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Force ROR as sole authority on organization identity with disambiguation techniques - #33

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Force ROR as sole authority on organization identity with disambiguation techniques#33
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@epistrephein epistrephein commented Aug 1, 2026 •
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This PR addresses the "Harvard University Press" (and similar entities) matter that affected the released version of the project.

Issue

Harvard University Press (an academic publisher, not a research institution) ranked extremely high among organizations citing or being cited by multiple universities. The cause lay in how organizations were named. OpenAIRE data is very scattered (and often just wrong) and frequently attaches several ROR identifiers to a single organization record, conflating multiple kinda-matching entities that describe the record rather than listing multiple affiliations. Harvard University's record often times carries the identifiers of both the university and its press (example). The original pipeline was designed without awareness of this issue: it assumed singular ROR id and hence took whichever identifier happened to come first and adopted its name, so a lot of Harvard affiliations were published under the publishing house. Other various organizations were mislabelled this way.

Approach and fix

ROR is now the sole authority on organization identity. Organizations are identified by their ROR record throughout the pipeline and OpenAIRE identifiers survive only as a means of joining affiliation data, never reaching the output. An organization is published only when it resolves to exactly one ROR record, with OpenAIRE's own name and country used solely to choose between competing candidates. Every published name, identifier and country therefore comes from ROR and nowhere else and anything that cannot be identified unambiguously is excluded rather than guessed at.
This is the safest approach to avoid other potential issues in OpenAIRE data that have not been discovered yet.

Impact

About a quarter of the rows disappear but only some seven percent of the citations, the excluded mass being long-tail noise: laboratories, departments and misspelled duplicates of institutions already counted correctly. Organization rankings within a country are largely unchanged. The exclusion is not country-neutral, however: France loses far more than average and Italy less, enough to reorder country totals.

Warning

While data general intuitions remained consistent, the data visualizations, website text and article content should be refactored to account for the shifts in position of various actors after the merge of this PR.

@epistrephein
Make ROR the sole authority on organization identity
7d14654 
An academic publisher was ranking among the most prolific research
institutions in the citation counts. The cause was in how we named
organizations: OpenAIRE often attaches several ROR identifiers to a
single organization record, expressing its own uncertainty about which
entity the record describes, and we were simply taking the first one and
adopting its name. Where a university and its publishing house both
appeared, the university could end up published under the publisher's
name. Several hundred organizations were affected this way, including
some of the largest in the dataset.

Rather than patch the naming step, treat ROR as the authority on what an
organization is. Organizations are now identified by their ROR record
throughout the pipeline; OpenAIRE identifiers survive only as a means of
joining affiliation data and never appear in the output. An organization
is published only when it can be resolved to exactly one ROR record,
with OpenAIRE's own name and country used solely to choose between
competing candidates. Everything a reader sees (name, identifier,
country) now comes from ROR and from nowhere else.

The cost is coverage. Organizations that cannot be tied to a ROR record
are excluded entirely, which removes about a quarter of the rows but
only a small fraction of the citations, since the excluded mass is
long-tail noise: laboratories, departments and misspelled duplicates of
institutions that are themselves counted correctly. No well-curated
organization that previously ranked highly was lost.

One caveat matters for interpretation. The exclusion does not fall
evenly across countries, because some national research systems appear
in OpenAIRE as uncurated affiliation strings far more often than others.
France in particular loses substantially more than average and Italy
substantially less, which is enough to reorder the country rankings.
Country totals should not be compared across countries without
accounting for this. Organization rankings within a country are largely
unchanged, and where names differ from before it is generally because
they are now correct.
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Regenerate data
e9816bf
@epistrephein
Restore deleted subsection in README
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@epistrephein epistrephein self-assigned this Aug 1, 2026
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epistrephein commented Aug 3, 2026 •
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Citation counts: OLD vs NEW diff overview (AI-made)

First 25 rows of every file in citation_counts/, comparing the data produced
before the ROR-authority change against the data produced after it.

The openaire column present in the old organization CSVs is not shown, since
OpenAIRE ids are no longer an organization's identity and are not published.

Rows are compared position by position. The marker column reads:

mark meaning
identical — same organization, same name, same count
» relabelled — same organization, now published under its correct ROR name
~ same organization, count changed
! a different organization now occupies this rank
SNS

Organizations — incoming

14 identical, 3 recounted, 8 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 60,614 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 59,627
2 Scuola Normale Superiore — 53,197 Scuola Normale Superiore — 53,197
3 University of Pisa — 36,978 University of Pisa — 36,978
4 University of Bologna — 35,117 University of Bologna — 35,117
5 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 34,327 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 34,327
6 Sapienza University of Rome — 34,045 Sapienza University of Rome — 34,045
7 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 32,047 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 32,047
8 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 31,945 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 31,945
9 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 30,965 Université Paris-Saclay — 30,729
10 University of Padua — 30,299 University of Padua — 30,299
11 Max Planck Society — 29,407 Max Planck Society — 29,407
12 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 29,073 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 29,073
13 University of Naples Federico II — 27,595 University of Naples Federico II — 27,595
14 ~ Université Paris Cité — 27,076 Université Paris Cité — 27,074
15 Roma Tre University — 26,852 Roma Tre University — 26,852
16 University of Oxford — 26,560 University of Oxford — 26,560
17 Physical Sciences Division — 26,370 Physical Sciences Division — 26,370
18 ! LInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 25,803 University of Milan — 25,164
19 ! University of Milan — 25,164 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 25,051
20 ! Chinese Academy of Sciences — 25,051 California Institute of Technology — 24,881
21 ! California Institute of Technology — 24,881 University of California System — 24,652
22 ! California Baptist University — 24,652 Science and Technology Facilities Council — 24,279
23 ! Science and Technology Facilities Council — 24,279 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 24,150
24 ! Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 24,150 University of Genoa — 24,110
25 ! University of Genoa — 24,110 University of Trieste — 24,108

