changing

day 1.py

@@ -6,11 +6,18 @@
 # by just selecting all text and do ctrl + /
 
 # we can also do it by using triple quotes
+"""hello how are you my gng 
+i am fine and you
+i am also fine"""
+# and these comments are multiple line comments
+
+# and if we store them in a variable then it become multiline string and we can print it
 apple="""hello how are you my gng 
 i am fine and you
 i am also fine"""
 print(apple)
-# and these comments are multiple line comments
+
+
 
 # now for printing double quotes we can do it by using single quotes
 #we cannot use double quotes inside double quotes 

f_string.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# f string is also used to format the string in python and
+# it is more efficient than + operator to concatenate the string and variable.
 name = "Alice"
 age = 25
 height = 1.75
@@ -36,4 +38,18 @@
 
 # 8. Debugging (Python 3.8+)
 x = 10
-print(f"{x = }")  # Prints: x = 10
+print(f"{x = }")  # Prints: x = 10
+
+
+#  any operation can be done inside the f string like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
+# Anything inside {} is evaluated/executed
+print(f"{2 + 2}")           # 4
+print(f"{5 * 3}")           # 15
+print(f"{10 / 2}")          # 5.0
+print(f"{2 ** 10}")         # 1024
+
+
+text = "hello world"
+print(f"{text.replace('world', 'Python')}")  # hello Python
+print(f"{text.split()}")                     # ['hello', 'world']
+print(f"{text.upper().lower()}")             # hello world

for loop.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 # in python 
 # Python: Iterates over a range
+# using range() function
 for i in range(5):
     print(i)
 # Output: 0 1 2 3 4

func_argument.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+
+def describe_pet(name, animal_type):
+    print(f"I have a {animal_type} named {name}")
+
+# Call with positional arguments
+describe_pet("Max", "dog")    # I have a dog named Max
+describe_pet("Whiskers", "cat")  # I have a cat named Whiskers
+
+
+
+
+# call with default arguments
+# Default parameters (C++ equivalent but more flexible)
+def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
+    print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")
+
+greet("Alice")           # Hello, Alice! (uses default)
+greet("Bob", "Hi")       # Hi, Bob!
+greet("Charlie", "Good morning")  # Good morning, Charlie!
+
+# Multiple default parameters
+def create_user(name, age=18, city="Unknown"):
+    print(f"User: {name}, Age: {age}, City: {city}")
+
+create_user("John")                    # User: John, Age: 18, City: Unknown
+create_user("Sarah", 25)               # User: Sarah, Age: 25, City: Unknown
+create_user("Mike", 30, "New York")    # User: Mike, Age: 30, City: New York
+
+
+
+# Keyword arguments make code more readable!
+def describe_pet(name, animal_type, age):
+    print(f"{name} is a {animal_type} and is {age} years old")
+
+# Positional
+describe_pet("Max", "dog", 3)
+
+# Keyword (order doesn't matter!)
+describe_pet(animal_type="cat", name="Whiskers", age=5)
+describe_pet(name="Buddy", age=2, animal_type="bird")
+
+# Mix positional and keyword (positional must come first!)
+describe_pet("Max", animal_type="dog", age=3)  # ✅ Correct
+# describe_pet(name="Max", "dog", age=3)  # ❌ SyntaxError!
+

function_overloading.py

@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ def add(a, b):
 print(add("Hello", "World"))  # Hello World
 
 
-# or by using single dispatch function
+
+
+# or by using singled ispatch function
+
 from functools import singledispatch
 
 @singledispatch
@@ -54,3 +57,5 @@ def _(value):
 process("hello")   # String: hello
 process([1, 2, 3]) # List with 3 items
 process(3.14)      # Default: 3.14
+
+

functions.py

@@ -44,3 +44,11 @@ def get_stats(numbers):
 
 minimum, maximum, average = get_stats([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 print(f"Min: {minimum}, Max: {maximum}, Avg: {average:.2f}")
+
+
+a=10
+b=9
+if(a>b):
+    pass 
+# this pass will say python to do nothing and 
+# continue with the rest of the code.

hello.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print("hello world")

if else.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 # python syntax 
 
 x=9;
-if 0 < x < 10:  # Python allows this!
+if (0 < x < 10):  # Python allows this!
     print("x is between 0 and 10")
 
 # ternary operator in c++
@@ -45,4 +45,5 @@
 
 # if x > 5:
 # print("Hello")  # ❌ IndentationError
-#     print("World")  # ❌ Mixed indentation
+#     print("World")  # ❌ Mixed indentation
+

input.py

@@ -6,10 +6,23 @@
 print("enter your age: ")
 age=input()
 print("You are " + age + " years old.")
+#as age is string here suppose we take it in 
+# int(input(enetr your age:)) then we we will use commas instead 
+# of + to print the age because we cannot concatenate
+#  string and integer.
+
+# if you want to use + then you have to do str(age) means 
+# again convert it into string to print 
+# because + can only concatenate string and string not 
+# string and integer.
+
 # here + is used to concatenate the string and variable.
+
 # python input is always a string, 
 # so if we want to take integer input we have to convert it 
 # into integer using int() function.
 gpa = int(input("Enter your gpa: "))
 cgpa = int(input("Enter your cgpa: "))
-print(gpa+cgpa)
+print(gpa+cgpa)
+# we can also do print(int(gpa)+int(cgpa)) 
+# if gpa and cgpa are string type but it is not a good practice 

