CI: replace paths-filter with bash on rc/2.0.10

[hongzhi-gao]

Description

• Backport client workflow path detection from eef45ff (Update thrift to 0.23.0 #17945) to rc/2.0.10
• Replace dorny/paths-filter@v3 with inline bash + git diff
• Fixes Startup failure on apache/iotdb rc branch pushes (ASF action allowlist)

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This PR has:

• been self-reviewed.
  • concurrent read
  • concurrent write
  • concurrent read and write
    https://github.com/hongzhi-gao/iotdb/actions/runs/28438286304
    https://github.com/hongzhi-gao/iotdb/actions/runs/28438286265
• added documentation for new or modified features or behaviors.
• added Javadocs for most classes and all non-trivial methods.
• added or updated version, license, or notice information
• added comments explaining the "why" and the intent of the code wherever would not be obvious
  for an unfamiliar reader.
• added unit tests or modified existing tests to cover new code paths, ensuring the threshold
  for code coverage.
• added integration tests.
• been tested in a test IoTDB cluster.

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Key changed/added classes (or packages if there are too many classes) in this PR