Organizations — outgoing

15 identical, 1 relabelled, 2 recounted, 7 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 64,361 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 62,803
2 Scuola Normale Superiore — 54,734 Scuola Normale Superiore — 54,734
3 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 45,221 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 45,221
4 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 36,683 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 36,683
5 Max Planck Society — 36,567 Max Planck Society — 36,567
6 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 36,239 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 36,239
7 University of Bologna — 35,493 University of Bologna — 35,493
8 University of Pisa — 35,342 University of Pisa — 35,342
9 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 35,244 Université Paris-Saclay — 34,924
10 California Institute of Technology — 32,690 California Institute of Technology — 32,690
11 Sapienza University of Rome — 32,053 Sapienza University of Rome — 32,053
12 University of Padua — 31,199 University of Padua — 31,199
13 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 29,717 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 29,717
14 ! Sorbonne Université — 29,352 Université Paris Cité — 29,329
15 ! Université Paris Cité — 29,329 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 28,859
16 Imperial College London — 28,636 Imperial College London — 28,636
17 » California Baptist University — 28,406 University of California System — 28,406
18 University of Cambridge — 28,303 University of Cambridge — 28,303
19 University of Oxford — 28,183 University of Oxford — 28,183
20 Physical Sciences Division — 27,688 Physical Sciences Division — 27,688
21 ! LInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 26,612 Harvard University — 26,160
22 ! Harvard University Press — 26,160 University of Genoa — 25,825
23 ! University of Genoa — 25,825 Science and Technology Facilities Council — 25,706
24 ! Science and Technology Facilities Council — 25,706 University of Milano-Bicocca — 25,595
25 ! University of Milano-Bicocca — 25,595 University of California, San Francisco — 25,257

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 12 recounted, 13 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 1,704,610 United States (US) — 1,653,204
2 ! France (FR) — 832,178 Italy (IT) — 796,506
3 ! Italy (IT) — 809,162 France (FR) — 675,849
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 407,263 United Kingdom (GB) — 373,096
5 ! Germany (DE) — 336,956 China (CN) — 318,198
6 ! China (CN) — 316,550 Germany (DE) — 317,692
7 ! Spain (ES) — 236,551 Russia (RU) — 233,550
8 ! Russia (RU) — 229,139 Spain (ES) — 226,527
9 ~ Japan (JP) — 183,263 Japan (JP) — 181,659
10 ~ India (IN) — 177,399 India (IN) — 173,629
11 ~ South Korea (KR) — 140,066 South Korea (KR) — 140,122
12 ! Switzerland (CH) — 129,724 Türkiye (TR) — 120,222
13 ! Türkiye (TR) — 120,219 Switzerland (CH) — 116,649
14 ! Brazil (BR) — 109,089 Poland (PL) — 92,683
15 ! Poland (PL) — 99,898 Brazil (BR) — 90,408
16 ~ Canada (CA) — 93,764 Canada (CA) — 88,755
17 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 83,399 The Netherlands (NL) — 85,428
18 ~ Belgium (BE) — 73,042 Belgium (BE) — 70,197
19 ~ Finland (FI) — 72,461 Finland (FI) — 68,985
20 ! Hungary (HU) — 72,252 Taiwan (TW) — 62,717
21 ! Taiwan (TW) — 64,652 Hungary (HU) — 61,359
22 ~ Australia (AU) — 61,994 Australia (AU) — 59,539
23 ~ Greece (GR) — 60,710 Greece (GR) — 48,370
24 ~ Mexico (MX) — 50,943 Mexico (MX) — 43,972
25 ! Denmark (DK) — 35,410 Czechia (CZ) — 35,233

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 12 recounted, 13 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 1,895,148 United States (US) — 1,840,098
2 ! France (FR) — 886,781 Italy (IT) — 778,646
3 ! Italy (IT) — 788,104 France (FR) — 731,854
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 456,472 United Kingdom (GB) — 410,241
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 331,879 Germany (DE) — 314,552
6 ~ Russia (RU) — 228,993 Russia (RU) — 233,432
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 220,170 Spain (ES) — 210,759
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 195,846 Japan (JP) — 194,485
9 ~ China (CN) — 159,924 China (CN) — 160,581
10 ! Switzerland (CH) — 153,421 India (IN) — 150,927
11 ! India (IN) — 153,168 Switzerland (CH) — 140,605
12 ~ South Korea (KR) — 137,330 South Korea (KR) — 137,420
13 ~ Türkiye (TR) — 115,310 Türkiye (TR) — 115,311
14 ! Poland (PL) — 105,249 The Netherlands (NL) — 100,652
15 ! Brazil (BR) — 104,930 Poland (PL) — 99,863
16 ! The Netherlands (NL) — 98,966 Canada (CA) — 92,968
17 ! Canada (CA) — 98,583 Brazil (BR) — 91,398
18 ~ Finland (FI) — 84,553 Finland (FI) — 81,222
19 ! Hungary (HU) — 74,607 Belgium (BE) — 70,825
20 ! Belgium (BE) — 73,148 Australia (AU) — 68,404
21 ! Australia (AU) — 71,926 Hungary (HU) — 64,226
22 ! Greece (GR) — 63,545 Taiwan (TW) — 57,359
23 ! Taiwan (TW) — 59,405 Greece (GR) — 52,883
24 ~ Mexico (MX) — 44,783 Mexico (MX) — 39,718
25 ~ Austria (AT) — 33,124 Austria (AT) — 39,467
UNIBO

Organizations — incoming

18 identical, 4 relabelled, 3 recounted.

