nmap.cc

/***************************************************************************
 * nmap.cc -- Currently handles some of Nmap's port scanning features as   *
 * well as the command line user interface.  Note that the actual main()   *
 * function is in main.cc                                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 ***********************IMPORTANT NMAP LICENSE TERMS************************
 *                                                                         *
 * The Nmap Security Scanner is (C) 1996-2020 Insecure.Com LLC ("The Nmap  *
 * Project"). Nmap is also a registered trademark of the Nmap Project.     *
 *                                                                         *
 * This program is distributed under the terms of the Nmap Public Source   *
 * License (NPSL). The exact license text applying to a particular Nmap    *
 * release or source code control revision is contained in the LICENSE     *
 * file distributed with that version of Nmap or source code control       *
 * revision. More Nmap copyright/legal information is available from       *
 * https://nmap.org/book/man-legal.html, and further information on the    *
 * NPSL license itself can be found at https://nmap.org/npsl. This header  *
 * summarizes some key points from the Nmap license, but is no substitute  *
 * for the actual license text.                                            *
 *                                                                         *
 * Nmap is generally free for end users to download and use themselves,    *
 * including commercial use. It is available from https://nmap.org.        *
 *                                                                         *
 * The Nmap license generally prohibits companies from using and           *
 * redistributing Nmap in commercial products, but we sell a special Nmap  *
 * OEM Edition with a more permissive license and special features for     *
 * this purpose. See https://nmap.org/oem                                  *
 *                                                                         *
 * If you have received a written Nmap license agreement or contract       *
 * stating terms other than these (such as an Nmap OEM license), you may   *
 * choose to use and redistribute Nmap under those terms instead.          *
 *                                                                         *
 * The official Nmap Windows builds include the Npcap software             *
 * (https://npcap.org) for packet capture and transmission. It is under    *
 * separate license terms which forbid redistribution without special      *
 * permission. So the official Nmap Windows builds may not be              *
 * redistributed without special permission (such as an Nmap OEM           *
 * license).                                                               *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source is provided to this software because we believe users have a     *
 * right to know exactly what a program is going to do before they run it. *
 * This also allows you to audit the software for security holes.          *
 *                                                                         *
 * Source code also allows you to port Nmap to new platforms, fix bugs,    *
 * and add new features.  You are highly encouraged to submit your         *
 * changes as a Github PR or by email to the dev@nmap.org mailing list     *
 * for possible incorporation into the main distribution. Unless you       *
 * specify otherwise, it is understood that you are offering us very       *
 * broad rights to use your submissions as described in the Nmap Public    *
 * Source License Contributor Agreement. This is important because we      *
 * fund the project by selling licenses with various terms, and also       *
 * because the inability to relicense code has caused devastating          *
 * problems for other Free Software projects (such as KDE and NASM).       *
 *                                                                         *
 * The free version of Nmap is distributed in the hope that it will be     *
 * useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of  *
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Warranties,        *
 * indemnification and commercial support are all available through the    *
 * Npcap OEM program--see https://nmap.org/oem.                            *
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************/

/* $Id$ */

#ifdef WIN32
#include "winfix.h"
/* This name collides in the following include. */
#undef PS_NONE
#include <shlobj.h>
#endif

#include "nmap.h"
#include "osscan.h"
#include "scan_engine.h"
#include "FPEngine.h"
#include "idle_scan.h"
#include "NmapOps.h"
#include "MACLookup.h"
#include "traceroute.h"
#include "nmap_tty.h"
#include "nmap_ftp.h"
#include "services.h"
#include "targets.h"
#include "tcpip.h"
#include "NewTargets.h"
#include "Target.h"
#include "service_scan.h"
#include "charpool.h"
#include "nmap_error.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "xml.h"
#include "scan_lists.h"

#ifndef NOLUA
#include "nse_main.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL
#include <signal.h>
#endif

#include <fcntl.h>

#ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
#include <pwd.h>
#endif

#ifndef IPPROTO_SCTP
#include "libnetutil/netutil.h"
#endif

#if HAVE_OPENSSL
#include <openssl/opensslv.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_LIBSSH2
#include <libssh2.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_LIBZ
#include <zlib.h>
#endif

/* To get the version number only. */
#ifdef WIN32
#include "libdnet-stripped/include/dnet_winconfig.h"
#else
#include "libdnet-stripped/include/config.h"
#endif
#define DNET_VERSION VERSION

#ifdef LINUX
/* Check for Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) */
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif

#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>

/* global options */
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
extern NmapOps o;  /* option structure */

static void display_nmap_version();

/* A mechanism to save argv[0] for code that requires that. */
static const char *program_name = NULL;

void set_program_name(const char *name) {
  program_name = name;
}

static const char *get_program_name(void) {
  return program_name;
}

/* parse the --scanflags argument.  It can be a number >=0 or a string consisting of TCP flag names like "URGPSHFIN".  Returns -1 if the argument is invalid. */
static int parse_scanflags(char *arg) {
  int flagval = 0;
  char *end = NULL;

  if (isdigit((int) (unsigned char) arg[0])) {
    flagval = strtol(arg, &end, 0);
    if (*end || flagval < 0 || flagval > 255)
      return -1;
  } else {
    if (strcasestr(arg, "FIN"))
      flagval |= TH_FIN;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "SYN"))
      flagval |= TH_SYN;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "RST") || strcasestr(arg, "RESET"))
      flagval |= TH_RST;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "PSH") || strcasestr(arg, "PUSH"))
      flagval |= TH_PUSH;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ACK"))
      flagval |= TH_ACK;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "URG"))
      flagval |= TH_URG;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ECE"))
      flagval |= TH_ECE;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "CWR"))
      flagval |= TH_CWR;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "ALL"))
      flagval = 255;
    if (strcasestr(arg, "NONE"))
      flagval = 0;
  }
  return flagval;
}

static void printusage() {

  printf("%s %s ( %s )\n"
         "Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}\n"
         "TARGET SPECIFICATION:\n"
         "  Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.\n"
         "  Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254\n"
         "  -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks\n"
         "  -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets\n"
         "  --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks\n"
         "  --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file\n"
         "HOST DISCOVERY:\n"
         "  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan\n"
         "  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan\n"
         "  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery\n"
         "  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports\n"
         "  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes\n"
         "  -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping\n"
         "  -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]\n"
         "  --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers\n"
         "  --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver\n"
         "  --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host\n"
         "SCAN TECHNIQUES:\n"
         "  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans\n"
         "  -sU: UDP Scan\n"
         "  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans\n"
         "  --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags\n"
         "  -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan\n"
         "  -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans\n"
         "  -sO: IP protocol scan\n"
         "  -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan\n"
         "PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:\n"
         "  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports\n"
         "    Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9\n"
         "  --exclude-ports <port ranges>: Exclude the specified ports from scanning\n"
         "  -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan\n"
         "  -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize\n"
         "  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports\n"
         "  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>\n"
         "SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:\n"
         "  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info\n"
         "  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)\n"
         "  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)\n"
         "  --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)\n"
         "  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)\n"
#ifndef NOLUA
         "SCRIPT SCAN:\n"
         "  -sC: equivalent to --script=default\n"
         "  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of\n"
         "           directories, script-files or script-categories\n"
         "  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts\n"
         "  --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file\n"
         "  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received\n"
         "  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.\n"
         "  --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts.\n"
         "           <Lua scripts> is a comma-separated list of script-files or\n"
         "           script-categories.\n"
#endif
         "OS DETECTION:\n"
         "  -O: Enable OS detection\n"
         "  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets\n"
         "  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively\n"
         "TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:\n"
         "  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),\n"
         "  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).\n"
         "  -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)\n"
         "  --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes\n"
         "  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization\n"
         "  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies\n"
         "      probe round trip time.\n"
         "  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.\n"
         "  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long\n"
         "  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes\n"
         "  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second\n"
         "  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second\n"
         "FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:\n"
         "  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)\n"
         "  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys\n"
         "  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address\n"
         "  -e <iface>: Use specified interface\n"
         "  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number\n"
         "  --proxies <url1,[url2],...>: Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies\n"
         "  --data <hex string>: Append a custom payload to sent packets\n"
         "  --data-string <string>: Append a custom ASCII string to sent packets\n"
         "  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets\n"
         "  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options\n"
         "  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field\n"
         "  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address\n"
         "  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum\n"
         "OUTPUT:\n"
         "  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,\n"
         "     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.\n"
         "  -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once\n"
         "  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)\n"
         "  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)\n"
         "  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state\n"
         "  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports\n"
         "  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received\n"
         "  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)\n"
         "  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files\n"
         "  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan\n"
         "  --noninteractive: Disable runtime interactions via keyboard\n"
         "  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML\n"
         "  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML\n"
         "  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output\n"
         "MISC:\n"
         "  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning\n"
         "  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute\n"
         "  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location\n"
         "  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets\n"
         "  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged\n"
         "  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges\n"
         "  -V: Print version number\n"
         "  -h: Print this help summary page.\n"
         "EXAMPLES:\n"
         "  nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org\n"
         "  nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8\n"
         "  nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80\n"
         "SEE THE MAN PAGE (https://nmap.org/book/man.html) FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL);
}

#ifdef WIN32
static void check_setugid(void) {
}
#else
/* Show a warning when running setuid or setgid, as this allows code execution
   (for example NSE scripts) as the owner/group. */
static void check_setugid(void) {
  if (getuid() != geteuid())
    error("WARNING: Running Nmap setuid, as you are doing, is a major security risk.\n");
  if (getgid() != getegid())
    error("WARNING: Running Nmap setgid, as you are doing, is a major security risk.\n");
}
#endif

static void insert_port_into_merge_list(unsigned short *mlist,
                                        int *merged_port_count,
                                        unsigned short p) {
  int i;
  // make sure the port isn't already in the list
  for (i = 0; i < *merged_port_count; i++) {
    if (mlist[i] == p) {
      return;
    }
  }
  mlist[*merged_port_count] = p;
  (*merged_port_count)++;
}

static unsigned short *merge_port_lists(unsigned short *port_list1, int count1,
                                        unsigned short *port_list2, int count2,
                                        int *merged_port_count) {
  int i;
  unsigned short *merged_port_list = NULL;

  *merged_port_count = 0;

  merged_port_list =
    (unsigned short *) safe_zalloc((count1 + count2) * sizeof(unsigned short));

  for (i = 0; i < count1; i++) {
    insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
                                merged_port_count,
                                port_list1[i]);
  }
  for (i = 0; i < count2; i++) {
    insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
                                merged_port_count,
                                port_list2[i]);
  }

