0xMiden · Mirko-von-Leipzig · Apr 22, 2026 · Apr 22, 2026 · Apr 24, 2026 · Apr 24, 2026
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 - Added `StoreReplica` gRPC service with endpoints for streaming blocks and proofs ([#1987](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/1987)).
 - Replaced the network monitor's JavaScript dashboard with a server-rendered Maud + HTMX frontend ([#2024](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/2024)).
 - [BREAKING] Removed `CheckNullifiers` endpoint ([#2049](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/2049)).
+- Replaced blocking-in-async operations in the validator, remote prover, and ntx-builder with `spawn_blocking` to avoid starving the Tokio runtime ([#2041](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/2041)).
+- Implemented persistent RocksDB backend for `AccountStateForest`, improving startup time ([#2020](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/2020)).
 - [BREAKING] `BlockRange.block_to` is now required for all RPC endpoints ([#2056](https://github.com/0xMiden/node/pull/2056)).
 
 ## v0.14.10 (2026-05-29)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/bin/genesis/src/main.rs b/bin/genesis/src/main.rs
@@ -205,17 +205,17 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Parses the generated genesis.toml, builds a genesis block, and asserts the bridge account
     /// is included with nonce=1.
-    async fn assert_valid_genesis_block(dir: &Path) {
+    fn assert_valid_genesis_block(dir: &Path) {
         let bridge_id = AccountFile::read(dir.join("bridge.mac")).unwrap().account.id();
 
         let config = GenesisConfig::read_toml_file(&dir.join("genesis.toml")).unwrap();
         let signer = SecretKey::read_from_bytes(&[0x01; 32]).unwrap();
-        let (state, _) = config.into_state(signer).unwrap();
+        let (state, _) = config.into_state(signer.public_key()).unwrap();
 
         let bridge = state.accounts.iter().find(|a| a.id() == bridge_id).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(bridge.nonce(), ONE);
 
-        state.into_block().await.expect("genesis block should build");
+        state.into_block(&signer).expect("genesis block should build");
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ mod tests {
         let ger = AccountFile::read(dir.path().join("ger_manager.mac")).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ger.auth_secret_keys.len(), 1);
 
-        assert_valid_genesis_block(dir.path()).await;
+        assert_valid_genesis_block(dir.path());
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -249,6 +249,6 @@ mod tests {
         let ger = AccountFile::read(dir.path().join("ger_manager.mac")).unwrap();
         assert!(ger.auth_secret_keys.is_empty());
 
-        assert_valid_genesis_block(dir.path()).await;
+        assert_valid_genesis_block(dir.path());
     }
 }
diff --git a/bin/node/src/commands/validator.rs b/bin/node/src/commands/validator.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use miden_node_store::genesis::config::{AccountFileWithName, GenesisConfig};
 use miden_node_utils::clap::GrpcOptionsInternal;
 use miden_node_utils::fs::ensure_empty_directory;
 use miden_node_utils::grpc::UrlExt;
-use miden_node_utils::signer::BlockSigner;
 use miden_node_validator::{Validator, ValidatorSigner};
 use miden_protocol::crypto::dsa::ecdsa_k256_keccak::SecretKey;
 use miden_protocol::utils::serde::{Deserializable, Serializable};
@@ -195,42 +194,28 @@ impl ValidatorCommand {
 
         // Bootstrap with KMS key or local key.
         let signer = validator_key.into_signer().await?;
-        match signer {
-            ValidatorSigner::Kms(signer) => {
-                build_and_write_genesis(
-                    config,
-                    signer,
-                    accounts_directory,
-                    genesis_block_directory,
-                    data_directory,
-                )
-                .await
-            },
-            ValidatorSigner::Local(signer) => {
-                build_and_write_genesis(
-                    config,
-                    signer,
-                    accounts_directory,
-                    genesis_block_directory,
-                    data_directory,
-                )
-                .await
-            },
-        }
+        build_and_write_genesis(
+            config,
+            signer,
+            accounts_directory,
+            genesis_block_directory,
+            data_directory,
+        )
+        .await
     }
 }
 
