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+# Camera Capture Implementation Plan
+
+> **For agentic workers:** REQUIRED SUB-SKILL: Use superpowers:subagent-driven-development (recommended) or superpowers:executing-plans to implement this plan task-by-task. Steps use checkbox (`- [ ]`) syntax for tracking.
+
+**Goal:** Add webcam/phone-camera capture as an input: a reusable `CameraCapture` component wired into the shared `OcrWorkbench` (OCR + Receipt Scanner) and exposed as a standalone "Camera Capture" tool.
+
+**Architecture:** A `useCamera` hook owns the `MediaStream` lifecycle; a pure `frameToFile` helper converts a video frame to a JPEG `File`; `CameraCapture` renders live preview + controls (with a native `<input capture>` fallback); two hosts consume it — `OcrWorkbench` (→ existing `onDrop`) and `CameraTool` (→ Download/Copy/Edit-in-Annotator).
+
+**Tech Stack:** React islands (Astro); browser `getUserMedia` + canvas; existing `downloadService`, `CopyImageButton`, `EditInAnnotatorButton`, `ImageResult`; Vitest.
+
+## Global Constraints
+
+- **Branch:** `feat/camera-capture` (spec already committed here).
+- **Reusable component, three surfaces:** one `CameraCapture` used by `OcrWorkbench` and `CameraTool`. (Spec §Architecture).
+- **Rear default + switch:** `facingMode: 'environment'`; Switch button only when `hasMultiple`. (Spec §Locked Decision 2).
+- **Fallback:** on any getUserMedia failure, render `<input type="file" accept="image/*" capture="environment">`. (Spec §Error Handling).
+- **Format:** JPEG, quality 0.92. (Spec §Locked Decision 6).
+- **Lifecycle:** stop every track on capture, cancel, error, and unmount — no lingering camera. (Spec §Error Handling).
+- **Privacy/secure context:** frames never leave the browser; `getUserMedia` needs HTTPS (prod is HTTPS; fallback covers the rest).
+- **Test style:** Vitest; mock `navigator.mediaDevices` per `src/services/capture/browser.test.ts`. Pure helper unit-tested; islands stay thin.
+- **Lint:** `npm run lint` 0 errors; no `any` in new source.
+
+## File Structure
+
+| File | Responsibility |
+|------|----------------|
+| `src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts` (create) | Pure `frameToFile(video, name?)`. |
+| `src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts` (create) | Frame→File tests. |
+| `src/hooks/useCamera.ts` (create) | `MediaStream` lifecycle hook. |
+| `src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts` (create) | Hook tests (mock mediaDevices). |
+| `src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx` (create) | Live preview + controls + native fallback. |
+| `src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx` (modify) | "Use camera" button → `CameraCapture` → `onDrop`. |
+| `src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx` (create) | Standalone tool: capture → result actions. |
+| `src/registry/tools.ts` (modify) | Register `camera-capture`. |
+
+---
+
+### Task 1: `frameToFile` helper (`camera.lib.ts`)
+
+Pure conversion of a video frame to a JPEG `File`. Isolated + unit-tested.
+
+**Files:**
+- Create: `src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts`
+- Test: `src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts`
+
+**Interfaces:**
+- Produces: `frameToFile(video: HTMLVideoElement, name?: string): Promise<File>` — draws `video` (using `videoWidth`/`videoHeight`) to a canvas, encodes `image/jpeg` q0.92, returns a `File` named `name ?? 'camera-capture.jpg'`.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Write the failing test**
+
+Create `src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts`:
+
+```ts
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { frameToFile } from './camera.lib';
+
+// Minimal canvas mock: records the size it was asked to draw and yields a blob.
+beforeEach(() => {
+  const ctx = { drawImage: vi.fn() };
+  vi.spyOn(document, 'createElement').mockImplementation((tag: string) => {
+    if (tag !== 'canvas') return document.createElement(tag);
+    return {
+      width: 0,
+      height: 0,
+      getContext: () => ctx,
+      toBlob: (cb: (b: Blob | null) => void) => cb(new Blob(['x'], { type: 'image/jpeg' })),
+    } as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement;
+  });
+});
+
+function fakeVideo(w: number, h: number): HTMLVideoElement {
+  return { videoWidth: w, videoHeight: h } as HTMLVideoElement;
+}
+
+describe('frameToFile', () => {
+  it('returns a JPEG File sized to the video frame', async () => {
+    const file = await frameToFile(fakeVideo(640, 480));
+    expect(file).toBeInstanceOf(File);
+    expect(file.type).toBe('image/jpeg');
+    expect(file.name).toBe('camera-capture.jpg');
+  });
+
+  it('uses a custom filename', async () => {
+    const file = await frameToFile(fakeVideo(100, 100), 'shot.jpg');
+    expect(file.name).toBe('shot.jpg');
+  });
+
+  it('rejects when the frame has no dimensions', async () => {
+    await expect(frameToFile(fakeVideo(0, 0))).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+});
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Run the test to verify it fails**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts`
+Expected: FAIL — `./camera.lib` not found.