  // if there were duplicate ports then we can save some memory
  if (*merged_port_count < (count1 + count2)) {
    merged_port_list = (unsigned short*)
                       safe_realloc(merged_port_list,
                                    (*merged_port_count) * sizeof(unsigned short));
  }

  return merged_port_list;
}

void validate_scan_lists(scan_lists &vports, NmapOps &vo) {
  if (vo.pingtype == PINGTYPE_UNKNOWN) {
    if (vo.isr00t) {
      if (vo.pf() == PF_INET) {
        vo.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV4_PING_TYPES;
      } else {
        vo.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV6_PING_TYPES;
      }
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_ACK_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &vports.ack_ping_ports, &vports.ack_ping_count);
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_SYN_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &vports.syn_ping_ports, &vports.syn_ping_count);
    } else {
      vo.pingtype = PINGTYPE_TCP; // if nonr00t
      getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PING_CONNECT_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT,
                    &vports.syn_ping_ports, &vports.syn_ping_count);
    }
  }

  if ((vo.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP) && (!vo.isr00t)) {
    // We will have to do a connect() style ping
    // Pretend we wanted SYN probes all along.
    if (vports.ack_ping_count > 0) {
      // Combine the ACK and SYN ping port lists since they both reduce to
      // SYN probes in this case
      unsigned short *merged_port_list;
      int merged_port_count;

      merged_port_list = merge_port_lists(
                           vports.syn_ping_ports, vports.syn_ping_count,
                           vports.ack_ping_ports, vports.ack_ping_count,
                           &merged_port_count);

      // clean up a bit
      free(vports.syn_ping_ports);
      free(vports.ack_ping_ports);

      vports.syn_ping_count = merged_port_count;
      vports.syn_ping_ports = merged_port_list;
      vports.ack_ping_count = 0;
      vports.ack_ping_ports = NULL;
    }
    vo.pingtype &= ~PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK;
    vo.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN;
  }

  if (!vo.isr00t) {
    if (vo.pingtype & (PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING | PINGTYPE_ICMP_MASK | PINGTYPE_ICMP_TS)) {
      error("Warning:  You are not root -- using TCP pingscan rather than ICMP");
      vo.pingtype = PINGTYPE_TCP;
      if (vports.syn_ping_count == 0) {
        getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &vports.syn_ping_ports, &vports.syn_ping_count);
        assert(vports.syn_ping_count > 0);
      }
    }
  }
}

struct ftpinfo ftp = get_default_ftpinfo();

/* A list of targets to be displayed by the --route-dst debugging option. */
static std::vector<std::string> route_dst_hosts;

struct scan_lists ports = { 0 };

/* This struct is used is a temporary storage place that holds options that
   can't be correctly parsed and interpreted before the entire command line has
   been read. Examples are -6 and -S. Trying to set the source address without
   knowing the address family first could result in a failure if you pass an
   IPv6 address and the address family is still IPv4. */
static struct delayed_options {
public:
  delayed_options() {
    this->pre_max_parallelism   = -1;
    this->pre_scan_delay        = -1;
    this->pre_max_scan_delay    = -1;
    this->pre_init_rtt_timeout  = -1;
    this->pre_min_rtt_timeout   = -1;
    this->pre_max_rtt_timeout   = -1;
    this->pre_max_retries       = -1;
    this->pre_host_timeout      = -1;
#ifndef NOLUA
    this->pre_scripttimeout     = -1;
#endif
    this->iflist                = false;
    this->advanced              = false;
    this->af                    = AF_UNSPEC;
    this->decoys                = false;
    this->raw_scan_options      = false;
  }

  // Pre-specified timing parameters.
  // These are stored here during the parsing of the arguments so that we can
  // set the defaults specified by any timing template options (-T2, etc) BEFORE
  // any of these. In other words, these always take precedence over the templates.
  int   pre_max_parallelism, pre_scan_delay, pre_max_scan_delay;
  int   pre_init_rtt_timeout, pre_min_rtt_timeout, pre_max_rtt_timeout;
  int   pre_max_retries;
  long  pre_host_timeout;
#ifndef NOLUA
  double pre_scripttimeout;
#endif
  char  *machinefilename, *kiddiefilename, *normalfilename, *xmlfilename;
  bool  iflist, decoys, advanced, raw_scan_options;
  char  *exclude_spec, *exclude_file;
  char  *spoofSource, *decoy_arguments;
  const char *spoofmac;
  int af;
  std::vector<std::string> verbose_out;

  void warn_deprecated (const char *given, const char *replacement) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << "Warning: The -" << given << " option is deprecated. Please use -" << replacement;
    this->verbose_out.push_back(os.str());
  }

} delayed_options;

struct tm local_time;

static void test_file_name(const char *filename, const char *option) {
  if (filename[0] == '-' && filename[1] != '\0') {
    fatal("Output filename begins with '-'. Try '-%s ./%s' if you really want it to be named as such.", option, filename);
  } else if (strcmp(option, "o") == 0 && strchr("NAXGS", filename[0])) {
    fatal("You are using a deprecated option in a dangerous way. Did you mean: -o%c %s", filename[0], filename + 1);
  } else if (filename[0] == '-' && strcmp(option,"oA") == 0) {
    fatal("Cannot display multiple output types to stdout.");
  }
}

void parse_options(int argc, char **argv) {
  char *p;
  int arg;
  long l;
  double d;
  char *endptr = NULL;
  char errstr[256];
  int option_index;
#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
  int k[]={2037345391,1935892846,0,1279608146,1331241034,1162758985,1314070817,554303488,1869291630,1768383852};
#else
  int k[]={1869377401,1851876211,0,1380271436,1243633999,1229672005,555832142,2593,1847618415,1818584937};
#endif

  struct option long_options[] = {
    {"version", no_argument, 0, 'V'},
    {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
    {"datadir", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"servicedb", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"versiondb", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"debug", optional_argument, 0, 'd'},
    {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
    {"iflist", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"release-memory", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"nogcc", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-os-tries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-parallelism", required_argument, 0, 'M'},
    {"min-parallelism", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"timing", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
    {"max-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"initial-rtt-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"excludefile", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"exclude", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-hostgroup", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"open", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"scanflags", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"defeat-rst-ratelimit", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"defeat-icmp-ratelimit", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"host-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"scan-delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-scan-delay", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-retries", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oA", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oN", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oM", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oG", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oS", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oH", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"oX", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"iL", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"iR", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"sI", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"source-port", required_argument, 0, 'g'},
    {"randomize-hosts", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"nsock-engine", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"proxies", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"proxy", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"discovery-ignore-rst", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"osscan-limit", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* skip OSScan if no open ports */
    {"osscan-guess", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* More guessing flexibility */
    {"fuzzy", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Alias for osscan_guess */
    {"packet-trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display all packets sent/rcv */
    {"version-trace", no_argument, 0, 0}, /* Display -sV related activity */
    {"data", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data-string", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"data-length", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send-eth", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"send-ip", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"stylesheet", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"no-stylesheet", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"webxml", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"rH", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"vv", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"ff", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"privileged", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"unprivileged", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"mtu", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"append-output", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"noninteractive", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"spoof-mac", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"thc", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"badsum", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"ttl", required_argument, 0, 0}, /* Time to live */
    {"traceroute", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"reason", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"allports", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-intensity", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-light", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"version-all", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"system-dns", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"resolve-all", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"unique", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"log-errors", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"deprecated-xml-osclass", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {(char*)k, no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"dns-servers", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"port-ratio", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"exclude-ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"top-ports", required_argument, 0, 0},
#ifndef NOLUA
    {"script", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-trace", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-updatedb", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-args", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-args-file", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-help", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"script-timeout", required_argument, 0, 0},
#endif
    {"ip-options", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"min-rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"max-rate", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"adler32", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"stats-every", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"disable-arp-ping", no_argument, 0, 0},
    {"route-dst", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {"resume", required_argument, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 0, 0}
  };