 /// Builds the genesis state, writes account secret files, signs the genesis block, writes it
 /// to disk, and initializes the validator's database with the genesis block as the chain tip.
 async fn build_and_write_genesis(
     config: GenesisConfig,
-    signer: impl BlockSigner,
+    signer: ValidatorSigner,
     accounts_directory: &Path,
     genesis_block_directory: &Path,
     data_directory: &Path,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // Build genesis state with the provided signer.
-    let (genesis_state, secrets) = config.into_state(signer)?;
+    let (genesis_state, secrets) = config.into_state(signer.public_key())?;
 
     // Write account secret files.
     for item in secrets.as_account_files(&genesis_state) {
@@ -246,8 +231,16 @@ async fn build_and_write_genesis(
     }
 
     // Build the signed genesis block.
-    let genesis_block =
-        genesis_state.into_block().await.context("failed to build the genesis block")?;
+    let unsigned_genesis_block = genesis_state
+        .into_unsigned_block()
+        .context("failed to build the unsigned genesis block")?;
+    let signature = signer
+        .sign(unsigned_genesis_block.header())
+        .await
+        .context("failed to sign the genesis block")?;
+    let genesis_block = unsigned_genesis_block
+        .into_block(signature)
+        .context("failed to build the genesis block")?;
 
     // Serialize and write the genesis block to disk.
     let block_bytes = genesis_block.inner().to_bytes();

diff --git a/bin/remote-prover/src/server/prover.rs b/bin/remote-prover/src/server/prover.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use miden_block_prover::LocalBlockProver;
 use miden_node_proto::BlockProofRequest;
 use miden_node_utils::ErrorReport;
+use miden_node_utils::spawn::spawn_blocking_in_current_span;
 use miden_node_utils::tracing::OpenTelemetrySpanExt;
 use miden_protocol::MIN_PROOF_SECURITY_LEVEL;
 use miden_protocol::batch::{ProposedBatch, ProvenBatch};
@@ -112,8 +113,15 @@ impl ProveRequest for LocalBatchProver {
     type Output = ProvenBatch;
 
     async fn prove(&self, input: Self::Input) -> Result<Self::Output, tonic::Status> {
-        self.prove(input)
-            .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("failed to prove batch")))
+        let prover = self.clone();
+
+        spawn_blocking_in_current_span(move || {
+            prover
+                .prove(input)
+                .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("failed to prove batch")))
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("batch prover task panicked")))?
     }
 }
 
@@ -123,8 +131,15 @@ impl ProveRequest for LocalBlockProver {
     type Output = BlockProof;
 
     async fn prove(&self, input: Self::Input) -> Result<Self::Output, tonic::Status> {
+        let prover = self.clone();
         let BlockProofRequest { tx_batches, block_header, block_inputs } = input;
-        self.prove(tx_batches, &block_header, block_inputs)
-            .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("failed to prove block")))
+
+        spawn_blocking_in_current_span(move || {
+            prover
+                .prove(tx_batches, &block_header, block_inputs)
+                .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("failed to prove block")))
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| tonic::Status::internal(e.as_report_context("block prover task panicked")))?
     }
 }
diff --git a/bin/stress-test/README.md b/bin/stress-test/README.md
@@ -14,20 +14,42 @@ After building the binary, you can run the following command to generate one mil
 
 The store file will then be located at `./data/miden-store.sqlite3`.
 