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: Write the implementation**
+
+Create `src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts`:
+
+```ts
+/** Capture the current frame of a playing <video> as a JPEG File. */
+export async function frameToFile(video: HTMLVideoElement, name = 'camera-capture.jpg'): Promise<File> {
+  const w = video.videoWidth;
+  const h = video.videoHeight;
+  if (!w || !h) throw new Error('Camera frame is not ready yet.');
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = w;
+  canvas.height = h;
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+  if (!ctx) throw new Error('Canvas is not supported in this browser');
+  ctx.drawImage(video, 0, 0, w, h);
+  const blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
+    canvas.toBlob((b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Failed to encode image'))), 'image/jpeg', 0.92),
+  );
+  return new File([blob], name, { type: 'image/jpeg' });
+}
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 4: Run the test to verify it passes**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts`
+Expected: PASS (3 tests).
+
+- [ ] **Step 5: (Hold commit — commit at end of plan per prior flow, or per user instruction.)**
+
+---
+
+### Task 2: `useCamera` hook
+
+Owns the `MediaStream`: start (rear default), stop (kill tracks), switch camera, detect multiple cameras, reason-typed errors.
+
+**Files:**
+- Create: `src/hooks/useCamera.ts`
+- Test: `src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts`
+
+**Interfaces:**
+- Produces:
+  - `type CameraErrorReason = 'insecure' | 'denied' | 'notfound' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown'`
+  - `interface CameraError { reason: CameraErrorReason; message: string }`
+  - `function useCamera(): { videoRef: React.RefObject<HTMLVideoElement>; stream: MediaStream | null; error: CameraError | null; hasMultiple: boolean; facingMode: 'environment' | 'user'; start: () => Promise<void>; stop: () => void; switchCamera: () => Promise<void> }`
+- Consumes: nothing from earlier tasks.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Write the failing test**
+
+Create `src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts`:
+
+```ts
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { useCamera } from './useCamera';
+
+const stop = vi.fn();
+const track = { stop };
+class FakeStream {
+  getTracks() { return [track]; }
+}
+
+function mockMediaDevices(over: Partial<Record<string, unknown>> = {}) {
+  Object.defineProperty(global.navigator, 'mediaDevices', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      getUserMedia: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(new FakeStream()),
+      enumerateDevices: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([
+        { kind: 'videoinput' }, { kind: 'videoinput' }, { kind: 'audioinput' },
+      ]),
+      ...over,
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => { stop.mockClear(); mockMediaDevices(); });
+afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); });
+
+describe('useCamera', () => {
+  it('start() acquires a stream and detects multiple cameras', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.stream).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(result.current.hasMultiple).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.error).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('stop() stops every track', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    act(() => { result.current.stop(); });
+    expect(stop).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(result.current.stream).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('maps a denied permission to reason "denied"', async () => {
+    const err = Object.assign(new Error('denied'), { name: 'NotAllowedError' });
+    mockMediaDevices({ getUserMedia: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(err) });
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.error?.reason).toBe('denied');
+  });
+
+  it('reports "unsupported" when mediaDevices is missing', async () => {
+    Object.defineProperty(global.navigator, 'mediaDevices', { configurable: true, value: undefined });
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.error?.reason).toBe('unsupported');
+  });
+
+  it('switchCamera() flips facingMode', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.facingMode).toBe('environment');
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.switchCamera(); });
+    expect(result.current.facingMode).toBe('user');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Run the test to verify it fails**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts`
+Expected: FAIL — `./useCamera` not found.
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: Write the implementation**
+
+Create `src/hooks/useCamera.ts`:
+
+```ts
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+
+export type CameraErrorReason = 'insecure' | 'denied' | 'notfound' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown';
+export interface CameraError { reason: CameraErrorReason; message: string }
+
+const MESSAGES: Record<CameraErrorReason, string> = {
+  insecure: 'Camera needs a secure (https) connection.',
+  denied: 'Camera access was blocked — allow it in your browser settings, or use your device camera.',
+  notfound: 'No camera was found on this device.',
+  unsupported: 'This browser can’t open the camera.',
+  unknown: 'Could not start the camera.',
+};
+
+function classify(err: unknown): CameraErrorReason {
+  const name = err instanceof Error ? err.name : '';
+  if (name === 'NotAllowedError' || name === 'SecurityError') return 'denied';
+  if (name === 'NotFoundError' || name === 'OverconstrainedError') return 'notfound';
+  return 'unknown';
+}
+
+export function useCamera() {
+  const videoRef = useRef<HTMLVideoElement>(null);
+  const streamRef = useRef<MediaStream | null>(null);
+  const [stream, setStream] = useState<MediaStream | null>(null);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<CameraError | null>(null);
+  const [hasMultiple, setHasMultiple] = useState(false);
+  const [facingMode, setFacingMode] = useState<'environment' | 'user'>('environment');
+
+  const stop = useCallback(() => {
+    streamRef.current?.getTracks().forEach((t) => t.stop());
+    streamRef.current = null;
+    setStream(null);
+  }, []);
+
+  const open = useCallback(async (mode: 'environment' | 'user') => {
+    setError(null);
+    if (typeof navigator === 'undefined' || !navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia) {
+      setError({ reason: 'unsupported', message: MESSAGES.unsupported });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.isSecureContext === false) {
+      setError({ reason: 'insecure', message: MESSAGES.insecure });
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const s = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ video: { facingMode: mode }, audio: false });
+      streamRef.current?.getTracks().forEach((t) => t.stop());
+      streamRef.current = s;
+      setStream(s);
+      setFacingMode(mode);
+      try {
+        const devices = await navigator.mediaDevices.enumerateDevices();
+        setHasMultiple(devices.filter((d) => d.kind === 'videoinput').length > 1);
+      } catch {
+        setHasMultiple(false);
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      const reason = classify(err);
+      setError({ reason, message: MESSAGES[reason] });
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  const start = useCallback(() => open('environment'), [open]);
+  const switchCamera = useCallback(
+    () => open(facingMode === 'environment' ? 'user' : 'environment'),
+    [open, facingMode],
+  );
+
+  // Attach the stream to the <video> element whenever it changes.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (videoRef.current) videoRef.current.srcObject = stream;
+  }, [stream]);
+
+  // Always release the camera on unmount.