# old new
1 University of Bologna — 484,288 University of Bologna — 484,288
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 250,939 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 247,072
3 Max Planck Society — 128,863 Max Planck Society — 128,863
4 Sapienza University of Rome — 126,115 Sapienza University of Rome — 126,115
5 University of Padua — 120,711 University of Padua — 120,711
6 » Harvard University Press — 120,030 Harvard University — 120,030
7 University of Milan — 117,611 University of Milan — 117,611
8 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 111,732 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 111,732
9 University of California, San Francisco — 108,903 University of California, San Francisco — 108,903
10 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 108,131 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 108,131
11 ~ Université Paris Cité — 106,372 Université Paris Cité — 106,371
12 Roma Tre University — 97,992 Roma Tre University — 97,992
13 » Texas Tech University System — 96,673 The University of Texas System — 94,849
14 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 92,944 Université Paris-Saclay — 92,235
15 University of Oxford — 91,661 University of Oxford — 91,661
16 » Sorbonne Université — 90,163 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 88,259
17 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 86,579 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 86,579
18 National Research Council — 84,671 National Research Council — 84,671
19 University of Pisa — 84,394 University of Pisa — 84,394
20 University of Turin — 83,928 University of Turin — 83,928
21 University College London — 83,364 University College London — 83,364
22 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 81,404 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 81,404
23 » California Baptist University — 78,966 University of California System — 78,966
24 University of Naples Federico II — 78,756 University of Naples Federico II — 78,756
25 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 75,542 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 75,542

Organizations — outgoing

14 identical, 4 relabelled, 3 recounted, 4 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Bologna — 505,699 University of Bologna — 505,699
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 268,502 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 258,956
3 » Harvard University Press — 194,379 Harvard University — 194,379
4 Max Planck Society — 155,551 Max Planck Society — 155,551
5 University of California, San Francisco — 136,905 University of California, San Francisco — 136,905
6 University of Milan — 128,917 University of Milan — 128,917
7 University of Padua — 126,478 University of Padua — 126,478
8 University of Oxford — 125,801 University of Oxford — 125,801
9 Sapienza University of Rome — 124,178 Sapienza University of Rome — 124,178
10 » Texas Tech University System — 117,530 The University of Texas System — 116,464
11 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 112,531 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 112,531
12 University of Cambridge — 112,168 University of Cambridge — 112,168
13 ~ Université Paris Cité — 109,216 Université Paris Cité — 109,212
14 » Saint Louis University — 102,847 University of Mary — 101,979
15 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 101,324 Université Paris-Saclay — 100,246
16 ! Sorbonne Université — 98,721 University College London — 96,976
17 ! University College London — 96,976 Roma Tre University — 96,295
18 ! Roma Tre University — 96,295 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 95,989
19 ! Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 95,989 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 95,928
20 » California Baptist University — 94,573 University of California System — 94,573
21 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 94,220 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 94,220
22 California Institute of Technology — 93,641 California Institute of Technology — 93,641
23 Stanford University — 92,581 Stanford University — 92,581
24 National Research Council — 89,683 National Research Council — 89,683
25 University of Pisa — 86,034 University of Pisa — 86,034

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 11 recounted, 14 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 6,800,261 United States (US) — 6,498,292
2 ! France (FR) — 3,956,305 Italy (IT) — 3,526,398
3 ! Italy (IT) — 3,643,907 France (FR) — 3,156,265
4 ! United Kingdom (GB) — 1,986,678 China (CN) — 1,993,503
5 ! China (CN) — 1,986,405 United Kingdom (GB) — 1,800,124
6 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,801,165 Germany (DE) — 1,676,928
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 1,262,588 Spain (ES) — 1,178,109
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 889,572 Japan (JP) — 881,506
9 ! Canada (CA) — 676,387 India (IN) — 635,870
10 ! Australia (AU) — 661,316 Canada (CA) — 632,294
11 ! India (IN) — 650,901 Australia (AU) — 623,298
12 ~ Russia (RU) — 598,697 Russia (RU) — 611,584
13 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 587,860 The Netherlands (NL) — 591,379
14 ! Switzerland (CH) — 536,670 South Korea (KR) — 533,644
15 ! South Korea (KR) — 532,807 Switzerland (CH) — 467,964
16 ~ Brazil (BR) — 502,766 Brazil (BR) — 396,160
17 ~ Poland (PL) — 406,646 Poland (PL) — 375,703
18 ~ Türkiye (TR) — 332,236 Türkiye (TR) — 332,654
19 ~ Belgium (BE) — 306,312 Belgium (BE) — 263,258
20 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 274,186 Taiwan (TW) — 254,543
21 ! Denmark (DK) — 253,449 Sweden (SE) — 243,662
22 ! Sweden (SE) — 251,659 Portugal (PT) — 219,177
23 ! Portugal (PT) — 244,365 Iran (IR) — 218,320
24 ! Greece (GR) — 242,599 Finland (FI) — 215,075
25 ! Finland (FI) — 235,328 Greece (GR) — 199,618

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 12 recounted, 13 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 8,894,677 United States (US) — 8,530,770
2 ! France (FR) — 4,043,901 Italy (IT) — 3,580,396
3 ! Italy (IT) — 3,669,866 France (FR) — 3,320,081
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 2,461,117 United Kingdom (GB) — 2,245,799
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,828,283 Germany (DE) — 1,716,244
6 ~ Spain (ES) — 1,051,307 Spain (ES) — 992,495
7 ~ Japan (JP) — 842,595 Japan (JP) — 836,041
8 ~ China (CN) — 792,802 China (CN) — 795,202
9 ~ Canada (CA) — 761,331 Canada (CA) — 722,132
10 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 705,264 The Netherlands (NL) — 708,306
11 ~ Australia (AU) — 670,465 Australia (AU) — 616,635
12 ! Switzerland (CH) — 612,458 Russia (RU) — 560,802
13 ! Russia (RU) — 550,284 Switzerland (CH) — 556,111
14 ~ India (IN) — 458,590 India (IN) — 449,298
15 ~ South Korea (KR) — 414,930 South Korea (KR) — 415,248
16 ! Brazil (BR) — 369,411 Poland (PL) — 318,001
17 ! Belgium (BE) — 336,375 Türkiye (TR) — 303,201
18 ! Poland (PL) — 336,197 Brazil (BR) — 299,579
19 ! Türkiye (TR) — 303,085 Belgium (BE) — 286,843
20 ! Finland (FI) — 285,243 Sweden (SE) — 277,911
21 ! Sweden (SE) — 283,378 Finland (FI) — 265,212
22 ! Denmark (DK) — 256,633 Greece (GR) — 193,941
23 ! Greece (GR) — 231,428 Denmark (DK) — 190,090
24 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 203,210 Taiwan (TW) — 189,112
25 ! Hungary (HU) — 192,391 Austria (AT) — 169,045
UNIMI

