chore: fix and update devcontainer

[nielspardon]

this PR fixes and updates the VS Code devcontainer:

• fix: the previous image mcr.microsoft.com/vscode/devcontainers/python:3.9-buster was dropped
  by Microsoft so switching to a version without specifying the Debian base version and upgrading
  to Python 3.13
• updates Graal to 25
• updates ANTLR to 4.13.2
• updates protoc to 30.2
• updates buf to 1.58.0
• updates uv to the latest version
• adds the --format=docker build option which makes the SHELL dockerfile instruction work with
  podman
• adds a postCreateCommand that creates a virtualenv and install the dependencies into it
• adds some VS Code settings for pytest integration

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[tokoko]

lgtm

[tokoko]

@nielspardon looks like I didn't actually rebuild my devcontainer while taking a look at this. --format=docker will unfortunately fail for people using docker rather than podman. I opened #116 removing SHELL instruction entirely instead.