lambda_function.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# lambda then variable name then : then expression 
+
+# Simple lambda
+add = lambda a, b: a + b
+print(add(5, 3))  # 8
+
+# Lambda with one parameter
+square = lambda x: x ** 2
+print(square(5))  # 25
+
+# Lambda as function argument
+numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))
+print(squared)  # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+
+# Lambda with filter
+even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
+print(even_numbers)  # [2, 4]
+
+# Lambda with sorting
+people = [("Alice", 25), ("Bob", 30), ("Charlie", 20)]
+people.sort(key=lambda person: person[1])  # Sort by age
+print(people)  # [('Charlie', 20), ('Alice', 25), ('Bob', 30)]
+

local_ global.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Global variable
+global_var = 10
+
+def my_function():
+    # Local variable
+    local_var = 5
+    print(f"Local: {local_var}")
+    print(f"Global (read): {global_var}")
+
+my_function()
+# print(local_var)  # ❌ NameError: local_var not defined
+
+# Modifying global variable
+counter = 0
+
+def increment():
+    global counter  # Need global keyword to modify
+    counter += 1
+    print(f"Counter: {counter}")
+
+increment()  # Counter: 1
+increment()  # Counter: 2
+print(counter)  # 2

nested_if.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# int age = 25;
+# bool hasLicense = true;
+# bool hasID = true;
+
+# if (age >= 18) {
+#     cout << "Age check passed" << endl;
+
+#     if (hasLicense) {
+#         cout << "Has license" << endl;
+
+#         if (hasID) {
+#             cout << "Has ID - Can drive!" << endl;
+#         } else {
+#             cout << "Needs ID" << endl;
+#         }
+#     } else {
+#         cout << "Needs license" << endl;
+#     }
+# } else {
+#     cout << "Too young to drive" << endl;
+# }
+
+# in python 
+
+
+age = 25
+has_license = True
+has_id = True
+
+if (age >= 18):                      # Level 1
+    print("Age check passed")      # Level 1
+
+    if (has_license):                # Level 2
+        print("Has license")       # Level 2
+
+        if (has_id):                 # Level 3
+            print("Has ID - Can drive!")  # Level 3
+        else:                      # Level 3
+            print("Needs ID")      # Level 3
+    else:                          # Level 2
+        print("Needs license")     # Level 2
+else:                              # Level 1
+    print("Too young to drive")    # Level 1
+
+
+
+
+
+# c++ 
+#     #include <iostream>
+# #include <string>
+# using namespace std;
+
+# int main() {
+#     string username, password;
+#     bool accountLocked = false;
+#     int loginAttempts = 0;
+
+#     cout << "Enter username: ";
+#     cin >> username;
+
+#     if (username == "admin") {
+#         cout << "Username found" << endl;
+
+#         cout << "Enter password: ";
+#         cin >> password;
+
+#         if (accountLocked) {
+#             cout << "Account is locked" << endl;
+#         } else {
+#             if (password == "admin123") {
+#                 cout << "Login successful!" << endl;
+
+#                 if (loginAttempts > 3) {
+#                     cout << "Warning: Multiple failed attempts" << endl;
+#                 }
+#             } else {
+#                 cout << "Incorrect password" << endl;
+#                 loginAttempts++;
+
+#                 if (loginAttempts >= 5) {
+#                     cout << "Account locked due to too many attempts" << endl;
+#                     accountLocked = true;
+#                 }
+#             }
+#         }
+#     } else {
+#         cout << "Username not found" << endl;
+#     }
+
+#     return 0;
+# }
+
+# in python
+
+username = input("Enter username: ")
+password = input("Enter password: ")
+account_locked = False
+login_attempts = 0
+
+if username == "admin":                    # Level 1
+    print("Username found")                # Level 1
+
+    if account_locked:                     # Level 2
+        print("Account is locked")         # Level 2
+    else:                                  # Level 2
+        if password == "admin123":         # Level 3
+            print("Login successful!")     # Level 3
+
+            if login_attempts > 3:         # Level 4
+                print("Warning: Multiple failed attempts")  # Level 4
+        else:                              # Level 3
+            print("Incorrect password")    # Level 3
+            login_attempts += 1             # Level 3
+
+            if login_attempts >= 5:        # Level 4
+                print("Account locked due to too many attempts")  # Level 4
+                account_locked = True      # Level 4
+else:                                      # Level 1
+    print("Username not found")            # Level 1

strings,methods,slicing.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 print(b.strip())  # removes whitespace from both ends of the string
 print(b.lstrip())  # removes whitespace from left end of the string
 print(b.rstrip("!"))  # removes whitespace or the mark you type
-# in bracket # from right end of the string 
+# in bracket from right end of the string 
 print(b.replace("!", "?"))  # replaces all occurrences of "!" with "?"
 
 countstr=b.count("a")
@@ -62,4 +62,5 @@
 print(c.istitle())  
 # returns True if the string have uppercase character
 #  at the start of each word
-print(c.title())  # converts first character of each word to uppercase
+print(c.title())  # converts first character of each word to uppercase
+

switch case.py

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
     case 5:
         print("Friday")
     case _:  # Default case (like default: in C++)
+        # if day is not 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, this block will execute
+        # its just like else 
         print("Weekend")
 
 
@@ -36,4 +38,3 @@
         #     default:
         #         cout << "Weekend" << endl;
         # }
-

while_loop.py

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
     user_input = input("Enter 'quit' to exit: ")
     print("You entered: ,user_input")
 
+#  f string is also used to format the string in python and 
+# it is more efficient than + operator to concatenate the string and variable.
 # Infinite loop with break
 while True:
     command = input("Enter command: ")