Organizations — incoming

15 identical, 2 relabelled, 4 recounted, 4 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Milan — 538,618 University of Milan — 538,618
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 218,472 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 213,029
3 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 191,633 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 191,633
4 » Harvard University Press — 164,154 Harvard University — 164,154
5 University of California, San Francisco — 138,711 University of California, San Francisco — 138,711
6 Sapienza University of Rome — 125,168 Sapienza University of Rome — 125,168
7 University of Bologna — 115,239 University of Bologna — 115,239
8 ! Texas Tech University System — 110,469 University of Padua — 109,317
9 ! University of Padua — 109,317 The University of Texas System — 107,265
10 National Research Council — 104,069 National Research Council — 104,069
11 University College London — 104,016 University College London — 104,016
12 ~ Université Paris Cité — 103,971 Université Paris Cité — 103,968
13 University of Oxford — 96,979 University of Oxford — 96,979
14 » Saint Louis University — 96,271 University of Mary — 95,675
15 University of Turin — 95,473 University of Turin — 95,473
16 ~ Inserm — 95,242 Inserm — 95,236
17 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 94,129 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 94,129
18 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 92,753 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 92,753
19 University of Milano-Bicocca — 91,281 University of Milano-Bicocca — 91,281
20 University of Naples Federico II — 90,284 University of Naples Federico II — 90,284
21 University of Toronto — 89,923 University of Toronto — 89,923
22 ! Sorbonne Université — 89,463 Roma Tre University — 88,085
23 ! Roma Tre University — 88,085 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 86,864
24 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 85,577 Université Paris-Saclay — 84,894
25 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München — 82,696 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München — 82,696

Organizations — outgoing

16 identical, 5 relabelled, 2 recounted, 2 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Milan — 529,056 University of Milan — 529,056
2 » Harvard University Press — 231,430 Harvard University — 231,430
3 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 198,830 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 189,322
4 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 158,777 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 158,777
5 University of California, San Francisco — 148,717 University of California, San Francisco — 148,717
6 » Saint Louis University — 127,903 University of Mary — 126,305
7 University of Oxford — 120,601 University of Oxford — 120,601
8 » Blueprint for Neuroscience Research — 111,376 National Institute of Health — 111,376
9 » Texas Tech University System — 110,498 The University of Texas System — 108,950
10 Sapienza University of Rome — 107,036 Sapienza University of Rome — 107,036
11 University College London — 104,524 University College London — 104,524
12 University of Bologna — 102,652 University of Bologna — 102,652
13 University of Cambridge — 101,727 University of Cambridge — 101,727
14 Max Planck Society — 100,318 Max Planck Society — 100,318
15 University of Padua — 98,388 University of Padua — 98,388
16 University of Toronto — 94,007 University of Toronto — 94,007
17 Stanford University — 91,264 Stanford University — 91,264
18 ~ Université Paris Cité — 91,197 Université Paris Cité — 91,196
19 National Research Council — 87,484 National Research Council — 87,484
20 University of Turin — 84,193 University of Turin — 84,193
21 » University of Pennsylvania Press — 83,558 University of Pennsylvania — 83,558
22 University of Salford — 81,724 University of Salford — 81,724
23 University of Milano-Bicocca — 81,322 University of Milano-Bicocca — 81,322
24 ! Sorbonne Université — 80,738 National Institutes of Health — 80,765
25 ! National Institutes of Health — 80,112 University of Copenhagen — 79,996

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 12 recounted, 13 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 7,524,378 United States (US) — 7,156,581
2 ~ Italy (IT) — 4,093,666 Italy (IT) — 3,947,201
3 ~ France (FR) — 3,974,384 France (FR) — 3,192,369
4 ! United Kingdom (GB) — 2,464,796 China (CN) — 2,306,051
5 ! China (CN) — 2,299,764 United Kingdom (GB) — 2,248,593
6 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,981,830 Germany (DE) — 1,844,800
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 1,407,611 Spain (ES) — 1,321,735
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 991,329 Japan (JP) — 982,635
9 ~ Canada (CA) — 899,881 Canada (CA) — 839,452
10 ~ Australia (AU) — 807,988 Australia (AU) — 756,303
11 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 740,067 The Netherlands (NL) — 741,832
12 ! Switzerland (CH) — 632,484 India (IN) — 574,789
13 ! India (IN) — 579,974 South Korea (KR) — 574,458
14 ! South Korea (KR) — 573,329 Switzerland (CH) — 548,863
15 ! Brazil (BR) — 568,964 Russia (RU) — 493,636
16 ! Russia (RU) — 483,338 Brazil (BR) — 441,848
17 ~ Poland (PL) — 399,411 Poland (PL) — 367,934
18 ! Belgium (BE) — 354,398 Sweden (SE) — 305,160
19 ! Denmark (DK) — 354,224 Belgium (BE) — 297,827
20 ! Sweden (SE) — 316,643 Türkiye (TR) — 292,133
21 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 315,398 Taiwan (TW) — 289,352
22 ! Türkiye (TR) — 291,462 Denmark (DK) — 260,456
23 ! Finland (FI) — 252,569 Iran (IR) — 244,455
24 ! Austria (AT) — 251,884 Finland (FI) — 226,822
25 ~ Portugal (PT) — 249,692 Portugal (PT) — 222,623

