diff --git a/acc_project/controllers.py b/acc_project/controllers.py
index 7500f7f..4794cfc 100644
--- a/acc_project/controllers.py
+++ b/acc_project/controllers.py
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ class PID:
 
     def update(self, error: float, dt: float) -> float:
         self._integral += error * dt
-        self._integral = max(self.integral_min, min(self.integral_max, self._integral))
+        # Clamp the integral term to reduce windup when the error persists.
+        self._integral = max(
+            self.integral_min, min(self.integral_max, self._integral)
+        )
         derivative = (error - self._previous_error) / dt if dt > 0.0 else 0.0
         self._previous_error = error
         return self.kp * error + self.ki * self._integral + self.kd * derivative
@@ -37,19 +40,24 @@ def compute_accel(
         lead_speed: float,
         dt: float,
     ) -> tuple[float, dict]:
+        # Speed loop: track the desired cruise speed when the road ahead is free.
         speed_error = self.cruise_speed - ego_speed
         desired_gap = self.desired_gap(ego_speed)
+        # Gap loop: positive gap_error means the actual distance is larger than required.
         gap_error = gap - desired_gap
         relative_speed = lead_speed - ego_speed
 
         cruise_accel = self.speed_pid.update(speed_error, dt)
+        # Relative speed is blended into the spacing loop to make the response less myopic.
         gap_accel = self.gap_pid.update(gap_error + 0.6 * relative_speed, dt)
 
         if gap < desired_gap + 5.0:
+            # Near the lead car, prioritize spacing so safety dominates comfort/speed tracking.
             commanded_accel = min(cruise_accel, gap_accel)
             mode = "gap-control"
         else:
             commanded_accel = cruise_accel
+            # Far from the lead car, behave like a standard cruise controller.
             mode = "speed-control"
 
         telemetry = {
diff --git a/acc_project/models.py b/acc_project/models.py
index 0f7663c..f43be1c 100644
--- a/acc_project/models.py
+++ b/acc_project/models.py
@@ -30,11 +30,19 @@ class EgoVehicleModel:
     dt: float
     max_accel: float = 2.5
     max_decel: float = -4.0
+    # This is a simple linear drag surrogate for learning purposes.
     drag_coeff: float = 0.03
 
     def step(self, state: VehicleState, commanded_accel: float) -> VehicleState:
-        accel = max(self.max_decel, min(self.max_accel, commanded_accel))
-        net_accel = accel - self.drag_coeff * state.speed
+        # Actuator/vehicle limits: the controller may ask for more than the car can produce.
+        accel = max(
+            self.max_decel, min(self.max_accel, commanded_accel)
+        )
+        # A more detailed longitudinal model often includes rolling resistance and v^2 aero drag.
+        # Here we keep a linear term so the first project stays easy to read and tune.
+        net_accel = (
+            accel - self.drag_coeff * state.speed
+        )
         next_speed = max(0.0, state.speed + net_accel * self.dt)
         next_position = state.position + next_speed * self.dt
         return VehicleState(
diff --git a/acc_project/simulation.py b/acc_project/simulation.py
index f8dd182..889ea68 100644
--- a/acc_project/simulation.py
+++ b/acc_project/simulation.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 @dataclass
 class SimulationConfig:
+    # dataclass is a lightweight way to bundle simulation parameters together.
     total_time: float = 30.0
     dt: float = 0.1
     initial_gap: float = 35.0
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ class SimulationConfig:
 
 
 def run_simulation(config: SimulationConfig) -> list[dict]:
+    # list[dict] is a type hint: this function returns a list of telemetry records.
     scenario = LeadVehicleScenario(initial_position=config.initial_gap)
     ego_model = EgoVehicleModel(dt=config.dt)
     controller = ACCController()
@@ -33,11 +35,14 @@ def run_simulation(config: SimulationConfig) -> list[dict]:
         lead.position += lead.speed * config.dt
 
         gap = lead.position - ego.position
-        command_accel, telemetry = controller.compute_accel(
-            ego_speed=ego.speed,
-            gap=gap,
-            lead_speed=lead.speed,
-            dt=config.dt,
+        command_accel, telemetry = (
+            # The controller uses spacing and relative-speed errors to compute a desired accel.
+            controller.compute_accel(
+                ego_speed=ego.speed,
+                gap=gap,
+                lead_speed=lead.speed,
+                dt=config.dt,
+            )
         )
 
         ego = ego_model.step(ego, command_accel)
@@ -65,7 +70,9 @@ def summarize(history: list[dict]) -> dict:
     min_gap = min(row["gap_m"] for row in history)
     max_speed = max(row["ego_speed_mps"] for row in history)
     avg_gap_error = sum(abs(row["gap_error_m"]) for row in history) / len(history)
-    gap_control_ratio = sum(1 for row in history if row["mode"] == "gap-control") / len(history)
+    gap_control_ratio = sum(1 for row in history if row["mode"] == "gap-control") / len(
+        history
+    )
     return {
         "min_gap_m": min_gap,
         "max_ego_speed_mps": max_speed,
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index 347bd85..f3171ff 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from acc_project.simulation import SimulationConfig, plot_history, run_simulation, summarize, write_csv
+from acc_project.simulation import (
+    SimulationConfig,
+    plot_history,
+    run_simulation,
+    summarize,
+    write_csv,
+)
 
 
 def main() -> None: