ReEDS-Model · atpham88 · Jul 15, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026
diff --git a/cases.csv b/cases.csv
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ GSw_distpv,Turn on/off distpv,0;1,1,
 GSw_DRShed, switch to turn on/off demand response shed resource,0;1,0,
 GSw_EFS_Flex,Switch for turning EFS load flexibility on or off,0,0,
 GSw_EFS2_FlexCase,"Case used for electrification flex_type - format is {1}_{2}, where 1 in [EFS_REFERENCE, EFS_MEDIUM, EFS_HIGH, EFS_Clean2035] and 2 in [Baseflex, Currentflex, Enhancedflex, Uberflex1, Uberflex2]",N/A,EFS_MEDIUM_EnhancedflexStretch2046,
+GSw_EmploymentFactor,Source for employment factor data - see inputs/employment/README.md for descriptions,^(jedi|mayfield|rutovitz|ram)$,jedi,
 GSw_EVMC,Turn on adoptable EV managed charging,0; 1,0,
 GSw_FakeData,Use fake capacity factor profiles (for TESTING ONLY when you do not want to download the real CF data),^[0-1]$,0,
 GSw_ForcePrescription,Turn on/off forced prescriptions - turning off will allow unlimited but not free builds in historical years,0; 1,1,
@@ -150,7 +151,8 @@ GSw_GenMandate,Turn on/off national Gen Requirement. 2 turns on and applies cons
 GSw_GenMandateList,Select technology list for national generation standard (see inputs/national_generation/nat_gen_tech_frac.csv),RE; Nuclear; NuclearCCS,RE,
 GSw_GenMandateScen,Select trajectory for national generation standard (see inputs/national_generation/gen_mandate_trajectory.csv),N/A,100_2035,
 GSw_Geothermal,"Geothermal can be turned off [0], left to the default representation [1], or have an extended representation [2]",0; 1; 2,1,
-GSw_gopt,Select opt file to be used,N/A,1,
+GSw_gopt,Select opt file to be used,^[1-4]$,1,
+GSw_gopt_mga,Select opt file to be used for MGA runs,^[1-4]$,3,
 GSw_GrowthAbsCon,Turn on/off absolute growth constraint,0; 1,0,
 GSw_GrowthConLastYear,The last year that the growth constraint (GSw_GrowthAbsCon) is applied (if it is turned on),int,2026,
 GSw_GrowthPenalties,Turn on/off relative growth penalties,0; 1,0,
@@ -221,8 +223,8 @@ GSw_MaxDailyCF,Turn on/off daily maximum capacity factor constraint,0; 1,1,
 GSw_MethaneLeakageScen,Fractional leakage of methane from upstream natural gas production: either float (fixed rate) or scenario name from emission_constraints/methane_leakage_rate.csv,N/A,Alvarez2018_30by2030,
 GSw_MGA_CostDelta,MGA: Fraction by which to allow objective function to increase when using Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA is turned off if set to 0; a common choice for MGA is 0.01),float,0,
 GSw_MGA_Direction,MGA: Directionality of second optimization,(min|max),min,
-GSw_MGA_Objective,MGA: Objective for MGA (uses GSw_MGA_SubObjective to specify technology subset if set to capacity),(capacity|transmission|rasharing|co2),rasharing,
-GSw_MGA_SubObjective,MGA: Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity of (only used for GSw_MGA_Objective=capacity),(battery|ccs|coal|dac|fossil|gas|geo|h2_combustion|hydro|nuclear|ofswind|onswind|pv|re|storage|upv|vre|wind),storage,
+GSw_MGA_Objective,MGA: Objective for MGA (uses GSw_MGA_SubObjective to specify technology subset if set to capacity),(capacity|generation|transmission|rasharing|co2|employment),capacity,
+GSw_MGA_SubObjective,MGA: Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity or generation of (only used for GSw_MGA_Objective=(capacity or generation)),(battery|ccs|coal|dac|fossil|gas|gentech|geo|h2_combustion|hydro|nuclear|ofswind|onswind|pv|re|storage|upv|vre|wind),gentech,
 GSw_MinCF,Turn on/off regional min CF constraint (applied at i/r level),0; 1,1,
 GSw_Mingen,Turn on/off min-gen constraints by r/h/szn,0; 1,0,
 GSw_MingenFixed,Turn on/off fixed min-gen constraints,0; 1,1,

diff --git a/docs/source/model_documentation.md b/docs/source/model_documentation.md
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ National Laboratory of the Rockies. ({{ cite_date_last_updated }}). *Model docum
 | WECC | Western Electricity Coordinating Council |
 | WIND | Wind Integration National Dataset |
 | WinDS | Wind Deployment System |
-
+| WIRED | Workforce Impacts and Regional Economic Development |
 
 ## Introduction
 
@@ -2839,8 +2839,11 @@ SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> are also included in the [cost of health damag
 
 
 
+## Power Sector Employment
 
+Power sector employment is an output calculated based on employment factors for construction of new power plants and transmission lines, and operation \& maintenance of existing and new power plants. Users have several options of employment factor data to choose from---the Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) models {cite}`JobsEconomicDevelopment`, which is the default data, and published literature (Mayfield et al. (2023) {cite}`mayfieldLaborPathwaysAchieve2023`, Rutovitz et al. (2025) {cite}`rutovitzUpdatedEmploymentFactors2025`, and Ram et al. (2010) {cite}`ramJobCreationGlobal2020`. )
 
+For JEDI employment data, employment factors for biopower, solar PV, hydropower, pumped storage, and land-based wind are derived respectively from JEDI models of individual technologies, all of which are publicly available. Employment factors for battery storage, coal, natural gas, geothermal, offshore wind, and transmission lines are derived respectively from the Workforce Impacts and Regional Economic Development (WIRED) models of individual technologies, all of which are not yet publicly available but are based on publicly available data inputs.|
 
 
 ## Federal, State, and Local Policies

diff --git a/docs/source/references.bib b/docs/source/references.bib
@@ -30494,3 +30494,153 @@ @misc{zuluagaNodalCapacityExpansion2025
   archiveprefix = {arXiv},
   langid = {english}
 }
+
+@online{JobsEconomicDevelopment,
+	title = {Jobs and Economic Development Impact Models {\textbar} {NLR}},
+	url = {https://www.nlr.gov/analysis/jedi/},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	file = {Jobs and Economic Development Impact Models | NLR:files/8170/jedi.html:text/html},
+}
+
+@article{asuegaTechnoeconomicAnalysisAdvanced2023,
+	title = {Techno-economic analysis of advanced small modular nuclear reactors},
+	volume = {334},
+	issn = {0306-2619},
+	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923000338},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120669},
+	pages = {120669},
+	journaltitle = {Applied Energy},
+	shortjournal = {Applied Energy},
+	author = {Asuega, Anthony and Limb, Braden J. and Quinn, Jason C.},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2023-03-15},
+	keywords = {Levelized cost of energy, Overnight capital cost, Small modular reactors, {SMRs}, Techno-economic analysis},
+	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/8183/S0306261923000338.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/8182/Asuega et al. - 2023 - Techno-economic analysis of advanced small modular nuclear reactors.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@report{abou-jaoudeLiteratureReviewAdvanced2023,
+	title = {Literature Review of Advanced Reactor Cost Estimates},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1986466/},
+	doi = {10.2172/1986466},
+	pages = {INL/RPT--23--72972--Rev000, 1986466},
+	number = {{INL}/{RPT}--23-72972-Rev000, 1986466},
+	author = {Abou-Jaoude, Abdalla and Lin, Linyu and Bolisetti, Chandrakanth and Worsham, Elizabeth and Larsen, Levi and Epiney, Aaron},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2023-06-01},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8184/Abou-Jaoude et al. - 2023 - Literature Review of Advanced Reactor Cost Estimates.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@misc{basoreQ12025SolarPhotovoltaic,
+	title = {Q1-2025 Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmarks},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3009689},
+	doi = {10.7799/3009689},
+	abstract = {The U.S. Department of Energy’s solar office and its national laboratory partners analyze cost data for U.S. solar photovoltaic systems to develop cost benchmarks to measure progress toward goals and guide research and development programs. The cost data is available in an Excel spreadsheet model that can be downloaded here.},
+	publisher = {National Laboratory of the Rockies},