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 14 recounted, 11 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 8,484,881 United States (US) — 8,062,663
2 ~ Italy (IT) — 3,561,816 Italy (IT) — 3,457,399
3 ~ France (FR) — 3,388,501 France (FR) — 2,798,157
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 2,591,121 United Kingdom (GB) — 2,388,032
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,688,354 Germany (DE) — 1,595,429
6 ~ Spain (ES) — 915,216 Spain (ES) — 869,671
7 ~ Canada (CA) — 853,746 Canada (CA) — 815,368
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 788,894 Japan (JP) — 782,982
9 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 758,147 The Netherlands (NL) — 759,628
10 ~ China (CN) — 681,354 China (CN) — 683,052
11 ~ Australia (AU) — 671,410 Australia (AU) — 613,213
12 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 598,337 Switzerland (CH) — 547,092
13 ~ Russia (RU) — 328,861 Russia (RU) — 336,406
14 ! Belgium (BE) — 319,069 Sweden (SE) — 309,036
15 ! Sweden (SE) — 314,844 South Korea (KR) — 284,707
16 ! Brazil (BR) — 298,749 India (IN) — 267,870
17 ! Denmark (DK) — 291,942 Belgium (BE) — 263,409
18 ! South Korea (KR) — 284,249 Poland (PL) — 245,934
19 ! India (IN) — 273,210 Denmark (DK) — 235,249
20 ! Poland (PL) — 257,626 Brazil (BR) — 232,281
21 ~ Finland (FI) — 233,706 Finland (FI) — 216,425
22 ! Austria (AT) — 180,002 Türkiye (TR) — 171,091
23 ! Türkiye (TR) — 170,835 Taiwan (TW) — 155,943
24 ! Taiwan (TW) — 169,472 Israel (IL) — 153,292
25 ! Greece (GR) — 160,102 Austria (AT) — 152,272
UNIPD

Organizations — incoming

18 identical, 3 relabelled, 2 recounted, 2 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Padua — 521,843 University of Padua — 521,843
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 255,043 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 250,662
3 University of Bologna — 121,935 University of Bologna — 121,935
4 Sapienza University of Rome — 119,362 Sapienza University of Rome — 119,362
5 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 118,468 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 118,468
6 Max Planck Society — 117,297 Max Planck Society — 117,297
7 University of Milan — 112,740 University of Milan — 112,740
8 ~ Université Paris Cité — 110,222 Université Paris Cité — 110,219
9 University of California, San Francisco — 109,614 University of California, San Francisco — 109,614
10 » Harvard University Press — 107,748 Harvard University — 107,748
11 National Research Council — 106,942 National Research Council — 106,942
12 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 106,588 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 106,588
13 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 95,642 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 95,642
14 ! Sorbonne Université — 93,654 Université Paris-Saclay — 91,740
15 ! Université Paris-Saclay — 92,490 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 91,266
16 University of Oxford — 88,841 University of Oxford — 88,841
17 University College London — 87,509 University College London — 87,509
18 Roma Tre University — 87,362 Roma Tre University — 87,362
19 » Texas Tech University System — 86,376 The University of Texas System — 84,690
20 » California Baptist University — 84,690 University of California System — 84,690
21 University of Turin — 83,166 University of Turin — 83,166
22 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 81,533 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 81,533
23 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 80,685 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 80,685
24 University of Naples Federico II — 77,219 University of Naples Federico II — 77,219
25 University of Pisa — 76,075 University of Pisa — 76,075

Organizations — outgoing

16 identical, 3 relabelled, 3 recounted, 3 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Padua — 526,300 University of Padua — 526,300
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 251,376 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 241,433
3 » Harvard University Press — 178,165 Harvard University — 178,165
4 Max Planck Society — 135,929 Max Planck Society — 135,929
5 University of California, San Francisco — 131,265 University of California, San Francisco — 131,265
6 University of Bologna — 116,665 University of Bologna — 116,665
7 University of Oxford — 115,652 University of Oxford — 115,652
8 University of Milan — 115,533 University of Milan — 115,533
9 Sapienza University of Rome — 109,021 Sapienza University of Rome — 109,021
10 National Research Council — 105,325 National Research Council — 105,325
11 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 103,918 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 103,918
12 » Saint Louis University — 103,202 University of Mary — 102,248
13 ~ Université Paris Cité — 100,812 Université Paris Cité — 100,811
14 University College London — 97,845 University College London — 97,845
15 » Texas Tech University System — 97,663 The University of Texas System — 96,706
16 University of Cambridge — 95,657 University of Cambridge — 95,657
17 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 91,290 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 91,290
18 ! Sorbonne Université — 90,997 University of California System — 90,088
19 ! California Baptist University — 90,088 Stanford University — 90,042
20 ! Stanford University — 90,042 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 88,137
21 California Institute of Technology — 87,494 California Institute of Technology — 87,494
22 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 86,901 Université Paris-Saclay — 86,073
23 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 80,804 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 80,804
24 Roma Tre University — 80,210 Roma Tre University — 80,210
25 University of California, Berkeley — 79,416 University of California, Berkeley — 79,416