  /* OK, lets parse these args! */
  optind = 1; /* so it can be called multiple times */
  while ((arg = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "46Ab:D:d::e:Ffg:hIi:M:m:nO::o:P::p:qRrS:s::T:Vv::", long_options, &option_index)) != EOF) {
    switch (arg) {
    case 0:
#ifndef NOLUA
      if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script") == 0) {
        o.script = true;
        o.chooseScripts(optarg);
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-args") == 0) {
        o.scriptargs = strdup(optarg);
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-args-file") == 0) {
        o.scriptargsfile = strdup(optarg);
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-trace") == 0) {
        o.scripttrace = true;
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-updatedb") == 0) {
        o.scriptupdatedb = true;
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-help") == 0) {
        o.scripthelp = true;
        o.chooseScripts(optarg);
      } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "script-timeout") == 0) {
        d = tval2secs(optarg);
        if (d < 0 || d > LONG_MAX)
          fatal("Bogus --script-timeout argument specified");
        delayed_options.pre_scripttimeout = d;
      } else
#endif
        if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-os-tries") == 0) {
          l = atoi(optarg);
          if (l < 1 || l > 50)
            fatal("Bogus --max-os-tries argument specified, must be between 1 and 50 (inclusive)");
          o.setMaxOSTries(l);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 5)
            fatal("Bogus --max-rtt-timeout argument specified, must be at least 5ms");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --max-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          if (l < 20)
            error("WARNING: You specified a round-trip time timeout (%ld ms) that is EXTRAORDINARILY SMALL.  Accuracy may suffer.", l);
          delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --min-rtt-timeout argument specified");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --min-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "initial-rtt-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus --initial-rtt-timeout argument specified.  Must be positive");
          if (l >= 50 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --initial-rtt-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %g seconds. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "excludefile") == 0) {
          delayed_options.exclude_file = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "exclude") == 0) {
          delayed_options.exclude_spec = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-hostgroup") == 0) {
          o.setMaxHostGroupSz(atoi(optarg));
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-hostgroup") == 0) {
          o.setMinHostGroupSz(atoi(optarg));
          if (atoi(optarg) > 100)
            error("Warning: You specified a highly aggressive --min-hostgroup.");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "open") == 0) {
          o.setOpenOnly(true);
          // If they only want open, don't spend extra time (potentially) distinguishing closed from filtered.
          o.defeat_rst_ratelimit = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "scanflags") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.scanflags = parse_scanflags(optarg);
          if (o.scanflags < 0) {
            fatal("--scanflags option must be a number between 0 and 255 (inclusive) or a string like \"URGPSHFIN\".");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iflist") == 0) {
          delayed_options.iflist = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "nogcc") == 0) {
          o.nogcc = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "release-memory") == 0) {
          o.release_memory = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-parallelism") == 0) {
          o.min_parallelism = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.min_parallelism < 1)
            fatal("Argument to --min-parallelism must be at least 1!");
          if (o.min_parallelism > 100) {
            error("Warning: Your --min-parallelism option is pretty high!  This can hurt reliability.");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "host-timeout") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --host-timeout argument specified");
          // if (l == 0) this is the default "no timeout" value, overriding timing template
          if (l >= 10000 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --host-timeout is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f hours. If this is what you want, use \"%ss\".", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60 / 60, optarg);
          delayed_options.pre_host_timeout = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ttl") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.ttl = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.ttl < 0 || o.ttl > 255) {
            fatal("ttl option must be a number between 0 and 255 (inclusive)");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "datadir") == 0) {
          o.datadir = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "servicedb") == 0) {
          o.requested_data_files["nmap-services"] = optarg;
          o.fastscan = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "versiondb") == 0) {
          o.requested_data_files["nmap-service-probes"] = optarg;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "append-output") == 0) {
          o.append_output = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "noninteractive") == 0) {
          o.noninteractive = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "spoof-mac") == 0) {
          /* I need to deal with this later, once I'm sure that I have output
             files set up, --datadir, etc. */
          delayed_options.spoofmac = optarg;
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "allports") == 0) {
          o.override_excludeports = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-intensity") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.version_intensity < 0 || o.version_intensity > 9)
            fatal("version-intensity must be between 0 and 9");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-light") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = 2;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-all") == 0) {
          o.version_intensity = 9;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "scan-delay") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --scan-delay argument specified.");
          // if (l == 0) this is the default "no delay" value, overriding timing template
          if (l >= 100 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --scan-delay is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f minutes. Use \"%sms\" for %g milliseconds.", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60, optarg, l / 1000.0);
          delayed_options.pre_scan_delay = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "defeat-rst-ratelimit") == 0) {
          o.defeat_rst_ratelimit = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "defeat-icmp-ratelimit") == 0) {
          o.defeat_icmp_ratelimit = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-scan-delay") == 0) {
          l = tval2msecs(optarg);
          if (l < 0)
            fatal("Bogus --max-scan-delay argument specified.");
          if (l >= 100 * 1000 && tval_unit(optarg) == NULL)
            fatal("Since April 2010, the default unit for --max-scan-delay is seconds, so your time of \"%s\" is %.1f minutes. If this is what you want, use \"%ss\".", optarg, l / 1000.0 / 60, optarg);
          delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay = l;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-retries") == 0) {
          delayed_options.pre_max_retries = atoi(optarg);
          if (delayed_options.pre_max_retries < 0)
            fatal("max-retries must be positive");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "randomize-hosts") == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "rH") == 0) {
          o.randomize_hosts = true;
          o.ping_group_sz = PING_GROUP_SZ * 4;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "nsock-engine") == 0) {
          if (nsock_set_default_engine(optarg) < 0)
            fatal("Unknown or non-available engine: %s", optarg);
        } else if ((strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "proxies") == 0) || (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "proxy") == 0)) {
          if (nsock_proxychain_new(optarg, &o.proxy_chain, NULL) < 0)
            fatal("Invalid proxy chain specification");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "discovery-ignore-rst") == 0) {
            o.discovery_ignore_rst = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "osscan-limit")  == 0) {
          o.osscan_limit = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "osscan-guess")  == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "fuzzy") == 0) {
          o.osscan_guess = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "packet-trace") == 0) {
          o.setPacketTrace(true);
#ifndef NOLUA
          o.scripttrace = true;
#endif
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "version-trace") == 0) {
          o.setVersionTrace(true);
          o.debugging++;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          u8 *tempbuff=NULL;
          size_t len=0;
          if( (tempbuff=parse_hex_string(optarg, &len))==NULL)
            fatal("Invalid hex string specified");
          else {
            o.extra_payload_length = len;
            o.extra_payload = (char *) safe_malloc(o.extra_payload_length);
            memcpy(o.extra_payload, tempbuff, len);
          }
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data-string") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          o.extra_payload_length = strlen(optarg);
          if (o.extra_payload_length < 0 || o.extra_payload_length > MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED)
            fatal("string length must be between 0 and %d", MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED);
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
          o.extra_payload = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "data-length") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          if (o.extra_payload)
            fatal("Can't use the --data option(s) multiple times, or together.");
          o.extra_payload_length = (int)strtol(optarg, NULL, 10);
          if (o.extra_payload_length < 0 || o.extra_payload_length > MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED)
            fatal("data-length must be between 0 and %d", MAX_PAYLOAD_ALLOWED);
          if (o.extra_payload_length > 1400) /* 1500 - IP with opts - TCP with opts. */
            error("WARNING: Payloads bigger than 1400 bytes may not be sent successfully.");
          o.extra_payload = (char *) safe_malloc(MAX(o.extra_payload_length, 1));
          get_random_bytes(o.extra_payload, o.extra_payload_length);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "send-eth") == 0) {
          o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_ETH_STRONG;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "send-ip") == 0) {
          o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_IP_STRONG;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "stylesheet") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "no-stylesheet") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet(NULL);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "system-dns") == 0) {
          o.mass_dns = false;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "dns-servers") == 0) {
          o.dns_servers = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "resolve-all") == 0) {
          o.resolve_all = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "unique") == 0) {
          o.unique = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "log-errors") == 0) {
          /*Nmap Log errors is deprecated and is now always enabled by default.
          This option is left in so as to not break anybody's scanning scripts.
          However it does nothing*/
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "deprecated-xml-osclass") == 0) {
          o.deprecated_xml_osclass = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, (char*)k) == 0) {
          log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "%s", (char*)(k+3));
          delayed_options.advanced = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "webxml") == 0) {
          o.setXSLStyleSheet("https://svn.nmap.org/nmap/docs/nmap.xsl");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oN") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.normalfilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oG") == 0
                   || strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oM") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.machinefilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
          if (long_options[option_index].name[1] == 'M')
            delayed_options.warn_deprecated("oM", "oG");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oS") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.kiddiefilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oH") == 0) {
          fatal("HTML output is not directly supported, though Nmap includes an XSL for transforming XML output into HTML.  See the man page.");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oX") == 0) {
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          delayed_options.xmlfilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "oA") == 0) {
          char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
          test_file_name(optarg, long_options[option_index].name);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.nmap", logfilename(optarg, &local_time));
          delayed_options.normalfilename = strdup(buf);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.gnmap", logfilename(optarg, &local_time));
          delayed_options.machinefilename = strdup(buf);
          Snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.xml", logfilename(optarg, &local_time));
          delayed_options.xmlfilename = strdup(buf);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "thc") == 0) {
          log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "!!Greets to Van Hauser, Plasmoid, Skyper and the rest of THC!!\n");
          exit(0);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "badsum") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.badsum = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iL") == 0) {
          if (o.inputfd) {
            fatal("Only one input filename allowed");
          }
          if (!strcmp(optarg, "-")) {
            o.inputfd = stdin;
          } else {
            o.inputfd = fopen(optarg, "r");
            if (!o.inputfd) {
              pfatal("Failed to open input file %s for reading", optarg);
            }
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "iR") == 0) {
          o.generate_random_ips = true;
          o.max_ips_to_scan = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 10);
          if (*endptr != '\0') {
            fatal("ERROR: -iR argument must be the maximum number of random IPs you wish to scan (use 0 for unlimited)");
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "sI") == 0) {
          o.idlescan = 1;
          o.idleProxy = strdup(optarg);
          if (strlen(o.idleProxy) > FQDN_LEN) {
            fatal("ERROR: -sI argument must be less than %d characters", FQDN_LEN);
          }
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "vv") == 0) {
          /* Compatibility hack ... ugly */
          o.verbose += 2;
          if (o.verbose > 10) o.verbose = 10;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ff") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.fragscan += 16;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "privileged") == 0) {
          o.isr00t = 1;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "unprivileged") == 0) {
          o.isr00t = 0;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "mtu") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.fragscan = atoi(optarg);
          if (o.fragscan <= 0 || o.fragscan % 8 != 0)
            fatal("Data payload MTU must be >0 and multiple of 8");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "port-ratio") == 0) {
          char *ptr;
          o.topportlevel = strtod(optarg, &ptr);
          if (!ptr || o.topportlevel < 0 || o.topportlevel >= 1)
            fatal("--port-ratio should be between [0 and 1)");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "exclude-ports") == 0) {
          if (o.exclude_portlist)
            fatal("Only 1 --exclude-ports option allowed, separate multiple ranges with commas.");
          o.exclude_portlist = strdup(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "top-ports") == 0) {
          char *ptr;
          o.topportlevel = strtod(optarg, &ptr);
          if (!ptr || o.topportlevel < 1 || ((double)((int)o.topportlevel)) != o.topportlevel)
            fatal("--top-ports should be an integer 1 or greater");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "ip-options") == 0) {
          delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
          o.ipoptions    = (u8*) safe_malloc(4 * 10 + 1);
          if ((o.ipoptionslen = parse_ip_options(optarg, o.ipoptions, 4 * 10 + 1, &o.ipopt_firsthop, &o.ipopt_lasthop, errstr, sizeof(errstr))) == OP_FAILURE)
            fatal("%s", errstr);
          if (o.ipoptionslen > 4 * 10)
            fatal("Ip options can't be more than 40 bytes long");
          if (o.ipoptionslen % 4 != 0)
            fatal("Ip options must be multiple of 4 (read length is %i bytes)", o.ipoptionslen);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "traceroute") == 0) {
          o.traceroute = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "reason") == 0) {
          o.reason = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "min-rate") == 0) {
          if (sscanf(optarg, "%f", &o.min_packet_send_rate) != 1 || o.min_packet_send_rate <= 0.0)
            fatal("Argument to --min-rate must be a positive floating-point number");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "max-rate") == 0) {
          if (sscanf(optarg, "%f", &o.max_packet_send_rate) != 1 || o.max_packet_send_rate <= 0.0)
            fatal("Argument to --max-rate must be a positive floating-point number");
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "adler32") == 0) {
          o.adler32 = true;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "stats-every") == 0) {
          d = tval2secs(optarg);
          if (d < 0 || d > LONG_MAX)
            fatal("Bogus --stats-every argument specified");
          o.stats_interval = d;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "disable-arp-ping") == 0) {
          o.implicitARPPing = false;
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "route-dst") == 0) {
          /* The --route-dst debugging option: push these on a list to be
             resolved later after options like -6 and -S have been parsed. */
          route_dst_hosts.push_back(optarg);
        } else if (strcmp(long_options[option_index].name, "resume") == 0) {
          fatal("Cannot use --resume with other options. Usage: nmap --resume <filename>");
        } else {
          fatal("Unknown long option (%s) given@#!$#$", long_options[option_index].name);
        }
      break;
    case '4':
      /* This is basically useless for now, but serves as a placeholder to
       * ensure that -4 is a valid option */
      if (delayed_options.af == AF_INET6) {
        fatal("Cannot use both -4 and -6 in one scan.");
      }
      delayed_options.af = AF_INET;
      break;
    case '6':
#if !HAVE_IPV6
      fatal("I am afraid IPv6 is not available because your host doesn't support it or you chose to compile Nmap w/o IPv6 support.");
#else
      if (delayed_options.af == AF_INET) {
        fatal("Cannot use both -4 and -6 in one scan.");
      }
      delayed_options.af = AF_INET6;
#endif /* !HAVE_IPV6 */
      break;
    case 'A':
      delayed_options.advanced = true;
      break;
    case 'b':
      o.bouncescan++;
      if (parse_bounce_argument(&ftp, optarg) < 0) {
        fatal("Your argument to -b is b0rked. Use the normal url style:  user:pass@server:port or just use server and use default anon login\n  Use -h for help");
      }
      break;
    case 'D':
      delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
      delayed_options.decoy_arguments = optarg;
      break;
    case 'd':
      if (optarg && isdigit(optarg[0])) {
        int i = atoi(optarg);
        o.debugging = o.verbose = box(0, 10, i);
      } else {
        const char *p;
        if (o.debugging < 10) o.debugging++;
        if (o.verbose < 10) o.verbose++;
        for (p = optarg != NULL ? optarg : ""; *p == 'd'; p++) {
          if (o.debugging < 10) o.debugging++;
          if (o.verbose < 10) o.verbose++;
        }
        if (*p != '\0')
          fatal("Invalid argument to -d: \"%s\".", optarg);
      }
      o.reason = true;
      break;
    case 'e':
      Strncpy(o.device, optarg, sizeof(o.device));
      break;
    case 'F':
      o.fastscan = true;
      break;
    case 'f':
      delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
      o.fragscan += 8;
      break;
    case 'g':
      delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
      o.magic_port = atoi(optarg);
      o.magic_port_set = true;
      if (o.magic_port == 0)
        error("WARNING: a source port of zero may not work on all systems.");
      break;
    case 'h':
      printusage();
      exit(0);
      break;
    case '?':
      error("See the output of nmap -h for a summary of options.");
      exit(-1);
      break;
    case 'I':
      error("WARNING: identscan (-I) no longer supported.  Ignoring -I");
      break;
      // o.identscan++; break;
    case 'i':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("i", "iL");
      if (o.inputfd) {
        fatal("Only one input filename allowed");
      }
      if (!strcmp(optarg, "-")) {
        o.inputfd = stdin;
      } else {
        o.inputfd = fopen(optarg, "r");
        if (!o.inputfd) {
          pfatal("Failed to open input file %s for reading", optarg);
        }
      }
      break;
    case 'M':
      delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism = atoi(optarg);
      if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism < 1)
        fatal("Argument to -M must be at least 1!");
      if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism > 900)
        error("Warning: Your max-parallelism (-M) option is extraordinarily high, which can hurt reliability");
      break;
    case 'm':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("m", "oG");
      test_file_name(optarg, "oG");
      delayed_options.machinefilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
      break;
    case 'n':
      o.noresolve = true;
      break;
    case 'O':
      if (!optarg || *optarg == '2')
        o.osscan = true;
      else if (*optarg == '1')
        fatal("First-generation OS detection (-O1) is no longer supported. Use -O instead.");
      else
        fatal("Unknown argument to -O.");
      break;
    case 'o':
      delayed_options.warn_deprecated("o", "oN");
      test_file_name(optarg, "o");
      delayed_options.normalfilename = logfilename(optarg, &local_time);
      break;
    case 'P':
      if (!optarg) {
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated("P", "PE");
          o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING;
      }
      else if (*optarg == '\0' || *optarg == 'I' || *optarg == 'E') {
        if (*optarg != 'E') {
          char buf[4];
          Snprintf(buf, 3, "P%c", *optarg);
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated(buf, "PE");
        }
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING;
      }
      else if (*optarg == 'M')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_MASK;
      else if (*optarg == 'P')
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_ICMP_TS;
      else if (*optarg == 'n' || *optarg == '0' || *optarg == 'N' || *optarg == 'D') {
        if (*optarg != 'n') {
          char buf[4];
          Snprintf(buf, 3, "P%c", *optarg);
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated(buf, "Pn");
        }
        if (o.verbose > 0)
          error("Host discovery disabled (-Pn). All addresses will be marked 'up' and scan times may be slower.");
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_NONE;
      }
      else if (*optarg == 'R') {
        if (o.verbose > 0)
          error("The -PR option is deprecated. ARP scan is always done when possible.");
      }
      else if (*optarg == 'S') {
        if (ports.syn_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PS option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_TCP | PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
          if (ports.syn_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PS: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.syn_ping_ports, &ports.syn_ping_count);
          assert(ports.syn_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'T' || *optarg == 'A') {
        if (ports.ack_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PB, -PA, or -PT option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        /* validate_scan_lists takes case of changing this to
           to SYN if not root or if IPv6. */
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_TCP | PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          if (ports.ack_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PA: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          assert(ports.ack_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'U') {
        if (ports.udp_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PU option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_UDP);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_UDP_PORT, &ports.udp_ping_ports, &ports.udp_ping_count);
          if (ports.udp_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PU: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_UDP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_UDP_PORT, &ports.udp_ping_ports, &ports.udp_ping_count);
          assert(ports.udp_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'Y') {
        if (ports.sctp_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PY option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= (PINGTYPE_SCTP_INIT);
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_SCTP_PORT, &ports.sctp_ping_ports, &ports.sctp_ping_count);
          if (ports.sctp_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PY: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_SCTP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_SCTP_PORT, &ports.sctp_ping_ports, &ports.sctp_ping_count);
          assert(ports.sctp_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'B') {
        if (ports.ack_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PB, -PA, or -PT option is allowed. Combine port ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype = DEFAULT_IPV4_PING_TYPES;
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          if (ports.ack_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PB: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_TCP_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_TCP_PORT, &ports.ack_ping_ports, &ports.ack_ping_count);
          assert(ports.ack_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else if (*optarg == 'O') {
        if (ports.proto_ping_count > 0)
          fatal("Only one -PO option is allowed. Combine protocol ranges with commas.");
        o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_PROTO;
        if (*(optarg + 1) != '\0') {
          getpts_simple(optarg + 1, SCAN_PROTOCOLS, &ports.proto_ping_ports, &ports.proto_ping_count);
          if (ports.proto_ping_count <= 0)
            fatal("Bogus argument to -PO: %s", optarg + 1);
        } else {
          getpts_simple(DEFAULT_PROTO_PROBE_PORT_SPEC, SCAN_PROTOCOLS, &ports.proto_ping_ports, &ports.proto_ping_count);
          assert(ports.proto_ping_count > 0);
        }
      } else {
        fatal("Illegal Argument to -P, use -Pn, -PE, -PS, -PA, -PP, -PM, -PU, -PY, or -PO");
      }
      break;
    case 'p':
      if (o.portlist)
        fatal("Only 1 -p option allowed, separate multiple ranges with commas.");
      o.portlist = strdup(optarg);
      break;
    case 'R':
      o.always_resolve = true;
      break;
    case 'r':
      o.randomize_ports = false;
      break;
    case 'S':
      if (o.spoofsource)
        fatal("You can only use the source option once!  Use -D <decoy1> -D <decoy2> etc. for decoys\n");
      delayed_options.spoofSource = strdup(optarg);
      delayed_options.raw_scan_options = true;
      o.spoofsource = true;
      break;
    case 's':
      if (!optarg || !*optarg) {
        printusage();
        error("An option is required for -s, most common are -sT (tcp scan), -sS (SYN scan), -sF (FIN scan), -sU (UDP scan) and -sn (Ping scan)");
        exit(-1);
      }
      p = optarg;
      while (*p) {
        switch (*p) {
        case 'P':
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated("sP", "sn");
        case 'n':
          o.noportscan = true;
          break;
        case 'A':
          o.ackscan = true;
          break;
        case 'B':
          fatal("No scan type 'B', did you mean bounce scan (-b)?");
          break;
#ifndef NOLUA
        case 'C':
          o.script = true;
          break;
#endif
        case 'F':
          o.finscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'L':
          o.listscan = true;
          o.noportscan = true;
          o.pingtype |= PINGTYPE_NONE;
          break;
        case 'M':
          o.maimonscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'N':
          o.nullscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'O':
          o.ipprotscan = 1;
          break;
          /* Alias for -sV since March 2011. */
        case 'R':
          o.servicescan = true;
          delayed_options.warn_deprecated("sR", "sV");
          error("WARNING: -sR is now an alias for -sV and activates version detection as well as RPC scan.");
          break;
        case 'S':
          o.synscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'T':
          o.connectscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'U':
          o.udpscan++;
          break;
        case 'V':
          o.servicescan = true;
          break;
        case 'W':
          o.windowscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'X':
          o.xmasscan++;
          break;
        case 'Y':
          o.sctpinitscan = 1;
          break;
        case 'Z':
          o.sctpcookieechoscan = 1;
          break;
        default:
          printusage();
          error("Scantype %c not supported\n", *p);
          exit(-1);
          break;
        }
        p++;
      }
      break;
    case 'T':
      p=optarg+1;*p=*p>'5'?*p:*(p-1)!=*p?'\0':*(p-1)='\0'==(*p-'1')?(error("%s",(char*)(k+8)),'5'):*p;
      if (*optarg == '0' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Paranoid") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 0;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 300000;
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(300000);
      } else if (*optarg == '1' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Sneaky") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 1;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 15000;
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(15000);
      } else if (*optarg == '2' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Polite") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 2;
        o.max_parallelism = 1;
        o.scan_delay = 400;
      } else if (*optarg == '3' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Normal") == 0)) {
        // Default timing, see NmapOps.cc
      } else if (*optarg == '4' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Aggressive") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 4;
        o.setMinRttTimeout(100);
        o.setMaxRttTimeout(1250);
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(500);
        o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(10);
        o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(10);
        // No call to setMaxUDPScanDelay because of rate-limiting and unreliability
        o.setMaxRetransmissions(6);
      } else if (*optarg == '5' || (strcasecmp(optarg, "Insane") == 0)) {
        o.timing_level = 5;
        o.setMinRttTimeout(50);
        o.setMaxRttTimeout(300);
        o.setInitialRttTimeout(250);
        o.host_timeout = 900000;
        o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(5);
        o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(5);
        // No call to setMaxUDPScanDelay because of rate-limiting and unreliability
        o.setMaxRetransmissions(2);
#ifndef NOLUA
        o.scripttimeout = 600; // 10 minutes
#endif
      } else {
        fatal("Unknown timing mode (-T argument).  Use either \"Paranoid\", \"Sneaky\", \"Polite\", \"Normal\", \"Aggressive\", \"Insane\" or a number from 0 (Paranoid) to 5 (Insane)");
      }
      break;
    case 'V':
#ifdef WIN32
      /* For pcap_get_version, since we need to get the correct Npcap/WinPcap
       * DLL loaded */
      win_init();
#endif
      display_nmap_version();
      exit(0);
      break;
    case 'v':
      if (optarg && isdigit(optarg[0])) {
        int i = atoi(optarg);
        o.verbose = box(0, 10, i);
        if (o.verbose == 0) {
          o.nmap_stdout = fopen(DEVNULL, "w");
          if (!o.nmap_stdout)
            pfatal("Could not assign %s to stdout for writing", DEVNULL);
        }
      } else {
        const char *p;
        if (o.verbose < 10) o.verbose++;
        for (p = optarg != NULL ? optarg : ""; *p == 'v'; p++)
          if (o.verbose < 10) o.verbose++;
        if (*p != '\0')
          fatal("Invalid argument to -v: \"%s\".", optarg);
      }
      break;
    }
  }