+  useEffect(() => () => stop(), [stop]);
+
+  return { videoRef, stream, error, hasMultiple, facingMode, start, stop, switchCamera };
+}
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 4: Run the test to verify it passes**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts`
+Expected: PASS (5 tests).
+
+> `renderHook` comes from `@testing-library/react` (v14, already a devDependency — confirmed present).
+
+- [ ] **Step 5: (Hold commit.)**
+
+---
+
+### Task 3: `CameraCapture` component
+
+Live preview + Capture/Switch/Cancel, with the native-input fallback on error. Emits a `File`.
+
+**Files:**
+- Create: `src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx`
+
+**Interfaces:**
+- Consumes: `useCamera` (Task 2); `frameToFile` (Task 1); `Button`, `Alert`.
+- Produces: `export default function CameraCapture(props: { onCapture: (file: File) => void; onCancel: () => void })`.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Implement the component**
+
+Create `src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx`:
+
+```tsx
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/Button';
+import { Alert } from '@/components/ui/Alert';
+import { useCamera } from '@/hooks/useCamera';
+import { frameToFile } from '@/tools/image/camera.lib';
+
+export default function CameraCapture({
+  onCapture,
+  onCancel,
+}: {
+  onCapture: (file: File) => void;
+  onCancel: () => void;
+}) {
+  const { videoRef, stream, error, hasMultiple, start, stop, switchCamera } = useCamera();
+  const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
+
+  // Open the camera on mount; release on unmount.
+  useEffect(() => { start(); return () => stop(); }, [start, stop]);
+
+  // Play the stream once attached.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (stream && videoRef.current) videoRef.current.play().catch(() => {});
+  }, [stream, videoRef]);
+
+  const capture = async () => {
+    if (!videoRef.current) return;
+    setBusy(true);
+    try {
+      const file = await frameToFile(videoRef.current);
+      stop();
+      onCapture(file);
+    } catch {
+      setBusy(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const cancel = () => { stop(); onCancel(); };
+
+  const onFallbackFile = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    const file = e.target.files?.[0];
+    if (file) onCapture(file);
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-3 border-2 border-border p-3">
+      {error ? (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <Alert variant="error">{error.message}</Alert>
+          <Button variant="secondary" onClick={() => fileInputRef.current?.click()}>Use device camera</Button>
+          <Button variant="ghost" onClick={cancel}>Cancel</Button>
+          <input
+            ref={fileInputRef}
+            type="file"
+            accept="image/*"
+            capture="environment"
+            onChange={onFallbackFile}
+            className="hidden"
+          />
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="space-y-3">
+          <video ref={videoRef} playsInline muted className="max-h-96 w-auto border-2 border-border" />
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <Button onClick={capture} disabled={busy || !stream}>{busy ? 'Capturing…' : 'Capture'}</Button>
+            {hasMultiple && <Button variant="secondary" onClick={switchCamera}>Switch camera</Button>}
+            <Button variant="ghost" onClick={cancel}>Cancel</Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Verify build**
+
+Run: `npm run build`
+Expected: succeeds (component compiles; not yet routed).
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: (Hold commit.)**
+
+---
+
+### Task 4: Wire "Use camera" into `OcrWorkbench`
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx`
+
+**Interfaces:**
+- Consumes: `CameraCapture` (Task 3). Reuses the existing `onDrop(files: File[])` in `OcrWorkbench`.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Add the camera toggle + panel**
+
+In `src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx`:
+
+Add the import:
+```tsx
+import CameraCapture from './CameraCapture';
+```
+
+Add state near the other `useState` hooks:
+```tsx
+  const [cameraOpen, setCameraOpen] = useState(false);
+```
+
+Replace the `<Dropzone>...</Dropzone>` block with a camera-aware version — when the camera is open, show `CameraCapture`; otherwise the dropzone plus a "Use camera" button:
+```tsx
+      {cameraOpen ? (
+        <CameraCapture
+          onCapture={(file) => { setCameraOpen(false); onDrop([file]); }}
+          onCancel={() => setCameraOpen(false)}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <Dropzone onDrop={onDrop} accept="image/*,application/pdf" multiple={false}>
+            <div className="space-y-1">
+              <p className="text-lg font-bold">Drop an image or PDF, or click to browse</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Runs on-device · or paste (⌘V). First use downloads the OCR model once.</p>
+            </div>
+          </Dropzone>
+          <Button variant="secondary" onClick={() => setCameraOpen(true)}>Use camera</Button>
+        </div>
+      )}
+```
+
+(`Button` is already imported in `OcrWorkbench`.)
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Verify**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run` — Expected: all existing tests still pass.
