Update to Ubuntu 24.04 with GCC 13 and clang 16

[thesamriel]

I had issues with clang not being able to compile the C++ feature "ranges".
After fumbling around with the clang Dockerfile for a while, I figured that upgrading the base image is the simplest solution and about time as well.

[SteffenSeckler]

Feel free to move clang to a bit higher version than 14 (which is already 3 1/2 years old)

[SteffenSeckler]

Also Ubuntu 24.04 is the latest LTS version, so likely better to move to that one 😉

[thesamriel]

I was trying to keep versions as low as possible to allow wider support for older systems. But maybe we can be more daring 😅

[FG-TUM]

Usually, we set the Docker images to the highest compiler versions that are available on all super computers we used regularly.

[thesamriel]

Usually, we set the Docker images to the highest compiler versions that are available on all super computers we used regularly.

Hmm, HSUper doesn't have clang at all and on cool/supermuc they've just updated the software, so that would be clang-21 :D

I at least bumped it up to 15 now, as this corresponds to the apple clang version we test and it seems to have less hiccups with OMP than clang-14.

[thesamriel]

Had a brief talk with @schuhmaj and we decided to upgrade to Ubuntu 24 as suggested. This gives us gcc 13, which is the version available on HSUper. Clang is updated to version 16, as its release was around the same time as gcc 13.
I changed / updated some dependency installations as the Ubuntu 24 already provides recent versions for most things.

[SamNewcome]

Drop us a message when the repo is ready to review again

[thesamriel]

@SamNewcome It is now in conjunction with AutoPas/AutoPas#1051

[schuhmaj]

Looks good; I would approve 👍 as is. However, one question:

Why are we building OpenMP from source and don't install it via apt. Is there a similiar issue like with MPI?

[SamNewcome]

Suggested change

	# Add llvm repository (can be used to get newer versions of clang)
	# If needed in future: add llvm repository (can be used to get newer versions of clang)

[SamNewcome]

Suggested change

	# Add llvm repository (can be used to get newer clang versions)
	# If needed in future: add llvm repository (can be used to get newer clang versions)