}

void  apply_delayed_options() {
  int i;
  char tbuf[128];
  struct sockaddr_storage ss;
  size_t sslen;

  // Default IPv4
  o.setaf(delayed_options.af == AF_UNSPEC ? AF_INET : delayed_options.af);

  if (o.verbose > 0) {
    for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator it = delayed_options.verbose_out.begin(); it != delayed_options.verbose_out.end(); ++it) {
      error("%s", it->c_str());
    }
  }
  delayed_options.verbose_out.clear();

  if (delayed_options.advanced) {
    o.servicescan = true;
#ifndef NOLUA
    o.script = true;
#endif
    if (o.isr00t) {
      o.osscan = true;
      o.traceroute = true;
    }
  }
  if (o.spoofsource) {
    int rc = resolve(delayed_options.spoofSource, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af());
    if (rc != 0) {
      fatal("Failed to resolve/decode supposed %s source address \"%s\": %s",
        (o.af() == AF_INET) ? "IPv4" : "IPv6", delayed_options.spoofSource,
        gai_strerror(rc));
    }
    o.setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
  }
  // After the arguments are fully processed we now make any of the timing
  // tweaks the user might've specified:
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism != -1)
    o.max_parallelism = delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism;
  if (delayed_options.pre_scan_delay != -1) {
    o.scan_delay = delayed_options.pre_scan_delay;
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxTCPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxUDPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxUDPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (o.scan_delay > o.maxSCTPScanDelay())
      o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(o.scan_delay);
    if (delayed_options.pre_max_parallelism != -1 || o.min_parallelism != 0)
      error("Warning: --min-parallelism and --max-parallelism are ignored with --scan-delay.");
  }
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay != -1) {
    o.setMaxTCPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
    o.setMaxUDPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
    o.setMaxSCTPScanDelay(delayed_options.pre_max_scan_delay);
  }
  if (delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setInitialRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_init_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setMinRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_min_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout != -1)
    o.setMaxRttTimeout(delayed_options.pre_max_rtt_timeout);
  if (delayed_options.pre_max_retries != -1)
    o.setMaxRetransmissions(delayed_options.pre_max_retries);
  if (delayed_options.pre_host_timeout != -1)
    o.host_timeout = delayed_options.pre_host_timeout;
#ifndef NOLUA
  if (delayed_options.pre_scripttimeout != -1)
    o.scripttimeout = delayed_options.pre_scripttimeout;
#endif


  if (o.osscan) {
    if (o.af() == AF_INET)
        o.reference_FPs = parse_fingerprint_reference_file("nmap-os-db");
    else if (o.af() == AF_INET6)
        o.os_labels_ipv6 = load_fp_matches();
  }