+Run: `npm run build` — Expected: succeeds; `/tools/image-ocr` and `/tools/image-receipt-scanner` build.
+Manual: on both tools a **Use camera** button appears; clicking opens the live preview; Capture feeds the OCR pipeline.
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: (Hold commit.)**
+
+---
+
+### Task 5: Standalone `CameraTool` + registry
+
+**Files:**
+- Create: `src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx`
+- Modify: `src/registry/tools.ts`
+
+**Interfaces:**
+- Consumes: `CameraCapture` (Task 3); `ImageResult`, `CopyImageButton`, `EditInAnnotatorButton`, `Button`.
+- Produces: default-exported `CameraTool`; registry entry `camera-capture`.
+
+- [ ] **Step 1: Create `CameraTool.tsx`**
+
+Create `src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx`:
+
+```tsx
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/Button';
+import { ImageResult } from '@/components/ui/ImageResult';
+import { CopyImageButton } from '@/components/ui/CopyImageButton';
+import { EditInAnnotatorButton } from '@/components/ui/EditInAnnotatorButton';
+import CameraCapture from './CameraCapture';
+
+export default function CameraTool() {
+  const [photo, setPhoto] = useState<File | null>(null);
+  const [capturing, setCapturing] = useState(true);
+
+  const retake = () => { setPhoto(null); setCapturing(true); };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-4">
+      {capturing && (
+        <CameraCapture
+          onCapture={(file) => { setPhoto(file); setCapturing(false); }}
+          onCancel={() => setCapturing(false)}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {!capturing && !photo && (
+        <Button onClick={() => setCapturing(true)}>Open camera</Button>
+      )}
+
+      {photo && (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <ImageResult blob={photo} filename={photo.name} />
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <CopyImageButton blob={photo} />
+            <EditInAnnotatorButton blob={photo} filename={photo.name} />
+            <Button variant="secondary" onClick={retake}>Retake</Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 2: Register the tool**
+
+In `src/registry/tools.ts`, add `Webcam` to the `lucide-react` import list, then add this entry right after the `image-receipt-scanner` entry:
+
+```ts
+  {
+    id: 'camera-capture',
+    name: 'Camera Capture',
+    category: 'Image',
+    route: '/tools/camera-capture',
+    keywords: ['camera', 'webcam', 'photo', 'capture', 'snap', 'take picture', 'scan'],
+    icon: Webcam,
+    summary: 'Take a photo with your webcam or phone camera',
+    load: () => import('@/islands/image/CameraTool'),
+    status: 'beta'
+  },
+```
+
+- [ ] **Step 3: Verify build + full suite + lint**
+
+Run: `npx vitest run` — Expected: all pass (camera.lib + useCamera tests added).
+Run: `npm run lint` — Expected: 0 errors.
+Run: `npm run build` — Expected: succeeds; `/tools/camera-capture` page builds.
+Manual smoke: `/tools/camera-capture` → live preview → Capture → photo shows with Download / Copy / Edit in Annotator; Retake reopens. Deny camera → native fallback button appears.
+
+- [ ] **Step 4: (Hold commit.)**
+
+---
+
+## Verification loop (before shipping)
+
+After Task 5, run the full gate and fix any issue until green:
+- `npx vitest run` — full suite green (adds ~8 tests: camera.lib 3, useCamera 5).
+- `npm run lint` — 0 errors.
+- `npm run build` — succeeds; three routes updated/added (`image-ocr`, `image-receipt-scanner`, `camera-capture`).
+- Review for: leaked streams (every path calls `stop()`), SSR safety (no `navigator`/`window` access at module scope), and the fallback path.
+
+## Post-completion
+
+Follow the established flow: commit per task (or as agreed), push, PR to `develop`, wait for CI, merge, promote `develop`→`main`, confirm the production Cloudflare build, and verify the live routes.
+
+## Notes / deliberate limits
+
+- No torch/flash, resolution picker, auto-capture, or barcode reading (Spec §Out of Scope).
+- The native fallback uses `<input capture="environment">` — on desktop this is just a file picker; that's acceptable since live `getUserMedia` is the primary path there.
+- `frameToFile` and `useCamera` hold the logic + tests; islands stay thin and are covered by build + manual smoke (consistent with the OCR/Receipt tools).
diff --git a/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-07-31-camera-capture-design.md b/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-07-31-camera-capture-design.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5518119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/superpowers/specs/2026-07-31-camera-capture-design.md
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# Camera Capture — Design Spec
+
+**Status:** Approved (brainstorming complete)
+**Date:** 2026-07-31
+**Author:** brainstormed with Kresna
+**Related:** reuses the OCR pipeline (`OcrWorkbench`) from `2026-07-30-image-ocr-design.md`.
+
+## Goal
+
+Let users capture an image from their **webcam or phone camera** as an input alongside upload/paste. Surface it three ways from one reusable component:
+1. a **"Use camera"** option in the shared `OcrWorkbench` (so both **Image → Text (OCR)** and **Receipt Scanner** gain it), and
+2. a dedicated **"Camera Capture"** tool that snaps a photo and offers Download / Copy / Edit in Annotator.
+
+Everything is client-side; the camera frame never leaves the browser.
+
+## Locked Decisions
+
+1. **Access method:** live camera via `getUserMedia`, **with a native `<input capture>` fallback** when the live camera is unavailable/denied.