+The seed data can be tuned for account-detail benchmarks:
+
+- `--public-accounts-percentage` controls how many generated accounts are public. The default is `0`.
+- `--storage-map-entries` adds a deterministic storage map with the given number of entries to every public account. The default is `0`.
+- `--vault-entries` adds the given number of distinct fungible assets to every public account's vault. The default is `1`, and the value must fit within the protocol note asset limit.
+- `--account-update-blocks` appends the given number of blocks after account initialization. These blocks randomly update existing accounts and rotate updates through the seeded storage-map entries. The default is `0`.
+
+For example, this creates public accounts with storage maps, multiple vault assets, and additional account-update history:
+
+```bash
+miden-node-stress-test seed-store \
+  --data-directory ./data \
+  --num-accounts 100000 \
+  --public-accounts-percentage 50 \
+  --storage-map-entries 128 \
+  --vault-entries 5 \
+  --account-update-blocks 100
+```
+
 ## Benchmark Store
 
 This command allows to run stress tests against the Store component. These tests use the dump file with accounts ids created when seeding the store, so be sure to run the `seed-store` command beforehand.
 
 The endpoints that you can test are:
-- `load_state`
-- `sync_notes`
-- `sync_nullifiers`
-- `sync_transactions`
+- `load-state`
+- `get-account`
+- `sync-notes`
+- `sync-nullifiers`
+- `sync-transactions`
 - `sync-chain-mmr`
 
-Most benchmarks accept options to control the number of iterations and concurrency level. The `load_state` endpoint is different - it simply measures the one-time startup cost of loading the state from disk.
+Most benchmarks accept options to control the number of iterations and concurrency level. The `load-state` endpoint is different - it simply measures the one-time startup cost of loading the state from disk.
+
+The `get-account` benchmark uses the account id dump created by `seed-store`, selects public accounts, and requests account details from the store. Each request asks for vault details and all entries from a storage map slot. By default, it uses the slot created by `--storage-map-entries`: `miden::mock::stress_test::map`. You can request a different slot with `--storage-map-slot`.
 
-**Note on Concurrency**: For the endpoints that support it (`sync_notes`, `sync_nullifiers`), the concurrency parameter controls how many requests are sent in parallel to the store. Since these benchmarks run against a local store (no network overhead), higher concurrency values can help identify bottlenecks in the store's internal processing. The latency measurements exclude network time and represent pure store processing time.
+**Note on Concurrency**: For request benchmarks, the concurrency parameter controls how many requests are sent in parallel to the store. Since these benchmarks run against a local store (no network overhead), higher concurrency values can help identify bottlenecks in the store's internal processing. The latency measurements exclude network time and represent pure store processing time.
 
 Example usage:
 
