feat: implement stack protection

[zyuiop]

Isolate stacks in a separate virtual address space, just before the heap.
This ensures that stack overflows cause a page fault instead of silently corrupting the heap (for heap based stacks) or the page table (for the boot stack).

This has been tested only for x86_64 with UEFI, and will definitely not work on other platforms.

TODO:

• Test/Fix on other platforms
• Ensure we do this for all stacks (maybe it's not the case for IDT stacks after the first one)

[github-actions]

Benchmark Results

Details

Benchmark	Current: 5cba8dc	Previous: 28c7089	Performance Ratio
startup_benchmark Build Time	104.06 s	115.28 s	0.90 ❗
startup_benchmark File Size	0.74 MB	0.77 MB	0.96 ❗
Startup Time - 1 core	1.00 s (±0.05 s)	1.00 s (±0.03 s)	1.00
Startup Time - 2 cores	0.98 s (±0.04 s)	1.04 s (±0.05 s)	0.94
Startup Time - 4 cores	1.01 s (±0.06 s)	1.00 s (±0.06 s)	1.01
multithreaded_benchmark Build Time	104.00 s	118.33 s	0.88 ❗
multithreaded_benchmark File Size	0.84 MB	0.87 MB	0.96 ❗
Multithreaded Pi Efficiency - 2 Threads	91.03 % (±13.18 %)	92.34 % (±11.70 %)	0.99
Multithreaded Pi Efficiency - 4 Threads	45.74 % (±7.09 %)	45.83 % (±5.87 %)	1.00
Multithreaded Pi Efficiency - 8 Threads	24.38 % (±3.88 %)	25.71 % (±3.50 %)	0.95
micro_benchmarks Build Time	92.36 s	96.08 s	0.96 ❗
micro_benchmarks File Size	0.85 MB	0.88 MB	0.96 ❗
Scheduling time - 1 thread	73.06 ticks (±4.00 ticks)	73.85 ticks (±3.74 ticks)	0.99
Scheduling time - 2 threads	41.98 ticks (±5.48 ticks)	41.46 ticks (±4.37 ticks)	1.01
Micro - Time for syscall (getpid)	3.04 ticks (±0.20 ticks)	3.08 ticks (±0.19 ticks)	0.99
Memcpy speed - (built_in) block size 4096	76396.17 MByte/s (±52843.60 MByte/s)	73208.48 MByte/s (±50616.82 MByte/s)	1.04
Memcpy speed - (built_in) block size 1048576	29747.60 MByte/s (±24476.97 MByte/s)	29392.18 MByte/s (±24125.47 MByte/s)	1.01
Memcpy speed - (built_in) block size 16777216	26396.63 MByte/s (±21748.69 MByte/s)	23751.74 MByte/s (±19605.56 MByte/s)	1.11
Memset speed - (built_in) block size 4096	76679.82 MByte/s (±53055.45 MByte/s)	73313.38 MByte/s (±50689.78 MByte/s)	1.05
Memset speed - (built_in) block size 1048576	30486.18 MByte/s (±24889.00 MByte/s)	30169.43 MByte/s (±24587.38 MByte/s)	1.01
Memset speed - (built_in) block size 16777216	27141.33 MByte/s (±22209.47 MByte/s)	24402.29 MByte/s (±20008.02 MByte/s)	1.11
Memcpy speed - (rust) block size 4096	65888.22 MByte/s (±46131.28 MByte/s)	66427.37 MByte/s (±46490.49 MByte/s)	0.99
Memcpy speed - (rust) block size 1048576	29491.56 MByte/s (±24282.12 MByte/s)	29425.11 MByte/s (±24175.79 MByte/s)	1.00
Memcpy speed - (rust) block size 16777216	26677.40 MByte/s (±22039.06 MByte/s)	24403.77 MByte/s (±20179.96 MByte/s)	1.09
Memset speed - (rust) block size 4096	65954.70 MByte/s (±46178.34 MByte/s)	66262.32 MByte/s (±46403.75 MByte/s)	1.00
Memset speed - (rust) block size 1048576	30305.98 MByte/s (±24765.30 MByte/s)	30172.11 MByte/s (±24599.55 MByte/s)	1.00
Memset speed - (rust) block size 16777216	27141.73 MByte/s (±22247.73 MByte/s)	25069.95 MByte/s (±20590.63 MByte/s)	1.08
alloc_benchmarks Build Time	90.10 s	91.43 s	0.99 ❗
alloc_benchmarks File Size	0.81 MB	0.85 MB	0.96 ❗
Allocations - Allocation success	100.00 %	100.00 %	1
Allocations - Deallocation success	100.00 %	100.00 %	1
Allocations - Pre-fail Allocations	100.00 %	100.00 %	1
Allocations - Average Allocation time	4670.12 Ticks (±66.32 Ticks)	4633.96 Ticks (±62.19 Ticks)	1.01
Allocations - Average Allocation time (no fail)	4670.12 Ticks (±66.32 Ticks)	4633.96 Ticks (±62.19 Ticks)	1.01
Allocations - Average Deallocation time	905.07 Ticks (±94.64 Ticks)	683.28 Ticks (±99.25 Ticks)	1.32 ❗
mutex_benchmark Build Time	92.44 s	90.68 s	1.02 ❗
mutex_benchmark File Size	0.85 MB	0.88 MB	0.96 ❗
Mutex Stress Test Average Time per Iteration - 1 Threads	13.72 ns (±0.63 ns)	13.82 ns (±0.84 ns)	0.99
Mutex Stress Test Average Time per Iteration - 2 Threads	18.46 ns (±8.82 ns)	14.48 ns (±0.75 ns)	1.27

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

[zyuiop]

Okay I have spent some time trying to port to arm/riscV

[zyuiop]

I extracted the first two commits to #2466 so they can be merged independently :)

[zyuiop]

Note than on ARM/RISC, the boot stack is not moved as we do in x86_64, so it is not protected.

I have a branch for RISCV on my PC, I can push it if there is interest.

[zyuiop]

I can reproduce the Laplace iterations problem locally on main too, so I don't think this is my fault