+2. **Camera control:** default to the **rear camera** (`facingMode: 'environment'`), with a **Switch camera** button when more than one camera exists.
+3. **Reusable component:** a single `CameraCapture` component + `useCamera` hook, consumed by `OcrWorkbench` and the new tool. It hands back a `File` via callback; the host decides what to do with it.
+4. **Standalone tool output:** show the captured photo with **Download + Copy + Edit in Annotator** (mirrors the Screenshot tool).
+5. **Capture UI:** an **in-page panel** (not a full-screen modal) that replaces the input area while active.
+6. **Capture format:** **JPEG** (`image/jpeg`, quality ~0.92) — smaller for photographs.
+
+## Architecture
+
+A `useCamera` hook owns the `MediaStream` lifecycle. A `CameraCapture` component renders the live preview + controls and produces a `File`. Two hosts consume it:
+
+```
+                         ┌─ OcrWorkbench  → onCapture(file) → onDrop([file]) → existing OCR pipeline
+CameraCapture ─(File)────┤
+  (useCamera hook)       └─ CameraTool    → onCapture(file) → result: Download / Copy / Edit in Annotator
+```
+
+### Components
+
+| File | Responsibility | Tested by |
+|------|----------------|-----------|
+| `src/hooks/useCamera.ts` (create) | Own `getUserMedia`: `start(facingMode)`, `stop()`, `switchCamera()`; expose `stream`, `error` (reason-typed), `hasMultiple`, `facingMode`. Stop all tracks on `stop()` and unmount. Detect >1 camera via `enumerateDevices`. | Mock `navigator.mediaDevices` |
+| `src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts` (create) | Pure `frameToFile(video: HTMLVideoElement, name?: string): Promise<File>` — draw the current video frame to a canvas → JPEG blob → File. | Mock canvas/video minimally |
+| `src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx` (create) | Live `<video>` preview + **Capture** / **Switch camera** / **Cancel**. On error, render the native `<input type="file" accept="image/*" capture="environment">` fallback. Prop: `onCapture(file: File) => void`, `onCancel() => void`. | Build + manual |
+| `src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx` (modify) | Add a **Use camera** button; when open, render `CameraCapture`; on capture call the existing `onDrop([file])`. | Build + manual |
+| `src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx` (create) | Standalone tool: `CameraCapture` → on capture show `ImageResult` + `CopyImageButton` + `EditInAnnotatorButton`; "Retake" resets. | Build + manual |
+| `src/registry/tools.ts` (modify) | Register `camera-capture` ("Camera Capture", Image, `status: 'beta'`). | Build |
+
+### Data Model / Interfaces
+
+```ts
+// useCamera
+type CameraErrorReason = 'insecure' | 'denied' | 'notfound' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown';
+interface UseCamera {
+  videoRef: React.RefObject<HTMLVideoElement>;
+  stream: MediaStream | null;
+  error: { reason: CameraErrorReason; message: string } | null;
+  hasMultiple: boolean;
+  facingMode: 'environment' | 'user';
+  start: () => Promise<void>;
+  stop: () => void;
+  switchCamera: () => Promise<void>;
+}
+
+// camera.lib
+function frameToFile(video: HTMLVideoElement, name?: string): Promise<File>; // image/jpeg
+```
+
+## UX / Data Flow
+
+1. In `OcrWorkbench` (and the Camera tool) the user clicks **Use camera**.
+2. `useCamera.start()` requests the rear camera. On success, the in-page panel shows the live `<video>` preview with **Capture**, **Switch camera** (only if `hasMultiple`), and **Cancel**.
+3. **Capture** → `frameToFile(video)` → the stream is stopped → host gets the `File`:
+   - **OCR/Receipt:** `onDrop([file])` — the photo enters the normal preprocess→OCR flow (downscale, rotate, cleanup, run).
+   - **Camera tool:** show the photo via `ImageResult` with Download / Copy / Edit in Annotator; **Retake** reopens the camera.
+4. **Cancel** stops the stream and returns to the dropzone/idle state.
+
+## Error Handling (reason-specific)
+
+`useCamera` maps failures to a typed reason + message; the UI shows the message and offers the native-input fallback:
+
+- **Not secure context** (`insecure`) → "Camera needs a secure (https) connection." + fallback.
+- **Permission denied** (`denied`, `NotAllowedError`) → "Camera access was blocked — allow it in your browser settings, or use your device camera." + fallback.
+- **No camera** (`notfound`, `NotFoundError`/`OverconstrainedError`) → "No camera found." + fallback.
+- **getUserMedia unsupported** (`unsupported`) → "This browser can't open the camera." + fallback.
+- The **native fallback** is `<input type="file" accept="image/*" capture="environment">`: on phones it opens the OS camera app; selecting a photo calls the same `onCapture(file)`.
+- **Lifecycle:** every `MediaStreamTrack` is stopped on capture, cancel, error, and component unmount — no lingering camera indicator.
+
+## Testing
+
+- **`useCamera` (Vitest):** mock `navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia` / `enumerateDevices`:
+  - `start()` sets `stream`; a rejected `getUserMedia` with `NotAllowedError` → `error.reason === 'denied'`; missing `mediaDevices` → `unsupported`.
+  - `stop()` calls `stop()` on every track.
+  - `switchCamera()` toggles `facingMode` and re-requests.
