feat(claude-code): switch to official installer with volume persistence

[pocky]

Summary

• Replace npm-based Claude Code installation with the official claude.ai/install.sh binary installer, removing the Node.js dependency
• Implement automatic configuration persistence via a Docker named volume (/claude-config) with a postStartCommand symlink, replacing the manual bind-mount approach documented previously
• Copy the claude binary to /usr/local/bin so all container users can access it regardless of home directory permissions

Changes

Feature Definition

• src/claude-code/devcontainer-feature.json: Bump to v1.1.0, drop installsAfter: node, add named volume mount at /claude-config, add postStartCommand to run link-claude-config on each start

Installation Script

• src/claude-code/install.sh: Replace Node.js/npm installation with curl-only official installer; copy binary from ~/.local/bin to /usr/local/bin; pre-create /claude-config with correct ownership; install link-claude-config.sh to /usr/local/bin
• src/claude-code/link-claude-config.sh: New post-start script that creates the ~/.claude -> /claude-config symlink for the active container user

Tests

• test/claude-code/test.sh: Remove npm global package check (no longer relevant with binary install)
• test/claude-code/install_claude_code_specific_version.sh: Switch version detection from npm list -g to claude --version output parsing

Documentation

• README.md: Update Claude Code section to reflect official installer, document automatic persistence via named volume, remove manual bind-mount instructions and Node.js feature prerequisite

Test plan

• Build the feature: devcontainer features test --features claude-code --base-image mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/base:ubuntu .
• Verify claude is accessible system-wide: which claude && claude --version
• Rebuild the container and confirm authentication and settings survive: check ~/.claude is a symlink pointing to /claude-config
• Run specific version scenario and confirm claude --version returns 2.1.30

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