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10 changes: 5 additions & 5 deletions 03_Reactor_Control.md
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# Reactor Control

Reactor is controlled primarly by the means of movement of control rods. Rods are pulled out of the core and pushed back inside with Rods Control lever (*in Unit #2 Rods Movement switch*) in either Group Control or All Control. In Group Control only selected rods will move, while in All Control all rods will be moved equally. Movement speed can be chosen between S - Slow, M - Medium, F - Fast. In Group Control rods can be moved much quicker and the speed depends also on how many of them are selected.
Reactor is controlled primarily by the means of movement of control rods. Rods are pulled out of the core and pushed back inside with Rods Control lever (*in Unit #2 Rods Movement switch*) in either Group Control or All Control. In Group Control only selected rods will move, while in All Control all rods will be moved equally. Movement speed can be chosen between S - Slow, M - Medium, F - Fast. In Group Control rods can be moved much quicker and the speed also depends on how many of them are selected.

# Reactor Period

Several indicators are used to control reactor power. The most important indicator is the Reactor Period. Reactor Period tells us in how many seconds power of the reactor will triple (exactly in how many seconds it changes by the factor of e = 2.71...). Low reactor periods ~ 30 seconds indicate quick changes, large reactor periods ~ 1000 indicate slow changes. When period is at infinity the reactor is at stable constant power. Negative periods indicate power dropping.

At all time positive periods should be held above 30 seconds and reactor will SCRAM if period is below 20 seconds. For high power operations (above 10% of power) much larger periods are recommended 100-500 seconds.
At all time positive periods should be held above 30 seconds and reactor will SCRAM if period is below 20 seconds. For high power operations (above 10% of power) much larger periods are recommended (100-500 seconds).

# Source Range

Source Range Monitor (SRM) is used at very low powers during initial reactor startup. This indicator doesn't provide direct reactor power it just counts the neutrons. It should be used up too few thousands of counts when operator should switch to IPR.
Source Range Monitor (SRM) is used at very low powers during initial reactor startup. This indicator doesn't provide direct reactor power, it just counts the neutrons. It should be used up to a few thousands of counts. After that, reactor operators should switch to IPR.

# Intermediate Power Range

IPRM (Intermediate Power Range Monitor) consists of a 0-100% gauge and a 6 level selector (*8 levels in Unit #2*). Selector initially should be at level 1 while IPRM is observed. With growing power IPRM will raise and when around 75% (3/4 of the scale) IPRM level should be incremented to level 2. At this moment IPRM will drop to around 30% and will start to raise again. This procedure should be repeated until maximum level is reached. While IPRM doesn't give a direct measurement of reactor power it can be estimated by at which IPR level we are at the moment. Low levels indicate low power, while level 6 (*level 8 for Unit #2*) indicates heat gaining powers (around 1% of total reactor power)
IPRM (Intermediate Power Range Monitor) consists of a 0-100% gauge and a 6-level selector (*8 levels in Unit #2*). Selector initially should be at level 1 while IPRM is observed. With growing power IPRM will raise and when around 75% (3/4 of the scale) IPRM level should be incremented to level 2. At this moment IPRM will drop to around 30% and will start to raise again. This procedure should be repeated until maximum level is reached. While IPRM doesn't give a direct measurement of reactor power it can be estimated by at which IPR level we are at the moment. Low levels indicate low power, while level 6 (*level 8 for Unit #2*) indicates heat gaining powers (around 1% of total reactor power)

# Average Power Range

APRM (Average Power Range Monitor) gives the most reliable power of the reactor in percent of maximum operating power. It is used in whole range between 1%-100%. APRM is an average of several LPRMs (Local Power Range Monitors) which measure power output at different locations in the core. Power should never exceed 100% of APRM and reactor will SCRAM at 125% of APRM.

# Core monitor

Core monitor shows % of rods pulled and % of maximum power for each group of rods individually. Vertical slices of the core can also be selected to see powers for each cell in the core on different depths (*In Unit #2 fuel temperatures instead of powers are shown*). Rods should be pulled individually in such a manner that total power between all groups are more or less balanced. Automatic Balancer can also be used for that. Usually the inside rods heat up quicker than outside rods although it's not always the case as this may depend on fuel quantity in each rods and xenon amount. Recirculation imbalance can also affect imbalance in parts of the core.
Core monitor shows % of rods pulled and % of maximum power for each group of rods individually. Vertical slices of the core can also be selected to see powers for each cell in the core on different depths (*In Unit #2 fuel temperatures instead of powers are shown*). Rods should be pulled individually in such a manner that total power between all groups is more or less balanced. Automatic Balancer can also be used for that. Usually the inside rods heat up quicker than outside rods although it's not always the case as this may depend on fuel quantity in each rod, and Xenon amount. Recirculation imbalance can also affect imbalance in parts of the core.

