diff --git a/src/resolver.h b/src/resolver.h
index ded3287f..5f4f89e6 100644
--- a/src/resolver.h
+++ b/src/resolver.h
@@ -198,13 +198,32 @@ class CustomResolver {
                 << "  at " << entry.first << "\n"
                 << "Are you sure this schema sets any identifiers?\n";
           }
+        } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaKeywordError &error) {
+          throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaKeywordError>(
+              entry.resolution_base, error);
         } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaFrameError &error) {
           throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaFrameError>(
               entry.resolution_base, std::string{error.identifier()},
               error.what());
+        } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaReferenceError &error) {
+          throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaReferenceError>(
+              entry.resolution_base, std::string{error.identifier()},
+              error.location(), error.what());
         } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaUnknownBaseDialectError &) {
           throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaUnknownBaseDialectError>(
               entry.resolution_base);
+        } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaRelativeMetaschemaResolutionError
+                     &error) {
+          throw FileError<
+              sourcemeta::core::SchemaRelativeMetaschemaResolutionError>(
+              entry.resolution_base, error);
+        } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaResolutionError &error) {
+          throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaResolutionError>(
+              entry.resolution_base, std::string{error.identifier()},
+              error.what());
+        } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaError &error) {
+          throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaError>(entry.resolution_base,
+                                                         error.what());
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 320e5116..a145842f 100644
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -105,6 +105,11 @@ add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_schema_enoent)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_schema_invalid_json)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_schema_non_schema)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_schema_unknown_dialect)
+add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_resolve_unknown_dialect)
+add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_resolve_invalid_id)
+add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_resolve_invalid_recursive_ref)
+add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_resolve_missing_core_vocabulary)
+add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_resolve_relative_metaschema)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/pass_jsonl_bigint)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_trace)
 add_jsonschema_test_unix(validate/fail_trace_fast)
diff --git a/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_id.sh b/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_id.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..88559e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_id.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -o errexit
+set -o nounset
+
+TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
+clean() { rm -rf "$TMP"; }
+trap clean EXIT
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "type": "object"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/resolve.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "$id": "not a valid uri ::",
+  "type": "string"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/instance.json"
+{ "foo": "bar" }
+EOF
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" 2>"$TMP/stderr.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+error: The identifier is not a valid URI
+  at value not a valid uri ::
+  at keyword \$id
+  at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json
+
+Are you sure the input is a valid JSON Schema and it is valid according to its meta-schema?
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stderr.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" --json >"$TMP/stdout.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+{
+  "error": "The identifier is not a valid URI",
+  "value": "not a valid uri ::",
+  "keyword": "\$id",
+  "filePath": "$(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json"
+}
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stdout.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_recursive_ref.sh b/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_recursive_ref.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..6a46b8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/validate/fail_resolve_invalid_recursive_ref.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -o errexit
+set -o nounset
+
+TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
+clean() { rm -rf "$TMP"; }
+trap clean EXIT
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "type": "object"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/resolve.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2019-09/schema",
+  "$id": "https://example.com/bad-recref",
+  "$recursiveRef": "not-hash"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/instance.json"
+{ "foo": "bar" }
+EOF
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" 2>"$TMP/stderr.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+error: Invalid recursive reference
+  at identifier https://example.com/bad-recref
+  at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json
+  at location "/\$recursiveRef"
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stderr.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" --json >"$TMP/stdout.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+{
+  "error": "Invalid recursive reference",
+  "identifier": "https://example.com/bad-recref",
+  "filePath": "$(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json",
+  "location": "/\$recursiveRef"
+}
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stdout.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/validate/fail_resolve_missing_core_vocabulary.sh b/test/validate/fail_resolve_missing_core_vocabulary.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..868aad3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/validate/fail_resolve_missing_core_vocabulary.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -o errexit
+set -o nounset
+
+TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
+clean() { rm -rf "$TMP"; }
+trap clean EXIT
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "type": "object"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/meta.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "$id": "https://example.com/my-meta",
+  "$vocabulary": {
+    "https://example.com/fake-vocab": true
+  }
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/resolve.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://example.com/my-meta",
+  "$id": "https://example.com/my-schema",
+  "type": "string"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/instance.json"
+{ "foo": "bar" }
+EOF
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/meta.json" --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" 2>"$TMP/stderr.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+error: The core vocabulary must always be present
+  at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stderr.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/meta.json" --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" --json >"$TMP/stdout.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+{
+  "error": "The core vocabulary must always be present",
+  "filePath": "$(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json"
+}
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stdout.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/validate/fail_resolve_relative_metaschema.sh b/test/validate/fail_resolve_relative_metaschema.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..c8c6c6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/validate/fail_resolve_relative_metaschema.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -o errexit
+set -o nounset
+
+TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
+clean() { rm -rf "$TMP"; }
+trap clean EXIT
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "type": "object"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/resolve.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "relative/path",
+  "$id": "https://example.com/relative-test",
+  "type": "string"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/instance.json"
+{ "foo": "bar" }
+EOF
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" 2>"$TMP/stderr.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+error: Relative meta-schema URIs are not valid according to the JSON Schema specification
+  at identifier relative/path
+  at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stderr.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" --json >"$TMP/stdout.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+{
+  "error": "Relative meta-schema URIs are not valid according to the JSON Schema specification",
+  "identifier": "relative/path",
+  "filePath": "$(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json"
+}
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stdout.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/validate/fail_resolve_unknown_dialect.sh b/test/validate/fail_resolve_unknown_dialect.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..2b8d0a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/validate/fail_resolve_unknown_dialect.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -o errexit
+set -o nounset
+
+TMP="$(mktemp -d)"
+clean() { rm -rf "$TMP"; }
+trap clean EXIT
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "type": "object"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/resolve.json"
+{
+  "$schema": "https://example.com/unknown-metaschema",
+  "$id": "https://example.com/resolve",
+  "type": "string"
+}
+EOF
+
+cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/instance.json"
+{ "foo": "bar" }
+EOF
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" 2>"$TMP/stderr.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+error: Could not resolve the metaschema of the schema
+  at identifier https://example.com/unknown-metaschema
+  at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json
+
+This is likely because you forgot to import such schema using \`--resolve/-r\`
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stderr.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
+
+"$1" validate "$TMP/schema.json" "$TMP/instance.json" \
+  --resolve "$TMP/resolve.json" --json >"$TMP/stdout.txt" \
+  && EXIT_CODE="$?" || EXIT_CODE="$?"
+test "$EXIT_CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+
+cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
+{
+  "error": "Could not resolve the metaschema of the schema",
+  "identifier": "https://example.com/unknown-metaschema",
+  "filePath": "$(realpath "$TMP")/resolve.json"
+}
+EOF
+
+diff "$TMP/stdout.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"