+  - `hasMultiple` true when `enumerateDevices` reports ≥2 `videoinput`.
+- **`camera.lib` (`frameToFile`):** with a stubbed video (`videoWidth/Height`) and canvas, returns a `File` of type `image/jpeg` with the expected dimensions.
+- **Islands** stay thin — build + manual smoke: laptop live capture; phone rear + switch; denied → native fallback; captured photo flows into OCR and into the standalone result.
+
+## Constraints & Non-Functional
+
+- **Privacy:** frames never leave the browser; no uploads.
+- **Secure context:** `getUserMedia` requires HTTPS — production is HTTPS; the fallback covers any insecure/denied case.
+- **No new deps:** browser `getUserMedia` + canvas only.
+- **Reuses** existing `downloadService`, `CopyImageButton`, `EditInAnnotatorButton`, `ImageResult`, and the `onDrop(File[])` pipeline — no downstream changes.
+
+## Out of Scope
+
+- Torch/flash toggle, resolution/aspect picker.
+- Continuous scanning / auto-capture / edge detection / auto-crop.
+- Barcode/QR reading (there's already a QR reader tool).
+- Desktop (Tauri) native camera — the web `getUserMedia` path works there too; no special-casing.
diff --git a/src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts b/src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87f6fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useCamera.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { renderHook, act } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { useCamera } from './useCamera';
+
+const stop = vi.fn();
+const track = { stop };
+class FakeStream {
+  getTracks() { return [track]; }
+}
+
+function mockMediaDevices(over: Partial<Record<string, unknown>> = {}) {
+  Object.defineProperty(global.navigator, 'mediaDevices', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      getUserMedia: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(new FakeStream()),
+      enumerateDevices: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([
+        { kind: 'videoinput' }, { kind: 'videoinput' }, { kind: 'audioinput' },
+      ]),
+      ...over,
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => { stop.mockClear(); mockMediaDevices(); });
+afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); });
+
+describe('useCamera', () => {
+  it('start() acquires a stream and detects multiple cameras', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.stream).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(result.current.hasMultiple).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.error).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('stop() stops every track', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    act(() => { result.current.stop(); });
+    expect(stop).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(result.current.stream).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('maps a denied permission to reason "denied"', async () => {
+    const err = Object.assign(new Error('denied'), { name: 'NotAllowedError' });
+    mockMediaDevices({ getUserMedia: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(err) });
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.error?.reason).toBe('denied');
+  });
+
+  it('reports "unsupported" when mediaDevices is missing', async () => {
+    Object.defineProperty(global.navigator, 'mediaDevices', { configurable: true, value: undefined });
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.error?.reason).toBe('unsupported');
+  });
+
+  it('switchCamera() flips facingMode', async () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useCamera());
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.start(); });
+    expect(result.current.facingMode).toBe('environment');
+    await act(async () => { await result.current.switchCamera(); });
+    expect(result.current.facingMode).toBe('user');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/hooks/useCamera.ts b/src/hooks/useCamera.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a149d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useCamera.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+
+export type CameraErrorReason = 'insecure' | 'denied' | 'notfound' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown';
+export interface CameraError { reason: CameraErrorReason; message: string }
+
+const MESSAGES: Record<CameraErrorReason, string> = {
+  insecure: 'Camera needs a secure (https) connection.',
+  denied: 'Camera access was blocked — allow it in your browser settings, or use your device camera.',
+  notfound: 'No camera was found on this device.',
+  unsupported: 'This browser can’t open the camera.',
+  unknown: 'Could not start the camera.',
+};
+
+function classify(err: unknown): CameraErrorReason {
+  const name = err instanceof Error ? err.name : '';
+  if (name === 'NotAllowedError' || name === 'SecurityError') return 'denied';
+  if (name === 'NotFoundError' || name === 'OverconstrainedError') return 'notfound';
+  return 'unknown';
+}
+
+export function useCamera() {
+  const videoRef = useRef<HTMLVideoElement>(null);
+  const streamRef = useRef<MediaStream | null>(null);
+  const [stream, setStream] = useState<MediaStream | null>(null);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<CameraError | null>(null);
+  const [hasMultiple, setHasMultiple] = useState(false);
+  const [facingMode, setFacingMode] = useState<'environment' | 'user'>('environment');
+
+  const stop = useCallback(() => {
+    streamRef.current?.getTracks().forEach((t) => t.stop());
+    streamRef.current = null;
+    setStream(null);
+  }, []);
+
+  const open = useCallback(async (mode: 'environment' | 'user') => {
+    setError(null);
+    if (typeof navigator === 'undefined' || !navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia) {
+      setError({ reason: 'unsupported', message: MESSAGES.unsupported });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.isSecureContext === false) {
+      setError({ reason: 'insecure', message: MESSAGES.insecure });
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const s = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ video: { facingMode: mode }, audio: false });
+      streamRef.current?.getTracks().forEach((t) => t.stop());
+      streamRef.current = s;
+      setStream(s);
+      setFacingMode(mode);
+      try {
+        const devices = await navigator.mediaDevices.enumerateDevices();
+        setHasMultiple(devices.filter((d) => d.kind === 'videoinput').length > 1);
+      } catch {
+        setHasMultiple(false);
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      const reason = classify(err);
+      setError({ reason, message: MESSAGES[reason] });
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  const start = useCallback(() => open('environment'), [open]);
+  const switchCamera = useCallback(
+    () => open(facingMode === 'environment' ? 'user' : 'environment'),
+    [open, facingMode],
+  );
+
+  // Attach the stream to the <video> element whenever it changes.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (videoRef.current) videoRef.current.srcObject = stream;
+  }, [stream]);
+
+  // Always release the camera on unmount.