  // Must check and change this before validate_scan_lists
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_NONE)
    o.pingtype = PINGTYPE_NONE;

  validate_scan_lists(ports, o);
  o.ValidateOptions();

  // print ip options
  if ((o.debugging || o.packetTrace()) && o.ipoptionslen) {
    char buf[256]; // 256 > 5*40
    bintohexstr(buf, sizeof(buf), (char*) o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen);
    if (o.ipoptionslen >= 8)       // at least one ip address
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Binary ip options to be send:\n%s", buf);
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Parsed ip options to be send:\n%s\n",
              format_ip_options(o.ipoptions, o.ipoptionslen));
  }

  /* Open the log files, now that we know whether the user wants them appended
     or overwritten */
  if (delayed_options.normalfilename) {
    log_open(LOG_NORMAL, o.append_output, delayed_options.normalfilename);
    free(delayed_options.normalfilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.machinefilename) {
    log_open(LOG_MACHINE, o.append_output, delayed_options.machinefilename);
    free(delayed_options.machinefilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.kiddiefilename) {
    log_open(LOG_SKID, o.append_output, delayed_options.kiddiefilename);
    free(delayed_options.kiddiefilename);
  }
  if (delayed_options.xmlfilename) {
    log_open(LOG_XML, o.append_output, delayed_options.xmlfilename);
    free(delayed_options.xmlfilename);
  }

  if (o.verbose > 1)
    o.reason = true;

  // ISO 8601 date/time -- http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html
  if (strftime(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M %Z", &local_time) <= 0)
    fatal("Unable to properly format time");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "Starting %s %s ( %s ) at %s\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL, tbuf);
  if (o.verbose) {
    if (local_time.tm_mon == 8 && local_time.tm_mday == 1) {
      unsigned int a = (local_time.tm_year - 97)%100;
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "Happy %d%s Birthday to Nmap, may it live to be %d!\n", local_time.tm_year - 97,(a>=11&&a<=13?"th":(a%10==1?"st":(a%10==2?"nd":(a%10==3?"rd":"th")))), local_time.tm_year + 3);
    } else if (local_time.tm_mon == 11 && local_time.tm_mday == 25) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT | LOG_SKID, "Nmap wishes you a merry Christmas! Specify -sX for Xmas Scan (https://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.html).\n");
    }
  }

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.scripthelp) {
    /* Special-case open_nse for --script-help only. */
    open_nse();
    exit(0);
  }
#endif

  if (o.traceroute && !o.isr00t)
    fatal("Traceroute has to be run as root");
  if (o.traceroute && o.idlescan)
    fatal("Traceroute does not support idle scan");

  if ((o.noportscan) && (o.portlist || o.fastscan))
    fatal("You cannot use -F (fast scan) or -p (explicit port selection) when not doing a port scan");

  if (o.portlist && o.fastscan)
    fatal("You cannot use -F (fast scan) with -p (explicit port selection) but see --top-ports and --port-ratio to fast scan a range of ports");

  if (o.ipprotscan) {
    if (o.portlist)
      getpts(o.portlist, &ports);
    else
      getpts((char *) (o.fastscan ? "[P:0-]" : "0-"), &ports);  // Default protocols to scan
  } else if (!o.noportscan) {
    if (o.portlist) {
      for (const char *p=o.portlist; *p != '\0'; p++) {
        if (*(p+1) == ':') {
          switch(*p) {
            case 'T':
              if (!o.TCPScan()) {
                error("WARNING: Your ports include \"T:\" but you haven't specified any TCP scan type.");
              }
              break;
            case 'U':
              if (!o.UDPScan()) {
                error("WARNING: Your ports include \"U:\" but you haven't specified UDP scan with -sU.");
              }
              break;
            case 'S':
              if (!o.SCTPScan()) {
                error("WARNING: Your ports include \"S:\" but you haven't specified any SCTP scan type.");
              }
              break;
            case 'P':
              if (!o.ipprotscan) {
                error("WARNING: Your ports include \"P:\" but you haven't specified IP Protocol scan with -sO.");
              }
              break;
            default:
              break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    gettoppts(o.topportlevel, o.portlist, &ports, o.exclude_portlist);
  }

  // Uncomment the following line to use the common lisp port spec test suite
  //printf("port spec: (%d %d %d %d)\n", ports.tcp_count, ports.udp_count, ports.sctp_count, ports.prot_count); exit(0);

#ifdef WIN32
  if (o.sendpref & PACKET_SEND_IP) {
    error("WARNING: raw IP (rather than raw ethernet) packet sending attempted on Windows. This probably won't work.  Consider --send-eth next time.");
  }
#endif
  if (delayed_options.spoofmac) {
    u8 mac_data[6];
    int pos = 0; /* Next index of mac_data to fill in */
    char tmphex[3];
    /* A zero means set it all randomly.  Anything that is all digits
       or colons is treated as a prefix, with remaining characters for
       the 6-byte MAC (if any) chosen randomly.  Otherwise, it is
       treated as a vendor string for lookup in nmap-mac-prefixes */
    if (strcmp(delayed_options.spoofmac, "0") == 0) {
      pos = 0;
    } else {
      const char *p = delayed_options.spoofmac;
      while (*p) {
        if (*p == ':')
          p++;
        if (isxdigit((int) (unsigned char) *p) && isxdigit((int) (unsigned char) * (p + 1))) {
          if (pos >= 6)
            fatal("Bogus --spoof-mac value encountered (%s) -- only up to 6 bytes permitted", delayed_options.spoofmac);
          tmphex[0] = *p;
          tmphex[1] = *(p + 1);
          tmphex[2] = '\0';
          mac_data[pos] = (u8) strtol(tmphex, NULL, 16);
          pos++;
          p += 2;
        } else break;
      }
      if (*p) {
        /* Failed to parse it as a MAC prefix -- treating as a vendor substring instead */
        if (!MACCorp2Prefix(delayed_options.spoofmac, mac_data))
          fatal("Could not parse as a prefix nor find as a vendor substring the given --spoof-mac argument: %s.  If you are giving hex digits, there must be an even number of them.", delayed_options.spoofmac);
        pos = 3;
      }
    }
    if (pos < 6) {
      get_random_bytes(mac_data + pos, 6 - pos);
    }
    /* Got the new MAC! */
    const char *vend = MACPrefix2Corp(mac_data);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN,
              "Spoofing MAC address %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X (%s)\n",
              mac_data[0], mac_data[1], mac_data[2], mac_data[3], mac_data[4],
              mac_data[5], vend ? vend : "No registered vendor");
    o.setSpoofMACAddress(mac_data);

    /* If they want to spoof the MAC address, we should at least make
       some effort to actually send raw ethernet frames rather than IP
       packets (which would use the real IP */
    if (o.sendpref != PACKET_SEND_IP_STRONG)
      o.sendpref = PACKET_SEND_ETH_STRONG;
  }

  /* Warn if setuid/setgid. */
  check_setugid();

  /* Remove any ports that are in the exclusion list */
  removepts(o.exclude_portlist, &ports);

  /* By now, we've got our port lists.  Give the user a warning if no
   * ports are specified for the type of scan being requested.  Other things
   * (such as OS ident scan) might break cause no ports were specified,  but
   * we've given our warning...
   */
  if ((o.TCPScan()) && ports.tcp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a TCP scan type was requested, but no tcp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.SCTPScan() && ports.sctp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a SCTP scan type was requested, but no sctp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.UDPScan() && ports.udp_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: UDP scan was requested, but no udp ports were specified.  Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.ipprotscan && ports.prot_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: protocol scan was requested, but no protocols were specified to be scanned.  Skipping this scan type.");

  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP && ports.syn_ping_count+ports.ack_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a TCP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested TCP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_UDP && ports.udp_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a UDP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested UDP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_SCTP_INIT && ports.sctp_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a SCTP ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested SCTP ports, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");
  if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_PROTO && ports.proto_ping_count == 0)
    error("WARNING: a IP Protocol ping scan was requested, but after excluding requested protocols, none remain. Skipping this scan type.");


  /* We need to find what interface to route through if:
   * --None have been specified AND
   * --We are root and doing tcp ping OR
   * --We are doing a raw sock scan and NOT pinging anyone */
  if (o.SourceSockAddr() && !*o.device) {
    if (ipaddr2devname(o.device, o.SourceSockAddr()) != 0) {
      fatal("Could not figure out what device to send the packet out on with the source address you gave me!  If you are trying to sp00f your scan, this is normal, just give the -e eth0 or -e ppp0 or whatever.  Otherwise you can still use -e, but I find it kind of fishy.");
    }
  }

  if (*o.device && !o.SourceSockAddr()) {
    struct sockaddr_storage tmpsock;
    memset(&tmpsock, 0, sizeof(tmpsock));
    if (devname2ipaddr(o.device, &tmpsock) == -1) {
      fatal("I cannot figure out what source address to use for device %s, does it even exist?", o.device);
    }
    o.setSourceSockAddr(&tmpsock, sizeof(tmpsock));
  }

  if (delayed_options.exclude_file) {
    o.excludefd = fopen(delayed_options.exclude_file, "r");
    if (!o.excludefd)
      pfatal("Failed to open exclude file %s for reading", delayed_options.exclude_file);
    free(delayed_options.exclude_file);
  }
  o.exclude_spec = delayed_options.exclude_spec;

  if (delayed_options.decoy_arguments) {
    char *p = delayed_options.decoy_arguments, *q;
    do {
      q = strchr(p, ',');
      if (q)
        *q = '\0';
      if (!strcasecmp(p, "me")) {
        if (o.decoyturn != -1)
          fatal("Can only use 'ME' as a decoy once.\n");
        o.decoyturn = o.numdecoys++;
      } else if (!strcasecmp(p, "rnd") || !strncasecmp(p, "rnd:", 4)) {
        if (delayed_options.af == AF_INET6)
          fatal("Random decoys can only be used with IPv4");
        int i = 1;