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 13 recounted, 12 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 6,699,413 United States (US) — 6,377,130
2 ! France (FR) — 4,027,707 Italy (IT) — 3,550,080
3 ! Italy (IT) — 3,676,697 France (FR) — 3,221,284
4 ! United Kingdom (GB) — 1,954,354 China (CN) — 1,941,852
5 ! China (CN) — 1,934,348 United Kingdom (GB) — 1,760,068
6 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,718,998 Germany (DE) — 1,599,727
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 1,228,815 Spain (ES) — 1,144,415
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 816,958 Japan (JP) — 808,990
9 ~ Canada (CA) — 650,406 Canada (CA) — 603,114
10 ~ India (IN) — 612,996 India (IN) — 597,566
11 ~ Australia (AU) — 597,753 Australia (AU) — 560,531
12 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 545,588 The Netherlands (NL) — 548,710
13 ! Switzerland (CH) — 531,414 Russia (RU) — 538,019
14 ! Russia (RU) — 530,066 South Korea (KR) — 483,591
15 ! South Korea (KR) — 482,857 Switzerland (CH) — 458,518
16 ~ Brazil (BR) — 453,364 Brazil (BR) — 359,733
17 ~ Poland (PL) — 388,169 Poland (PL) — 359,460
18 ~ Belgium (BE) — 324,708 Belgium (BE) — 277,318
19 ! Finland (FI) — 261,088 Türkiye (TR) — 255,174
20 ! Türkiye (TR) — 254,913 Finland (FI) — 239,375
21 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 254,728 Taiwan (TW) — 234,701
22 ! Denmark (DK) — 243,578 Sweden (SE) — 228,717
23 ! Sweden (SE) — 236,944 Portugal (PT) — 184,249
24 ! Portugal (PT) — 207,688 Denmark (DK) — 169,773
25 ~ Austria (AT) — 204,571 Austria (AT) — 166,634

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 14 recounted, 11 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 8,328,775 United States (US) — 7,954,509
2 ! France (FR) — 3,707,497 Italy (IT) — 3,310,724
3 ! Italy (IT) — 3,425,451 France (FR) — 3,045,123
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 2,252,398 United Kingdom (GB) — 2,054,296
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,634,980 Germany (DE) — 1,542,186
6 ~ Spain (ES) — 954,895 Spain (ES) — 902,157
7 ~ China (CN) — 718,587 China (CN) — 721,311
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 706,201 Japan (JP) — 699,011
9 ~ Canada (CA) — 682,977 Canada (CA) — 644,429
10 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 625,227 The Netherlands (NL) — 628,133
11 ~ Australia (AU) — 604,169 Australia (AU) — 551,880
12 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 564,099 Switzerland (CH) — 510,532
13 ~ Russia (RU) — 431,755 Russia (RU) — 437,976
14 ~ India (IN) — 404,605 India (IN) — 395,729
15 ~ South Korea (KR) — 372,254 South Korea (KR) — 372,560
16 ~ Belgium (BE) — 345,121 Belgium (BE) — 291,094
17 ! Brazil (BR) — 313,335 Poland (PL) — 279,730
18 ! Poland (PL) — 295,178 Brazil (BR) — 252,922
19 ! Finland (FI) — 269,326 Sweden (SE) — 250,931
20 ! Sweden (SE) — 256,342 Finland (FI) — 249,420
21 ! Denmark (DK) — 234,925 Türkiye (TR) — 198,176
22 ! Türkiye (TR) — 198,025 Denmark (DK) — 178,441
23 ! Hungary (HU) — 179,068 Austria (AT) — 159,933
24 ! Austria (AT) — 178,849 Taiwan (TW) — 158,410
25 ! Taiwan (TW) — 173,560 Hungary (HU) — 152,389
UNITO

Organizations — incoming

14 identical, 3 relabelled, 3 recounted, 5 reordered.

# old new
1 University of Turin — 300,893 University of Turin — 300,893
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 137,700 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 134,752
3 University of Milan — 91,117 University of Milan — 91,117
4 » Harvard University Press — 82,632 Harvard University — 82,632
5 Sapienza University of Rome — 77,264 Sapienza University of Rome — 77,264
6 University of Bologna — 74,989 University of Bologna — 74,989
7 University of Padua — 72,896 University of Padua — 72,896
8 University of California, San Francisco — 70,891 University of California, San Francisco — 70,891
9 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 70,684 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 70,684
10 » Texas Tech University System — 67,017 The University of Texas System — 65,517
11 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 61,386 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 61,386
12 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 61,091 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 61,091
13 ~ Université Paris Cité — 55,881 Université Paris Cité — 55,880
14 University of Naples Federico II — 55,391 University of Naples Federico II — 55,391
15 Roma Tre University — 54,684 Roma Tre University — 54,684
16 National Research Council — 53,259 National Research Council — 53,259
17 ! Université Paris-Saclay — 53,246 University of Oxford — 52,872
18 ! University of Oxford — 52,872 Université Paris-Saclay — 52,683
19 University College London — 49,834 University College London — 49,834
20 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 49,824 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 49,824
21 ~ Inserm — 49,150 Inserm — 49,148
22 » California Baptist University — 48,358 University of California System — 48,358
23 ! Sorbonne Université — 47,292 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 46,618
24 ! Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — 46,618 University of Pisa — 46,556
25 ! University of Pisa — 46,556 Sorbonne Paris Cité — 45,905

Organizations — outgoing

17 identical, 5 relabelled, 3 recounted.

# old new
1 University of Turin — 311,666 University of Turin — 311,666
2 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 153,892 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 147,878
3 » Harvard University Press — 134,914 Harvard University — 134,914
4 University of Milan — 95,510 University of Milan — 95,510
5 University of California, San Francisco — 91,429 University of California, San Francisco — 91,429
6 » Texas Tech University System — 81,173 The University of Texas System — 80,389
7 University of Oxford — 77,904 University of Oxford — 77,904
8 University of Bologna — 76,872 University of Bologna — 76,872
9 University of Padua — 75,497 University of Padua — 75,497
10 Sapienza University of Rome — 73,756 Sapienza University of Rome — 73,756
11 » Saint Louis University — 73,042 University of Mary — 72,268
12 Max Planck Society — 64,856 Max Planck Society — 64,856
13 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 63,513 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 63,513
14 University College London — 63,107 University College London — 63,107
15 ~ Université Paris Cité — 61,861 Université Paris Cité — 61,859
16 Stanford University — 60,953 Stanford University — 60,953
17 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 60,701 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 60,701
18 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 58,689 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 58,689
19 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 58,331 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 58,331
20 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 57,792 Université Paris-Saclay — 57,030
21 » Blueprint for Neuroscience Research — 56,311 National Institute of Health — 56,311
22 University of Cambridge — 55,145 University of Cambridge — 55,145
23 » California Baptist University — 54,963 University of California System — 54,963
24 University of California, Los Angeles — 54,253 University of California, Los Angeles — 54,253
25 National Research Council — 53,634 National Research Council — 53,634

