    return ibf_load_object_unsupported(load, header, offset);
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_complex_rational(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    long data[2];
    data[0] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->real);
    data[1] = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, RCOMPLEX(obj)->imag);

    (void)IBF_W(data, long, 2);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_complex_rational(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    const struct ibf_object_complex_rational *nums = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_complex_rational, offset);
    VALUE a = ibf_load_object(load, nums->a);
    VALUE b = ibf_load_object(load, nums->b);
    VALUE obj = header->type == T_COMPLEX ?
      rb_complex_new(a, b) : rb_rational_new(a, b);

    if (header->internal) rb_obj_hide(obj);
    if (header->frozen)   rb_obj_freeze(obj);
    return obj;
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_symbol(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    VALUE str = rb_sym2str(obj);
    long str_index = (long)ibf_dump_object(dump, str);
    (void)IBF_W(&str_index, long, 1);
}

static VALUE
ibf_load_object_symbol(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t offset)
{
    /* const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset); */
    const struct ibf_object_symbol *symbol = IBF_OBJBODY(struct ibf_object_symbol, offset);
    VALUE str = ibf_load_object(load, symbol->str);
    ID id = rb_intern_str(str);
    return ID2SYM(id);
}

typedef void (*ibf_dump_object_function)(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj);
static ibf_dump_object_function dump_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_NONE */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_OBJECT */
    ibf_dump_object_class,       /* T_CLASS */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_MODULE */
    ibf_dump_object_float,       /* T_FLOAT */
    ibf_dump_object_string,      /* T_STRING */
    ibf_dump_object_regexp,      /* T_REGEXP */
    ibf_dump_object_array,       /* T_ARRAY */
    ibf_dump_object_hash,        /* T_HASH */
    ibf_dump_object_struct,      /* T_STRUCT */
    ibf_dump_object_bignum,      /* T_BIGNUM */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_FILE */
    ibf_dump_object_data,        /* T_DATA */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_MATCH */
    ibf_dump_object_complex_rational, /* T_COMPLEX */
    ibf_dump_object_complex_rational, /* T_RATIONAL */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x10 */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x11 T_NIL */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x12 T_TRUE */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x13 T_FALSE */
    ibf_dump_object_symbol,      /* 0x14 T_SYMBOL */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_FIXNUM */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_UNDEF */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x17 */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x18 */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x19 */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_IMEMO 0x1a */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_NODE 0x1b */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
    ibf_dump_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
};

static ibf_offset_t
ibf_dump_object_object(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE obj)
{
    struct ibf_object_header obj_header;
    ibf_offset_t current_offset;
    IBF_ZERO(obj_header);
    obj_header.type = TYPE(obj);

    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
    current_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);

    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
	if (RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_SYMBOL) ||
	    RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_FLOAT)) {
	    obj_header.internal = FALSE;
	    goto dump_object;
	}
	obj_header.special_const = TRUE;
	obj_header.frozen = TRUE;
	obj_header.internal = TRUE;
	IBF_WV(obj_header);
	(void)IBF_W(&obj, VALUE, 1);
    }
    else {
	obj_header.internal = (RBASIC_CLASS(obj) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
      dump_object:
	obj_header.special_const = FALSE;
	obj_header.frozen = FL_TEST(obj, FL_FREEZE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
	IBF_WV(obj_header);
	(*dump_object_functions[obj_header.type])(dump, obj);
    }