        /* 'rnd:' is allowed and just gives them one */
        if (strlen(p) > 4)
          i = atoi(&p[4]);

        if (i < 1)
          fatal("Bad 'rnd' decoy \"%s\"", p);

        if (o.numdecoys + i >= MAX_DECOYS - 1)
          fatal("You are only allowed %d decoys (if you need more redefine MAX_DECOYS in nmap.h)", MAX_DECOYS);

        while (i--) {
          do {
            ((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[o.numdecoys])->sin_addr.s_addr = get_random_u32();
          } while (ip_is_reserved(&((struct sockaddr_in *)&o.decoys[o.numdecoys])->sin_addr));
          o.numdecoys++;
        }
      } else {
        if (o.numdecoys >= MAX_DECOYS - 1)
          fatal("You are only allowed %d decoys (if you need more redefine MAX_DECOYS in nmap.h)", MAX_DECOYS);

        /* Try to resolve it */
        struct sockaddr_storage decoytemp;
        size_t decoytemplen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage);
        int rc;
        if (delayed_options.af == AF_INET6){
          rc = resolve(p, 0, (sockaddr_storage*)&decoytemp, &decoytemplen, AF_INET6);
        }
        else
          rc = resolve(p, 0, (sockaddr_storage*)&decoytemp, &decoytemplen, AF_INET);
        if (rc != 0)
          fatal("Failed to resolve decoy host \"%s\": %s", p, gai_strerror(rc));
        o.decoys[o.numdecoys] = decoytemp;
        o.numdecoys++;
      }
      if (q) {
        *q = ',';
        p = q + 1;
      }
    } while (q);
  }
  /* Set up host address also in array of decoys! */
  if (o.decoyturn == -1) {
    o.decoyturn = (o.numdecoys == 0) ?  0 : get_random_uint() % o.numdecoys;
    o.numdecoys++;
    for (i = o.numdecoys - 1; i > o.decoyturn; i--)
      o.decoys[i] = o.decoys[i - 1];
  }

  if (delayed_options.raw_scan_options && (!o.isr00t || o.connectscan)) {
    error("You have specified some options that require raw socket access.\n"
          "These options will not be honored %s.",
          o.isr00t ? "for TCP Connect scan" : "without the necessary privileges");
  }
}

// Free some global memory allocations.
// This is used for detecting memory leaks.
void nmap_free_mem() {
  PortList::freePortMap();
  cp_free();
  free_services();
  AllProbes::service_scan_free();
  traceroute_hop_cache_clear();
  nsock_set_default_engine(NULL);
}

int nmap_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int i;
  std::vector<Target *> Targets;
  time_t now;
  struct hostent *target = NULL;
  time_t timep;
  char mytime[128];
  struct addrset *exclude_group;
#ifndef NOLUA
  /* Pre-Scan and Post-Scan script results datastructure */
  ScriptResults *script_scan_results = NULL;
#endif
  unsigned int ideal_scan_group_sz = 0;
  Target *currenths;
  char myname[FQDN_LEN + 1];
  int sourceaddrwarning = 0; /* Have we warned them yet about unguessable
                                source addresses? */
  unsigned int targetno;
  char hostname[FQDN_LEN + 1] = "";
  struct sockaddr_storage ss;
  size_t sslen;
  int err;

#ifdef LINUX
  /* Check for WSL and warn that things may not go well. */
  struct utsname uts;
  if (!uname(&uts)) {
    if (strstr(uts.release, "Microsoft") != NULL) {
      error("Warning: %s may not work correctly on Windows Subsystem for Linux.\n"
          "For best performance and accuracy, use the native Windows build from %s/download.html#windows.",
          NMAP_NAME, NMAP_URL);
    }
  }
#endif

  tzset();
  now = time(NULL);
  err = n_localtime(&now, &local_time);
  if (err) {
    fatal("n_localtime failed: %s", strerror(err));
  }

  if (argc < 2){
    printusage();
    exit(-1);
  }

  Targets.reserve(100);
#ifdef WIN32
  win_pre_init();
#endif

  parse_options(argc, argv);

  if (o.debugging)
    nbase_set_log(fatal, error);
  else
    nbase_set_log(fatal, NULL);


  tty_init(); // Put the keyboard in raw mode

#ifdef WIN32
  // Must come after parse_options because of --unprivileged
  // Must come before apply_delayed_options because it sets o.isr00t
  win_init();
#endif

  apply_delayed_options();

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < route_dst_hosts.size(); i++) {
    const char *dst;
    struct sockaddr_storage ss;
    struct route_nfo rnfo;
    size_t sslen;
    int rc;

    dst = route_dst_hosts[i].c_str();
    rc = resolve(dst, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af());
    if (rc != 0)
      fatal("Can't resolve %s: %s.", dst, gai_strerror(rc));

    printf("%s\n", inet_ntop_ez(&ss, sslen));

    if (!route_dst(&ss, &rnfo, o.device, o.SourceSockAddr())) {
      printf("Can't route %s (%s).", dst, inet_ntop_ez(&ss, sslen));
    } else {
      printf("%s %s", rnfo.ii.devname, rnfo.ii.devfullname);
      printf(" srcaddr %s", inet_ntop_ez(&rnfo.srcaddr, sizeof(rnfo.srcaddr)));
      if (rnfo.direct_connect)
        printf(" direct");
      else
        printf(" nexthop %s", inet_ntop_ez(&rnfo.nexthop, sizeof(rnfo.nexthop)));
    }
    printf("\n");
  }
  route_dst_hosts.clear();

  if (delayed_options.iflist) {
    print_iflist();
    exit(0);
  }

  /* If he wants to bounce off of an FTP site, that site better damn well be reachable! */
  if (o.bouncescan) {
    if (!inet_pton(AF_INET, ftp.server_name, &ftp.server)) {
      if ((target = gethostbyname(ftp.server_name)))
        memcpy(&ftp.server, target->h_addr_list[0], 4);
      else {
        fatal("Failed to resolve FTP bounce proxy hostname/IP: %s",
              ftp.server_name);
      }
    } else if (o.verbose) {
      log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Resolved FTP bounce attack proxy to %s (%s).\n",
                ftp.server_name, inet_ntoa(ftp.server));
    }
  }
  fflush(stdout);
  fflush(stderr);

  timep = time(NULL);
  err = n_ctime(mytime, sizeof(mytime), &timep);
  if (err) {
    fatal("n_ctime failed: %s", strerror(err));
  }
  chomp(mytime);

  if (!o.resuming) {
    /* Brief info in case they forget what was scanned */
    char *xslfname = o.XSLStyleSheet();
    xml_start_document("nmaprun");
    if (xslfname) {
      xml_open_pi("xml-stylesheet");
      xml_attribute("href", "%s", xslfname);
      xml_attribute("type", "text/xsl");
      xml_close_pi();
      xml_newline();
    }

    xml_start_comment();
    xml_write_escaped(" %s %s scan initiated %s as: %s ", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime, join_quoted(argv, argc).c_str());
    xml_end_comment();
    xml_newline();

    xml_open_start_tag("nmaprun");
    xml_attribute("scanner", "nmap");
    xml_attribute("args", "%s", join_quoted(argv, argc).c_str());
    xml_attribute("start", "%lu", (unsigned long) timep);
    xml_attribute("startstr", "%s", mytime);
    xml_attribute("version", "%s", NMAP_VERSION);
    xml_attribute("xmloutputversion", NMAP_XMLOUTPUTVERSION);
    xml_close_start_tag();
    xml_newline();

    output_xml_scaninfo_records(&ports);

    xml_open_start_tag("verbose");
    xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.verbose);
    xml_close_empty_tag();
    xml_newline();
    xml_open_start_tag("debugging");
    xml_attribute("level", "%d", o.debugging);
    xml_close_empty_tag();
    xml_newline();
  } else {
    xml_start_tag("nmaprun", false);
  }

  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "# ");
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "%s %s scan initiated %s as: %s", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, mytime, join_quoted(argv, argc).c_str());
  log_write(LOG_NORMAL | LOG_MACHINE, "\n");

  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, lets output them to machine
     parseable output */
  if (o.verbose)
    output_ports_to_machine_parseable_output(&ports);

#if defined(HAVE_SIGNAL) && defined(SIGPIPE)
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGPIPE so our program doesn't crash because
                               of it, but we really shouldn't get an unexpected
                               SIGPIPE */
#endif

  if (o.max_parallelism && (i = max_sd()) && i < o.max_parallelism) {
    error("WARNING: Your specified max_parallel_sockets of %d, but your system says it might only give us %d.  Trying anyway", o.max_parallelism, i);
  }

  if (o.debugging > 1)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "The max # of sockets we are using is: %d\n", o.max_parallelism);

  // At this point we should fully know our timing parameters
  if (o.debugging) {
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "--------------- Timing report ---------------\n");
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  hostgroups: min %d, max %d\n", o.minHostGroupSz(), o.maxHostGroupSz());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  rtt-timeouts: init %d, min %d, max %d\n", o.initialRttTimeout(), o.minRttTimeout(), o.maxRttTimeout());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-scan-delay: TCP %d, UDP %d, SCTP %d\n", o.maxTCPScanDelay(), o.maxUDPScanDelay(), o.maxSCTPScanDelay());
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  parallelism: min %d, max %d\n", o.min_parallelism, o.max_parallelism);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  max-retries: %d, host-timeout: %ld\n", o.getMaxRetransmissions(), o.host_timeout);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "  min-rate: %g, max-rate: %g\n", o.min_packet_send_rate, o.max_packet_send_rate);
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "---------------------------------------------\n");
  }

  /* Before we randomize the ports scanned, we must initialize PortList class. */
  if (o.ipprotscan)
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_IP,  ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  if (o.TCPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_TCP, ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
  if (o.UDPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_UDP, ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
  if (o.SCTPScan())
    PortList::initializePortMap(IPPROTO_SCTP, ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);

  if (o.randomize_ports) {
    if (ports.tcp_count) {
      shortfry(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
      // move a few more common ports closer to the beginning to speed scan
      random_port_cheat(ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count);
    }
    if (ports.udp_count)
      shortfry(ports.udp_ports, ports.udp_count);
    if (ports.sctp_count)
      shortfry(ports.sctp_ports, ports.sctp_count);
    if (ports.prot_count)
      shortfry(ports.prots, ports.prot_count);
  }

  exclude_group = addrset_new();

  /* lets load our exclude list */
  if (o.excludefd != NULL) {
    load_exclude_file(exclude_group, o.excludefd);
    fclose(o.excludefd);
  }
  if (o.exclude_spec != NULL) {
    load_exclude_string(exclude_group, o.exclude_spec);
  }

  if (o.debugging > 3)
    dumpExclude(exclude_group);

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.scriptupdatedb) {
    o.max_ips_to_scan = o.numhosts_scanned; // disable warnings?
  }
  if (o.servicescan)
    o.scriptversion = true;
  if (o.scriptversion || o.script || o.scriptupdatedb)
    open_nse();