+	author = {Basore, Paul and Dummit, Krysta and Thomas, Andy and Taylor, Margaret and Benoliel, Peter and Feldman, David and Narayanaswami, Meenakshi and Ramasamy, Vignesh and Woodhouse, Michael and Zuboy, Jarett and Braid, Jennifer and Jost, Norman and Sproul, Evan},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	note = {Artwork Size: 7 files.
+Pages: 7 files.},
+	keywords = {14 {SOLAR} {ENERGY}, battery cost 2025, battery system cost, pv cost 2025, pv module cost, pv system cost},
+}
+
+@report{hammondWindfarmOperationsMaintenance2022,
+	title = {Windfarm Operations and Maintenance cost-Benefit Analysis Tool ({WOMBAT})},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1894867/},
+	doi = {10.2172/1894867},
+	pages = {NREL/TP--5000--83712, 1894867, MainId:84485},
+	number = {{NREL}/{TP}-5000-83712, 1894867, {MainId}:84485},
+	author = {Hammond, Rob and Cooperman, Aubryn},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2022-10-01},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8187/Hammond and Cooperman - 2022 - Windfarm Operations and Maintenance cost-Benefit Analysis Tool (WOMBAT).pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@misc{hansonGeothermalElectricityTechnology2013,
+	title = {Geothermal Electricity Technology Evaluation Model ({GETEM}) Individual Case Files and Summary Spreadsheet ({GETEM} version Spring 2013)},
+	url = {http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1148822/},
+	doi = {10.15121/1148822},
+	abstract = {This group of files-- 10 {GETEM} individual case files and 1 summary spreadsheet-- contain final data from the revisions between summer 2011 and spring 2013.},
+	publisher = {{DOE} Geothermal Data Repository; Idaho National Laboratory ({INL}), Idaho Falls, {ID} (United States)},
+	author = {Hanson, Steven},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2013},
+	langid = {english},
+	keywords = {15 Geothermal Energy, geothermal, Geothermal Electricity Technology Evaluation Model, {GETEM}, {LCOE}, Levelized Cost of Electricity},
+}
+
+@report{schmitt_et_al_2022,
+	title = {Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants. Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1893822/},
+	institution = {National Energy Technology Laboratory},
+	author = {{Schmitt, Tommy} and {Leptinsky, Sarah} and {Turner, Marc} and {Zoelle, Alexander} and {White, Charles W.} and {Hughes, Sydney} and {Homsy, Sally} and {Woods, Mark} and {Hoffman, Hannah} and {Shultz, Travis} and {James, Robert}},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2022},
+}
+
+@article{james_et_al_2023,
+	title = {Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 3 – Low Rank Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity},
+	author = {James, Robert and Woods, Mark and Turner, Marc and Schmitt, Tommy and Oakes, Matt and Konrade, Jacob and Bleckinger, Mark and Sturdivan, Mark},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8176/James et al. - Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 3 – Low Rank Coal and Natural Gas to.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@report{oakesCostPerformanceBaseline2023,
+	title = {Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 5: Natural Gas Electricity Generating Units for Flexible Operation},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1973266/},
+	doi = {10.2172/1973266},
+	shorttitle = {Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 5},
+	pages = {DOE/NETL--2023/3855, 1973266},
+	number = {{DOE}/{NETL}--2023/3855, 1973266},
+	author = {Oakes, Matt and Konrade, Jacob and Bleckinger, Mark and Turner, Marc and Hughes, Sydney and Hoffman, Hannah and Shultz, Travis and Lewis, Eric},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2023-05-05},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8189/Oakes et al. - 2023 - Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 5 Natural Gas Electricity Generating.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{EliminatingDerateCarbon,
+	title = {Eliminating the Derate of Carbon Capture Retrofits},
+	journaltitle = {National Energy Technology Laboratory},