# Unit 2 realistic mode

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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 04_Circulation.md
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The Reactor Circulation panel is a secondary reactor control panel. In BWR reactor, raising circulation flow through the core will reduce the amount of steam voids and therefore increase reactivity. As a result, this panel can be used to raise the power independently of the control rods.

There are two circulation pumps each with pump, inlet valve and outlet valve switch. Pump should be started in following order: inlet -> pump -> outlet and stopped in following order: outlet -> pump -> inlet. Each pump also has a valve setting to order the flow. There is also a panel showing status for all jet pumps in the reactor. They are used both by circulation flow and by offline cooling system. Initially pumps should be setup at around 25% of flow (optimally 28% but not higher than 30% which would cause cavitation).
There are two circulation pumps, each with pump power switch, inlet and outlet valves. Pump should be started in following order: inlet -> pump -> outlet and stopped in following order: outlet -> pump -> inlet. Each pump also has a valve setting to order the flow. There is also a panel showing status for all jet pumps in the reactor. They are used both by circulation flow and by offline cooling system. Initially pumps should be setup at around 25% of flow (optimally 28% but not higher than 30% which would cause cavitation).

When nearing to critical state you should stop pulling rods to maintain about 20%-30% of thermal power and from that moment switch to operating the circulations flows. They are much more precise and in general a safer method (if you lose electrical power, circulation would stop and reactor would power automatically decrease). From that moment rods shouldn't be touched at all unless in emergency. Therefore, one person can easily control both panels, as you'll rarely need to operate both at the same time.
When nearing to critical state you should stop pulling rods to maintain about 20%-30% of thermal power and from that moment switch to operating the circulations flows. They are much more precise and in general a safer method (if you lose electrical power, circulation would stop and reactor power would automatically decrease). From that moment rods shouldn't be touched at all unless in emergency. Therefore, one person can easily control both panels, as you'll rarely need to operate both at the same time.
22 changes: 10 additions & 12 deletions 05_Automatic_ThermalPower_Control.md
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## Purpose
Reactor automatic thermal power control is used to automate the process of reaching desired power and holding the setpoint.

## unit-1
In unit-1 the automatic thermal power regulator can be found between the manual control rod operation panel and the recirculation control panel.

## This panel consists of 3 main elements
- Pre designated power setpoints.
## Unit-1
In unit-1 the automatic thermal power regulator can be found between the manual control rod operation panel and the recirculation control panel. This panel consists of 3 main elements:
- Pre-designated power setpoints.
- Manual setpoint adjustment switch.
- Regulator mode selector.

### Pre designated setpoints
The pre-designated setpoints are the most commonly required power setpoints required by the operators. These setpoints are:
### Pre-designated setpoints
The pre-designated setpoints are most commonly used by operators. These setpoints are:

- 1% APR
Used when initially starting the plant 1% APR is the point reffered to as POAH (the point of adding heat), this is the point where there is enough self-sustained nuclear fission in the core to generate a noticeable amount of heat leading to a controlled system warmup.
Used when initially starting the plant. 1% APR is the point reffered to as POAH (the point of adding heat), this is the point where there is enough self-sustained nuclear fission in the core to generate a noticeable amount of heat leading to a controlled system warmup.

- 5% APR
At 5% APR sufficient thermal power is generated to commence the turbine startup.

- 10% APR
At 10% APR, sufficient thermal power is generated to synchronize the turbine to the grid and start providing power. However, please note that this should not be done before reaching a main steam pressure of 7100 kPa.
At 10% APR, sufficient thermal power is generated to synchronize the turbine to the grid and start providing power. However, please note that this should not be done before reaching the main steam pressure of 7100 kPa.

- 20% APR
At 20% APR we build pressure to **7100 kPa** and then the auto pressure hold mode is enabled.
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## *In Unit-2*

### Operational modes
*In Unit-2 the auto control has 3 modes: *
*In Unit-2 the auto control has 3 modes:*

- *Circulation mode
in Circ mode the auto control utilizes its authority over pump speed of the 2 reactor recirculation pumps to increase or decrease the recirculation flow thus changing reactor power.*
In Circ mode the auto control utilizes its authority over pump speed of the 2 reactor recirculation pumps to increase or decrease the recirculation flow thus changing reactor power.*

- *Rods mode
In rods mode the auto control utilizes its authority over rod movement to lengthen or shorten period by inserting or pulling rods respectively.*
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Oscillations might occur due to processes affecting reactor power like negative temperature coefficient or xenon levels.

Changes in circulation flow is not effective at low temperatures and reactor powers.
Changes in circulation flow are not effective at low temperatures and reactor powers.
The circulation flow can quickly reach its limit. This will be signalled with a sound notification. In that case you have to change mode to absorber movement mode.
You can also control the other system manually.
For example, if you see that due to xenon burnoff the computer is reducing circulation flow close to 0% it would be wise to insert control rods manually to give circulation system more margin.
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