  /* Run the script pre-scanning phase */
  if (o.script) {
    script_scan_results = get_script_scan_results_obj();
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_PRE_SCAN);
    for (ScriptResults::iterator it = script_scan_results->begin();
        it != script_scan_results->end(); it++) {
      delete (*it);
    }
    script_scan_results->clear();
  }
#endif

  if (o.ping_group_sz < o.minHostGroupSz())
    o.ping_group_sz = o.minHostGroupSz();
  HostGroupState hstate(o.ping_group_sz, o.randomize_hosts, argc, (const char **) argv);

  do {
    ideal_scan_group_sz = determineScanGroupSize(o.numhosts_scanned, &ports);

    while (Targets.size() < ideal_scan_group_sz) {
      o.current_scantype = HOST_DISCOVERY;
      currenths = nexthost(&hstate, exclude_group, &ports, o.pingtype);
      if (!currenths)
        break;

      if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP && !o.listscan)
        o.numhosts_up++;

      if ((o.noportscan && !o.traceroute
#ifndef NOLUA
           && !o.script
#endif
          ) || o.listscan) {
        /* We're done with the hosts */
        if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP || (o.verbose && !o.openOnly())) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          printmacinfo(currenths);
          //  if (currenths->flags & HOST_UP)
          //  log_write(LOG_PLAIN,"\n");
          printtimes(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
          log_flush_all();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        if (!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned + Targets.size())
          continue;
        else
          break;
      }

      if (o.spoofsource) {
        o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen);
        currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
      }

      /* I used to check that !currenths->weird_responses, but in some
         rare cases, such IPs CAN be port successfully scanned and even
         connected to */
      if (!(currenths->flags & HOST_UP)) {
        if (o.verbose && (!o.openOnly() || currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())) {
          xml_start_tag("host");
          write_host_header(currenths);
          xml_end_tag();
          xml_newline();
        }
        delete currenths;
        o.numhosts_scanned++;
        if (!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned + Targets.size())
          continue;
        else
          break;
      }

      if (o.RawScan()) {
        if (currenths->SourceSockAddr(NULL, NULL) != 0) {
          if (o.SourceSockAddr(&ss, &sslen) == 0) {
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
          } else {
            if (gethostname(myname, FQDN_LEN) ||
                resolve(myname, 0, &ss, &sslen, o.af()) != 0)
              fatal("Cannot get hostname!  Try using -S <my_IP_address> or -e <interface to scan through>\n");

            o.setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            currenths->setSourceSockAddr(&ss, sslen);
            if (! sourceaddrwarning) {
              error("WARNING: We could not determine for sure which interface to use, so we are guessing %s .  If this is wrong, use -S <my_IP_address>.",
                    inet_socktop(&ss));
              sourceaddrwarning = 1;
            }
          }
        }

        if (!currenths->deviceName())
          fatal("Do not have appropriate device name for target");

        /* Hosts in a group need to be somewhat homogeneous. Put this host in
           the next group if necessary. See target_needs_new_hostgroup for the
           details of when we need to split. */
        if (Targets.size() && target_needs_new_hostgroup(&Targets[0], Targets.size(), currenths)) {
          returnhost(&hstate);
          o.numhosts_up--;
          break;
        }
        o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = currenths->source();
      }
      Targets.push_back(currenths);
    }

    if (Targets.size() == 0)
      break; /* Couldn't find any more targets */

    // Set the variable for status printing
    o.numhosts_scanning = Targets.size();

    // Our source must be set in decoy list because nexthost() call can
    // change it (that issue really should be fixed when possible)
    if (o.RawScan())
      o.decoys[o.decoyturn] = Targets[0]->source();

    /* I now have the group for scanning in the Targets vector */

    if (!o.noportscan) {
      // Ultra_scan sets o.scantype for us so we don't have to worry
      if (o.synscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SYN_SCAN);

      if (o.ackscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, ACK_SCAN);

      if (o.windowscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, WINDOW_SCAN);

      if (o.finscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, FIN_SCAN);

      if (o.xmasscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, XMAS_SCAN);

      if (o.nullscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, NULL_SCAN);

      if (o.maimonscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, MAIMON_SCAN);

      if (o.udpscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, UDP_SCAN);

      if (o.connectscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, CONNECT_SCAN);

      if (o.sctpinitscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_INIT_SCAN);

      if (o.sctpcookieechoscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, SCTP_COOKIE_ECHO_SCAN);

      if (o.ipprotscan)
        ultra_scan(Targets, &ports, IPPROT_SCAN);

      /* These lame functions can only handle one target at a time */
      if (o.idlescan) {
        for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
          o.current_scantype = IDLE_SCAN;
          keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
          idle_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports,
                    ports.tcp_count, o.idleProxy, &ports);
        }
      }
      if (o.bouncescan) {
        for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
          o.current_scantype = BOUNCE_SCAN;
          keyWasPressed(); // Check if a status message should be printed
          if (ftp.sd <= 0)
            ftp_anon_connect(&ftp);
          if (ftp.sd > 0)
            bounce_scan(Targets[targetno], ports.tcp_ports, ports.tcp_count, &ftp);
        }
      }

      if (o.servicescan) {
        o.current_scantype = SERVICE_SCAN;
        service_scan(Targets);
      }
    }

    if (o.osscan) {
      OSScan os_engine;
      os_engine.os_scan(Targets);
    }

    if (o.traceroute)
      traceroute(Targets);

#ifndef NOLUA
    if (o.script || o.scriptversion) {
      script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_SCAN);
    }
#endif

    for (targetno = 0; targetno < Targets.size(); targetno++) {
      currenths = Targets[targetno];
      /* Now I can do the output and such for each host */
      if (currenths->timedOut(NULL)) {
        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_attribute("timedout", "true");
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        printtimes(currenths);
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Skipping host %s due to host timeout\n",
                  currenths->NameIP(hostname, sizeof(hostname)));
        log_write(LOG_MACHINE, "Host: %s (%s)\tStatus: Timeout\n",
                  currenths->targetipstr(), currenths->HostName());
      } else {
        /* --open means don't show any hosts without open ports. */
        if (o.openOnly() && !currenths->ports.hasOpenPorts())
          continue;

        xml_open_start_tag("host");
        xml_attribute("starttime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->StartTime());
        xml_attribute("endtime", "%lu", (unsigned long) currenths->EndTime());
        xml_close_start_tag();
        write_host_header(currenths);
        printportoutput(currenths, &currenths->ports);
        printmacinfo(currenths);
        printosscanoutput(currenths);
        printserviceinfooutput(currenths);
#ifndef NOLUA
        printhostscriptresults(currenths);
#endif
        if (o.traceroute)
          printtraceroute(currenths);
        printtimes(currenths);
        log_write(LOG_PLAIN | LOG_MACHINE, "\n");
        xml_end_tag(); /* host */
        xml_newline();
      }
    }
    log_flush_all();

    o.numhosts_scanned += Targets.size();

    /* Free all of the Targets */
    while (!Targets.empty()) {
      currenths = Targets.back();
      delete currenths;
      Targets.pop_back();
    }
    o.numhosts_scanning = 0;
  } while (!o.max_ips_to_scan || o.max_ips_to_scan > o.numhosts_scanned);

#ifndef NOLUA
  if (o.script) {
    script_scan(Targets, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    printscriptresults(script_scan_results, SCRIPT_POST_SCAN);
    for (ScriptResults::iterator it = script_scan_results->begin();
        it != script_scan_results->end(); it++) {
      delete (*it);
    }
    script_scan_results->clear();
  }
#endif

  addrset_free(exclude_group);
  NewTargets::free_new_targets();

  if (o.inputfd != NULL)
    fclose(o.inputfd);

  printdatafilepaths();

  printfinaloutput();

  free_scan_lists(&ports);

  eth_close_cached();

  if (o.release_memory) {
    nmap_free_mem();
  }
  return 0;
}

/* Reads in a (normal or machine format) Nmap log file and gathers enough
   state to allow Nmap to continue where it left off.  The important things
   it must gather are:
   1) The last host completed
   2) The command arguments
*/

int gather_logfile_resumption_state(char *fname, int *myargc, char ***myargv) {
  char *filestr;
  s64 filelen;
  char nmap_arg_buffer[4096]; /* roughly aligned with arg_parse limit */
  struct sockaddr_storage *lastip = &o.resume_ip;
  int af = AF_INET; // default without -6 is ipv4
  size_t sslen;
  char *p, *q, *found, *lastipstr; /* I love C! */
  /* We mmap it read/write since we will change the last char to a newline if it is not already */
  filestr = mmapfile(fname, &filelen, O_RDWR);
  if (!filestr) {
    pfatal("Could not mmap() %s file", fname);
  }

  if (filelen < 20) {
    fatal("Output file %s is too short -- no use resuming", fname);
  }

  /* For now we terminate it with a NUL, but we will terminate the file with
     a '\n' later */
  filestr[filelen - 1] = '\0';

  /* First goal is to find the nmap args */
  if ((p = strstr(filestr, " as: ")))
    p += 5;
  else
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Are you sure this is an Nmap output file?", fname);
  /* Skip the program name */
  while (*p && !isspace((int) (unsigned char) *p)){
    if (*p == '"' || *p == '\'') {
      /* Quoted, so find the matching quote.
       * TODO:Doesn't handle escaped quotes, but we don't generate them either. */
      p = strchr(p+1, *p);
      if (!p) {
        fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s: unclosed quote.", fname);
      }
    }
    else if (!strncasecmp(p, "&quot;", 6)) {
      /* We do XML unescaping later, but this is just special case of quoted
       * program name. */
      do {
        p = strstr(p+1, "&");
        if (!p) {
          fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s: unclosed quote.", fname);
        }
      } while (strncasecmp(p, "&quot;", 6));
      /* Only skip to the ';', because another increment happens below. */
      p += 5;
    }
    p++;
  }
  if (!*p)
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
  p++; /* Skip the space between program name and first arg */
  if (*p == '\n' || !*p)
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);

  q = strchr(p, '\n');
  if (!q || ((unsigned int) (q - p) >= sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer) - 32))
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Perhaps the Nmap execution had not finished at least one host?  In that case there is no use \"resuming\"", fname);

  strncpy(nmap_arg_buffer, "nmap --append-output ", sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer));
  if ((q - p) + 21 + 1 >= (int) sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer))
    fatal("0verfl0w");
  memcpy(nmap_arg_buffer + 21, p, q - p);
  nmap_arg_buffer[21 + q - p] = '\0';

  q = strstr(nmap_arg_buffer, "-->");
  if (q) {
    *q = '\0';
     char *unescaped = xml_unescape(nmap_arg_buffer);
     if (sizeof(nmap_arg_buffer) < strlen(unescaped) + 1)
       fatal("0verfl0w");
     memcpy(nmap_arg_buffer, unescaped, strlen(unescaped) + 1);
     free(unescaped);
  }

  if (strstr(nmap_arg_buffer, "--randomize-hosts") != NULL) {
    error("WARNING: You are attempting to resume a scan which used --randomize-hosts.  Some hosts in the last randomized batch may be missed and others may be repeated once");
  }

  *myargc = arg_parse(nmap_arg_buffer, myargv);
  if (*myargc == -1) {
    fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
  }

  for (int i=0; i < *myargc; i++) {
    if (!strncmp("-4", (*myargv)[i], 2)) {
      af = AF_INET;
    }
    else if (!strncmp("-6", (*myargv)[i], 2)) {
      af = AF_INET6;
    }
  }

