chroot: extract proper error message from OS

[oech3]

Closes #13881
Fixes #13156
Closes #13178

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will not alter performance

✅ 353 untouched benchmarks
⏩ 50 skipped benchmarks¹

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_{Comparing oech3:chroot-is-dir (8acbf51) with main (5633f03)}

Footnotes

1. 50 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

Skip an intermittent issue tests/date/date-locale-hour (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)
Skip an intermittent issue tests/tail/retry (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)
Skip an intermittent issue tests/tail/symlink (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)
Skipping an intermittent issue tests/rm/isatty (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)