+  useEffect(() => () => stop(), [stop]);
+
+  return { videoRef, stream, error, hasMultiple, facingMode, start, stop, switchCamera };
+}
diff --git a/src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx b/src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f946fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/islands/image/CameraCapture.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/Button';
+import { Alert } from '@/components/ui/Alert';
+import { useCamera } from '@/hooks/useCamera';
+import { frameToFile } from '@/tools/image/camera.lib';
+
+export default function CameraCapture({
+  onCapture,
+  onCancel,
+}: {
+  onCapture: (file: File) => void;
+  onCancel: () => void;
+}) {
+  const { videoRef, stream, error, hasMultiple, start, stop, switchCamera } = useCamera();
+  const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
+
+  // Open the camera on mount; release on unmount.
+  useEffect(() => { start(); return () => stop(); }, [start, stop]);
+
+  // Play the stream once attached.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (stream && videoRef.current) videoRef.current.play().catch(() => {});
+  }, [stream, videoRef]);
+
+  const capture = async () => {
+    if (!videoRef.current) return;
+    setBusy(true);
+    try {
+      const file = await frameToFile(videoRef.current);
+      stop();
+      onCapture(file);
+    } catch {
+      setBusy(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const cancel = () => { stop(); onCancel(); };
+
+  const onFallbackFile = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    const file = e.target.files?.[0];
+    if (file) onCapture(file);
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-3 border-2 border-border p-3">
+      {error ? (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <Alert variant="error">{error.message}</Alert>
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <Button variant="secondary" onClick={() => fileInputRef.current?.click()}>Use device camera</Button>
+            <Button variant="ghost" onClick={cancel}>Cancel</Button>
+          </div>
+          <input
+            ref={fileInputRef}
+            type="file"
+            accept="image/*"
+            capture="environment"
+            onChange={onFallbackFile}
+            className="hidden"
+          />
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <div className="space-y-3">
+          <video ref={videoRef} playsInline muted className="max-h-96 w-auto border-2 border-border" />
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <Button onClick={capture} disabled={busy || !stream}>{busy ? 'Capturing…' : 'Capture'}</Button>
+            {hasMultiple && <Button variant="secondary" onClick={switchCamera}>Switch camera</Button>}
+            <Button variant="ghost" onClick={cancel}>Cancel</Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx b/src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaba742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/islands/image/CameraTool.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/Button';
+import { ImageResult } from '@/components/ui/ImageResult';
+import { CopyImageButton } from '@/components/ui/CopyImageButton';
+import { EditInAnnotatorButton } from '@/components/ui/EditInAnnotatorButton';
+import CameraCapture from './CameraCapture';
+
+export default function CameraTool() {
+  const [photo, setPhoto] = useState<File | null>(null);
+  const [capturing, setCapturing] = useState(true);
+
+  const retake = () => { setPhoto(null); setCapturing(true); };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="space-y-4">
+      {capturing && (
+        <CameraCapture
+          onCapture={(file) => { setPhoto(file); setCapturing(false); }}
+          onCancel={() => setCapturing(false)}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {!capturing && !photo && (
+        <Button onClick={() => setCapturing(true)}>Open camera</Button>
+      )}
+
+      {photo && (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <ImageResult blob={photo} filename={photo.name} />
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <CopyImageButton blob={photo} />
+            <EditInAnnotatorButton blob={photo} filename={photo.name} />
+            <Button variant="secondary" onClick={retake}>Retake</Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx b/src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx
index 1fb43f8..a682090 100644
--- a/src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx
+++ b/src/islands/image/OcrWorkbench.tsx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { usePasteImage } from '@/hooks/usePasteImage';
 import { applyCleanup, rotate90 } from '@/tools/image/ocr-preprocess.lib';
 import { recognize, OcrError, type OcrResult } from '@/tools/image/ocr.lib';
 import { getPdfPageCount, renderPdfPage } from '@/tools/image/ocr-pdf.lib';
+import CameraCapture from './CameraCapture';
 
 const MAX_DIM = 2000;
 
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ export default function OcrWorkbench({
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState('');
   const [retryable, setRetryable] = useState(false);
+  const [cameraOpen, setCameraOpen] = useState(false);
   const previewRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement | null>(null);
 
   const reset = () => {
@@ -127,12 +129,22 @@ export default function OcrWorkbench({
 
   return (
     <div className="space-y-4">
-      <Dropzone onDrop={onDrop} accept="image/*,application/pdf" multiple={false}>
-        <div className="space-y-1">
-          <p className="text-lg font-bold">Drop an image or PDF, or click to browse</p>