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 14 recounted, 11 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 4,331,610 United States (US) — 4,156,445
2 ~ Italy (IT) — 2,382,213 Italy (IT) — 2,309,093
3 ~ France (FR) — 2,326,366 France (FR) — 1,870,343
4 ~ China (CN) — 1,431,104 China (CN) — 1,435,572
5 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 1,218,955 United Kingdom (GB) — 1,108,241
6 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,133,248 Germany (DE) — 1,051,261
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 766,861 Spain (ES) — 717,493
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 521,225 Japan (JP) — 517,097
9 ! Canada (CA) — 409,513 India (IN) — 399,479
10 ! India (IN) — 406,876 Canada (CA) — 381,577
11 ! Australia (AU) — 380,351 The Netherlands (NL) — 376,807
12 ! The Netherlands (NL) — 374,668 South Korea (KR) — 371,155
13 ! South Korea (KR) — 370,482 Russia (RU) — 359,925
14 ! Russia (RU) — 354,373 Australia (AU) — 356,710
15 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 347,628 Switzerland (CH) — 305,752
16 ~ Brazil (BR) — 326,113 Brazil (BR) — 257,718
17 ~ Poland (PL) — 241,314 Poland (PL) — 220,660
18 ! Belgium (BE) — 229,533 Türkiye (TR) — 215,474
19 ! Türkiye (TR) — 215,235 Belgium (BE) — 198,477
20 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 174,241 Taiwan (TW) — 159,719
21 ~ Finland (FI) — 171,402 Finland (FI) — 156,828
22 ~ Sweden (SE) — 162,048 Sweden (SE) — 156,303
23 ! Denmark (DK) — 157,700 Greece (GR) — 128,405
24 ! Greece (GR) — 156,809 Iran (IR) — 127,770
25 ! Austria (AT) — 144,381 Portugal (PT) — 127,108

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 14 recounted, 11 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 5,802,385 United States (US) — 5,569,132
2 ! France (FR) — 2,414,267 Italy (IT) — 2,313,735
3 ! Italy (IT) — 2,371,095 France (FR) — 1,989,585
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 1,559,899 United Kingdom (GB) — 1,431,445
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 1,189,999 Germany (DE) — 1,116,145
6 ~ China (CN) — 717,203 China (CN) — 718,984
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 646,346 Spain (ES) — 609,488
8 ~ Japan (JP) — 523,139 Japan (JP) — 519,243
9 ! Canada (CA) — 470,773 The Netherlands (NL) — 456,065
10 ! The Netherlands (NL) — 454,389 Canada (CA) — 447,836
11 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 418,452 Switzerland (CH) — 383,421
12 ~ Australia (AU) — 409,020 Australia (AU) — 373,974
13 ~ Russia (RU) — 339,795 Russia (RU) — 344,900
14 ~ India (IN) — 309,216 India (IN) — 303,096
15 ~ South Korea (KR) — 285,995 South Korea (KR) — 286,203
16 ~ Belgium (BE) — 247,848 Belgium (BE) — 211,888
17 ! Brazil (BR) — 237,751 Türkiye (TR) — 193,609
18 ! Poland (PL) — 203,714 Sweden (SE) — 193,110
19 ! Finland (FI) — 196,654 Poland (PL) — 191,092
20 ! Sweden (SE) — 196,554 Brazil (BR) — 190,682
21 ! Türkiye (TR) — 193,452 Finland (FI) — 183,744
22 ~ Denmark (DK) — 165,548 Denmark (DK) — 129,925
23 ! Greece (GR) — 141,079 Austria (AT) — 121,930
24 ! Austria (AT) — 134,338 Greece (GR) — 116,102
25 ~ Hungary (HU) — 132,300 Hungary (HU) — 112,251
UPO

Organizations — incoming

20 identical, 2 recounted, 3 reordered.

# old new
1 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 60,694 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 60,694
2 University of Turin — 48,995 University of Turin — 48,995
3 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 40,101 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 39,032
4 Sapienza University of Rome — 29,886 Sapienza University of Rome — 29,886
5 University of Milan — 28,179 University of Milan — 28,179
6 University of Bologna — 26,648 University of Bologna — 26,648
7 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 25,169 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 25,169
8 University of Padua — 24,829 University of Padua — 24,829
9 ~ Université Paris-Saclay — 22,629 Université Paris-Saclay — 22,377
10 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 22,145 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 22,145
11 Roma Tre University — 21,180 Roma Tre University — 21,180
12 ! Texas Tech University System — 21,172 University of Naples Federico II — 20,929
13 ! University of Naples Federico II — 20,929 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research — 20,873
14 ! Joint Institute for Nuclear Research — 20,873 The University of Texas System — 20,861
15 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 20,453 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico — 20,453
16 University of Pavia — 20,235 University of Pavia — 20,235
17 University of Trieste — 20,175 University of Trieste — 20,175
18 The Ohio State University — 19,635 The Ohio State University — 19,635
19 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 19,269 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas — 19,269
20 University of Bari Aldo Moro — 19,192 University of Bari Aldo Moro — 19,192
21 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens — 19,145 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens — 19,145
22 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 18,736 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 18,736
23 University of Pisa — 18,648 University of Pisa — 18,648
24 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 18,483 Chinese Academy of Sciences — 18,483
25 University of Genoa — 18,482 University of Genoa — 18,482

Organizations — outgoing

20 identical, 2 relabelled, 1 recounted, 2 reordered.

