feat(claude-code): add auto-update support for non-root users

[pocky]

Summary

• Enable Claude Code's built-in auto-updater for non-root container users by installing the binary to ~/.local/bin/claude (the path the updater expects)
• Ensure ~/.local/bin is present in PATH for non-login shells so the user-local binary is picked up after auto-updates
• Bump feature version to 1.2.0 to reflect the new capability

Changes

Claude Code Feature

• src/claude-code/devcontainer-feature.json: Version bump 1.1.0 → 1.2.0
• src/claude-code/install.sh: Add user-scoped install via claude.ai/install.sh when _REMOTE_USER is set and is not root, supporting both latest and pinned version installs
• src/claude-code/link-claude-config.sh: Append ~/.local/bin to PATH in ~/.profile when the directory exists and is not already in the profile, enabling auto-updated binaries to be found in non-login shells

Test plan

• Build the devcontainer with a non-root user and verify ~/.local/bin/claude exists after container startup
• Run claude --version in a non-login shell and confirm the user-local binary is resolved
• Trigger a Claude Code auto-update and verify it succeeds without permission errors
• Verify root-user containers are unaffected (no user-scoped install attempted)

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