    return current_offset;
}

typedef VALUE (*ibf_load_object_function)(const struct ibf_load *load, const struct ibf_object_header *header, ibf_offset_t);
static ibf_load_object_function load_object_functions[RUBY_T_MASK+1] = {
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_NONE */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_OBJECT */
    ibf_load_object_class,       /* T_CLASS */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_MODULE */
    ibf_load_object_float,       /* T_FLOAT */
    ibf_load_object_string,      /* T_STRING */
    ibf_load_object_regexp,      /* T_REGEXP */
    ibf_load_object_array,       /* T_ARRAY */
    ibf_load_object_hash,        /* T_HASH */
    ibf_load_object_struct,      /* T_STRUCT */
    ibf_load_object_bignum,      /* T_BIGNUM */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_FILE */
    ibf_load_object_data,        /* T_DATA */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_MATCH */
    ibf_load_object_complex_rational, /* T_COMPLEX */
    ibf_load_object_complex_rational, /* T_RATIONAL */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x10 */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_NIL */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_TRUE */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_FALSE */
    ibf_load_object_symbol,
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_FIXNUM */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_UNDEF */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x17 */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x18 */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x19 */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_IMEMO 0x1a */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_NODE 0x1b */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ICLASS 0x1c */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* T_ZOMBIE 0x1d */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1e */
    ibf_load_object_unsupported, /* 0x1f */
};

static VALUE
ibf_load_object(const struct ibf_load *load, VALUE object_index)
{
    if (object_index == 0) {
	return Qnil;
    }
    else if (object_index >= load->header->object_list_size) {
	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object index out of range: %"PRIdVALUE, object_index);
    }
    else {
	VALUE obj = rb_ary_entry(load->obj_list, (long)object_index);
	if (obj == Qnil) { /* TODO: avoid multiple Qnil load */
	    ibf_offset_t *offsets = (ibf_offset_t *)(load->header->object_list_offset + load->buff);
	    ibf_offset_t offset = offsets[object_index];
	    const struct ibf_object_header *header = IBF_OBJHEADER(offset);
	    size_t value_offset;

#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: list=%#x offsets=%p offset=%#x\n",
	            load->header->object_list_offset, offsets, offset);
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: type=%#x special=%d frozen=%d internal=%d\n",
	            header->type, header->special_const, header->frozen, header->internal);
#endif
	    value_offset = (const char *)(header + 1) - load->buff;
	    if (value_offset >= (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(load->str)) {
		rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "object offset out of range: %"PRIdSIZE, value_offset);
	    }
	    offset = (ibf_offset_t)value_offset;

	    if (header->special_const) {
		const VALUE *vp = IBF_OBJBODY(VALUE, offset);
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
		fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: vp=%p\n", vp);
#endif
		obj = *vp;
	    }
	    else {
		obj = (*load_object_functions[header->type])(load, header, offset);
	    }

	    rb_ary_store(load->obj_list, (long)object_index, obj);
	}
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_object: index=%#"PRIxVALUE" obj=%#"PRIxVALUE"\n",
	        object_index, obj);
#endif
	return obj;
    }
}

static void
ibf_dump_object_list(struct ibf_dump *dump, struct ibf_header *header)
{
    VALUE list = rb_ary_tmp_new(RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list));
    int i, size;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(dump->obj_list); i++) {
	VALUE obj = RARRAY_AREF(dump->obj_list, i);
	ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_dump_object_object(dump, obj);
	rb_ary_push(list, UINT2NUM(offset));
    }
    size = i;
    IBF_W_ALIGN(ibf_offset_t);
    header->object_list_offset = ibf_dump_pos(dump);

    for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
	ibf_offset_t offset = NUM2UINT(RARRAY_AREF(list, i));
	IBF_WV(offset);
    }

    header->object_list_size = size;
}

static void
ibf_dump_mark(void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
    rb_gc_mark(dump->str);
    rb_gc_mark(dump->iseq_list);
    rb_gc_mark(dump->obj_list);
}

static void
ibf_dump_free(void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
    if (dump->iseq_table) {
	st_free_table(dump->iseq_table);
	dump->iseq_table = 0;
    }
    if (dump->id_table) {
	st_free_table(dump->id_table);
	dump->id_table = 0;
    }
    ruby_xfree(dump);
}

static size_t
ibf_dump_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_dump *dump = (struct ibf_dump *)ptr;
    size_t size = sizeof(*dump);
    if (dump->iseq_table) size += st_memsize(dump->iseq_table);
    if (dump->id_table) size += st_memsize(dump->id_table);
    return size;
}