  /* Now it is time to figure out the last IP that was scanned */
  q = p;
  found = NULL;
  /* Lets see if its a grepable log first (-oG) */
  while ((q = strstr(q, "\nHost: ")))
    found = q = q + 7;

  if (found) {
    q = strchr(found, ' ');
    if (!q)
      fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
    *q = '\0';
    if (resolve_numeric(found, 0, lastip, &sslen, af) != 0)
      fatal("Unable to parse ip (%s) in supposed log file %s. Sorry", found, fname);
    *q = ' ';
  } else {
    /* Let's see if it's an XML log (-oX) */
    q = p;
    found = NULL;
    while ((q = strstr(q, "\n<address addr=\""))) {
      q += 16;
      found = strchr(q, '"');
      if (!found)
        fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
      if ((af == AF_INET && !strncmp("\" addrtype=\"ipv4\"", found, 17))
        || (af == AF_INET6 && !strncmp("\" addrtype=\"ipv6\"", found, 17))) {
        found = q;
      }
    }
    if (found) {
      q = strchr(found, '"');
      if (!q)
        fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
      *q = '\0';
      if (resolve_numeric(found, 0, lastip, &sslen, af) != 0)
        fatal("Unable to parse ip (%s) supposed log file %s.  Sorry", found, fname);
      *q = '"';
    } else {
      /* OK, I guess (hope) it is a normal log then (-oN) */
      q = p;
      found = NULL;
      while ((q = strstr(q, "\nNmap scan report for ")))
        found = q = q + 22;

      /*  There may be some later IPs of the form :
          "Nmap scan report for florence (x.x.7.10)" (dns reverse lookup)
          or "Nmap scan report for x.x.7.10".
      */
      if (found) {
        q = strchr(found, '\n');
        if (!q)
          fatal("Unable to parse supposed log file %s.  Sorry", fname);
        *q = '\0';
        p = strchr(found, '(');
        if (!p) { /* No DNS reverse lookup, found should already contain IP */
          lastipstr = strdup(found);
        } else { /* DNS reverse lookup, IP is between parentheses */
          *q = '\n';
          q--;
          *q = '\0';
          lastipstr = strdup(p + 1);
        }
        *q = p ? ')' : '\n'; /* recover changed chars */
        if (resolve_numeric(lastipstr, 0, lastip, &sslen, af) != 0)
          fatal("Unable to parse ip (%s) in supposed log file %s.  Sorry", lastipstr, fname);
        free(lastipstr);
      } else {
        error("Warning: You asked for --resume but it doesn't look like any hosts in the log file were successfully scanned.  Starting from the beginning.");
        lastip->ss_family = AF_UNSPEC;
      }
    }
  }

  /* Ensure the log file ends with a newline */
  filestr[filelen - 1] = '\n';
  if (munmap(filestr, filelen) != 0)
    gh_perror("%s: error in munmap(%p, %ld)", __func__, filestr, filelen);

  return 0;
}


static char *executable_dir(const char *argv0) {
  char *path, *dir;

  path = executable_path(argv0);
  if (path == NULL)
    return NULL;
  dir = path_get_dirname(path);
  free(path);

  return dir;
}

/* Returns true if the two given filenames refer to the same file. (Have the
   same device and inode number.) */
static bool same_file(const char *filename_a, const char *filename_b) {
  struct stat stat_a, stat_b;

  if (stat(filename_a, &stat_a) == -1)
    return false;
  if (stat(filename_b, &stat_b) == -1)
    return false;

  return stat_a.st_dev == stat_b.st_dev && stat_a.st_ino == stat_b.st_ino;
}

static int nmap_fetchfile_sub(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file);

/* Search for a file in the standard data file locations. The result is stored
   in filename_returned, which must point to an allocated buffer of at least
   bufferlen bytes. Returns true iff the search should be considered finished
   (i.e., the caller shouldn't try to search anywhere else for the file).

   Options like --servicedb and --versiondb set explicit locations for
   individual data files. If any of these were used those locations are checked
   first, and no other locations are checked.

   After that, the following directories are searched in order:
    * --datadir
    * $NMAPDIR environment variable
    * User's home Nmap directory:
      - [Windows] %APPDATA%\nmap
      - [Non-Windows] ~/.nmap
    * The directory containing the nmap binary
    * [Non-Windows only]:
      - The directory containing the nmap binary plus "../share/nmap"
      - NMAPDATADIR (usually $prefix/share/nmap)
    */
int nmap_fetchfile(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file) {
  std::map<std::string, std::string>::iterator iter;
  int res;

  /* Check the map of requested data file names. */
  iter = o.requested_data_files.find(file);
  if (iter != o.requested_data_files.end()) {
    Strncpy(filename_returned, iter->second.c_str(), bufferlen);
    /* If a special file name was requested, we must not return any other file
       name. Return a positive result even if the file doesn't exist or is not
       readable. It is the caller's responsibility to report the error if the
       file can't be accessed. */
    res = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    return res != 0 ? res : 1;
  }

  res = nmap_fetchfile_sub(filename_returned, bufferlen, file);

  return res;
}

#ifdef WIN32
static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file) {
  char appdata[MAX_PATH];
  int res;

  if (SHGetFolderPath(NULL, CSIDL_APPDATA, NULL, SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT, appdata) != S_OK)
    return 0;
  res = Snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s\\nmap\\%s", appdata, file);
  if (res <= 0 || res >= buflen)
    return 0;

  return file_is_readable(buf);
}
#else
static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file, int uid) {
  struct passwd *pw;
  int res;

  pw = getpwuid(uid);
  if (pw == NULL)
    return 0;
  res = Snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s/.nmap/%s", pw->pw_dir, file);
  if (res <= 0 || (size_t) res >= buflen)
    return 0;

  return file_is_readable(buf);
}

static int nmap_fetchfile_userdir(char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *file) {
  int res;

  res = nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(buf, buflen, file, getuid());
  if (res != 0)
    return res;

  if (getuid() != geteuid()) {
    res = nmap_fetchfile_userdir_uid(buf, buflen, file, geteuid());
    if (res != 0)
      return res;
  }

  return 0;
}
#endif

static int nmap_fetchfile_sub(char *filename_returned, int bufferlen, const char *file) {
  char *dirptr;
  int res;
  int foundsomething = 0;
  char dot_buffer[512];
  static int warningcount = 0;

  if (o.datadir) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", o.datadir, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }

  if (!foundsomething && (dirptr = getenv("NMAPDIR"))) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", dirptr, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }

  if (!foundsomething)
    foundsomething = nmap_fetchfile_userdir(filename_returned, bufferlen, file);

  const char *argv0;
  char *dir;

  argv0 = get_program_name();
  assert(argv0 != NULL);
  dir = executable_dir(argv0);

  if (dir != NULL) {
    if (!foundsomething) { /* Try the nMap directory */
      res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", dir, file);
      if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
        foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
      }
    }
#ifndef WIN32
    if (!foundsomething) {
      res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/../share/nmap/%s", dir, file);
      if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
        foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
      }
    }
#endif
    free(dir);
  }

#ifndef WIN32
  if (!foundsomething) {
    res = Snprintf(filename_returned, bufferlen, "%s/%s", NMAPDATADIR, file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      foundsomething = file_is_readable(filename_returned);
    }
  }
#endif

  if (foundsomething && (*filename_returned != '.')) {
    res = Snprintf(dot_buffer, sizeof(dot_buffer), "./%s", file);
    if (res > 0 && res < bufferlen) {
      if (file_is_readable(dot_buffer) && !same_file(filename_returned, dot_buffer)) {
#ifdef WIN32
        if (warningcount++ < 1 && o.debugging)
#else
        if (warningcount++ < 1)
#endif
          error("Warning: File %s exists, but Nmap is using %s for security and consistency reasons.  set NMAPDIR=. to give priority to files in your local directory (may affect the other data files too).", dot_buffer, filename_returned);
      }
    }
  }

  if (foundsomething && o.debugging > 1)
    log_write(LOG_PLAIN, "Fetchfile found %s\n", filename_returned);

  return foundsomething;

}

/* Extracts a whitespace-separated word from a string. Returns a zero-length
   string if there are too few words. */
static std::string get_word(const char *str, unsigned int n) {
  const char *p, *q;
  unsigned int i;

  p = str;
  for (i = 0; *p != '\0' && i <= n; i++) {
    while (isspace((int) (unsigned char) *p))
      p++;
    q = p;
    while (*q != '\0' && !isspace((int) (unsigned char) *q))
      q++;
    if (i == n)
      return std::string(p, q - p);
    p = q;
  }

  return std::string();
}

/* Helper for display_nmap_version. Tries to extract a word (presumably a
   version number) from a string, but if that fails, returns the whole string
   enclosed in parentheses as a failsafe. */
static std::string get_word_or_quote(const char *str, unsigned int n) {
  std::string word;

  word = get_word(str, n);
  if (word.length() == 0)
    word = std::string("(") + str + std::string(")");

  return word;
}

static void display_nmap_version() {
  std::vector<std::string> with, without;
  unsigned int i;

#ifndef NOLUA
#ifdef LUA_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-liblua-") + get_word_or_quote(LUA_RELEASE, 1));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("liblua-") + get_word_or_quote(LUA_RELEASE, 1));
#endif
#else
  without.push_back("liblua");
#endif

#if HAVE_OPENSSL
  with.push_back(std::string("openssl-") + get_word_or_quote(OPENSSL_VERSION_TEXT, 1));
#else
  without.push_back("openssl");
#endif

#if HAVE_LIBSSH2
#ifdef LIBSSH2_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libssh2-") + get_word_or_quote(LIBSSH2_VERSION, 0));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libssh2-") + get_word_or_quote(LIBSSH2_VERSION, 0));
#endif
#else
  without.push_back("libssh2");
#endif

#if HAVE_LIBZ
#ifdef ZLIB_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libz-") + get_word_or_quote(ZLIB_VERSION, 0));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libz-") + get_word_or_quote(ZLIB_VERSION, 0));
#endif
#else
  without.push_back("libz");
#endif

#ifdef PCRE_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libpcre-") + get_word_or_quote(pcre_version(), 0));
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libpcre-") + get_word_or_quote(pcre_version(), 0));
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
  if (o.have_pcap) {
    const char *pcap_version = pcap_lib_version();
    const char *pcap_num = strpbrk(pcap_version, "0123456789");
    if (pcap_num == NULL)
      pcap_num = "(unknown)";
    std::string pcap_num_str (pcap_num, strcspn(pcap_num, ","));
    with.push_back(get_word_or_quote(pcap_version, 0) + std::string("-") + pcap_num_str);
  }
#else
  const char *pcap_version = pcap_lib_version();
  std::string pcap_num_str = get_word_or_quote(pcap_version, 2);
  with.push_back(
#ifdef PCAP_INCLUDED
      std::string("nmap-") +
#endif
      get_word_or_quote(pcap_version, 0) + std::string("-") + pcap_num_str);
#endif

#ifdef DNET_INCLUDED
  with.push_back(std::string("nmap-libdnet-") + DNET_VERSION);
#else
  with.push_back(std::string("libdnet-") + DNET_VERSION);
#endif

#if HAVE_IPV6
  with.push_back("ipv6");
#else
  without.push_back("ipv6");
#endif

  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "%s version %s ( %s )\n", NMAP_NAME, NMAP_VERSION, NMAP_URL);
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Platform: %s\n", NMAP_PLATFORM);
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Compiled with:");
  for (i = 0; i < with.size(); i++)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, " %s", with[i].c_str());
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Compiled without:");
  for (i = 0; i < without.size(); i++)
    log_write(LOG_STDOUT, " %s", without[i].c_str());
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "\n");
  log_write(LOG_STDOUT, "Available nsock engines: %s\n", nsock_list_engines());
}