+	author = {{K. Buchheit} and {N. Kuehn}},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8178/K. Buchheit and N. Kuehn - Eliminating the Derate of Carbon Capture Retrofits.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@report{schmittCostPerformanceRetrofitting2023,
+	title = {Cost and Performance of Retrofitting {NGCC} Units for Carbon Capture – Revision 3},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1961845/},
+	doi = {10.2172/1961845},
+	pages = {DOE/NETL--2023/3848, 1961845},
+	number = {{DOE}/{NETL}-2023/3848, 1961845},
+	author = {Schmitt, Tommy and Homsy, Sally and Mantripragada, Hari and Woods, Mark and Hoffman, Hannah and Shultz, Travis and Fout, Timothy and Hackett, Gregory},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2023-05-31},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8191/Schmitt et al. - 2023 - Cost and Performance of Retrofitting NGCC Units for Carbon Capture – Revision 3.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@report{nunemakerORBITOffshoreRenewables2020,
+	title = {{ORBIT}: Offshore Renewables Balance-of-System and Installation Tool},
+	url = {https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1660132/},
+	doi = {10.2172/1660132},
+	shorttitle = {{ORBIT}},
+	pages = {NREL/TP--5000--77081, 1660132, MainId:26027},
+	number = {{NREL}/{TP}-5000-77081, 1660132, {MainId}:26027},
+	author = {Nunemaker, Jacob and Shields, Matthew and Hammond, Robert and Duffy, Patrick},
+	urldate = {2026-07-07},
+	date = {2020-08-10},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8193/Nunemaker et al. - 2020 - ORBIT Offshore Renewables Balance-of-System and Installation Tool.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ramasamyUSSolarPhotovoltaic2022,
+	title = {U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmarks, With Minimum Sustainable Price Analysis: Q1 2022},
+	journaltitle = {Renewable Energy},
+	author = {Ramasamy, Vignesh and Zuboy, Jarett and O'Shaughnessy, Eric and Feldman, David and Desai, Jal and Woodhouse, Michael and Basore, Paul and Margolis, Robert},
+	date = {2022},
+	langid = {english},
+	file = {PDF:files/8171/Ramasamy et al. - 2022 - U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmarks, With Minimum Sustainable Price An.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
diff --git a/docs/source/user_guide.md b/docs/source/user_guide.md
@@ -625,8 +625,8 @@ MGA is turned off if set to 0; a reasonable choice for MGA is in the range of 0.
 - `GSw_MGA_Direction` (default `min`): Directionality of the second optimization.
 Options are `min` or `max`.
 - `GSw_MGA_Objective` (default `capacity`): Objective for MGA (uses `GSw_MGA_SubObjective` to specify technology subset if set to `capacity`).
-Options are `capacity`, `transmission`, `rasharing`, and `co2`.
-- `GSw_MGA_SubObjective` (default `fossil`): Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity of (only used for `GSw_MGA_Objective = capacity`).
+Options are `capacity`, `generation`, `transmission`, `rasharing`, and `co2`.
+- `GSw_MGA_SubObjective` (default `gentech`): Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity of (only used for `GSw_MGA_Objective = (capacity or generation)`).
 Options are the column names in the `inputs/tech-subset-table.csv` file.
 
 Users familiar with GAMS can add alternative objective functions to the `d_mga.gms` file and associated options to the `GSw_MGA_Objective` switch in `cases.csv`.

diff --git a/docs/sources.csv b/docs/sources.csv
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ RelativeFilePath,RelativeFolderPath,FileName_new,FileExtension,Description_new,I
 /inputs/sets/e.csv,/inputs/sets,e,.csv,set of emission categories used in model,,,,GAMS set,
 /inputs/sets/eall.csv,/inputs/sets,eall,.csv,set of emission categories used in reporting,,,,GAMS set,
 /inputs/sets/etype.csv,/inputs/sets,etype,.csv,,,,,,
+/inputs/sets/jtype.csv,/inputs/sets,jtype,.csv,,,,,,
 /inputs/sets/f.csv,/inputs/sets,f,.csv,set of fuel types,,,,GAMS set,
 /inputs/sets/flex_type.csv,/inputs/sets,flex_type,.csv,set of demand flexibility types,,,,GAMS set,
 /inputs/sets/fuel2tech.csv,/inputs/sets,fuel2tech,.csv,mapping between fuel types and generations,,,,GAMS set,