static const rb_data_type_t ibf_dump_type = {
    "ibf_dump",
    {ibf_dump_mark, ibf_dump_free, ibf_dump_memsize,},
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
};

static void
ibf_dump_setup(struct ibf_dump *dump, VALUE dumper_obj)
{
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->str, rb_str_new(0, 0));
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dumper_obj, &dump->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(1));
    rb_ary_push(dump->obj_list, Qnil); /* 0th is nil */
    dump->iseq_table = st_init_numtable(); /* need free */
    dump->id_table = st_init_numtable();   /* need free */

    ibf_table_index(dump->id_table, 0); /* id_index:0 is 0 */
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_ibf_dump(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE opt)
{
    struct ibf_dump *dump;
    struct ibf_header header = {{0}};
    VALUE dump_obj;
    VALUE str;

    if (iseq->body->parent_iseq != NULL ||
	iseq->body->local_iseq != iseq) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should be top of iseq");
    }
    if (RTEST(ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "should not compile with coverage");
    }

    dump_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_dump, &ibf_dump_type, dump);
    ibf_dump_setup(dump, dump_obj);

    ibf_dump_write(dump, &header, sizeof(header));
    ibf_dump_write(dump, RUBY_PLATFORM, strlen(RUBY_PLATFORM) + 1);
    ibf_dump_iseq(dump, iseq);

    header.magic[0] = 'Y'; /* YARB */
    header.magic[1] = 'A';
    header.magic[2] = 'R';
    header.magic[3] = 'B';
    header.major_version = ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION;
    header.minor_version = ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION;
    ibf_dump_iseq_list(dump, &header);
    ibf_dump_id_list(dump, &header);
    ibf_dump_object_list(dump, &header);
    header.size = ibf_dump_pos(dump);

    if (RTEST(opt)) {
	VALUE opt_str = opt;
	const char *ptr = StringValuePtr(opt_str);
	header.extra_size = RSTRING_LENINT(opt_str);
	ibf_dump_write(dump, ptr, header.extra_size);
    }
    else {
	header.extra_size = 0;
    }

    ibf_dump_overwrite(dump, &header, sizeof(header), 0);

    str = dump->str;
    ibf_dump_free(dump);
    DATA_PTR(dump_obj) = NULL;
    RB_GC_GUARD(dump_obj);
    return str;
}

static const ibf_offset_t *
ibf_iseq_list(const struct ibf_load *load)
{
    return (ibf_offset_t *)(load->buff + load->header->iseq_list_offset);
}

void
rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    struct ibf_load *load = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(iseq->aux.loader.obj);
    rb_iseq_t *prev_src_iseq = load->iseq;
    const ibf_offset_t offset = ibf_iseq_list(load)[iseq->aux.loader.index];
    load->iseq = iseq;
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
    fprintf(stderr, "rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete: index=%#x offset=%#x size=%#x\n",
	    iseq->aux.loader.index, offset,
	    load->header->size);
#endif
    if (offset % sizeof(VALUE)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned iseq offset: %#x @ %u",
                 offset, iseq->aux.loader.index);
    }
    ibf_load_iseq_each(load, iseq, offset);
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA_CLEAR(iseq);
    FL_UNSET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
    rb_iseq_init_trace(iseq);
    load->iseq = prev_src_iseq;
}

#if USE_LAZY_LOAD
const rb_iseq_t *
rb_iseq_complete(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete((rb_iseq_t *)iseq);
    return iseq;
}
#endif

static rb_iseq_t *
ibf_load_iseq(const struct ibf_load *load, const rb_iseq_t *index_iseq)
{
    int iseq_index = (int)(VALUE)index_iseq;

#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: index_iseq=%p iseq_list=%p\n",
	    index_iseq, (void *)load->iseq_list);
#endif
    if (iseq_index == -1) {
	return NULL;
    }
    else {
	VALUE iseqv = rb_ary_entry(load->iseq_list, iseq_index);