# old new
1 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 60,995 Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” — 60,995
2 University of Turin — 48,099 University of Turin — 48,099
3 ~ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 43,770 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique — 42,409
4 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 34,746 European Organization for Nuclear Research — 34,746
5 » Harvard University Press — 33,864 Harvard University — 33,864
6 University of Milan — 30,587 University of Milan — 30,587
7 Sapienza University of Rome — 29,522 Sapienza University of Rome — 29,522
8 University of Bologna — 29,262 University of Bologna — 29,262
9 » Texas Tech University System — 26,908 The University of Texas System — 26,726
10 University of Padua — 26,529 University of Padua — 26,529
11 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 25,118 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules — 25,118
12 ! Université Paris-Saclay — 24,962 University of California, San Francisco — 24,939
13 ! University of California, San Francisco — 24,939 Université Paris-Saclay — 24,721
14 University of Oxford — 22,787 University of Oxford — 22,787
15 The Ohio State University — 22,694 The Ohio State University — 22,694
16 University of Pavia — 22,292 University of Pavia — 22,292
17 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 22,182 Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 22,182
18 University of Trieste — 21,447 University of Trieste — 21,447
19 Imperial College London — 21,234 Imperial College London — 21,234
20 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 20,979 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory — 20,979
21 Université Paris Cité — 20,681 Université Paris Cité — 20,681
22 University of Genoa — 20,651 University of Genoa — 20,651
23 University of Helsinki — 20,523 University of Helsinki — 20,523
24 University of Naples Federico II — 20,345 University of Naples Federico II — 20,345
25 Roma Tre University — 19,280 Roma Tre University — 19,280

Countries — incoming

0 identical, 20 recounted, 5 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 1,419,714 United States (US) — 1,386,349
2 ~ Italy (IT) — 825,371 Italy (IT) — 806,929
3 ~ France (FR) — 732,475 France (FR) — 586,655
4 ~ China (CN) — 461,844 China (CN) — 463,185
5 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 353,275 United Kingdom (GB) — 327,052
6 ~ Germany (DE) — 340,974 Germany (DE) — 317,143
7 ~ Spain (ES) — 225,149 Spain (ES) — 214,019
8 ~ India (IN) — 206,180 India (IN) — 201,042
9 ~ Russia (RU) — 197,429 Russia (RU) — 200,501
10 ~ South Korea (KR) — 157,171 South Korea (KR) — 157,298
11 ~ Japan (JP) — 151,521 Japan (JP) — 149,765
12 ~ Türkiye (TR) — 128,110 Türkiye (TR) — 128,168
13 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 118,781 Switzerland (CH) — 108,328
14 ! Brazil (BR) — 115,754 Poland (PL) — 96,132
15 ! Poland (PL) — 104,929 The Netherlands (NL) — 94,120
16 ~ Canada (CA) — 100,383 Canada (CA) — 93,672
17 ! The Netherlands (NL) — 92,784 Brazil (BR) — 91,431
18 ~ Finland (FI) — 85,238 Finland (FI) — 81,475
19 ~ Australia (AU) — 83,919 Australia (AU) — 78,349
20 ~ Belgium (BE) — 83,125 Belgium (BE) — 76,760
21 ~ Hungary (HU) — 80,785 Hungary (HU) — 68,148
22 ~ Greece (GR) — 72,352 Greece (GR) — 57,363
23 ! Mexico (MX) — 65,211 Taiwan (TW) — 56,295
24 ! Taiwan (TW) — 59,287 Mexico (MX) — 56,187
25 ~ Sweden (SE) — 51,478 Sweden (SE) — 50,104

Countries — outgoing

0 identical, 18 recounted, 7 reordered.

# old new
1 ~ United States (US) — 1,839,362 United States (US) — 1,793,355
2 ~ Italy (IT) — 810,006 Italy (IT) — 796,534
3 ~ France (FR) — 774,085 France (FR) — 643,432
4 ~ United Kingdom (GB) — 462,489 United Kingdom (GB) — 430,195
5 ~ Germany (DE) — 361,098 Germany (DE) — 338,703
6 ~ China (CN) — 233,775 China (CN) — 234,377
7 ! Spain (ES) — 194,901 Russia (RU) — 187,342
8 ! Russia (RU) — 184,469 Spain (ES) — 186,618
9 ~ India (IN) — 183,419 India (IN) — 180,275
10 ~ Japan (JP) — 174,466 Japan (JP) — 172,508
11 ~ South Korea (KR) — 153,597 South Korea (KR) — 153,645
12 ~ Switzerland (CH) — 143,495 Switzerland (CH) — 134,505
13 ~ Canada (CA) — 127,973 Canada (CA) — 121,857
14 ~ Türkiye (TR) — 120,771 Türkiye (TR) — 120,820
15 ~ The Netherlands (NL) — 118,307 The Netherlands (NL) — 119,380
16 ! Brazil (BR) — 102,271 Finland (FI) — 93,357
17 ~ Poland (PL) — 96,955 Poland (PL) — 90,520
18 ! Finland (FI) — 96,451 Australia (AU) — 87,511
19 ! Australia (AU) — 95,319 Brazil (BR) — 83,281
20 ~ Belgium (BE) — 90,075 Belgium (BE) — 82,323
21 ~ Hungary (HU) — 77,484 Hungary (HU) — 65,548
22 ! Greece (GR) — 72,158 Sweden (SE) — 59,461
23 ! Sweden (SE) — 60,338 Greece (GR) — 59,343
24 ~ Mexico (MX) — 55,566 Mexico (MX) — 50,268
25 ~ Taiwan (TW) — 50,270 Taiwan (TW) — 47,927

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