@@ -39,6 +61,16 @@ miden-node-stress-test benchmark-store \
   sync-notes
 ```
 
+To benchmark public account detail loading, seed public accounts first and then run:
+
+```bash
+miden-node-stress-test benchmark-store \
+  --data-directory ./data \
+  --iterations 10000 \
+  --concurrency 16 \
+  get-account
+```
+
 ### Results
 
 The following results were obtained using a store with 100k accounts, half of which are public.
@@ -58,49 +90,49 @@ Average DB growth rate: 325.3 KB per block
 
 > Note: Each block contains 256 transactions (16 batches * 16 transactions).
 
-| Block  | Insert Time (ms)   |  Get Block Inputs Time (ms)   |  Get Batch Inputs Time (ms)    | Block Size (KB)    |  DB Size (MB) |
-| ------ | ------------------ | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------ | ------------- |
-| 0      | 22                 | 1                             | 0                              | 375.6              | 0.3           |
-| 50     | 186                | 9                             | 1                              | 473.6              | 22.2          |
-| 100    | 199                | 10                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 40.7          |
-| 150    | 219                | 10                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 58.1          |
-| 200    | 218                | 11                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 74.8          |
-| 250    | 222                | 11                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 91.6          |
-| 300    | 228                | 12                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 108.1         |
-| 350    | 232                | 13                            | 1                              | 473.6              | 124.4         |
+| Block | Insert Time (ms) | Get Block Inputs Time (ms) | Get Batch Inputs Time (ms) | Block Size (KB) | DB Size (MB) |
+| ----- | ---------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------- | ------------ |
+| 0     | 22               | 1                          | 0                          | 375.6           | 0.3          |
+| 50    | 186              | 9                          | 1                          | 473.6           | 22.2         |
+| 100   | 199              | 10                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 40.7         |
+| 150   | 219              | 10                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 58.1         |
+| 200   | 218              | 11                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 74.8         |
+| 250   | 222              | 11                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 91.6         |
+| 300   | 228              | 12                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 108.1        |
+| 350   | 232              | 13                         | 1                          | 473.6           | 124.4        |
 
 #### Database stats
 
 > Note: Database contains 100215 accounts and 100215 notes across all blocks.
 
-| Table                              | Size (MB)       | KB/Entry   |
-| ---------------------------------- | --------------- | ---------- |
-| accounts                           | 26.1            | 0.3        |
-| account_deltas                     | 1.2             | 0.0        |
-| account_fungible_asset_deltas      | 2.2             | 0.0        |
-| account_non_fungible_asset_updates | 0.0             | -          |
-| account_storage_map_updates        | 0.0             | -          |
-| account_storage_slot_updates       | 3.1             | 0.1        |
-| block_headers                      | 0.1             | 0.3        |
-| notes                              | 49.1            | 0.5        |
-| note_scripts                       | 0.0             | 8.0        |
-| nullifiers                         | 4.6             | 0.0        |
-| transactions                       | 6.0             | 0.1        |
+| Table                              | Size (MB) | KB/Entry |
+| ---------------------------------- | --------- | -------- |
+| accounts                           | 26.1      | 0.3      |
+| account_deltas                     | 1.2       | 0.0      |
+| account_fungible_asset_deltas      | 2.2       | 0.0      |
+| account_non_fungible_asset_updates | 0.0       | -        |
+| account_storage_map_updates        | 0.0       | -        |
+| account_storage_slot_updates       | 3.1       | 0.1      |
+| block_headers                      | 0.1       | 0.3      |
+| notes                              | 49.1      | 0.5      |
+| note_scripts                       | 0.0       | 8.0      |
+| nullifiers                         | 4.6       | 0.0      |
+| transactions                       | 6.0       | 0.1      |
 
 #### Index stats
 
-| Index                              | Size (MB)       |
-| ---------------------------------- | --------------- |
-| idx_accounts_network_prefix        | 0.0             |
-| idx_notes_note_id                  | 4.4             |
-| idx_notes_sender                   | 2.9             |
-| idx_notes_tag                      | 1.6             |
-| idx_notes_nullifier                | 4.4             |
-| idx_unconsumed_network_notes       | 1.1             |
-| idx_nullifiers_prefix              | 4.3             |
-| idx_nullifiers_block_num           | 4.2             |
-| idx_transactions_account_id        | 5.6             |
-| idx_transactions_block_num         | 4.2             |
+| Index                        | Size (MB) |
+| ---------------------------- | --------- |
+| idx_accounts_network_prefix  | 0.0       |
+| idx_notes_note_id            | 4.4       |
+| idx_notes_sender             | 2.9       |
+| idx_notes_tag                | 1.6       |
+| idx_notes_nullifier          | 4.4       |
+| idx_unconsumed_network_notes | 1.1       |
+| idx_nullifiers_prefix        | 4.3       |
+| idx_nullifiers_block_num     | 4.2       |
+| idx_transactions_account_id  | 5.6       |
+| idx_transactions_block_num   | 4.2       |
 
 
 Current results of the store stress-tests:
@@ -175,5 +207,22 @@ Pagination statistics:
   Average pages per run: 1.00
 ```
 
+- get-account
+``` bash
+$ miden-node-stress-test benchmark-store --data-directory ./data --iterations 10000 --concurrency 16 get-account
+
+Average request latency: 937.969µs
+P50 request latency: 688.332µs
+P95 request latency: 932.549µs
+P99 request latency: 1.119977ms
+P99.9 request latency: 42.992839ms
+GetAccount statistics:
+  Total runs: 10000
+  Storage map limit exceeded responses: 0
+  Average returned storage map entries: 64.00
+  Vault limit exceeded responses: 0
+  Average returned vault assets: 2.00
+```
+
 ## License
 This project is [MIT licensed](../../LICENSE).