#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseqv=%p\n", (void *)iseqv);
#endif
	if (iseqv != Qnil) {
	    return (rb_iseq_t *)iseqv;
	}
	else {
	    rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_imemo_alloc();
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: new iseq=%p\n", iseq);
#endif
	    FL_SET(iseq, ISEQ_NOT_LOADED_YET);
	    iseq->aux.loader.obj = load->loader_obj;
	    iseq->aux.loader.index = iseq_index;
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loader_obj=%p index=%d\n",
		    iseq, (void *)load->loader_obj, iseq_index);
#endif
	    rb_ary_store(load->iseq_list, iseq_index, (VALUE)iseq);

#if !USE_LAZY_LOAD
#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: loading iseq=%p\n", iseq);
#endif
	    rb_ibf_load_iseq_complete(iseq);
#endif /* !USE_LAZY_LOAD */

#if IBF_ISEQ_DEBUG
	    fprintf(stderr, "ibf_load_iseq: iseq=%p loaded %p\n",
		    iseq, load->iseq);
#endif
	    return iseq;
	}
    }
}

static void
ibf_load_setup(struct ibf_load *load, VALUE loader_obj, VALUE str)
{
    rb_check_safe_obj(str);

    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)sizeof(struct ibf_header)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
    }
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->str, str);
    load->loader_obj = loader_obj;
    load->buff = StringValuePtr(str);
    load->header = (struct ibf_header *)load->buff;
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->iseq_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
    RB_OBJ_WRITE(loader_obj, &load->obj_list, rb_ary_tmp_new(0));
    load->id_list = ZALLOC_N(ID, load->header->id_list_size);
    load->iseq = NULL;

    if (RSTRING_LENINT(str) < (int)load->header->size) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "broken binary format");
    }
    if (strncmp(load->header->magic, "YARB", 4) != 0) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unknown binary format");
    }
    if (load->header->major_version != ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION ||
	load->header->minor_version != ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched version file (%u.%u for %u.%u)",
		 load->header->major_version, load->header->minor_version, ISEQ_MAJOR_VERSION, ISEQ_MINOR_VERSION);
    }
    if (strcmp(load->buff + sizeof(struct ibf_header), RUBY_PLATFORM) != 0) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unmatched platform");
    }
    if (load->header->iseq_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned iseq list offset: %u",
                 load->header->iseq_list_offset);
    }
    if (load->header->id_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(long)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned ID list offset: %u",
                 load->header->id_list_offset);
    }
    if (load->header->object_list_offset % RUBY_ALIGNOF(ibf_offset_t)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unaligned object list offset: %u",
                 load->header->object_list_offset);
    }
}

static void
ibf_loader_mark(void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
    rb_gc_mark(load->str);
    rb_gc_mark(load->iseq_list);
    rb_gc_mark(load->obj_list);
}

static void
ibf_loader_free(void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
    ruby_xfree(load->id_list);
    ruby_xfree(load);
}

static size_t
ibf_loader_memsize(const void *ptr)
{
    struct ibf_load *load = (struct ibf_load *)ptr;
    return sizeof(struct ibf_load) + load->header->id_list_size * sizeof(ID);
}

static const rb_data_type_t ibf_load_type = {
    "ibf_loader",
    {ibf_loader_mark, ibf_loader_free, ibf_loader_memsize,},
    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
};

const rb_iseq_t *
rb_iseq_ibf_load(VALUE str)
{
    struct ibf_load *load;
    rb_iseq_t *iseq;
    VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);

    ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
    iseq = ibf_load_iseq(load, 0);

    RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
    return iseq;
}

VALUE
rb_iseq_ibf_load_extra_data(VALUE str)
{
    struct ibf_load *load;
    VALUE loader_obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(0, struct ibf_load, &ibf_load_type, load);
    VALUE extra_str;

    ibf_load_setup(load, loader_obj, str);
    extra_str = rb_str_new(load->buff + load->header->size, load->header->extra_size);
    RB_GC_GUARD(loader_obj);
    return extra_str;
}