-          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Runs on-device · or paste (⌘V). First use downloads the OCR model once.</p>
+      {cameraOpen ? (
+        <CameraCapture
+          onCapture={(f) => { setCameraOpen(false); onDrop([f]); }}
+          onCancel={() => setCameraOpen(false)}
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <div className="space-y-2">
+          <Dropzone onDrop={onDrop} accept="image/*,application/pdf" multiple={false}>
+            <div className="space-y-1">
+              <p className="text-lg font-bold">Drop an image or PDF, or click to browse</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Runs on-device · or paste (⌘V). First use downloads the OCR model once.</p>
+            </div>
+          </Dropzone>
+          <Button variant="secondary" onClick={() => setCameraOpen(true)}>Use camera</Button>
         </div>
-      </Dropzone>
+      )}
 
       {file && <p className="text-sm font-bold text-foreground">{file.name}</p>}
 
diff --git a/src/registry/tools.ts b/src/registry/tools.ts
index dd16790..862ead6 100644
--- a/src/registry/tools.ts
+++ b/src/registry/tools.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Hash, Braces, Binary, Link, KeyRound, Fingerprint, KeySquare, FileDiff, Table, FileText, QrCode, ScanLine, Clock, Calculator, Palette, FilePlus2, Scissors, RotateCw, FileImage, FileX, Stamp, Image, Replace, Minimize2, Maximize2, Eraser, Archive, Lock, Unlock, Crop, Droplet, PenTool, Combine, ShieldCheck, FileCode, FileCode2, FileCog, FileArchive, FolderArchive, Sparkles, ScanFace, Scaling, Aperture, Wand2, PenLine, Shapes, Film, FileVideo, Music, AudioLines, MonitorPlay, Camera, Code2, Database, Keyboard, Contrast, Eye, ScanText, Receipt } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Hash, Braces, Binary, Link, KeyRound, Fingerprint, KeySquare, FileDiff, Table, FileText, QrCode, ScanLine, Clock, Calculator, Palette, FilePlus2, Scissors, RotateCw, FileImage, FileX, Stamp, Image, Replace, Minimize2, Maximize2, Eraser, Archive, Lock, Unlock, Crop, Droplet, PenTool, Combine, ShieldCheck, FileCode, FileCode2, FileCog, FileArchive, FolderArchive, Sparkles, ScanFace, Scaling, Aperture, Wand2, PenLine, Shapes, Film, FileVideo, Music, AudioLines, MonitorPlay, Camera, Code2, Database, Keyboard, Contrast, Eye, ScanText, Receipt, Webcam } from 'lucide-react';
 import type { ToolDef } from '@/types/tool';
 
 export const tools: ToolDef[] = [
@@ -498,6 +498,17 @@ export const tools: ToolDef[] = [
     load: () => import('@/islands/image/ReceiptScanner'),
     status: 'beta'
   },
+  {
+    id: 'camera-capture',
+    name: 'Camera Capture',
+    category: 'Image',
+    route: '/tools/camera-capture',
+    keywords: ['camera', 'webcam', 'photo', 'capture', 'snap', 'take picture', 'scan'],
+    icon: Webcam,
+    summary: 'Take a photo with your webcam or phone camera',
+    load: () => import('@/islands/image/CameraTool'),
+    status: 'beta'
+  },
   {
     id: 'image-bg-remove',
     name: 'Background Remover',
diff --git a/src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts b/src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a36960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tools/image/camera.lib.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { frameToFile } from './camera.lib';
+
+// Minimal canvas mock: records the size it was asked to draw and yields a blob.
+beforeEach(() => {
+  const ctx = { drawImage: vi.fn() };
+  vi.spyOn(document, 'createElement').mockImplementation((tag: string) => {
+    if (tag !== 'canvas') return document.createElement(tag);
+    return {
+      width: 0,
+      height: 0,
+      getContext: () => ctx,
+      toBlob: (cb: (b: Blob | null) => void) => cb(new Blob(['x'], { type: 'image/jpeg' })),
+    } as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement;
+  });
+});
+
+function fakeVideo(w: number, h: number): HTMLVideoElement {
+  return { videoWidth: w, videoHeight: h } as HTMLVideoElement;
+}
+
+describe('frameToFile', () => {
+  it('returns a JPEG File sized to the video frame', async () => {
+    const file = await frameToFile(fakeVideo(640, 480));
+    expect(file).toBeInstanceOf(File);
+    expect(file.type).toBe('image/jpeg');
+    expect(file.name).toBe('camera-capture.jpg');
+  });
+
+  it('uses a custom filename', async () => {
+    const file = await frameToFile(fakeVideo(100, 100), 'shot.jpg');
+    expect(file.name).toBe('shot.jpg');
+  });
+
+  it('rejects when the frame has no dimensions', async () => {
+    await expect(frameToFile(fakeVideo(0, 0))).rejects.toThrow();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts b/src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14500ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tools/image/camera.lib.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/** Capture the current frame of a playing <video> as a JPEG File. */
+export async function frameToFile(video: HTMLVideoElement, name = 'camera-capture.jpg'): Promise<File> {
+  const w = video.videoWidth;
+  const h = video.videoHeight;
+  if (!w || !h) throw new Error('Camera frame is not ready yet.');
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = w;
+  canvas.height = h;
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+  if (!ctx) throw new Error('Canvas is not supported in this browser');
+  ctx.drawImage(video, 0, 0, w, h);
+  const blob = await new Promise<Blob>((resolve, reject) =>
+    canvas.toBlob((b) => (b ? resolve(b) : reject(new Error('Failed to encode image'))), 'image/jpeg', 0.92),
+  );
+  return new File([blob], name, { type: 'image/jpeg' });
+}